Personal pronouns

I we you (singular) you (plural)

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Locative

he it she they
Nominative

Genitive1
prep. + prep. + prep. +
Dative

Accusative1
prep. + prep. + prep. +
Instrumental
prep. +
Locative1,2 prep. + prep. +
prep. +
[j] I (sing.); [t] you (sing.); [win] he (sing., masculine); [wn'] she (sing.,
feminine); [wn'] it (sing., neuter); [m] we (pl.); [wn'] they (pl.); [w] you (pl.).

Notes
1. The form of personal pronouns , , , with prepositions and without is different, so you have to
remember both of them.
Example:
//, . There was no one, besides him/her/them.: Genitive case.
 // . This does not concern him/her/them.: Gen.
2. Locative form is less popular then and is mostly used in literature.

Possessive pronouns
my/mine
masculine neuter feminine plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative 1
() ()
Instrumental
prep. +
Locative2 prep. + prep. +
prep. +
[mij] my/mine, [twij] you/yours, [j'] his/its, [ji'ji] her/hers, [n]
our/ours, [w] your/yours, ['jixnij] their/theirs, [swij].

Notes
1. , are used mostly with inanimate things and , with animate beings.
2. Locative form is less popular then and is mostly used in literature.
3. Possessive pronouns (her/hers), (his) does not change.
Example:
/ . This is her/his home.: Nominative.
/ . We won't make it without her/his help.: Genitive.
. I've found her/his diary.: Accusative.
4. Possessive pronouns (you/yours) and decline as (my/mine).
5. Possessive pronouns (our/ours), (your/yours) decline as adjectives from hard group.
6. Possessive pronoun (their/theirs) declines as adjectives from soft group.
Reflexive pronouns
Nominative -
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Locative prep. +
[sb'] myself/herself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/themselves/yourselves/oneself.

Interrogative and conjunctive pronouns

who what
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental

Locative prep. + prep. +

prep. + prep. +

my/mine
masculine neuter feminine plural
Nominative
Genitive

Dative

Accusative1 () ()
Instrumental
 prep. +
Locative2 prep. + prep. +
(prep. + , )

? [xt] who?, ? [t
] what?, ? [t
j] whose?, ? [jk'j] what?, ? [ktr'j] which? what?

Notes
1. , are used mostly with inanimate things and , with animate beings.
2. Locative form is less popular then or and is mostly used in literature.
3. Conjunctive pronouns are the same as interrogative pronouns but without question-marks.
4. Declension of ? (who?), ? (what?) is very important, because it matches the questions of Ukrainian cases.
5. ? (what?), ? (which? what?) decline as adjectives from hard group.

Demonstrative pronouns
this these
masculine neuter feminine plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative 1
() ()
Instrumental
prep. +
Locative2 prep. + prep. +
(prep. + )

this these
masculine neuter feminine plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative1 () ()
Instrumental ()
prep. +
Locative2 prep. + prep. +
(prep. + )

[t
sj], [t
s'j], [sj] this, [tj], [t'j] that, [tk'j] such, [st'ilk] this
much.

Notes
1. , ; , are used mostly with inanimate things and , ; , with animate beings.
2. Locative form , is less popular then or and is mostly used in literature.
3. , decline as and as , though pronoun is rarely used.
4. (such) declines as adjectives from hard group.
5. (this much) declines as numeral (two).

Defining pronouns
all/whole
masculine neuter feminine plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative1 ()
Instrumental
prep. +
Locative2 prep. + prep. +
(prep. + )
[ws'kj], [us'kj] every/any, [ws], [uw's], [w:s]
all/whole, [k'nj], [k'n] every, ['inj] another, [sm] self/alone, [s'mj]
the one/the same.
Notes
1. , are used mostly with inanimate things and , with animate beings.
2. Locative form is less popular then and is mostly used in literature.
3. /, , , decline as , , , respectively.
4. , (every/any), , (every), (another), (self/alone), (the one/the
same) decline as adjectives from hard group.

Indefinite and negative pronouns

Indefinite and negative pronouns decline as corresponding interrogative pronouns.
For example:
Indefinite pronoun - (interrogative pronoun ? + particle -):

Nom. -;

Gen. -;

Dat. -;

Acc. -;

Inst. -;

Loc. -.
Negative pronoun (particle + interrogative pronoun ?):

Nom. ;

Gen. ;

Dat. , ;

Acc. , ;
 Inst.

Loc. .

The Verb: General Information

The verb ( /dijslowo/) is a part of speech which describes the state or action of an object. It answers the
questions: ?/ ? (what to do?).
Ukrainian verbs have such grammatical forms:
1. Infinitive.
2. Finite verbs.
3. Adjectival participle.
4. Adverbial participle.
5. Non-finite verbs.
Ukrainian verbs have such grammatical categories:
Aspect: perfective and imperfective.
Transivity: transitive and intransitive verbs.
Voice: active, passive and reflexive-middle.
Mood: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
Tense: past, present and future.
Person: first, second and third.
Number: singular and plural.
Gender: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Infinitive
The infinitive of a verb is its basic form (all verbs in the dictionary are infinitives).
Ukrainian infinitives end with a suffix - (-), after which there can be used suffix -.
Example:
- (to think), - (to read), -- (to laugh).
As a basic form of a verb infinitive bare only some of the verb's general categories (i.e. aspect, transivity and voice). On the
other hand they do not have person, number, tense, mood or gender.
In sentences infinitives can function as:
a subject:
. Telling truth is being honest with yourself.
a predicative:
. Talking in public transport is impolite.
an object:
. He dreams to go to Italy.
an adverbial:
, . She came to me to take her book.
a modifier:
'. To know everything about everyone is his responsibility.

Finite verbs
Finite verbs in Ukrainian language can express several grammatical categories (listed above).
One verb can express almost all of them at once, for example:
. She wrote a letter.
The verb has perfective aspect, active voice, indicative mood, past tense, singular number, feminine gender and
is transitive (though it does not state a specific person, as can be used with the first (I), second (you) or third
(she) singular person).

Adjectival participle
Adjectival participle, or nominal form of the verb, expresses the character of an object by action. It is inflected by gender,
number and cases which are the same as the noun it modifies.
In sentences they function as modifiers.
Example:
 . Nobody liked the poem written by him.

Adverbial participle
Adverbial participle is an unchanging form of the verb that expresses an action or state as a definition of another action
or state and bares qualities of both the verb and adverb.
In sentences they function as adverbials.
Example:
, . After he came back home he immediately phoned his friend.

Non-finite verbs
Non-finite verbs in Ukrainian are called which means they do not have person. These verbs end with -, -
and express action without reference to the actor. In sentences they function as independent words and are predicates in
sentences with no subject.
Example:
, . It is written here that tomorrow is a day off.
. This dress is tailor-made. (This dress is sewn on request.)

Telling time: Days of the week

In the previous article we were talking about seasons and months. Now let's explore days of the week.
Every week consists of seven days and begins from Monday () and ends with Sunday ().
Days of the week in Ukrainian language are written in lower-cases.
Monday (masc.); (pl.);
Tueasday (masc.); (pl.);
Wednesday (fem.); (pl.);
Thursday (masc.); (pl.);
Friday ' (fem.); ' (pl.);
Saturday (fem.); (pl.);
Sunday (fem.); (pl.).

How to tell

on Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/?
English: on + day of the week;
Ukrainian: + day of the week (Accusative case).
on Monday
on Tuesday
on Wednesday
on Thursday
on Friday '
on Saturday
on Saturday
Example:
We are going to the theatre on Friday. '.

last/this/next Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/?
When? = last/this/next (Genitive case) + day of the week (Genitive case)
What? = last/this/next (Nominative case) + day of the week (Nominative case)
last (masculine), (neuter), (feminine);
this (masculine), (neuter), (feminine);
next (masculine), (neuter), (feminine).
When?
last Monday/Tuesday/Thursday //
last Wednesday/Friday/Saturday/Sunday /'//
this Monday/Tuesday/Thursday //
this Wednesday/Friday/Saturday/Sunday /'//
next Monday/Tuesday/Thursday //
next Wednesday/Friday/Saturday/Sunday /'//
Examples:
They don't work this Wednesday. .
When do they not work? This Wednesday.
This Wednesday is very cold. .
What Wednesday? This Wednesday.

Telling time: Hours

If you want to ask the time you should say:
() ? What time is it (now)?
or
? At what time?
hour, feminine,
minute, feminine,
Both of them decline like .
Now let's have a closer look on how to tell the time in Ukrainian

You can tell time in Ukrainian in two ways:

Formal way
Question: () ? What time is it (now)?
a) :00 ordinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, singular) + (Nominative case, feminine,
singular);
b) : ordinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, singular) + [ (Nominative case, feminine,
singular)],cardinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, plural) + [ (Genitive case, feminine, plural)].
Examples:
a) 08:00 (eighth hour);
b) 11:35 [], ' [] (eleventh hour, thirty five minutes).
 Question: ? At what time?
a) :00 + ordinal numeral (Dative case, feminine, singular) + [ (Dative case, feminine, singular)];
b) : + ordinal numeral (Dative case, feminine, singular) + [ (Dative case, feminine, singular)],
cardinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, plural) + [ (Genitive case, feminine, plural)].
Examples:
a) at 08:00 (at eighth hour);
b) at 11:35 * [], ' [] (at eleventh hour, thirty five minutes).
*prepositions and have the same meaning and purpose. is used when the next letter is consonant
and when vowel. Thus when telling time is used only with 11.
Popular way
1. If it is a full hour:
:00 ordinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, singular) + (Nominative case, feminine, singular).
Examples:
05:00 ' (fifth hour);
09:00 ' (ninth hour).
2. If in between 02 and 30 minutes preposition must be used.
: cardinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, plural) + [ (Genitive case, feminine, plural)] + +
ordinal numeral (Accusative case, feminine, singular).
Examples:
09:05 ' [] (five minutes on tenth);
07:10 [] (ten minutes on eighth).
3. If in between 30 and 59 minutes preposition or must be used.
Example:
06:55 ' , meaning that in/after 5 minutes there will be seven o'clock;
or
06:55 ' , meaning there are 5 minutes left to 7 o'clock.
Therefore:
 : + cardinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, plural) + [ (Genitive case, feminine, plural)] +
ordinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, singular);
or
: cardinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine, plural) + [ (Genitive case, feminine, plural)] + +
ordinal numeral (Genitive case, feminine, singular).
Examples:
09:40 [] (in/after twenty minutes tenth) or [] (twenty
minutes to ten);
03:55 ' [] (in/after five minutes fourth) or ' [] (five minutes to
fourth).
4. quarter past/quarter to
a quarter (feminine)
:15 (Nominative case, feminine, singular) + ordinal numeral (Accusative case, feminine, singular);
:45 + (Nominative case, feminine, singular) + ordinal numeral (Nominative case, feminine,
singular);
or
:45 (Nominative case, feminine, singular) + + ordinal numeral (Genitive case, feminine, singular).
Examples:
02:15 (a quarter on third);
02:45 (in/after a quarter third) or (a quarter to third).
5. half past
a half (an hour) ()
:30 + + ordinal numeral (Accusative case, feminine, singular);
or
:30 + + ordinal numeral (Genitive case, feminine, singular).
Examples:
05:30 (a half on sixth);
10:30 (a half to eleventh).
6. in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night
The main parts of the day are:
morning (apprx. 05:00-12:00),
noon , (12:00),
afternoon , (apprx.12:00-18:00),
evening (apprx.18:00-22:00),
midnight (00:00),
night (apprx. 22:00-05:00).

7.
If it's morning we tend to add (Genitive form of ):
07:00 [] (seventh hour of morning);
08:10 [] ' (ten minutes on ninth hour of morning).
. I wake up at six o'clock in the morning.
If it's afternoon we tend to add (Genitive form of ):
15:00 [] (third hour of day);
13:40 [] (in/after twenty minutes second hour of day).
' . It is five minutes to four in the afternoon now.
. We will watch the movie at two o'clock in the afternoon.
If it's evening we tend to add (Genitive form of ):
18:00 [] (sixth hour of evening);
20:20 [] (twenty minutes on eighth hour of evening).
. He will be having a bath at seven o'clock in the evening.
If it's night we tend to add (Genitive form of ):
02:00 [] (second hour of night).
. The phone rang at one o'clock at night.
8. The time intervals are approximate, especially for evening, night and morning. Some can tell that 23:00 is still
evening, or that 03:00 is already morning and so on. One say that morning begings when the sun sets and others
 can still say three o'clock in the morning, even though it's pitch black outside. If you feel like it's too late to say in
the evening', say at night', as long as people understand what do you mean.

The Numeral: Few more rules

Here are some rules on how to use numerals and nouns in pairs:
After numeral one (even if it is a part of a composite numeral) noun has Nominative singular form:
21 , (21 days);
41 , (41 trees);
1 151 , ' (1 151 stars).
After numerals two and more noun has plural form:
(two pens),
' (eight computers),
(sixty years).
After numerals two, three, four (even if they are a part of a composite numeral) noun has Nominative
plural form:
32 , (thirty-two metres);
53 , ' (fifty-three pencils);
364 , (three hundred sixty-four days).
Exceptions:
Nouns that loose their -- suffix in plural form and fourth declension nouns after numerals two, three, four have Genitive
singular form:
a villager, sing. pl.;
sing., Genitive case.
42 , (forty-two villagers).
' a name, sing., Nominative case,
sing., Genitive case.
2 , (two names);
 a kitten, sing., Nominative case,
sing., Genitive case.
4 , (four kittens).
After numerals five and more nouns have Genitive plural form:
5 , ' (five centimetres);
14 , (fourteen steps);
26 , (twenty-six questions);
365 , (three hundred sixty-five days);
87 , (eighty seven kilometres).
After assembled numerals (except ) nouns have Genitive plural form:
(two kittens),
(three men),
(six doors).
After , Nominative plural:
(both brothers),
(both women).
After numerals two, three, four adjectives usually have Nominative plural form (like the noun):
' (four wooden tables),
(two golden coins).
However, near the neuter nouns adjectives often have Genitive plural form:
(two green trees),
(three clean windows).
After numerals , , , nouns always have Genitive plural form:
a thousand thoughts: (Nom., sing.; Gen., pl.), (Inst., sing.; Gen., pl.);
a million people: (Nom., sing.; Gen., pl.), (Inst., pl.; Gen., pl.).
After fractions nouns always have Genitive singular form:
(one and a half hour),
 (one and a half year).
Names of the months always have Genitive form:
May 3: (Nom.; Gen.), (Gen.; Gen.), (Inst.; Gen.).

The Adverb: General information

The adverb is an unchangable part of speech that defines means of action, state or other means.
Unlike other independent parts of speech (e.g. the noun or adjective) the adverb does not have genders, declensions,
singular or plural forms.
Adverbs are created by changing other parts of speech like nouns, adjectives and pronouns.
For example:
(night) (at night): noun adverb
(quick) (quickly): adjective adverb
(my) - (roughly means "as for me"): pronoun adverb
Adverbs can be divided in two main groups:
1. Adverbs of quality, quantity and manner.
2. Adverbs of time, place, intention and cause.

Adverbs of quality, quantity and manner

Adverbs of quality and manner: how?

Adverbs of quality and most of adverbs of manner end with -, - and are created by adding suffixes -, - to the stem
of adjectives.
For example:
(beautiful) (beautifully)
. He has written (wrote) a beautiful poem.
. He writes poems beautifully.
 (cheap) (cheaply)
. This car is very cheap.
. This car costs very cheaply.

Adverbs of quality can have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison which have simple and hard forms. Similar
toadjectives I recommend to use the hard form.
Comparative degree:
Simple form is created by adding suffixes - and -.
(cheerfully) (more cheerfully)

Hard form is created by adding words (more), (less) to the adverb.

(cheaply) (more cheaply), (less cheaply)
Superlative degree:
Simple form is created by adding prefix - to comparative adverb.
(more cheerfully) (most cheerfully)
 Hard form is created by adding words (more), (less) to the adverb.
(cheaply) (most cheaply), (least cheaply)
Here are some useful adverbs:
well
badly
quickly
slowly
easily
difficult
beautifully
' by heart

Adverbs of quantity: how many? how much?

By their meaning they are quite similar to English adverbs of degree.
For example:
very
too
many, much, a lot
too many, too much
few, little, a bit
few, little
very few, very little
You can use some of these adverbs to increase or decrease the meaning of other adverbs (as well as comparative ones):
 . She runs very fast.
. He knows about this movie a bit more than you.
? Would you mind talking a bit quiter?

Adverbs of time, place, intention and cause

Adverbs of time: when?

These describe when an action takes place.
Here are some useful adverbs:

today
yesterday
tomorrow
, now
soon
early
late
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
at night

Adverbs of place: where?

These describe where an action takes place.
Here are some useful adverbs:
 here
there
where
, near
far
above
under

Adverbs of intention and cause: why? what for?

Here are some useful adverbs:

, intentionally
contrary
, accidentally
, in warm blood
half asleep

Telling time: Seasons, months

In this set of articles I am going to write about time and everything (as much as I can) what is connected to it.
First of all, if you want to understand how to tell "what time is it now?" or to talk about when and where were you going on
vacation or things like that, you will need to remember about grammar, of course, and proper usage of nouns
(gender, cases),prepositions, numerals and other parts of speech.
Let's begin with some vocabulary and write down names of seasons and months in Ukrainian:
season ( feminine); (pl.)
What season is it now? ?
What seasons do you know? ?
month (masculine); (pl.)
What month is it now? ?
How many months are there in a year? ?
Notes:
1. The new year begins on the 1st of January (Gregorian calendar).
2. Names of seasons, months are written in lower-case letters.
3. , , (winter, spring, autumn) are feminine and (summer) is neuter.
4. All months are masculine.
Names of seasons, months are all nouns and obviously when you are making sentences using them, they will change
according to genders and cases. To keep yourself out of trouble of making mistakes and figuring out what case to use, here
are some useful tips:

How to tell

in winter/spring/summer/autumn?
 in winter: (prep. + ) or (Instrumental case)
in spring: (prep. + ) or (Inst. case)
in summer: (prep. + ) or (Inst. case)
in autumn: (prep. + ) or (Inst. case)
, , , already have prepositions so you don't have to use additional ones and , ,
, are the same nouns , , , respectively but chaged according to Instrumental case which
is used when telling "when?" + season.
For example:
I like skateboarding in winter. . / .
The snowdrops bloom in spring. . / .
I am going to visit my grandmother in summer. . /
.
Children go to school in autumn. . / .

last/this/next winter/spring/summer/autumn?
When? = last/this/next (Genitive case) + winter/spring/summer/autumn (Genitive case)
What? = last/this/next (Nominative case) + winter/spring/summer/autumn (Nominative case)
last (masculine), (neuter), (feminine);
this (masculine), (neuter), (feminine);
next (masculine), (neuter), (feminine).
When?
last winter/spring/autumn //
last summer
this winter/spring/autumn //
this summer
next winter/spring/autumn //
next summer
Example:
It was very hot last summer. .
When was it hot? Last summer.
This summer is hot. .
What summer? This summer.

in January/March/September/?
First of all you will need prepositions , . These prepositions require usage of Locative case if asked "when?".
Nouns which represent months , , , , , , , , ,
decline like ones from the second declension, soft group (e.g. ), like one from the second
declension, hard group (e.g. ) and like adjectives from hard group (e.g. ).
For example:
Summer holidays begin in June. .
June: Nominative case;
(in) June: () Locative case.
We will go to Turkey in November. .
November: Nominative case;
(in) November: () Locative case.
It is very cold in February. .
February: Nominative case;
(in) February: () Locative case.

21 of January/March/September/?
English construction looks like: (the) date (ordinal numeral) + of + month (noun);
Ukrainian construction looks like: date (ordinal numeral, neuter, Nominative case) + month (noun, masculine, Genitive
case).
If you pay attention to rules you probably may ask why ordinal numeral does not have the same gender as the noun. Well,
this is because it is connected to the noun (means number' and is neuter) which is omitted and is not used in
phrases but still has grammatical influence. Basically when we say, for example, " " (thirtieth of
December) we in fact mean " () " (thirtieth (number) of December). Again, we never say or write
"" in this constructions it's just for you to understand why there is the mismatch of genders.
More examples:
What day is it today? ?
What date is it today? ?
Today is the 1st of January. .
Tomorrow will be 13 of July. .
One more thing to note. In English one may say, for example, 5 of November or November 5 but in Ukrainian both of them
are translated as: ' .

on 21 of January/March/September/?
English construction looks like: on + date (ordinal numeral) + of + month (noun);
Ukrainian construction looks like: date (ordinal numeral, neuter, Genitive case) + month (noun, masculine, Genitive
case).
For example:
When was he born? ?
He was born on 14th of October. .

in 1895, in the 18th century etc.?

In English when telling the year the cardinal numeral is used. Besides fisrt come hundreds' then tens' and ones', so the
numeral divides it in two halves.
In Ukrainian the ordinal numeral is used and it is not dived in two halves. The word (year) is also added in the end of the
numeral when talking about year.
For example:
English: 1988 = 19 80-8 nineteen hundred and eighty-eight, or nineteen eighty-eight
Ukrainian: 1988 = 1000 900 80 8 ' ()
in 1988 = in + year (cardinal numeral) = year (ordinal numeral, masculine, Genitive case)
+ (noun, masculine, Genitive case)
or
 () + year (ordinal numeral, masculine, Locative case) + (noun, masculine, Locative case)
Ray Bradbury was born in 1920. 1920 . '
.
About centuries:
the 18th century = the + ordinal numeral + century' = ordinal numeral, neuter, Nominative
case + (noun, neuter,Nominative case) = ;
in the 18th century = in + the + ordinal numeral = + ordinal numeral, neuter, Locative
case + (noun, neuter, Locative case) = .

The Numeral: Ordinals

Ordinal numerals (with some exceptions) are formed by adding endings -/, -/, -/, - to the corresponding cardinal
numerals depending on the gender and number.
-/ masculine, singular;
-/ feminine, singular;
-/ neuter, singular;
- plural.

1-10
1 , , ,
2 , , ,
3 , , ,
4 , , ,
5 ', ', ', '
6 , , ,
7 , , ,
8 , , ,
9 ', ', ', '
10 , , ,

11-19
11 , , ,
12 ///
13 ///
14 ///
15 '///
16 ///
17 ///
18 ///
19 '///

20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90

20 , , ,
30 ///
40 ///
50 '///
60 ///
70 ///
80 ///
90 '///

100, 1000, 1000000, 1000000000

100 ///
1,000 ///
1,000,000 ///
1,000,000,000 ///

200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900

200 ///
300 ///
400 ///
500 '///
600 ///
700 ///
800 ///
900 '///

2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000

2000 ///
3000 ///
4000 ///
5000 '///
6000 ///
7000 ///
8000 ///
9000 '///

Composite ordinal numerals

Composite numerals consist of two or more numerals and are written separately. Only the last numeral is changed into
ordinal, the rest are cardinals.
For example:
21 , ,
22 , ,
23 , ,

66 ///

87 ///

102 ///

134 ///

292 ' ///

1007 ///

3584 ///

10508 ' ///

The Preposition: Location and Destination

When telling the location of or destination to a particular object you may encounter some difficulties with what preposition
to use or how to change the noun according to it.
In this article I will show you the most popular prepositions and their common usage.
Here are some main points of telling the location and destination:
depending on the preposition and the question put to the sentence there can be 4 different cases involved in:
Genitive, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative;
Locative case is never involved in telling the destination, it can only point on the location of an object.
In the following examples I will use such abbreviations:
location loc.
destination dest.
Genitive Gen.
Accusative Acc.
Instrumental Inst.
Locative Loc.
 (on): Locative, Accusative

[stil] a table (masculine)

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
. The cat is on the table.: loc., Loc.
. The cat is sitting on the table.: loc., Loc.
? Where has the cat jumped?: dest.
. The cat has jumped on the table.: dest., Acc.
? Where are you putting a cat?: dest.
. I am putting a cat on the table.: dest., Acc.
Random examples:
. There are mythical creatures depicted in the picture. (On the picture are
depicted mythical creatures.): loc., Loc.
. Last summer he was at the seaside. (Last summer he was on the sea.): loc., Loc.
. It is hot outside. (It is hot on the street.): loc., Loc.
. There is nobody at the bus stop. (On the bus stop there is nobody.): loc., Loc.
. He hangs a painting on the wall.: dest., Acc.
. I go to work everyday. (I go on work everyday.): dest., Acc.
, (in): Locative, Accusative

[k'rbka] a box (feminine)

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
. The cat is in the box.: loc., Loc.
. The cat is sitting in the box.: loc., Loc.
? Where has the cat climbed?: dest.
. The cat has climbed in the box.: dest., Acc.
? Where is he putting a cat?: dest.
. He is putting a cat in the box.: dest., Acc.
Random examples:
. The children learned a lot of new things at school. (The children learned a lot of
new in school.): loc., Loc.
. He studies at the university. (He studies in the university.): loc., Loc.
. Our company has invested a lot of money in this building.: dest.,
Acc.
, . His daughter is sitting at home because she is ill. (His daughter is sitting in
homebecause she is ill.): loc., Loc.
. Nobody lives in this house.: loc., Loc.
. He is throwing little stones in the river.: dest., Acc.

Notes
 Preposition is used when the next word begins (or previous ends) with a consonant, while is used before (or
after) a vowel.
means being or staying at somebody's own house and means being or staying in some random
house.

, , (from, out): Genitive

Cat-examples:
? Where has the cat jumped out (from)?: dest.
. The cat has jumped out (from) the box.: dest., Gen.
. You are pulling a cat out of (from) the box.: dest., Gen.
Random examples:
? Where are you from?: dest.
. I am from Argentina.: dest., Gen.
. He came from Germany.: dest., Gen.

Notes
Prepositions , , have the same meaning. Preposition is often used when the next word begins (or previous
ends)with two or more consonants, while is used when the next word begins (or previous ends) with a
consonant or a vowel. is often used between two consonants, but is still less popular unlike , which is used the
most.
 (behind): Instrumental, Accusative

[stil] a table (masculine)

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
. The cat is behind (at) the table.: loc., Inst.
. The cat is sitting behind (at) the table.: loc., Inst.
? Where has the cat jumped?: dest.
. The cat jumped over the table.: dest., Acc.
. She is putting a cat behind (at) the table.: dest., Acc.
Random examples:
. The granny is sitting at the table.: loc., Inst.
. They are standing behind the building.: loc., Inst.
. There is nobody at the door.: loc., Inst.
. The wallet fell over the wardrobe.: dest., Acc.

(before, in front of): Instrumental

 [k'rbka] a box (feminine)
Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
. The cat is in front of the box.: loc., Inst.
. The cat is sitting in front of the box.: loc., Inst.
Random examples:
. A crowd had gathered in front of the building.: loc., Inst.

(above): Instrumental

[stil] a table (masculine)

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
 . The cat is above the table.: loc., Inst.
. The cat is sitting above the table.: loc., Inst.
Random examples:
. The plane flew above our heads.: loc., Inst.

(under): Instrumental, Accusative

[stil] a table (masculine)

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
. The cat is under the table.: loc., Inst.
. The cat is sitting under the table.: loc., Inst.
? Where has the cat crawled?: dest.
. The cat has crawled under the table.: dest., Acc.
Random examples:
. He is sleeping (sleeps) under the warm blanket.: loc., Inst.
. She has hidden (hid) her diary under the bed.: loc., Inst.
. Her sister puts the box under the table.: dest., Acc.
 (between): Instrumental, Accusative

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
. The cat is between the tables.: loc., Inst.
. The cat is sitting between the tables.: loc., Inst.
? Where has the cat crawled?: dest.
. The cat has crawled between the tables.: dest., Acc.
Random examples:
. There are no secrets between us.: loc., Inst.
. They have run between the trees.: loc., Acc.

(near, at): Genitive

[stil] a table (masculine)

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat?: loc.
. The cat is near the table.: loc., Gen.
. The cat is sitting near the table.: loc., Gen.
Random examples:
. The crowd gathered at the building. (At the building gathered the crowd.): loc., Gen.

(to): Genitive

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat running?: dest.
. The cat is running (runs) to the bowl.: dest., Gen.
Random examples:
. I am going home. (I am going to home.): dest., Gen.
. He is going (by vehicle) to the store for groceries.: dest., Gen.

Note
 means literally "to home" (when talking about going home), is a set phrase and written together, if you
write it separately it will mean going to a random home, building rather than returning to your own
home

(from): Genitive

Cat-examples:
? Where is the cat running from?: dest.
. The cat is running (runs) from the bowl.: dest., Gen.
Random examples:
. You cannot run from yourself.: dest., Gen.
. These letters are from my friend.: dest., Gen.
. We have read the text from the beginning (and) to the end.: dest.,
Gen.

Note
 (lit. from and to'), is a short version of a set phrase and is often used instead of
its longer counterpart, especially in everyday speech.
. He explained us how to solve the test from the begining to the
end.

The Adjective: Degrees of comparison

Ukrainian adjectives have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Every degree has as well two forms:
simple and hard.
First of all I would like to note that for beginners or even more advanced Ukrainian speakers the "simple" form is actually
more difficult to understand and learn than the "hard" form. So feel free to use the easiest form because they both are
interchangeable, though we prefer to use "hard" form with more abstract or relative adjectives.

Comparative degree

Simple form
Simple form is created by adding suffixes -, - to the stem of the adjective:
(good) (better)
(angry) (angrier)
(young) (younger)
(old) , (older)
(sour) (sourer)
(smart) (smarter)
Sometimes creating the comparative degree the suffixes -, -, - can drop out:
(thin) (thinner)
(deep) (deeper)
(far) (farther)

Hard form
Hard form is created by adding words (more), (less) to the adjectives:

(interesting) (more interesting), (less interesting)

(advanced) (more advanced), (less advanced)
 The adjective does not change at all, all you need is to add a specific word to it.
Pay attention that unlike English where words "more" or "less" are used with adjectives with more than three
syllables, Ukrainian "", "" are used with any adjectives no matter how many syllables they have.
As you can see this form of making comparative adjective is much simplier than the previous one.

Superlative degree

Simple form
It is created by adding prefix - to the comparative adjective:

(better) (the best)

(angrier) (the angriest)
(smarter) (the smartest)

(thinner) (the thinnest)

(deeper) (the deepest)
Hard form
It is created by adding words (the most), (the less) to the adjectives:

(exciting) (the most exciting), (the least exciting)

(widespread, common) (the most widespread, the most
common), (the least widespread, the least common)

It has simmilarities with hard form of comparative adjectives:

The adjective does not change at all as well.
"", "" are used with any adjectives no matter how many syllables they have.
The hard form of making superlative adjectives is as simple as the hard form of comparative adjectives.

Exceptions
Here are some adjectives that don't have suffixes -, - when creating comparative, superlative degree or change entirely
(this concernes only simple form, there are no exceptions for the hard form of the comparative, superlative adjectives):

(high, tall) (higher, taller) (the highest, the tallest)

(short) (shorter) (the shortest)
(fat) (or ) (fatter) () (the fattest)
(near) (nearer) (the nearest)
(heavy) (heavier) (the heaviest)
 (narrow) (narrower) (the narrowest)
(expensive) (more expensive) (the most expensive)
(heavy,difficult) (heavier, more difficult) (the heaviest, the most difficult)
(good) (better) (the best)
(bad) (worse) (the worst)
(big) (bigger) (the biggest)
(small) (smaller) (the smallest)