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ECE 411 Signals, Spectra, and Signal Processing

Solutions to Problem Set (1 Introduction)

1. Given a continuous-time signal


xa(t)=3cos100t
a) Determine the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing.
b) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate
Fs = 200 Hz. What is the discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?
c) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate of
Fs = 75 Hz. What is the discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?
d) What is the frequency 0 F Fs/2 of a sinusoid that yields samples identical to those
obtained in part (c)?

Solution:
a) Since
x(t ) A cos t A cos 2Ft
then
2Ft 100t
Therefore F = 50 Hz. The minimum sampling frequency Fsmin is
Fsmin 2 F

Fsmin 100 Hz

b) To convert an continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal, we replace the time


variable t with n/Fs

x(t ) x 3 cos100 200


n
Fs
n



x(n) 3 cos n
2

c) Using the sampling frequency Fs = 75 Hz

100
x(n) 3 cos n
75
4
3 cos n
3

Since max = , we get an equivalent angle less than by subtracting 2.

4
x(n) 3 cos 2 n
3

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Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)

2
3 cos n
3

but

cos cos

then

2
x(n) 3 cos n
3

d) Since

2f

therefore

1
f
3

But

F
f , then F Fs f
Fs

Using the sampling frequency in (c) of Fs = 75 Hz

1
F (75 Hz)
3

F 25 Hz

This shows that undersampling the signal with F = 50 Hz using a sampling frequency of
Fs = 75 Hz produces an equivalent frequency (alias) below Fs/2 of 25 Hz. The sampling
frequency does not meet the minimum sampling criteria of Fsmin = 2F.

The frequency Fs/2 is referred to as the folding frequency, in which the aliased frequency
can be found by folding over the original frequency with respect to Fs/2.

2. Given an analog signal


xa(t) = 3cos 2000t + 5sin 6000t + 10cos 12000t
a) What is the Nyquist rate for this signal?
b) What is the discrete-time signal obtained after sampling using Fs = 5000 samples/sec?
c) What is the analog signal ya(t) we can reconstruct from the samples if we use ideal D/A
converter ?

2
Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)

Solution:
a) Taking the frequencies of the component signals
F1 1000 Hz F2 3000 Hz F3 6000 Hz
The Nyquist rate is synonymous to the minimum sampling rate Fsmin = 2F. For all the
components to be sampled correctly, we take the highest occurring frequency of 6000
Hz. Therefore
FN Fsmin 12000 Hz

Some books refer to the Nyquist rate as the signal bandwidth B (highest frequency component in a signal,
Fmax). Proakis defines FN as 2B, which is equivalent to the minimum sampling frequency.

rate has the unit samples/sec , while frequency is 1/sec. These terms are often used interchangeably.

b) Using Fs = 5000 samples/sec, we have


1000 1 3000 3 6000 6
f1 f2 f3
5000 5 5000 5 5000 5
Then

1 3 6
x1 (n) 3 cos 2 n x2 (n) 5 sin 2 n x3 (n) 10 cos 2 n
5 5 5
6 12
2 5 sin n 10 cos n
3 cos n 5 5
5
6 12
5 sin 2 n 10 cos 2 n
5 5
4 2
5 sin n 10 cos n
5 5
4
5 sin n
5
Therefore
2 4 2
x(n) 3 cos n 5 sin n 10 cos n
5 5 5
1 2
x(n) 13 cos 2 n 5 sin 2 n
5 5

c) Using the original sampling frequency of 5000 samples/sec


F1 f1 Fs F2 f 2 Fs
1 2
5000 Hz 5000 Hz
5 5
1000 Hz 2000 Hz
y a (t ) 13 cos2 1000t 5 sin 2 2000t
We can see that we were able to recover the 1000 Hz component but not the 3000 Hz
and 6000 Hz components. Undersampling produced distortions in the sampled signal
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Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)

the 6000 Hz component was aliased as 1000 Hz adding to the original 1000 Hz
component, and the 3000 Hz component was aliased as 2000 Hz with an induced phase
change to the sine function.

3. Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case a signal is
periodic, specify its fundamental period.
a) xa(t) = 3 cos (5t + /6)
b) x(n) = cos (0.01n)
c) x(n) = 3 cos (5n + /6)
d) x(n) = cos (n/3) cos (n/8)

Solution:
a) Taking the continuous-time function
xa (t ) A cost
3 cos5t / 6
To determine the period of the signal, we need only the angular frequency .
5 2F
5
F 0.7958 Hz
2
For a continuous-time sinusoid every frequency is distinct, which makes this value for
frequency valid, and is therefore periodic. The fundamental period of the signal is
1 2
T
F 5
T 1.2566 sec

b) This is a discrete-time signal (signified by the time variable n). As with (a), we need
only the angular frequency
0.01 2f
0.01 1
f
2 200
The discrete-time frequency is a proper rational number, and is therefore periodic. The
period is
1
N 200
f

c) The signal is the discrete-time version of (a).


5 2f
5
f
2

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Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)

The discrete-time frequency f is irrational ( is irrational) and therefore the signal is


non-periodic (aperiodic).

d) The signal is a compound signal, the multiplication of two discrete-time signals


(modulation). The two signals
x1 (n) cos(n / 3) and x2 (n) cos(n / 8)
are both periodic, given that their frequencies
w1 / 3 2f1 w2 / 8 2f
1 and 1
f1 f2
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are proper rational numbers, making the compound signal periodic as well. We are
however interested in the period of the compound signal and not of its components.
We apply the trigonometric identity
cos( A) cos( B) 1
2 cos( A B) cos( A B)
giving us
1 n n n n
x ( n) cos cos
2 3 8 3 8
1 83 8 3
cos n cos n
2 48 48
1 5 11
cos n cos n
2 48 48
1 5 11
cos 2 n cos 2 n
2 96 96
The two component signals have the frequencies
5 11
f1 and f 2
96 96
Recall that the discrete-time frequency f has the unit cycles/sample. The first component
completes 5 cycles in 96 samples, while the second has 11 cycles with the same 96
samples. Looking at the values it tells us that both signals will start new cycles after 96
samples and will coincide starting new cycles again after another 96 samples. This tells
us that the compound signal is periodic at N = 96 samples.

4. The discrete-time signal


x(n) = 6.35cos[(/10)n]
is quantized with resolution
a) = 0.1
b) = 0.02
How many bits are required in the A/D converter in each case? Determine the noise floor
and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in dB as well.

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Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)

Solution:
a) The signal has an amplitude of 6.35. Being a regular sinusoid, the signal will have
symmetrical amplitudes on the positive and negative alternations (xmax = |+6.35| and
xmin = |6.35|). The dynamic range of the signal is
DR xmax xmin
6.35 (6.35)
DR 12.7
The number of quantization levels for a resolution of = 0.1
DR 12.7
L 1 1
0.1
L 128
The number of bits required to quantize 128 levels is
log10 L
b log 2 L
log10 2
log10 128

log10 2
b 7 bits

For the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), we have to look at the smallest amplitudes. The
largest value that cannot be quantized (quantization noise) will be just below 0.1, the
value of the resolution. Looking at it another way, any value below 0.1 will be quantized
as 0. These amplitudes exist in the system but are not accepted by the quantizer, and
therefore appear as noise.
The systems S/N under maximum conditions is
Vsmax xmax
S 20 log10 20 log10
N Vnmax
6.35
20 log10
0.1
S 36.056 dB
N

b) The number of quantization levels for a resolution of = 0.02


12.7
L 1
0.02
L 636
with the number of bits
b log 2 636
b 9.313
Since the number of bits must be an integer, the value is rounded up.

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Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)

b 10 bits
The S/N for a resolution of 0.02 is

S 6.35
20 log10
N 0.02
S 50.035 dB
N
The smaller resolution reduces the quantization noise, increasing the systems signal-to-
noise ratio.

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