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Solution:
a) Since
x(t ) A cos t A cos 2Ft
then
2Ft 100t
Therefore F = 50 Hz. The minimum sampling frequency Fsmin is
Fsmin 2 F
Fsmin 100 Hz
100
x(n) 3 cos n
75
4
3 cos n
3
4
x(n) 3 cos 2 n
3
1
Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)
2
3 cos n
3
but
cos cos
then
2
x(n) 3 cos n
3
d) Since
2f
therefore
1
f
3
But
F
f , then F Fs f
Fs
1
F (75 Hz)
3
F 25 Hz
This shows that undersampling the signal with F = 50 Hz using a sampling frequency of
Fs = 75 Hz produces an equivalent frequency (alias) below Fs/2 of 25 Hz. The sampling
frequency does not meet the minimum sampling criteria of Fsmin = 2F.
The frequency Fs/2 is referred to as the folding frequency, in which the aliased frequency
can be found by folding over the original frequency with respect to Fs/2.
2
Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)
Solution:
a) Taking the frequencies of the component signals
F1 1000 Hz F2 3000 Hz F3 6000 Hz
The Nyquist rate is synonymous to the minimum sampling rate Fsmin = 2F. For all the
components to be sampled correctly, we take the highest occurring frequency of 6000
Hz. Therefore
FN Fsmin 12000 Hz
Some books refer to the Nyquist rate as the signal bandwidth B (highest frequency component in a signal,
Fmax). Proakis defines FN as 2B, which is equivalent to the minimum sampling frequency.
rate has the unit samples/sec , while frequency is 1/sec. These terms are often used interchangeably.
1 3 6
x1 (n) 3 cos 2 n x2 (n) 5 sin 2 n x3 (n) 10 cos 2 n
5 5 5
6 12
2 5 sin n 10 cos n
3 cos n 5 5
5
6 12
5 sin 2 n 10 cos 2 n
5 5
4 2
5 sin n 10 cos n
5 5
4
5 sin n
5
Therefore
2 4 2
x(n) 3 cos n 5 sin n 10 cos n
5 5 5
1 2
x(n) 13 cos 2 n 5 sin 2 n
5 5
the 6000 Hz component was aliased as 1000 Hz adding to the original 1000 Hz
component, and the 3000 Hz component was aliased as 2000 Hz with an induced phase
change to the sine function.
3. Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case a signal is
periodic, specify its fundamental period.
a) xa(t) = 3 cos (5t + /6)
b) x(n) = cos (0.01n)
c) x(n) = 3 cos (5n + /6)
d) x(n) = cos (n/3) cos (n/8)
Solution:
a) Taking the continuous-time function
xa (t ) A cost
3 cos5t / 6
To determine the period of the signal, we need only the angular frequency .
5 2F
5
F 0.7958 Hz
2
For a continuous-time sinusoid every frequency is distinct, which makes this value for
frequency valid, and is therefore periodic. The fundamental period of the signal is
1 2
T
F 5
T 1.2566 sec
b) This is a discrete-time signal (signified by the time variable n). As with (a), we need
only the angular frequency
0.01 2f
0.01 1
f
2 200
The discrete-time frequency is a proper rational number, and is therefore periodic. The
period is
1
N 200
f
4
Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)
5
Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)
Solution:
a) The signal has an amplitude of 6.35. Being a regular sinusoid, the signal will have
symmetrical amplitudes on the positive and negative alternations (xmax = |+6.35| and
xmin = |6.35|). The dynamic range of the signal is
DR xmax xmin
6.35 (6.35)
DR 12.7
The number of quantization levels for a resolution of = 0.1
DR 12.7
L 1 1
0.1
L 128
The number of bits required to quantize 128 levels is
log10 L
b log 2 L
log10 2
log10 128
log10 2
b 7 bits
For the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), we have to look at the smallest amplitudes. The
largest value that cannot be quantized (quantization noise) will be just below 0.1, the
value of the resolution. Looking at it another way, any value below 0.1 will be quantized
as 0. These amplitudes exist in the system but are not accepted by the quantizer, and
therefore appear as noise.
The systems S/N under maximum conditions is
Vsmax xmax
S 20 log10 20 log10
N Vnmax
6.35
20 log10
0.1
S 36.056 dB
N
6
Solutions to Problem Set
(1 Introduction)
b 10 bits
The S/N for a resolution of 0.02 is
S 6.35
20 log10
N 0.02
S 50.035 dB
N
The smaller resolution reduces the quantization noise, increasing the systems signal-to-
noise ratio.