+MALE

A male () organism is the physiological sex that produces sperm. Eachspermatozoon can fuse

with a larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process offertilization. A male cannot reproduce

sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce

both sexually and asexually. Most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y

chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosteroneto develop male

reproductive organs. Not all species share a common sex-determination system. In most animals,

including humans, sex is determined genetically, but in some species it can be determined due to

social, environmental or other factors. For example, Cymothoa exigua changes sex depending on

the number of females present in the vicinity. In those species with two sexes, males may differ

from females in ways other than production of spermatozoa. In many insects and fish the male is

smaller than the female. In seed plants, which exhibit alternation of generations, the female and

male parts are both included within the sporophyte sex organ of a single organism. In mammals,

including humans, males are typically larger than females. In birds, the male often exhibits a

colorful plumage that attracts females. The term man is also sometimes used to identify a male

human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "men's basketball". Like most other

male mammals, a man's genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and

a Y chromosome from his father. The male fetus produces larger amounts of androgens and

smaller amounts of estrogens than a female fetus. This difference in the relative amounts of

these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men
from women. During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the

development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the

sexes. However, there are exceptions to the above for some intersex and transgender men.

FEMALE

Female () is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, that produces non-

mobile ova (egg cells). Most female mammals, including female humans, have two X

chromosomes. The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system,

while the smaller, usually motilegamete, the spermatozoon, is produced by the male. A female

individual cannot reproduce sexually without access to the gametes of a male (an exception

is parthenogenesis). Some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. There is no

single genetic mechanism behind sex differences in different species and the existence of two

sexes seems to have evolved multiple times independently in different evolutionary lineages. The

word female comes from the Latin femella, the diminutive form of femina, meaning "woman". It

is not etymologically related to the word male, but in the late 14th century the spelling was

altered in English to parallel the spelling of male.

GAY

Gay is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. The

term was originally used to refer to feelings of being "carefree", "happy", or "bright and showy".

The term's use as a reference to homosexuality may date as early as the late 19th century, but its

use gradually increased in the 20th century. In modernEnglish, gay has come to be used as
an adjective, and as a noun, referring tothe people, especially to gay males, and

the practices and culturesassociated with homosexuality. By the end of the 20th century, the

wordgay was recommended by major LGBT groups and style guides to describe people attracted

to members of the same sex. At about the same time, a new, pejorative use became prevalent in

some parts of the world. In the Anglosphere, this connotation, among younger speakers, has a

meaning ranging from derision (e.g. equivalent to rubbishor stupid) to a light-hearted mockery or

ridicule (e.g. equivalent to weak, unmanly, or lame). In this use, the word rarely means

"homosexual", as it is often used, for example, to refer to an inanimate object or abstract concept

of which one disapproves. The extent to which these usages still retain connotations of

homosexuality has been debated and harshly criticized. Gay is also a consonant in Pitman

shorthand. Some reject the term homosexual as an identity-label because they find it too clinical-

sounding; they believe it is too focused on physical acts rather than romance or attraction, or too

reminiscent of the era when homosexuality was considered a mental illness. Conversely, some

reject term gay as an identity-label because they perceive the cultural connotations to be

undesirable or because of the negative connotations of the slang usage of the word. Style guides,

like the following from the Associated Press, call for gay over homosexual: Gay: Used to

describe men and women attracted to the same sex, though lesbian is the more common term for

women. Preferred over homosexual except in clinical contexts or references to sexual activity.

LESBIAN

A lesbian is a female homosexual: a female who experiences romantic love orsexual attraction to

other females. The term lesbian is also used to expresssexual identity or sexual
behavior regardless of sexual orientation, or as an adjective to characterize or associate nouns

with female homosexuality or same-sex attraction. The concept of "lesbian", to differentiate

women with a shared sexual orientation, is a 20th-century construct. Throughout history, women

have not had the same freedom or independence to pursue homosexual relationships as men, but

neither have they met the same harsh punishment as homosexual men in some societies. Instead,

lesbian relationships have often been regarded as harmless and incomparable

to heterosexual ones unless the participants attempted to assert privileges traditionally enjoyed

by men. As a result, little in history was documented to give an accurate description of how

female homosexuality is expressed. When early sexologists in the late 19th century began to

categorize and describe homosexual behavior, hampered by a lack of knowledge about

homosexuality or women's sexuality, they distinguished lesbians as women who did not adhere

to female gender roles and incorrectly designated them mentally illa designation which has

been reversed in the global scientific community. Women in homosexual relationships responded

to this designation either by hiding their personal lives or accepting the label of outcast and

creating a subculture and identity that developed in Europe and the United States.

Following World War II, during a period of social repression when governments actively

persecuted homosexuals, women developed networks to socialize with and educate each other.

Greater economic and social freedom allowed them gradually to be able to determine how they

could form relationships and families. With second wave feminism and growth of scholarship in

women's history and sexuality in the 20th century, the definition of lesbian broadened, sparking

a debate about sexual desire as the major component to define what a lesbian is. Some women

who engage in same-sex sexual activity may reject not only identifying as lesbians but

as bisexual as well, while other women's self-identification as lesbian may not align with their
sexual orientation or sexual behavior; sexual identity is not necessarily the same as one's sexual

orientation or sexual behavior, due to various reasons, such as the fear of identifying their sexual

orientation in ahomophobic setting. Portrayals of lesbians in the media suggest that society at

large has been simultaneously intrigued and threatened by women who challenge feminine

gender roles and fascinated and appalled with women who are romantically involved with other

women. Women who adopt a lesbian identity share experiences that form an outlook similar to

an ethnic identity: as homosexuals, they are unified by the heterosexist discrimination and

potential rejection they face from their families, friends, and others as a result of homophobia. As

women, they face concerns separate from men. Lesbians may encounter distinct physical or

mental health concerns arising from discrimination, prejudice, and minority stress. Political

conditions and social attitudes also affect the formation of lesbian relationships and families in

open.
 ASSIGNMENT

IN

PSYCHOLOGY

Submitted by:

Trinidad, Berjulie P.

C/Y/S: ECE22
Submitted to:

Sir Ricardo Clores