Founded in 1915 Volume 152 Number 5 November 2017

Copyright 2017 by the American Association of Orthodontists

CONTENTS
COVER
On the cover: Many attempts have been made to simulate orthodontic tooth movement
using the finite element method. Most have examined the initial displacement in the
periodontal ligament and are insufficient to evaluate long-term effects. Hamanaka and
colleagues, in Nagasaki, Japan, used numeric simulation and the finite element method
to investigate long-term orthodontic tooth movement with the edgewise appliance. Their
model incorporated the play between the brackets and archwire as well as interproximal
contact forces to determine the force system when the space is closed with sliding
mechanics. The image on the cover shows a model equipped with sliding mechanics.
The red arrows represent the retraction force and the extraction space was 4 mm.
The smiling patient on the cover is Sean Larsen. He was treated orthodontically by
Dr Mark W Johnston, Marietta, GA. Michael Drewitz took the photograph.

GUEST EDITORIAL
Adverse events 577
Steve Marshall, Associate Editor for Clinician's Corner, Iowa City, Iowa

READERS' FORUM
Traction of impacted canines in a skeletal Class III malocclusion 578
Ren Yang, Yuanyuan Jiang, and Huang Li, Nanjing, China

Authors response 578

Jos
e Tarc
sio Lima Ferreira, F
abio Loureno Romano, Maria Bernadete Sasso Stuani,
M
rian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto, and Ribeir~ ao Preto, S~
ao Paulo, Brazil

Correction 580

ETHICS IN ORTHODONTICS
To understand the understood 581
Peter M. Greco, Associate Editor for Ethics in Orthodontics, Philadelphia, Pa

Video available with article online at www.ajodo.org

The American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (ISSN 0889-5406) is published monthly by Elsevier Inc., 230 Park
Avenue, Suite 800, New York, NY 10169. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY and additional mailing ofces. POSTMASTER: Send address
changes to Elsevier, Journal Returns, 1799 Highway 50 East, Linn, MO 65051.

2A American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/November 2017

 CONTENTS continued

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field for pain caused by placement of initial 582
C orthodontic wire in female orthodontic patients: A preliminary single-blind randomized
E clinical trial
Jin-Gon Jung, Jae Hyun Park, Sang-Cheol Kim, Kyung-Hwa Kang, Jin-Hyoung Cho, Jin-Woo Cho,
Na-Young Chang, R. Curtis Bay, and Jong-Moon Chae, Iksan, Seoul, and Daejeon, Korea, and Mesa,
Ariz

ORIGINAL ARTICLES
In-vivo determination of critical force levels using an intraoral electromechanical 592
device to measure nonpathologic tooth mobility
Tim Wucher, Alfred Meyer Dippenaar, and Martin Wucher, Windhoek and Okahandja, Namibia,
and Klerksdorp, South Africa

Numeric simulation model for long-term orthodontic tooth movement with contact 601
boundary conditions using the finite element method
Ryo Hamanaka, Satoshi Yamaoka, Tuan Nguyen Anh, Jun-ya Tominaga, Yoshiyuki Koga, and
Noriaki Yoshida, Nagasaki, Japan

Perinatal health and malocclusions in preschool children: Findings from a cohort of 613
C adolescent mothers in Southern Brazil
E C
assia Cardozo Amaral, Vanessa Polina Pereira da Costa, Marina Sousa Azevedo,
Ricardo Tavares Pinheiro, Fl
avio Fernando Demarco, and Mar
lia Le~
ao Goettems, Pelotas, Brazil

Effects of low-level laser irradiation on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and 622
C associated pain with self-ligating brackets
E Irfan Qamruddin, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Verda Mahroof, Mubassar Fida,
Mohd Fadhli Khamis, and Adam Husein, Karachi, Pakistan, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and
Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial 631

asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders
Kay Chung, Tabitha Richards, Romain Nicot, Alexandre R. Vieira, Christiane V. Cruz,
Gw
enael Raoul, Joel Ferri, and James J. Sciote, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pa, Lille, France, and
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Clinical recognition of mouth breathers by orthodontists: A preliminary study 646

Julia Garcia Costa, Genilza Silva Costa, Carolina Costa, Oswaldo de Vasconcellos Vilella,
Claudia Trindade Mattos, and Adriana de Alcantara Cury-Saramago, Niter
oi, Rio de Janeiro and
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Protein and mRNA expressions of IL-6 and its key signaling factors under orthodontic 654
forces in mice: An in-vivo study
Yi Liu, Fang Song, Shu Wu, Shushu He, Mingmei Meng, Chunxiao Lv, Qingqing Yang, and
Song Chen, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

4A American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/November 2017

 CONTENTS continued

Long-term stability of Class II treatment with the Jasper jumper appliance 663
Camilla Fiedler Foncatti, Jos
e Fernando Castanha Henriques, Guilherme Janson, Waleska Caldas,
and Daniela Gamba Garib, S~ao Paulo, Brazil

Childrens orthodontic utilization in the United States: Socioeconomic and 672

surveillance considerations
Nadia Laniado, Stephanie Oliva, and Gregory J. Matthews, Bronx, NY, and Chicago, Ill

CASE REPORTS
Miniscrew-assisted multidisciplinary orthodontic treatment with surgical mandibular 679
advancement and genioplasty in a brachyfacial Class II patient with mandibular
asymmetry
Vanessa Paredes-Gallardo, Ver
onica Garc
a-Sanz, and Carlos Bellot-Arc
s, Valencia, Spain

Nonsurgical treatment of an adult with a skeletal Class II gummy smile using zygomatic 693
temporary anchorage devices and improved superelastic nickel-titanium alloy wires
Yuji Ishida and Takashi Ono, Tokyo, Japan

CLINICIAN'S CORNER
Adverse clinical events reported during Invisalign treatment: Analysis of the MAUDE 706
C database
E Veerasathpurush Allareddy, Romesh Nalliah, Min Kyeong Lee, Sankeerth Rampa, and
Veerajalandhar Allareddy, Iowa City, Iowa, Ann Arbor, Mich, Los Angeles, Calif, and Omaha, Neb

TECHNO BYTES
Three-camera setup to record simultaneously standardized high-definition video for 711
smile analysis
Akhter Husain, Parmanand G. Makhija, Aseena Alungal Ummer, Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman,
and Mette A. R. Kuijpers, Mangalore and Indore, India, and Nijmegen, The Netherlands

LITIGATION AND LEGISLATION

Strategies for improved interdisciplinary care and communication in orthodontics 717
Ahmad Abdelkarim and Laurance Jerrold, Jackson, Miss, and Brooklyn, NY

STATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN

Survival analysis, part 3: Cox regression 722
Despina Koletsi and Nikolaos Pandis, London, United Kingdom, Athens and Corfu, Greece, and Bern,
Switzerland

6A American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/November 2017

 CONTENTS continued

CONTINUING EDUCATION
Instructions 724

DIRECTORY: AAO OFFICERS AND ORGANIZATIONS 725

READER'S SERVICE
Information for authorson the Internet, go to www.ajodo.org, For Authors, Author
Information

Information for readers A12

Classified ad section A13

8A American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics/November 2017