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AttributionPlease cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2017. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017: World Development
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Mahmoud Mohieldin
Senior Vice President
World Bank Group
ii
About the data
The maps, charts, and analyses in this Atlas be no reliable data to use for comparisons
of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 are between countries or to measure progress.
intended to present data trends and compar-
isons in an accessible and visually appealing The primary international source of the data
way. Given the breadth and scope of the is provided in footnotes. Where indicators
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the are available in the WDI database, the codes
editors have been selective, emphasizing used to identify these indicators are given.
issues considered key by experts in the World This CETS code (the Catalog of Economic
Banks Global Practices and Cross-Cutting Time Series classification) can be used to
Solution Areas. quickly access each indicator and its metadata,
using the format http://data.worldbank.org/
The data draw on the World Development indicator/<CETS>.
Indicators ( WDI) database t he World
Banks compilation of internationally com- The 2017 Atlas uses two primary methods for
parable statistics about global development classifying and aggregating countries and econ-
and the quality of peoples lives. For each omies by income (as defined for the World
of the 17 SDGs, relevant indicators have Banks 2017 fiscal year) and by region. These are
been chosen to illustrate important trends presented in the maps on pages vi to ix.
and challenges, and highlight measurement
issues. For more information, including details on the
structure of the coding scheme, the method-
New indicators have been added to the WDI ology, concepts and definitions, coverage,
database to better reflect coverage of spe- periodicity, development relevance of all WDI
cific goals and targets. In some cases for indicators, and the methods used for classify-
example, where country or temporal cov- ing countries for analytical purposes, please
erage is limited s upplementary data from refer to http://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org.
other databases or published studies have
been used. But for some targets, there may The cutoff date for data is January 31, 2017.
iv
Contents
Forewordi
Acknowledgmentsii
Introductioniv
1 No poverty 1
2 Zero hunger 8
4 Quality education 20
5 Gender equality 26
10 Reduced inequalities 56
13 Climate action 74
15 Life on land 86
United States
Bermuda
(U.K.)
The Bahamas
Cayman Is. (U.K.)
Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.)
Mexico
Haiti
Belize Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica Guyana
R.B. de Suriname
Panama Venezuela
French Guiana (Fr.)
Colombia
Ecuador
Kiribati
Peru Brazil
Samoa
Caribbean Inset Bolivia
American
U.S. Virgin British Virgin
Samoa (U.S.) Anguilla (U.K.)
Fiji French
Dominican
Islands (U.S.) Islands (U.K.)
Saint-Martin (Fr.) Paraguay
Tonga Polynesia (Fr.)
RepublicPuerto Rico Sint Maarten (Neth.)
(U.S.) Saint-Barthlemy (Fr.)
Saba (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda
Sint Eustatius (Neth.)
Montserrat (U.K.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.)
Dominica
Martinique (Fr.)
Aruba (Neth.)
Saint Lucia
Chile Argentina Uruguay
Curaao (Neth.)
Bonaire Saint Vincent & Barbados
(Neth.) the Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad and
R.B. de Venezuela Tobago
East Asia and Pacific Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Lower middle income Europe and Central Asia
American Samoa Upper middle income Mongolia Lower middle income Albania Upper middle income
Australia High income Myanmar Lower middle income Andorra High income
Brunei Darussalam High income Nauru High income Armenia Lower middle income
Cambodia Lower middle income New Caledonia High income Austria High income
China Upper middle income New Zealand High income Azerbaijan Upper middle income
Fiji Upper middle income Northern Mariana Belarus Upper middle income
French Polynesia High income Islands High income Belgium High income
Guam High income Palau Upper middle income Bosnia and
Hong Kong SAR, China High income Papua New Guinea Lower middle income Herzegovina Upper middle income
Indonesia Lower middle income Philippines Lower middle income Bulgaria Upper middle income
Japan High income Samoa Lower middle income Channel Islands High income
Kiribati Lower middle income Singapore High income Croatia High income
Korea, Dem. Solomon Islands Lower middle income Cyprus High income
PeoplesRep. Low income Thailand Upper middle income Czech Republic High income
Korea, Rep. High income Timor-Leste Lower middle income Denmark High income
Lao PDR Lower middle income Tonga Lower middle income Estonia High income
Macao SAR, China High income Tuvalu Upper middle income Faroe Islands High income
Malaysia Upper middle income Vanuatu Lower middle income Finland High income
Marshall Islands Upper middle income Vietnam Lower middle income France High income
Ukraine
Italy
Zealand
Montenegro FYR
Kosovo Macedonia
Albania
Greece
Georgia Upper middle income Montenegro Upper middle income Latin America and the Caribbean
Germany High income Netherlands High income Antigua and Barbuda High income
Gibraltar High income Norway High income Argentina Upper middle income
Greece High income Poland High income Aruba High income
Greenland High income Portugal High income Bahamas, The High income
Hungary High income Romania Upper middle income Barbados High income
Iceland High income Russian Federation Upper middle income Belize Upper middle income
Ireland High income San Marino High income Bolivia Lower middle income
Isle of Man High income Serbia Upper middle income Brazil Upper middle income
Italy High income Slovak Republic High income British Virgin Islands High income
Kazakhstan Upper middle income Slovenia High income Cayman Islands High income
Kosovo Lower middle income Spain High income Chile High income
Kyrgyz Republic Lower middle income Sweden High income Colombia Upper middle income
Latvia High income Switzerland High income Costa Rica Upper middle income
Liechtenstein High income Tajikistan Lower middle income Cuba Upper middle income
Lithuania High income Turkey Upper middle income Curaao High income
Luxembourg High income Turkmenistan Upper middle income Dominica Upper middle income
Macedonia, FYR Upper middle income Ukraine Lower middle income Dominican Republic Upper middle income
Moldova Lower middle income United Kingdom High income Ecuador Upper middle income
Monaco High income Uzbekistan Lower middle income El Salvador Lower middle income
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
United States
Bermuda
(U.K.)
The Bahamas
Cayman Is. (U.K.)
Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.)
Mexico
Haiti
Belize Jamaica
Guatemala Honduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica Guyana
R.B. de Suriname
Panama Venezuela
French Guiana (Fr.)
Colombia
Ecuador
Kiribati
Peru Brazil
Samoa
Caribbean Inset Bolivia
American
U.S. Virgin British Virgin
Samoa (U.S.) Anguilla (U.K.)
Fiji French
Dominican
Islands (U.S.) Islands (U.K.)
Saint-Martin (Fr.) Paraguay
Tonga Polynesia (Fr.)
RepublicPuerto Rico Sint Maarten (Neth.)
(U.S.) Saint-Barthlemy (Fr.)
Saba (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda
Sint Eustatius (Neth.)
Montserrat (U.K.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.)
Dominica
Martinique (Fr.)
Aruba (Neth.)
Saint Lucia
Chile Argentina Uruguay
Curaao (Neth.)
Bonaire Saint Vincent & Barbados
(Neth.) the Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad and
R.B. de Venezuela Tobago
Note: These regions include economies at all income levels, and may differ from
common geographic usage or from regions defined by other organizations. For more
information see https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase
/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.
Grenada Upper middle income Trinidad and Tobago High income Malta High income
Guatemala Lower middle income Turks and Caicos Morocco Lower middle income
Guyana Upper middle income Islands High income Oman High income
Haiti Low income Uruguay High income Qatar High income
Honduras Lower middle income Venezuela, RB Upper middle income Saudi Arabia High income
Jamaica Upper middle income Virgin Islands (U.S.) High income Syrian Arab Republic Lower middle income
Mexico Upper middle income Tunisia Lower middle income
Nicaragua Lower middle income Middle East and North Africa United Arab Emirates High income
Panama Upper middle income Algeria Upper middle income West Bank and Gaza Lower middle income
Paraguay Upper middle income Bahrain High income Yemen, Rep. Lower middle income
Peru Upper middle income Djibouti Lower middle income
Puerto Rico High income Egypt, Arab Rep. Lower middle income North America
Sint Maarten High income Iran, Islamic Rep. Upper middle income Bermuda High income
St. Kitts and Nevis High income Iraq Upper middle income Canada High income
St. Lucia Upper middle income Israel High income United States High income
St. Martin High income Jordan Upper middle income
St. Vincent and Kuwait High income South Asia
theGrenadines Upper middle income Lebanon Upper middle income Afghanistan Low income
Suriname Upper middle income Libya Upper middle income Bangladesh Lower middle income
Ukraine
Italy
Zealand
Montenegro FYR
Kosovo Macedonia
Albania
Greece
Bhutan Lower middle income Congo, Dem. Rep. Low income Mozambique Low income
India Lower middle income Congo, Rep. Lower middle income Namibia Upper middle income
Maldives Upper middle income Cte dIvoire Lower middle income Niger Low income
Nepal Low income Equatorial Guinea Upper middle income Nigeria Lower middle income
Pakistan Lower middle income Eritrea Low income Rwanda Low income
Sri Lanka Lower middle income Ethiopia Low income So Tom and Principe Lower middle income
Gabon Upper middle income Senegal Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa Gambia, The Low income Seychelles High income
Angola Upper middle income Ghana Lower middle income Sierra Leone Low income
Benin Low income Guinea Low income Somalia Low income
Botswana Upper middle income Guinea-Bissau Low income South Africa Upper middle income
Burkina Faso Low income Kenya Lower middle income South Sudan Low income
Burundi Low income Lesotho Lower middle income Sudan Lower middle income
Cabo Verde Lower middle income Liberia Low income Swaziland Lower middle income
Cameroon Lower middle income Madagascar Low income Tanzania Low income
Central African Malawi Low income Togo Low income
Republic Low income Mali Low income Uganda Low income
Chad Low income Mauritania Lower middle income Zambia Lower middle income
Comoros Low income Mauritius Upper middle income Zimbabwe Low income
Eradicating extreme poverty Sub-Saharan Africa now accounts for half the
worlds extreme poor (figure 1b).
Of the worlds population, 35 percent
1.8billion lived in extreme poverty in 1990. Reducing poverty in all its dimensions
Half were in East Asia and Pacific, where the according to national definitions
extreme poverty rate was 60percent, making
it the poorest region at that time (figure 1a). The target of eliminating extreme poverty by
While all regions have made progress, the 2030 uses a globally comparable poverty line
most significant was in East Asia and Pacific, as a benchmark. Goal 1 also looks to halve
which recorded an extreme poverty rate of the share of the population living in poverty
just 3.5percent in 2013, a dramatic fall driven as defined by national authorities (target 1.2).
largely by China. In South Asia extreme pov- National poverty lines typically reflect a thresh-
erty also fell sharply, to a third of its 1990 level old below which a persons minimum nutrition,
(from 45 percent to 15 percent). Even with clothing, and shelter needs cannot be met,
substantial progress, considerable challenges consistent with the countrys economic and
remain: despite a decline in the extreme pov- social circumstances. So, richer countries tend
erty rate in Sub-Saharan Africa, to 41percent, to have higher poverty lines than poorer ones
the regions population growth means that (figure 1c), and in some cases a richer country
389 million people lived on less than $1.90 may have a higher national poverty rate than a
a day in 2013, 113million more than in 1990. poorer country.
1a The extreme poverty rate and the number of people living in extreme poverty have
fallen in almost every region
Number and share of population living on less than $1.90 a day (2011 purchasing power parity or PPP) (%),
1990 and 2013
1990 2013
Millions Percent Millions Percent
East Asia & Pacific 966 60 71 4
Note: For this indicator, regional aggregates exclude certain high income countries (World Bank Group.
Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2016: Taking on Inequality. Washington, DC: World Bank., p.49). 2013
estimates for Middle East and North Africa are not shown because survey coverage is too low.
Source: World Bank PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/); WDI (SI.POV.DDAY).
1990
Indonesia
104 million
China
756 million
Vietnam
39 million
Thailand
Philippines
Papua
New
Guinea
Uzbekistan*
Mexico Peru
Brazil
31 million
Haiti
Congo,
Nigeria
Dem. Rep. India
51 million
24 million 338 million
South
Malawi Kenya Sudan
Africa
Madagascar
Ethiopia
29 million
South Angola Ghana Rwanda
Zambia Sudan
Mozambique
Senegal Benin
Cameroon
Mali Burundi
*Uzbekistan (1990) based on 1998 rate because of quality issues with earlier survey data.
2 Goal 1 No poverty
East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa This square represents
Europe & Central Asia South Asia 10 million people living in
Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty
2013
Indonesia
25 million
China
25 million
Vietnam
3 million
Thailand
Philippines
Papua
New
Guinea
Uzbekistan
Mexico Peru
Brazil
10 million
Haiti
Congo,
Nigeria
Dem. Rep. India
86 million
55 million 218 million
South
Malawi Kenya Sudan
Africa
Madagascar
Ethiopia
20 million
South Angola Ghana Rwanda
Zambia Sudan
Mali Burundi
Nepal
20 Slovenia (2011)
Spain (2011)
Slovak Rep. (2011)
15 Czech Rep. (2011)
Estonia (2011)
Croatia (2011)
Lithuania (2011)
10
Bolivia (2011) Poland (2011)
Paraguay (2011) Chile (2011)
Honduras (2011)
7 Montenegro (2011)
Azerbaijan (2001) Romania (2011)
Tajikistan (2009)
Armenia (2011)
5 Comoros (2004)
Mauritania (2008) Albania (2012) Malaysia (2009)
4 Congo, Rep. (2011) Bhutan (2012)
Swaziland (2009)
Guinea (2012) Sri Lanka (2010) Turkey (2011)
3
Togo (2011) Namibia (2010)
Niger (2011)
Lesotho (2010)
2
Mozambique (2009)
Malawi (2010)
1.5
1
1 1.5 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 30 40 50 70 100
Household final consumption expenditure per capita per day, 200012 (2011 PPP $)
Source: Jolliffe, D. M., and E. B. Prydz. 2016, Estimating International Poverty Lines from Comparable National
Thresholds, Policy Research Working Paper WPS 7606, Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
Countries define monetary poverty lines using Republic, Hungary, and Poland) use a relative
either income or consumption. In the years poverty line, usually setting their thresholds at
measured up to 2013 (over 915 year intervals), 60percent of the countrys median income or
17 of 45 countries with data reduced their consumption. In such cases, measured poverty
poverty rates by more than half. Another 4 may not decline, even if incomes are rising,
countries were on track to halve their poverty and halving poverty would be possible only by
in 15 years if reduction trends continued. In the drastically reducing inequality.
remainder, poverty rate declines were smaller,
and indeed the rate increased in a few coun- Some countries s uch as Bhutan, Bolivia,
tries (figure1d). Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico
have adopted measures that aim to capture
In general, countries maintain the same national the multidimensional nature of poverty by
poverty lines over time, adjusting them for assessing how households are deprived in dif-
inflation to remain constant in real terms. But ferent ways (in health, education, housing, and
some European countries (such as the Czech labor market opportunities).
4 Goal 1 No poverty
1d National poverty rates have fallen Expanding social protection for those
substantially in many countries over the most in need
last 15 years
Reduction in poverty headcount ratio at the
nationalpoverty line (%) Social protec tion programs, which can
increase the resilience of poor and vulnerable
Intersurvey period 15-year equivalent a
6 Goal 1 No poverty
1f In many countries the poorest get a smaller share of social assistance benefits than the richest
Benefit incidence of social assistance and social insurance, by income quintile, most recent year available during
201014 (%)
1g Mapping and registering private plots countrywide are less likely in Latin America and
the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa
Share of countries that have the majority of private plots in the country (or main city) registered or mapped, 2016 (%)
Plots in country Plots in country Plots in main city Plots in main city
registered mapped registered mapped
OECD
Europe & Central Asia
East Asia & Pacific
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
World
0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100
and Sub-S aharan Africa do. The registration advocate for enforcing rights that are guaran-
of plots in main cities is higher across all teed on paper but not elsewhere.
regions.
In Rwanda, where 97 percent of households
A functional land registration system tends to report having documented rights to land,
be strongly linked to womens rights to land nearly 77 percent of women in those house-
and to policies supporting womens rights. holds say they held documented rights, either
Registering womens rights to land prevents individually or jointly. In Colombia just over half
these rights from being lost, through inher- of households are registered, but only 11per-
itance or divorce, and allows individuals to cent of women have documented land rights.
An end to hunger is an end to chronic The number of stunted children has declined
undernourishment, the state of not acquir- steadily since 1990, and many countries are on
ing enough food to meet the daily minimum course to meet the target of reducing stunting
dietary energy requirements over a year. The by 2025.1 But the absolute number of stunted
prevalence of undernourishment declined by children increased in Sub-Saharan Africa from
8percentage points between 1991 and 2015 nearly 45million in 1990 to 57million in 2015,
globally, leaving 793million people currently and the region will not meet the WHA target
affected (see figure 2d on page 10). of reducing the number by 40 percent if the
current trend is not reversed (figure 2a). More-
Over a third of all undernourished people live over, the East Asia and Pacific downward trend
in South Asia, while Sub-Saharan Africa and is driven largely by reductions in China; Indo-
East Asia and Pacific each account for around a nesia and the Philippines require accelerated
quarter (see figure 2c on page 10). All these progress to reach the 2025 target.
regions have seen fairly steady declines in the
prevalence of undernourishment since 1990. Aggregate trends mask inequalities in child
Continuing progress is not assured, however: malnutrition among the rich and the poor.
the Middle East and North Africa has stag- Evidence from 80 countries from 1990 to 2011
nated in recent years, if at the relatively low shows persistent inequalities in child under-
level of 8.2 percent. Ending hunger by 2030 nutrition, particularly stunting, with countries
requires accelerated efforts to achieve faster showing little or no progress toward bridging
global declines (target2.1). the gap between the wealthy and the poor.2
Malnutrition refers to both undernutrition and Among 10 countries with the highest child stunt-
overnutrition. Goal 2 aims to end all forms of ing prevalence in 201015, many exhibit a wide
malnutrition by 2030 (target 2.2). It encom- gap between the poorest and the richest quin-
passes the World Health Assembly (WHA) tile of the population (figure 2b). This gap is the
2025 targets of a 40percent reduction in the widest in three lower-middle-income countries,
number of children under-five who are stunted Lao PDR (a gap of 41percentage points), Paki-
(too short for age), no increase in childhood stan (39), and Yemen (33). The gap in other high-
overweight (too heavy for height), a 50percent prevalence countries ranges from 12percentage
reduction of anemia in women of reproduc- points (Benin) to 29 (Burundi). Cameroon, Nepal,
tive age, and increasing the rate of exclusive Nigeria, and Peru also have wide gaps in child
breastfeeding in the first six months to at least stunting prevalence by wealth quintile, though
50percent. their average prevalences are not as high.
300
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
North America
200 Europe & Central Asia
South Asia
100
East Asia & Pacific
Sub-Saharan Africa
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: United Nations Childrens Fund, World Health Organization, and World Bank, 2016, Levels and Trends
in Child Malnutrition, New York; WDI (SH.STA.STNT.ZS).
60
40
20
0
Timor- Burundi Malawi Yemen, Pakistan Benin Ethiopia Sierra Lao PDR Rwanda
Leste 2010 2010 Rep. 2013 2012 2011 Leone 2012 2010
2010 2013 2010
Source: World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics database (SH.STA.STNT.Q1.ZS, SH.STA.STNT.
Q5.ZS, SH.STA.STNT.QT.ZS).
Enhancing agricultural productivity and The depth of food deficit has declined the fast-
food security est in East Asia and Pacific and Latin America
and the Caribbean, but persists at relatively
The prevalence of undernourishment pro- high levels in Sub-S aharan Africa and South
vides only a par tial picture of the food Asia. Globally, the depth of food deficit is
security situation. To contribute to a more about half of what it was 20 years ago (figure
comprehensive assessment of the multiple 2e). Continuing population growth and rising
dimensions and manifestations of food inse- food demand coupled with the projected neg-
curity and to better inform policy responses, ative impacts of climate change on agriculture
the Food and Agriculture Organization has in the most vulnerable countries add to the
compiled a preliminary set of food security challenge of sustaining and accelerating prog-
indicators, available for most countries and ress across all regions.3
years. One such indicator is the depth of
food deficit, measured as the amount of cal- The populations of both Sub-Saharan Africa
ories needed to lift the undernourished from and South Asia are increasing faster than else-
their current status, everything else being where (figure 2f). Projected rises in those two
constant. regions over the next 15 years will together
United States
Bermuda
(U.K.)
Kiribati Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Samoa
French Bolivia
American Polynesia (Fr.)
Samoa (U.S.)
Fiji Caribbean Inset
Tonga Paraguay
British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.)
Dominican Islands (U.K.)
Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile
St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina
Puerto Antigua and
Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda
Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay
Aruba St. Kitts Dominica
(Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.)
Curaao St. Lucia
(Neth.)
Barbados
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines Grenada
Trinidad and
R.B. de Venezuela Tobago
40
Sub-Saharan Africa
30
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia
20 World
0
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Note: Data refer to the middle year of three-year intervals. For example, data for 2005 are estimates for 200406.
Data are not available for Europe and Central Asia or North America.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS).
Iceland Sweden
Norway Finland Russian Federation
Netherlands Estonia
Isle of Russian
Man (U.K.) Latvia
Fed.
Denmark Lithuania
United
Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus
Guemsey(U.K.)
Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia
Luxembourg Moldova
Liechtenstein
Switzerland France Romania
Dem.Peoples
Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea
Bulgaria Azer-
Monaco Armenia Rep.
baijan
Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan
China Korea
Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian
Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan
Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran
Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan
Kuwait Nepal
Bahrain Pakistan
Libya Qatar
Western Algeria Arab Rep.
Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh
Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China
Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China
Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.)
Mauritania Oman
Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam
Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.)
The Yemen Cambodia Philippines
Gambia Burkina Federated States
Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia
Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall
Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands
Cte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei
Darussalam
Sierra Leone African Sudan
dIvoire Palau
Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia
Liberia Togo Maldives
Equatorial Guinea Uganda
So Tom and Prncipe
Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati
Congo Rwanda
Dem.Rep. Burundi
of Congo Indonesia Solomon
Tanzania Comoros Papua
Seychelles New Guinea Islands
Tuvalu
Timor-Leste
Angola
Malawi Mayotte Mauritius
Zambia (Fr.)
Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji
Zimbabwe
Madagascar Vanuatu
Namibia Botswana La Runion Poland
Germany
(Fr.) Czech
Ukraine
Republic New
Swaziland Slovak Caledonia
Republic Australia
(Fr.)
South Lesotho
Africa Austria
Hungary
Slovenia Romania
Croatia
San Bosnia and
Marino Herzegovina Serbia
Bulgaria
Italy
Montenegro
Kosovo Macedonia, New
Zealand
Albania FYR
Greece
2e The depth of food deficit across regions has narrowed but is still highest in Sub-
Saharan Africa and South Asia
Depth of food deficit (kilocalories per person per day)
300
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
World
100
Latin America & Caribbean
Note: Data are not available for Europe and Central Asia or North America.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization, Food Security Statistics; WDI (SN.ITK.DFCT).
1,000
South Asia
750
Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific
500
Source: World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics: Population estimates and projections;
WDI(SP.POP.TOTL).
2g Cereal yield growth rates have varied across regions, more than doubling in Sub-
Saharan Africa and more than halving in the Middle East and North Africa
Cereal yield average annual growth rate (%)
2
199099
200014
0
East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan
& Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa
account for around two-thirds of the change Sub-Saharan Africa is to be met by productivity
in the global population, anticipated to rise by gains alone, cereal yields will need to increase
16 percent over that period. At the same time, at 3percent a year, about a third higher than
food demand is projected to rise by at least the 2.2percent rate during 200014.
20percent globally, with the largest increases
in Sub-Saharan Africa (55percent) and South Some growth will be met by expanding pro-
Asia (25percent). duction to areas currently not under cultiva-
tion, but growth in yields will become more
Improving agricultural performance will be important. Climate change could further
central to addressing poverty and food inse- reduce yields.5 In the Middle East and North
curity, as more than three-quarters of poor Africa, cereal yield growth has slowed from
people still live in rural areas, and nearly two- 2.5 percent annually in the 1990s to 0.9 per-
thirds of the worlds poor work in agriculture.4 cent in 200014, less than half the 2percent
Although cereal yields have accelerated in annual population growth rate in the region
Sub-S aharan Africa since the 1990s (dou- since 2000 (figure 2g). Current cereal yields
bling the cereal yield growth rate), they are are highest in East Asia and Pacific (4.9 tons a
not rising fast enough to meet growing food hectare), and Latin America and the Caribbean
demand. If projected food demand to 2030 in (4.1); and lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa (1.5) and
8
Upper middle income
6
High income
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: World Health Organization Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition; WDI (SH.STA.OWGH.ZS).
the Middle East and North Africa (2.3). Yield Policy Report. Washington, DC. http://dx.doi.
growth, climate resilience, and enhanced trade org/10.2499/9780896295827.
will all be needed to help end hunger by 2030.
2. Bredenkamp, C., L. R. Buisman, and E. Van de
Addressing overweight and obesity Poel. 2014. Persistent Inequalities in Child
Undernutrition: Evidence from 80 Countries,
Overweight and obesity are rising in nearly from 1990 to Today. International Journal of
every country, creating a major global chal- Epidemiology 43(4): 18.
lenge. 6 Both the prevalence and absolute
number of overweight children under five are 3. World Bank. 2016. Poverty and Shared Prosperity
increasing globally. Upper-m iddle-income 2016: Taking on Inequality. Washington, DC. doi:
countries have the highest levels of overweight 10.1596/978-1-4648-0958-3.
prevalence, while rates have been increasing
most rapidly in lower-middle-income and in 4. World Bank. 2016. Poverty and Shared Prosperity
high-income countries. As both prevalence 2016: Taking on Inequality. Washington, DC. doi:
and population continue to rise, so will the 10.1596/978-1-4648-0958-3.
numbers of overweight children. (figure 2h).
The WHO target of no increase in childhood 5. Townsend, Robert. 2015. Ending poverty and
overweight by 2025 will not be met if current hunger by 2030: an agenda for the global food
trends continue. system. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
3a More deaths occur during birth and early childhood in regions lacking skilled health
staff
Maternal mortality ratio, Neonatal mortality rate, Under-five Births attended by
2015 (modeled estimate, 2015 (per 1,000 live mortality rate, 2015 skilled health staff, 2012
per 100,000 live births) births) (per 1,000 live births) (% of total)
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia SDG target: SDG target: SDG target: na
North America 70 12 25
World
0 600 0 100 0 100 0 100
na is not available.
Source: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and United Nations Population Division; UN Inter-agency
Group for Child Mortality Estimation; WDI (SH.STA.BRTC.ZS, SH.STA.MMRT, SH.DYN.NMRT, SH.DYN.MORT).
Sub-Saharan Africa
300
0.75
South Asia
200
0.50
World
100
0.25
World
0
0.00 2000 2005 2010 2015
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
(276 new cases per 100,000 people in 2015) Mental health is also a focus of target 3.4.
and South Asia (220; figure 3c). Worldwide Suicide accounts for 8.2 percent of deaths
there were 10.4million new tuberculosis cases among young adults ages 1529 globally and
and 1.4 million deaths due to tuberculosis in is the second leading cause of death after road
2015.2 traffic injuries for that age group. 3 Suicide
rates for all ages tend to be higher in Europe
In 2015 the global incidence of malaria was and Central Asia and in high-income countries
about 94 per 1,000 persons at risk (figure 3d). (figure 3f).
Sub-Saharan Africa bears the highest burden,
with an incidence of 234 per 1,000 persons Preventing substance abuse
at risk. Countries with the highest incidence
include Mali (449 per 1,000 persons at risk) and In 2012, 3.3 million deaths 6 percent of
Burkina Faso (389 per 1,000 persons at risk). deaths worldwide were attributed to alcohol
consumption, predominantly through injuries
Tackling premature mortality from or noncommunicable diseases.4 Global con-
noncommunicable diseases and suicide sumption was 6.3 liters of pure alcohol per
person ages 15 and older in 2015, equivalent
As the incidence of, and deaths from, com- to 3liters of beer (4percent alcohol) a week.
municable diseases such as malaria and Consumption was highest in Europe and
tuberculosis fall, the share of deaths from Central Asia (10.2 liters of pure alcohol per
noncommunicable diseases increases. Glob- person a year) and lowest in the Middle East
ally, premature death (before age 70) caused and North Africa (0.8 liters; figure 3g). Goal 3
by the four major noncommunicable diseases includes in its agenda preventing and treating
c ardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, harmful use of alcohol (target 3.5).
and chronic respiratory disease d eclined
16percent between 2000 and 2015. To reduce Extending financial protection
it by one-third by 2030 requires accelerating
the current trend (target 3.4). Nine of the 12 Universal health coverage strives for people
highest national rates in 2015 were in East Asia having access to health care without suffering
and Pacific or Europe and Central Asia, with undue financial hardship. Achieving it would
Papua New Guinea the highest, where the prevent people from falling into poverty due
probability of 30-year-old people dying from to illness and give people the opportunity to
these noncommunicable diseases before their lead healthier and more productive lives (tar-
70th birthday is 36percent (figure 3e). get 3.8).
100
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia Yemen, Rep.
Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan
75
North America Cambodia
Nigeria
Bangladesh Azerbaijan
Afghanistan India
Morocco
Mexico
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Korea, Rep.
Vietnam
China
Ethiopia
Kenya Brazil
25
Italy
Burundi Spain
Tanzania
Turkey
Colombia Japan Canada
Thailand
Malawi
United Kingdom United States
Mozambique
France
South Africa
0
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Gross national income per capita ($, Atlas method, log scale)
Health care financing in many low- and threshold. It should also protect people from
middle-income countries is still dominated impoverishing out-of-pocket payments.
by high out-of-pocket expenditures (figure
3h). Weaknesses in prepayment mechanisms The latest available consumption survey data
such as taxation or health insurance a nd for 110 countries show that in the median coun-
user fees imposed at the point of service try about 7percent of the population face out-
often impede access to care, especially for the of-pocket payments in excess of 10percent of
poorest. their total consumption, including 3percent for
whom health payments represent 15 percent
A meaningful measure of universal coverage or more of their consumption. 5 Every year,
needs to reflect the ability of a health system 0.74percent of people are pushed into extreme
to protect people from the financial risks poverty (living on less than $1.90 a day) by out-
associated with paying for health care. Uni- of-pocket health payments, and 12percent of
versal coverage should offer protection from those already below the $1.90 line are driven
catastrophic health expenditures o ut-of- deeper into poverty. These problems prevail
pocket payments representing a large share of more in countries relying heavily on out-of-
household consumption, usually with a specific pocket payments to fund health care (figure 3i).
10
0
Low Medium High Low Medium High
Health system dependence on out-of-pocket payments
Note: Low dependence means 20% or less of national health expenditure is funded by out-of-pocket payments;
medium, 2040%; high, more than 40%. Figure shown is the median for each group. Latest available surveys
for 110 countries (200015).
Source: WHO Global Health Expenditure database; WDI (SH.XPD.OOPC.TO.ZS); World Bank analysis of
nationally representative household consumption surveys.
Measuring learning outcomes (target 4.1). In 2015 success in reading was wide-
spread, but mathematics was more challenging
The Programme for International Student Assess- (figure 4a). In 9 of the 49 countries surveyed
ment (PISA) assesses 15-year-old students fewer than two-thirds of students attained
literacy in reading, mathematics, and science the lowest mathematics proficiency level.
Vietnam
Hong Kong SAR, China
Mathematics Reading Russian Federation
Singapore
Canada
Poland
Denmark
Finland
Japan
Portugal
Korea, Rep.
Spain
Norway
United Kingdom
Germany
Italy
Belgium
Netherlands
United States
Switzerland
Australia
Chile
Czech Republic
Hungary
Sweden
Kazakhstan
Austria
Mexico
Chinaa
Greece
Turkey
France
Malaysia
Thailand
Colombia
Israel
Argentina
Romania
Indonesia
Slovak Republic
United Arab Emirates
Peru
Brazil
Jordan
Bulgaria
Algeria
Tunisia
Dominican Rep.
Lebanon
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Note: Excludes countries with a population of fewer than 5million. Data show the share of students above
level 1B in reading and above level 1 in mathematics.
a. Refers to four provinces: Beijing, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Shanghai.
Source: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; World Bank EdStats database.
4b Adult and youth literacy rates increased in all regions between 2000 and 2010
Literacy rate (%)
2000 2010
Adult (ages 15 and older)
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
World
Note: The reference period is 19952004 for 2000 and 200514 for 2010.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; WDI (SE.ADT.
LITR.ZS, SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS).
4c Preprimary
4d Primary
125 125
100 100
75 75
Female
50 50
Female
Male
Male
25 25
0 0
Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary
a. The gross enrollment ratio is the number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of
age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population which corresponds to the same level of
education, and it may exceed 100percent.
4e Secondary
4f Tertiary
125 125
100 100
75 75
50 50
Female
Female
25 25
Male
Male
0 0
Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics;WDI (SE.PRE.
ENRR, SE.PRM.ENRR, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.TER.ENRR).
125
50 South Asia
India
Pakistan
25
Sudan
Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Most recent
year available,
201014
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; WDI (SE.PRM.
UNER).
125 125
Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific
100 100
Europe & Central Asia
75 South Asia 75
Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia
50 50
Middle East & North Africa
Middle East & North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
25 25
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; WDI (SE.PRM.
CMPT.ZS, SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.ZS).
4m Not all children have the same opportunities to enroll or remain in school
Primary school-age children out of school, by wealth quintile (% of relevant age group)
75
50
Richest quintile
Poorest quintile
25
0
Nigeria, 2013 Pakistan, 2012 India, 2005
4n In Senegal students from poor households and rural areas are at a disadvantage in
completing education
Proportion of 15- to 19-year-olds who completed years of education, by wealth quintile and area, Senegal,
2014 (%)
100
75
Richest quintile
50
Rural Urban
25
Poorest quintile
0
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years
Source: World Bank EdStats estimates based on Demographic and Health Surveys.
One hundred fifty countries have at least one law that treats women and
men differently, and 63 countries have five or more. Such institutional biases
together with adverse social norms, persistent gender gaps in access to
assets, and the failure to recognize, reduce, and redistribute unpaid domestic
work u ndermine womens economic empowerment. Goal 5 offers an
opportunity to deliver transformative actions for addressing these constraints
and for accelerating progress toward stronger economies.
Ending legal gender differences East and North Africa have on average 16 laws
relating to employment and entrepreneurship
Ending all forms of discrimination against that differentiate between women and men,
women and girls is crucial for inclusive sus- while countries in South Asia average 8, and
tainable development (target 5.1). Widespread those in Sub-Saharan Africa average 6 (figure
legal gender differences affect womens eco- 5a).1,2 In East Asia and Pacific, the average
nomic prospects f or example, by making number of legal gender differences is 5, fol-
it difficult for women to own property, open lowed by Europe and Central Asia with 3, Latin
bank accounts, start businesses, and enter America and the Caribbean with 2, and North
certain professions. Countries in the Middle America with 1.
Source: World Bank Group, 2015, Women, Business, and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal, Washington, DC.
5b Women are more likely to tolerate domestic abuse in countries with fewer legal provisions
against domestic violence
Share of women believing a man is justified in beating his wife for different reasons, by number of legal provisions in
a country against domestic violence (%)
Neglects children Goes out Argues with him Refuses sex Burns the food
0 provisions
1 provisions
2 provisions
3 provisions
0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50
Note: The number of legal provisions ranges between 0 and 3 depending on the existence of a law on domestic
violence, sexual harassment or marital rape. (yes=1, no=0).
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys, most
recent year available during 200915; World Bank Group, 2015, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to
Equal, Washington, DC; WDI (SG.VAW.NEGL.ZS, SG.VAW.REFU.ZS, SG.VAW.GOES.ZS, SG.VAW.BURN.ZS, SG.VAW.
ARGU.ZS, SG.LEG.DVAW); World Bank Gender Statistics database (SG.LEG.DVAW, SG.LEG.MRRP, SG.LEG.SXHR).
Aggregations based on available data from 54 countries.
100
Ethiopia Guinea
Benin
Cte dIvoire Lao PDR
Madagascar
Liberia
Zambia
Uganda
Tanzania
Timor-Leste
75
Zimbabwe
Vanuatu
The Gambia
Cambodia
Vietnam
Bhutan Senegal
Azerbaijan
Albania
Georgia
Guatemala
Thailand
Honduras
Kiribati
Peru
Mongolia
50
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Colombia
Armenia Indonesia
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Tajikistan
Philippines
Yemen, Rep.
Turkey
Kyrgyz Rep. Gabon
Bangladesh
West Bank and Gaza
Jamaica
Samoa
Maldives
Dominican Rep.
Serbia Kazakhstan Panama
Moldova
25
Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina
Costa Rica
Tunisia
Suriname
Namibia
Belarus
Qatar Jordan
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Share of women ages 2024 who first married by age 18 (%)
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and other surveys ;
International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SP.M18.2024.FE.ZS,
SL.EMP.VULN.FE.ZS), most recent year available during 200915.
Men Women
Mexico Turkey
Guatemala Saudi Arabia
Oman
Argentina Morocco
Peru Croatia
Ecuador Mauritius
Austria
Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ethiopia Italy
Albania Portugal
Mexico
Iran Japan
Morocco Egypt
Romania Romania
Bolivia
Serbia Greece
Uruguay Peru
Italy Slovenia
Germany
Mongolia Malaysia
Hungary Singapore
Macedonia Israel
Ukraine
Greece Armenia
Panama Hong Kong SAR, China
West Bank & Gaza Indonesia
Hungary
Turkey El Salvador
Moldova, Rep. Spain
Spain United Kingdom
Cyprus
Costa Rica Bangladesh
Bulgaria Luxembourg
Poland Malta
Macao SAR, China
Colombia
United Arab Emirates
New Zealand Czech Rep.
Switzerland Qatar
Estonia Poland
Estonia
Kazakhstan France
Austria Latvia
Kyrgyz Rep. Russian Federation
Bulgaria
Tanzania Belgium
France Slovakia
Canada Burundi
Thailand
Runion Brazil
Sweden Uruguay
Germany Costa Rica
Iceland
South Africa Kazakhstan
Denmark Norway
Finland Paraguay
Zimbabwe
Ghana Denmark
Japan Lithuania
Netherlands United States
Netherlands
United States Sweden
Korea, Rep. New Zealand
Qatar Finland
Ireland
Norway Panama
Honduras Venezuela
Brazil Bahrain
Cuba
Thailand Jamaica
0 10 20 30 20 10 0 10
Note: Data may not be strictly comparable across Source: International Telecommunication Union,
countries as the methods and sampling involved most recent year available during 201215.
for data collection may differ. Figure displays most
recent year available during 200915.
Source: United Nations Statistical Division.
Agriculture
Science
Services
Education
0 25 50 75 100
Note: A given tertiary education program is female dominated if the female share of enrollment in the program
is 5percentage points higher than female share of tertiary graduates, male dominated if female share of
enrollment in the program is 5percentage points less than female share of tertiary graduates, and neutral if
the difference between female share of enrollment in the program and female share of tertiary graduates is
less than 5percentage points. The country sample size for each field of study ranges from 101 to 115.
Source: Estimations based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Education Statistics database UIS.FEP.56.F600,
UIS.FEP.56.F140, UIS.FEP.56.F500, UIS.FEP.56.F700, UIS.FEP.56.F200,UIS.FEP.56.F400, UIS.FEP.56.F800, UIS.
FEP.56.F300, SE.TER.GRAD.FE.ZS, most recent year available during 201215.
Enhancing womens use of technology report receiving their wage payments into
an account, and large gender gaps remain.
Technology can contribute to womens Women in low-and middle-income countries
empowerment by helping them overcome are about a third less likely than men to report
mobility constraints, access relevant informa- having received any wage payments into an
tion and new communication channels, and account in the previous year.4
participate in existing networks (target 5.b).
Expanding female participation in
Widespread differences between men and nontraditional areas
women in access to basic technology persist
in most parts of the world (figure 5e). Over- Teaching both women and men the technical
all, women are less likely to be Internet users skills and capabilities to succeed in the digital
regardless of their region or income. The economy is a top priority. Across the world,
difference in Internet use can be as high as women are overrepresented in education and
20percentage points (Turkey). Only one-fifth health; equally represented in social sciences,
of countries with data have no evidence of a business, and law; and underrepresented in
difference.5 engineering, manufacturing, construction, and
science (figure 5f). This sharp divergence does
Technology also presents an opportunity not reflect the capabilities of men and women
to increase financial inclusion. While only in different subjects. Driving this segregation
2.5percent of men and 1.6percent of women are gender biases at school and at home, lim-
worldwide have a mobile money account, ited exposure of girls to science and technol-
12.8 percent of men and 10.3 percent of ogy at an early age, and a lack of opportunities
women in Sub-Saharan Africa have one. to enroll in such programs. Early exposure can
Although financial inclusion starts with having shift stereotypes that discourage girls from
a bank account, only with regular use do peo- participating in science and technology fields,
ple benefit from it. Around 40percent of wage with implications for their occupational choices
recipients in low-and middle-income countries and earning potential.
Goal 5 strives for the full participation of women 2. The measure of legal gender differences can sum
at all levels of decisionmaking in political, eco- to a whole number or a decimal for any economy
nomic, and public life (target 5.5). Across the because the question on job restrictions has 10
globe women occupy, on average, 23percent subquestions that examine specific restrictions
of parliamentary seats in 2016, up from 12per- on womens work. Each subquestion thus has a
cent in 1997. Women made up nearly 29percent value of one-tenth. Values presented here are
of seats in Latin America and the Caribbean and rounded to the nearest whole number.
26percent in Europe and Central Asia. Despite
a fourfold increase in the share of women par- 3. The legal age of marriage for boys and girls is 21
liamentarians in the Middle East and North years in Niger and Chad, and 18 in the Central
Africa since 1997, the region still had the lowest African Republic. In Mali, the legal age is 18 years
proportion of women-held seats, at 17percent. for boys and 16 years for girls.
In 2016, only two countries had 50percent or
more women in parliament: Rwanda, with nearly 4. Demirguc-Kunt, A., L. Klapper, D. Singer, and P.Van
64 percent, and Bolivia, with 53 percent. In Oudheusden. 2015. The Global Findex Database
contrast, seven countries had no women in par- 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the
liament: Yemen, Vanuatu, Tonga, Qatar, Palau, World. Policy Research Working Paper 7255. World
Micronesia, and Haiti (figure 5g). Bank, Washington, DC. Each economy is classified
based on the classification of World Bank Groups
Notes fiscal year 2015 (July 1, 2014June 30, 2015).
1. Women, Business, and the Law examines 21 5. There is no evidence of a gap when the differ-
differences in policies for unmarried women ence in the use of Internet between men and
and 26 for married women (or 47 questions in women is 1 percentage point.
Expanding access to drinking water and and more refined monitoring framework (tar-
sanitation gets 6.1 and 6.2). The unimprovedimproved
distinction is replaced by safely managed
Until recently countries reported their popu- services. For water, this requires that the
lations access to water and sanitation by dis- households drinking water source is on prem-
tinguishing between improved and unim- ises, available when needed, and free of fecal
proved coverage. In 2015, 663million people and locally relevant chemical contaminants.
were drinking from unimproved sources such For sanitation, emphasis is on the links in the
as unprotected dug wells, and 2.4billion lacked sanitation chain from initial defecation through
improved sanitation facilities. The bulk of those waste management (including containment,
without were in Sub-Saharan Africa and South disposal, and transport of human excreta), and
Asia (see figures 6d and 6e on page 34), on the availability of an appropriate handwash-
where rural dwellers, especially the poorest, ing facility. Monitoring these components and
lagged behind others in access to both water inequalities will help assess progress toward
and sanitation (figures 6a, 6b, 6f and 6g). the longer term aim of universal access.
1.5
Other regions combined
1.0
Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.H2O.SAFE.RU.ZS, SH.H2O.SAFE.UR.ZS, SP.URB.TOTL, SP.RUR.TOTL).
Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ACSN.RU, SH.STA.ACSN.UR, SP.URB.TOTL, SP.RUR.TOTL).
of access. For example, in Niger 66 percent of access are considered, the shares are likely
of the population has access to an improved to fall further.1 These refined measures can
source of water, but new data show that only help quantify major issues invisible in previous
10percent have access on premises (figure 6c). definitions.
Those without on-premise access must plan
ahead to collect water, an exercise that can Incorporating handwashing in the definition
take up to 30 minutes (the threshold for basic of sanitation access has a similar impact. A
water another measure sometimes used) or 54-country study found that the handwashing
even longer (improved, but not basic). criterion was unmet for between 4percent (Ser-
bia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 99per-
Even if data are not yet available on all aspects cent (Liberia and Ethiopia) of the population.2 In
of safely managed water, there generally is another study of 10 countries, access to cleans-
information on improved water on premises, ing materials f undamental to women for
and access to safely managed water can be no menstrual hygiene management was below
higher than that. On average across six coun- 25 percent in more than half the countries.3
tries, 60percent of urban dwellers and 75per- Such data4 can give new insights to sanitation
cent of rural dwellers previously classified as challenges facing different populations and
having access would now be considered to be enable countries and the international commu-
without access. When other new requirements nity to refine and focus service provision.5
75
50
25
0
Pakistan West Bank & Gaza Nigeria Niger Congo, Dem. Rep. Haiti
a. Differs from the WDI indicator SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS, which is based on multiple surveys.
b. Improved water source, with no more than a 30-minute round-trip collection time.
c. Safely managed water access has not yet been assessed and is not shown but can be no greater than
improved water on premises.
Source: World Bank WASH Poverty Diagnostics 2016.
Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS).
6e Access to improved sanitation facilities is lacking in some countries in South Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa
Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities, 2015 (%)
025 2550 5075 75100 No data
Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ACSN).
Angola
Congo, Rep.
Madagascar
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Sierra Leone
Zambia
Togo
Mozambique
Yemen, Rep.
Haiti
Tanzania
Nigeria
Chad
Liberia
Nicaragua
Kenya
Mauritania
Cameroon
Niger
Ethiopia
Swaziland
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Mali
Central African Rep.
Gabon
Honduras
Indonesia
Colombia Poorest quintile, rural National average
Iraq
0 25 50 75 100
Share of population with access to an improved water source,
national average and rural poorest quintile, 2012 (%)
Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS); Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics by Wealth Quintile
(SH.H2O.SAFE.RU.Q1.ZS).
6g and to sanitation
Togo
Burkina Faso
Chad Poorest quintile, rural National average
Gabon
Liberia
Madagascar
Namibia
Niger
Congo, Rep.
India
Sierra Leone
Angola
Cte dIvoire
Guinea
Central African Republic
Tanzania
Uganda
Cambodia
Ethiopia
Ghana
Haiti
Malawi
Senegal
Yemen, Rep.
Kenya
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Pakistan
Bolivia
0 25 50 75 100
Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities,
national average and rural poorest quintile, 2012 (%)
Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ACSN); Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics by Wealth Quintile
(SH.STA.ACSN.RU.Q1.ZS).
10 million
100 million
500
million
Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ODFC.ZS, SP.POP.TOTL).
Ending open defecation Globally, water supplies per person halved over
the past 50 years, and water shortages affect
The elimination of open defecation is an many countries (figure 6i). Ninety percent of
urgent priority (target 6.2). In 2015, an esti- water withdrawals in low-income countries went
mated 946 million people defecated in the to agriculture in 2014, while industry had the
open for example, outside in street gutters, highest share in high-income countries (44%).
behind bushes, or into open bodies of water
(figure 6h). This contaminates drinking water Monitoring and managing water resources
sources and spreads deadly diseases such as
cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Open def- Managing and assessing water resources rely
ecation is particularly acute among the rural on incorporating new data sources, such as
poor in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. satellite measures of aquifer levels. Increased
analytical precision, integration of information
Addressing the entire water cycle and of national programs, and multinational
cooperation are critical to improve monitoring
Goal 6 recognizes that sustainably managing and translate global ambitions into national
water goes beyond simply providing a safe action.
water supply and sanitation, as it addresses
broader water cycle issues of water quality and This will require increased participation by
wastewater (target 6.3); water use and scarcity local communities and other stakeholders
(target 6.4); water resource management (tar- (acknowledged in target 6.b). Of 94 coun-
get 6.5); and ecosystems (target 6.6). All these tries in a recent UN survey round, 83percent
issues influence access, particularly for regions reported having clearly defined procedures for
facing increasingly frequent extreme weather stakeholder participation in water, sanitation,
events due to climate change, urbanization and hygiene planning, but fewer than half had
pressures, and shifting pollution patterns. even moderate implementation.6
a. Withdrawals can exceed 100percent due to extraction from nonrenewable aquifers, desalination, or water reuse.
For example, in Bahrain, Egypt, Turkmenistan, and United Arab Emirates withdrawals exceed 1,000percent.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS).
Improved water management should be seen 3. Loughnan, L., Bain, R., Rop, R., Sommer, M., and
in context. Advances in equitable access to Slaymaker, T. 2016. What Can Existing Data on
water and sanitation contribute to progress in Water and Sanitation Tell Us About Menstrual
health, nutrition, food security, gender equal- Hygiene Management? Waterlines 35(3).
ity, disaster resilience, environmental sustain-
ability, and many other areas.7 For example, 4. The most comprehensive assessment of the
access to water, sanitation, and handwashing baseline global situation under these new mea-
contributes to inclusive and effective school surements will be released by the World Health
learning environments, promoting the goal of Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund
quality education for all.8 Joint Monitoring Programme in 201718.
1. The Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene 6. UN -Water. 2016. Integrated Monitoring Guide for
(WASH) Poverty Diagnostic has been working to SDG 6 Targets and Global Indicators. Geneva.
examine the implications of adopting the new
measurements of access. 7. Integrated monitoring of water and sanitation
related SDG targets GEMI: http://www.unwater
2. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) .org/gemi/.
for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2015, Progress
on Sanitation and Drinking Water2015 Update 8. Indicators for target 4.asee United Nations
and MDG Assessment. Economic and Social Council 2015 Report of the
Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable
Development Goal.
Modern energy improves many areas of daily In 2014 around 15percent of the worlds pop-
life. Better sanitation systems, well function- ulation had no access to electricity (figures 7d
ing health care and education services, and and 7e). Nearly half were in rural areas of Sub-
dependable transportation and telecommu- Saharan Africa, and nearly a third were rural
nications all depend on reliable electricity. dwellers in South Asia. In all, 86 percent of
Lighting a single room allows a child to read or people without electricity lived in rural areas,
do homework at night, while continuous power where providing infrastructure is more chal-
can support larger appliances, keep food cold, lenging. Of the remainder in urban areas, most
and allow businesses to flourish. Other alterna- were in Sub-Saharan Africa (figure 7a).
tives, where they exist, often have significant
health or pollution risks. Emissions from ineffi- Electrification has expanded in all regions and
cient household energy sources like kerosene in both urban and rural areas. South Asia has
and traditional biomass can directly contribute driven global declines in the share of the rural
to diseases and premature mortality among population without access to electricity, with
the poorest people, who have little or no just 28percent of rural dwellers lacking elec-
access to health care. Goal 7 seeks to expand tricity in 2014, compared with 68 percent in
access to affordable, reliable, and modern 1991, while the urban rate fell from 18percent
energy services to all (target 7.1). to 3percent.
1.5
1.0 Other
Source: Sustainable Energy for All; WDI (EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS, EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS, SP.RUR.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL).
7c Access to clean cooking fuels is lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa, but China and India also
have large populations without access
Share of population with access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, 2014 (%)
033 3367 67100 No data
United States
Bermuda
(U.K.)
Kiribati Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Samoa
French Bolivia
American Polynesia (Fr.)
Samoa (U.S.)
Fiji Caribbean Inset
Tonga Paraguay
British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.)
Dominican Islands (U.K.)
Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile
St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina
Puerto Antigua and
Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda
Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay
Aruba St. Kitts Dominica
(Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.)
Curaao St. Lucia
(Neth.)
Barbados
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines Grenada
Trinidad and
R.B. de Venezuela Tobago
Guinea-Bissau
Burundi
Madagascar
Burkina Faso
100
Mozambique
Chad
Malawi
Tanzania
Niger
Somalia
Rwanda
Uganda
Ethiopia
Lesotho
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Guinea
80
Angola
Mali
Mauritania
Congo, Rep.
Benin
Timor-Leste
Togo
Kenya
Haiti
Sudan
Eritrea
Myanmar
60
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cte dIvoire
Botswana
Bangladesh
Nigeria
Swaziland
Senegal
Yemen, Rep.
40
Lao PDR
Ghana
20
Countries with less than 80 percent access to electricity and a population of at least 1 million (scaled by population)
Iceland Sweden
Norway Finland Russian Federation
Netherlands Estonia
Isle of Russian
Man (U.K.) Latvia
Fed.
Denmark Lithuania
United
Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus
Guemsey(U.K.)
Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia
Luxembourg Moldova
Liechtenstein
Switzerland France Romania
Dem.Peoples
Bulgaria Georgia Azer-
Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea
Monaco Armenia Rep.
baijan
Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan
China Korea
Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian
Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan
Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran
Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan
Kuwait Nepal
Bahrain Pakistan
Libya Qatar
Western Algeria Arab Rep.
Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh
Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China
Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China
Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.)
Mauritania Oman
Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam
Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.)
The Yemen Cambodia Philippines
Gambia Burkina Federated States
Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia
Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall
Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands
Cte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei
Darussalam
Sierra Leone African Sudan
dIvoire Palau
Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia
Liberia Togo Maldives
Equatorial Guinea Uganda
So Tom and Prncipe
Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati
Congo Rwanda
Dem.Rep. Burundi
of Congo Indonesia Solomon
Tanzania Comoros Papua
Seychelles New Guinea Islands
Tuvalu
Timor-Leste
Angola
Malawi Mayotte Mauritius
Zambia (Fr.)
Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji
Zimbabwe
Madagascar Vanuatu
Namibia Botswana La Runion Poland
Germany
(Fr.) Czech
Ukraine
Republic New
Swaziland Slovak Caledonia
Republic Australia
(Fr.)
South Lesotho
Africa Austria
Hungary
Slovenia Romania
Croatia
San Bosnia and
Marino Herzegovina Serbia
Bulgaria
Italy
Montenegro
Kosovo Macedonia, New
Zealand
Albania FYR
Greece
India
East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
7f Wind and solar photovoltaic account for the majority of renewables electricity capacity
added each year
Electricity generation capacity added per year, by renewable source (gigawatts)
150
100
50
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
a. Includes biomass, concentrated solar power, geothermal, and ocean.
Source: International Renewable Energy Agency.
United Kingdom
Indonesia
China
Japan
Australia
Italy
Germany
France
Nigeria
India
World 1.34% decline
United States
Saudi Arabia
Russian Federation
2.6% reduction
South Africa (double the world
Korea, Rep. decline from
Mexico 1990 to 2010)
Canada
Thailand
Brazil
Iran, Islamic Rep.
5 0 5 5 0 5 0 5 10
Getting people into jobs youth population (figure 8a). Jobs for young
people are important for several reasons: they
Goal 8 aims at full employment for all age are an important vehicle for the social, eco-
groups and identifies work, education, and nomic, and political inclusion of groups and
training for young people as part of that aim individuals, and a lack of jobs can lead to dis-
(targets 8.5 and 8.6). The worlds population is content and unrest among disaffected young
young: 42 percent is under age 25. In South people.1 Moreover, an individuals first job
Asia and Sub-S aharan Africa the number of tends to set a precedent for lifelong earnings,
people ages 1524 has been steadily rising, and those with poor job prospects risk falling
to 525million in 2015 almost half the global into low-pay traps.2
400
East Asia & Pacific
300
South Asia
200
Sub-Saharan Africa
100
Latin America & Caribbean
North America
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: World Bank staff estimates based on the United Nations Population Divisions World Population
Prospects; World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population database (SP.POP.1519.FE, SP.POP.1519.MA,
SP.POP.2024.FE, SP.POP.2024.MA).
75
50
25
0
Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth
East Europe & Latin Middle North South Sub-Saharan
Asia & Central America & East & North America Asia Africa
Pacific Asia Caribbean Africa
Note: Adult refers to people ages 15 and older, and youth refers to people ages 1524.
Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SL.EMP.1524.
SP.ZS, SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS, SL.UEM.1524.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SL.TLF.ACTI.1524.ZS, SL.TLF.TOTL.IN, SP.POP.
TOTL); World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population database (SP.POP.1519.FE, SP.POP.1519.MA, SP.POP.2024.
FE, SP.POP.2024.MA, SP.POP.1564.TO, SP.POP.65UP.TO).
Sixty percent of young people ages 1524 in middle- and high-income countries. Com-
worldwide are jobless. Less than a quarter of pelled to help support their families, many
young people in the Middle East and North drop out of school prematurely and end up in
Africa and a third in Europe and Central Asia precarious and low productivity employment,
c onsiderably less than the percentage of with few opportunities for advancement. They
adults have a job. Because young people are often disproportionately in agricultural
are often involved in education and training, activities, which tend to have lower labor pro-
they are more likely than adults to be out of ductivity and offer lower earnings and profits
the labor force (figure 8b). But these gaps also than do industry and services. And in many
reflect the fact that the youth unemployment countries they are more likely than adults to be
rate is higher than the total unemployment in unpaid work, contributing to family house-
rate in every region (figure 8e). hold enterprises (figure8d).
In many middle-income countries, a high pro- Increasing growth in the Least Developed
portion of young people are not in employ- Countries
ment, education, or training. Neither working
nor developing their productive skills for the Economic growth drives development by
future, this group represents a lost opportu- providing more resources for better educa-
nity. Young women are much more likely than tion; improved health; expanded transport,
men to fall into this group, and a gender gap water, and energy infrastructure, and higher
persists in countries at all incomes (figure personal consumption. Economies grow as
8c). The low activity of women is the result work and workers become more productive.
of several factors, including their primary Achieving persistently high growth is not
role in households and families as well as easy, and few of the Least Developed Coun-
societal norms that limit their participation in tries consistently reach 7percent average
working life. annual GDP growth (target 8.1). In addition,
many countries are growing in unsustainable
Expanding productive job opportunities ways a chieving economic growth at the
for youth expense of existing resources, shifting the
burden of environmental degradation and
Young people in low-income countries are damage to the health and well-being of a
more likely to have jobs than young people future citizenry.
80
Maldives
Yemen, Rep.
Honduras
Bangladesh
60
India
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80
Share of male youth population (ages 1524) not in employment, education, or training,
most recent year available during 201014 (% )
Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SL.UEM.NEET.
FE.ZS, SL.UEM.NEET.MA.ZS).
8d In some countries a much larger share of youth than adults are in unpaid work
Share of employed workers who are unpaid, 20 countries with largest gap between youth (ages 1524) and
working age (ages 2559), 201115 (%)
Ghana
Zambia
Niger
Tanzania
Togo
Senegal
Uganda
Chad
Nigeria
Cameroon
Guinea
Mozambique
Georgia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Bolivia
Peru
Congo, Rep.
Honduras Working age Youth
Tunisia
Mauritania
0 25 50 75 100
Source: World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity database.
Source: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS,
SL.UEM.1524.ZS).
15
Intensied Low income
coupling Lower middle income
Dominica
Bosnia & Herzegovina Upper middle income
High income
Liechtenstein
Cuba
10
Federated States Kiribati
of Micronesia Seychelles
Oman Kuwait
Bahamas Iraq China
Palau United Arab Vietnam
Solomon Islands Emirates
Trinidad & Tobago Cabo Verde
Antigua & Barbuda Chad
Bahrain
Marshall Croatia
Islands Macao SAR, China
5 Mali
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
Cambodia
Ukraine
Angola
Japan
Liberia
Italy Rwanda
Azerbaijan Weak
decoupling
Nepal
0 Brazil
Moldova
Nicaragua
Tajikistan Costa Rica
Kenya
Fiji
Gabon Latvia
Puerto Rico
Strong
decoupling
5
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
Average annual change in GDP in real local currency units, 19902015 (%)
Goal 8 calls for decoupling environmental deg- With strong decoupling, environmental degra-
radation from growth (target 8.4). One way to dation declines while the economy continues
measure decoupling is to compare the rates to grow (green area in figure 8f). However,
of change in environmental degradation and most countries show weak decoupling or inten-
in economic growth (figure 8f). Degradation sified coupling. With weak decoupling, degra-
includes the costs of greenhouse gas emis- dation may decline, but at a slower rate than
sions from fossil fuels, agriculture, forestry, economic growth (blue area in figure 8f). About
and land use change; the harvest of forest tim- 80percent of low-income countries show weak
ber resources beyond sustainable rates; and decoupling, owing largely to reduced health
reduced labor output due to premature mor- risks from household air pollution and unsafe
tality caused by exposure to environmental water and sanitation. With intensified coupling,
risk factors such as air pollution, unsafe water degradation increases at an even faster rate
and sanitation, and harmful substances in the than economic growth (red area in figure 8f).
workplace.3 About 40percent of middle-income countries
Agents e ntities that provide some banking 4. See Forouzanfar et al. (2016); data may be
and retail payment services on behalf of a accessed at the IHME, Global Health Data
payment service provider have spread across Exchange, GBD Results Tool.
some regions and provide financial services to
areas and populations that are underserved 5. Some double counting may occur.
Sub-S aharan Africa also had considerable Around 174million rural dwellers in the eight
variation among countries (figure 9a). Equa- countries lack good access to roads, of a
torial Guinea, Mauritius, and Swaziland had total population of more than 461.7million.
the highest MVA per capita at $2,124, $1,209, Access varies according to population den-
and $1,188 in 2015, while most countries in the sity, degree of urbanization, and level of
region recorded less than $200.1 economic development, and the rural access
index ranges from 87percent in Bangladesh
Supporting rural markets and services to 17percent in Zambia (figures 9b and 9c).
But due to a much larger population, the
Investment in reliable, sustainable, and resilient number of people without access in Bangla-
infrastructure can provide remote populations desh (16 million) is more than twice that in
with access to services (target 9.1). With better Zambia (7 million). Of the eight countries,
Source: World Bank national accounts data; United Nations Population Division; WDI (NV.IND.MANF.ZS,
NV.IND.MANF.CD, SP.POP.TOTL).
9b The share of rural dwellers who 9c but the overall number of rural
lack good access to roads can vary dwellers cut off from markets is in the
widely millions
Rural access index (year varies by country) Population without access (millions)
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Kenya Kenya
Nepal Nepal
Uganda Uganda
Tanzania Tanzania
Ethiopia Ethiopia
Mozambique Mozambique
Zambia Zambia
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75
Source: World Bank, 2016, Measuring rural access: Source: World Bank, 2016, Measuring rural access:
Using new technologies, Washington, DC. Using new technologies, Washington, DC.
010 1020 2030 3040 4050 5060 6070 7080 8090 90100
Addis Ababa
Kampala
Dodoma
Dar es Salaam
Nairobi
Mombasa
Note: The rural access index is the proportion of people who live within two kilometers of an all-season road.
Lusaka
Maputo
Dhaka
Kathmandu
Chittagong
Source: World Bank, 2016, Measuring rural access: Using new technologies, Washington, DC.
80
East Asia & Pacific
60
Europe & Central Asia
40
North America
Middle East & North Africa
20 Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia Latin America & Caribbean
0
2000 2005 2010 2015
Ethiopia has the most people without access efficiency in both energy production and con-
to an all-season road almost 64million. sumption, along with use of fuels and clean
technologies.
Developing regional and transborder
infrastructure Global CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP
declined by about one quarter during the
Reliable and frequent air transport is vital to last two decades. Only the Middle East and
efficient regional and transborder infrastruc- North Africa showed a slight increase during
ture (target 9.1). Between 2000 and 2015 this period. East Asia and Pacific has the
global air passenger transport doubled, to highest carbon intensity of GDP, despite a
reach 3.4billion passengers, of which 1billion 13 percent decline between 1990 and 2013
were in carriers registered in East Asia and The carbon intensity of GDP fell by 38 per-
Pacific. The region tripled its passenger num- cent in North America and by 42 percent
bers between 2000 and 2015, a trend which in Europe and Central Asia over the same
has been driven primarily by China. Carriers period. 2
registered in North America and in Europe and
Central Asia accounted for 26percent each of Encouraging innovation
the global total.
Investing in research and development (R&D)
Air freight rose by almost 60percent between across sectors and facilitating innovation in
2000 and 2015, to reach 188 billion ton-km science and technology are two ways that
globally (figure 9e). The share of global freight Goal 9 hopes to raise the competitiveness of
transported by carriers registered in the Mid- developing countries (target 9.5). R&D expen-
dle East and North Africa increased rapidly diture as a share of GDP and the proportion
from 4percent in 2000 to 15percent in 2015. of people working in R&D tend to be highest
The trend has been primarily driven by the in high-income economies. Japan invested
United Arab Emirates and Qatar. nearly 4 percent of GDP in R&D in 2014,
higher than the shares invested in recent years
Improving resource-use efficiency by Singapore, the United States, and other
upper-m iddle-income economies including
Goal 9 seeks to improve resource-use effi- China, Russia, and Malaysia (figure 9f). Japan
ciency and promote greater adoption of clean recorded nearly 2,600 patent applications
and environmentally sound technologies and per million people in 2014, the highest of any
industrial processes (target 9.4). Carbon diox- country, indicative of its supportive environ-
ide (CO2) emissions per unit of GDP captures ment for innovation.
Source: UNESCO; World Intellectual Property Organization; United Nations Population Division; WDI (GB.
XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS, SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6, IP.PAT.NRES, IP.PAT.RESD, SP.POP.TOTL). Most recent data available
for 201014, and 2007 R&D data for Nigeria.
50
40
30
20
10
0
Thailand Lao PDR Timor-Leste Cambodia Philippines Indonesia Malaysia Papua Vietnam Solomon
New Guinea Islands
Access to financial services enables firms to 1. Data for Swaziland are for 2014.
smooth cash flows, accumulate assets, make
productive investments, and promote better 2. Data for Europe and Central Asia cover the
use of resources (target 9.3). Yet many small period 19922013.
enterprises around the world, formal or infor-
mal, lack the financing they need. Enterprise 3. World Bank Enterprise Sur veys have been
surveys 3 in East Asia and Pacific during 2015 collecting firm-level data (representative of
and 2016 showed that, in the 10 economies sur- an economys private sector) in more than 130
veyed, small and medium-size enterprises are economies around the world for over 10 years.
credit-constrained (figure 9g). In Thailand only Surveys are implemented every year in around
one in ten SMEs has a loan or line of credit, and 20 countries.
in Vietnam fewer than one in four SMEs.
While the growth of the poorest 40 percent of the population (the bottom 40) at a rate
outpaced the national average in more than higher than the national average (target 10.1).
half the countries with data, it was negative in
eight countries. Most were high-income coun- The World Banks Global Database of Shared
tries, among them Iceland, the Netherlands, Prosperity covers 83 countries, with 75percent
Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United of the worlds people, with most recent esti-
States (see figure 10c on page 58, left). mates available for 2013. In the Middle East
and North Africa only 2 of 20 countries have
By contrast, in 34 of the 83 countries with data, sufficient data for estimating shared prosperity
per capita income or consumption of the bot- indicators. Estimates are available for 8 of 29
tom 40 grew slower than the national average countries in East Asia and Pacific and for 9 of
from 2008 to 2013. In 15 of the 34 the income 48 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (figure 10a).
or consumption of the bottom 40 contracted.
In most of these 15 countries (such as Greece Reducing the costs of migration
and Serbia), living conditions deteriorated
overall but even more quickly among the poor- Goal 10 also seeks to address inequality by facil-
est (see figure 10c on page 59, right). itating orderly, safe, regular, and responsible
migration and mobility of people (target 10.7).
To reduce inequality and promote shared
prosperity, Goal 10 looks to achieve sustained As advanced economies demand more nontrad-
income growth among the poorest 40percent able services, the need for low-skilled labor in
10a The geographical coverage of shared prosperity data is uneven across regions
Shared prosperity data availability (number of countries)
North America
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
50 25 0 25 50
Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; WDI (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG).
15
10
5
One months earnings
Vietnam
Vietnam
Pakistan
Ethiopia
India
Philippines
Nepal
Bangladesh
India
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Bulgaria
Morocco
Indonesia
Thailand
Ecuador
Origin
Note: All surveyed Sri Lankan workers in Kuwait were females engaged in domestic help services.
Source: KNOMAD survey data of migrant workers.
construction, caregiving, and domestic help has Lowering remittance transaction costs
been rising. Although transport costs declined
in the 20th century, the costs of moving In addition to recruitment costs, many migrants
between countries remain high.1 This is espe- incur costs sending money home. Remittances
cially pertinent for the low skilled, who, unlike totaled an estimated $582billion in 2015, sent
the high skilled, tend to pay their initial recruit- by about 232million migrants. Of this, $432bil-
ment costs out of pocket, which can amount lion went to low-and middle-income countries.3
to several years of earnings in home countries.
These high costs inhibit global mobility of the The costs of remitting money can be very high
low skilled, especially the financially constrained relative to the amount sent and relative to
poor, and reduce potential remittances. the low incomes of migrant workers and their
families in the home country. Goal 10 calls
Recruitment costs can be grouped in three for reducing the transaction costs of migrant
major categories: costs to comply with laws remittances to less than 3percent and for
and regulations of origin and destination eliminating remittance corridors with costs
countries (such as obtaining work permits or higher than 5percent (target 10.c). This target
medical check-ups), fees paid to recruitment includes the G20 commitment to reduce the
agents, and internal and international trans- global average to 5percent.
portation costs.
At an average cost of 15percent of the total
Those costs vary considerably across migra- sent, for those countries with available data,
tion corridors.2 For workers from various coun- South Africa was the most costly G20 coun-
tries of origin going to Spain and Korea, and try to send money from in 2015; at 2percent
workers from the Philippines going to Qatar, Russia is the least costly (figure 10d). Among
they amount to about one months earnings remittance-receiving G20 countries, China
(or about 8 percent of annual earnings). But is the most expensive to send money to, at
for workers from Pakistan in low-skilled jobs in 10 percent of the total sent, and Mexico the
Saudi Arabia, the recruitment costs are about cheapest, at 6percent (figure 10e).
11 months earnings (or about $4,400 in 2014
dollars), and for those from Ethiopia about Moreover, sending money through post offices
4months earnings (or close to $1,000 in 2014 and money transfer operators (at a little over
dollars) (figure 10b). 6 percent) is cheaper than going through a
Where incomes of the poorest people are growing faster than average
China
Belarus
Mongolia
Ecuador
Kazakhstan
Bhutan
Cambodia
Bolivia
Brazil
Russian Federation
Colombia
Peru
Chile
Uruguay
Macedonia, FYR
Thailand
Moldova
Georgia
Vietnam
Panama
Ukraine
Indonesia
El Salvador
Uganda
Tanzania
Norway
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Pakistan
Togo
Romania
Poland
Switzerland
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Finland
Argentina
Dominican Rep.
Germany
Belgium
Kyrgyz Rep.
Rwanda
Netherlands
United States
Albania
United Kingdom
Portugal
Honduras Average growth of Growth of the bottom
Latvia the whole population 40 percent of the population
Iceland
5 0 5 10
Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; WDI (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG).
Where incomes of the poorest people are growing slower than average
Nicaragua
India
Turkey
Congo, Rep.
Sweden
Lao PDR
Cameroon
Bulgaria
Costa Rica
Mauritius
Armenia
Mexico
Iraq
Austria
France
Czech Rep.
Senegal
Denmark
Slovenia
Spain
Serbia
Lithuania
Hungary
Estonia
Luxembourg
Montenegro
Cyprus
Italy
Ireland
Croatia
Greece
15 10 5 0 5 10
20
15
10
0
Russian Saudi Korea, United Italy Germany Brazil United France Canada Australia Japan South
Federation Arabia Rep. States Kingdom Africa
10e Among G20 countries with data, China is the costliest to send remittances to
Average cost of sending the equivalent of $200 in remittances to G20 countries, 2015 (%)
15
10
0
Mexico India Indonesia Turkey Brazil South Africa China
commercial bank (at 11 percent). With new remitting money. In the remaining 18 countries,
and improved technologies, prepaid cards and costs are much higher, well above the 3percent
mobile operators have become the cheapest target. In 2015 it was most expensive to send
ways of sending money home, reducing the cost remittances to Lebanon at 13 percent, and
to 2 to 4percent. 16 percent of Lebanons GDP came from per-
sonal remittances. In Nepal the top recipient
Elsewhere, in non-G20 countries remittance country in remittances as a share of GDP, the
costs can remain high for receiving countries cost is 4percent.
s uch as in Sub-S aharan Africa (on aver-
age 10 percent), a large outlay for a region Changing the focus of aid delivery
where many families rely heavily on overseas
remittances. Goal 10 encourages the flow of aid to where the
need is greatest (target 10.b). Since 2010, 70per-
In the 22 countries where total personal remit- cent of bilateral aid has been channeled directly
tances received were more than 10percent of to recipient countries by donors, and the remain-
GDP in 2015, the cost varies greatly (figure 10f). ing 30percent through multilateral institutions.
It is less than 3percent of the total in Armenia, But a marked change in its composition reflects
Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, where the increasing demands of humanitarian crises
the majority of the remittances originate from and, more recently, the surge in refugees and
Russia one of the least expensive countries for migrants into European countries that belong to
Average cost of sending the equivalent of $200 in remittances, Personal remittances received, 2015
by receiving countries, 2015 (%) (% of GDP)
Note: Data are the annual average for remittances receiving countries. Data on the cost of sending
remittances for Kiribati are for 2011.
Source: World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide database (http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/en); WDI
(SI.RMT.COST.ZS, BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS).
the Organisation for Economic Cooperation 10g Shares of indonor country refugee
and Development Development Assistance costs and humanitarian and food aid have
increased significantly since 2010
Committee. Humanitarian and food aid and
Distribution of net bilateral aid flows (%)
in-donor country expenditure on refugees,
taken together, doubled in volume between 100
2010 and 2015, and their combined share of all
net bilateral aid rose from about 16percent to 75
28percent (figure 10g).
50
Source: OECDDAC.
1. Flanagan, Robert J. 2006. Globalization and
Labor Conditions: Working Conditions and dataset on migration costs incurred by low-
Worker Rights in a Global Economy. New York: skilled migrants, in collaboration with the ILO.
Oxford University Press. The dataset is based on interviewing migrants
who went to foreign jobs mostly through a reg-
2. To better understand the magnitude and struc- ular channel.
ture of migration costs, the World Banks KNO-
MAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migra- 3. World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide
tion and Development) has compiled a novel database.
Ensuring access to safe and adequate 11a More than half of all urban dwellers in
housing Sub-Saharan Africa live in slums
Share of urban population living in slums, 2014 (%)
040 4070
Achieving Goal 11 requires providing access for
all to basic services and to adequate, safe, and 70100 No data
Uzbekistan 5,000 22
Cabo Verde
9,000 1
Jordan
Nigeria 10,000 12
Honduras 20,000 3
Senegal
1990 2015 30,000 1
El Salvador
50,000 1
0 50 100 150
Central
Cameroon African Rep. Chad China Colombia
The
Gabon Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea
South Syrian
Sudan Sudan Suriname Swaziland Arab Rep.
Yemen,
Uganda Vietnam Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe
Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects; UN-HABITAT; WDI (EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS, SP.RUR.TOTL),
(SP.URB.TOTL).
75
50
25
0
All 53 Latin America & Middle East & East Asia & South Sub-Saharan
countries Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Africa
Source: C. Deuskar and B. Stewart, 2016, Measuring Global Urbanization Using a Standard Definition
of Urban Areas: Analysis of Preliminary Results, paper presented at the World Bank Land and Poverty
Conference 2016, Washington, DC, March 34; WDI (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS).
About 100 countries use some form of mini- in another. These conflicting definitions make
mum population threshold to define a settle- it difficult to make meaningful cross-country
ment as urban. These thresholds range from comparisons, let alone establish consistent
as few as 200 people to as many as 50,000. estimates of urbanization worldwide.
The average minimum population threshold is
just under 5,000 inhabitants (figure 11c). The European Commission (EC) has developed
an approach to standardize the definition of
This inconsistency is like comparing apples urban areas by using population distribution
and oranges, where a city of 1,000 is urban grids consisting of one square kilometer cells.
in one country, while a city of 10,000 is rural High density clusters of grid cells are those
The distribution of urban populations across 2. See WDI indicator PM2.5 air pollution, population
regions varies dramatically depending on the exposed to levels exceeding WHO guideline
approach. Using the EC clustering approach, value (% of total) (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.ZS). Data
countries in Asia and Africa appear to be more are as of February1, 2017.
urbanized than their national definitions of
urban would suggest, whereas the opposite 3. http://www.worldpop.org.uk/.
is true for countries in Latin America (figure 11e).
4. http://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.
As satellite data continue to become available
at higher frequencies and resolutions, we draw 5. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/.
closer to standardizing the way urbanization is
defined and measured globally. The German 6. http://www.dlr.de/.
space agency DLR recently released a global
map of built-up areas derived from radar data 7. https://urban-tep.eo.esa.int.
The equivalent of more than 500 kilocalories of food per person a day is lost in
the supply chain in Latin America and the Caribbean before it even gets to the
final consumer. By reducing such waste, and promoting recycling, reuse, and
more efficient practices across high-consumption economies and those highly
dependent on natural resources, Goal 12 looks to bolster the mechanisms for
sustainable development to flourish.
12b Food loss has increased for nearly all types of food, except meat
Food loss by category (index, 1995 = 100)
150
Dairy and eggs
Fruits and vegetables Roots and tubers
Oil crops, nuts, and pulses
100 Cereals and rice
0
1995 2000 2005 2011
Source: World Bank staff estimates using FAOSTAT (database), Food and Agriculture Organization.
50
Low income
Lower middle income
Upper middle income
High income
25
Maldives
Cabo Verde
Bahamas Panama
Sri Lanka Ha
Sweden
Korea, Rep. Ban
Switzerland Luxembourg Ireland Netherlands
Jordan
Austria Turkey
Israel
Lithuania
Tonga Slovenia Vanua
Belgium Spain Finland Croatia
Cyprus France Germany Moldova Uru
Portugal El Salvador
Japan Barbados
Mauritius Italy Czech
Rep. Ge
Greece Hungary United
St. Lucia Slovak Rep.
Kingdom
0 Tajik
25
50
75
0.01 0.1
Note: Adjusted net savings is net national savings plus education spending and minus energy, mineral, and forest depletion,
carbon dioxide damage, and particulate emission damage.
Source: Preliminary estimates, WDI.
Algeria
Bhutan
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Philippines Suriname
China
Morocco Libya
Malaysia Kuwait
Nepal Belarus Namibia Norway
aiti
Honduras
ngladesh Saudi Arabia
Lesotho Indonesia
Vietnam
Denmark Thailand Jamaica Iran, Islamic Rep. Timor-Leste
Estonia
Costa Rica India Bahrain Ecuador
Mexico
atu Paraguay Brazil Russian Federation
Dominican Rep. Australia
New Zealand Pakistan Peru Egypt, Guyana
uguay Argentina Canada Arab Rep. Zambia Papua
Cte dIvoire New Guinea
United States Chile Ethiopia
Fiji Belize Albania Kenya Trinidad &
Tunisia Colombia Mali Iraq
eorgia Poland Tanzania Tobago
Bulgaria Cambodia Mauritania
Nicaragua South Central African Rep.
Mongolia
Sudan
Africa Madagascar Ghana Azerbaijan
Armenia Latvia Senegal
kistan Macedonia, Ukraine Burkina Faso
Swaziland
FYR Cameroon
Serbia Mozambique Kazakhstan
Romania Benin Gabon
Comoros Kyrgyz Rep. Rwanda
Guatemala
Malawi Uganda
Oman
Chad
Lao PDR
Guinea-Bissau
Togo Nigeria
The Gambia
Guinea
Solomon Islands Congo,
Dem. Rep.
Niger
Afghanistan
Sierra Leone
Burundi Liberia
Equatorial Guinea
Congo, Rep.
Angola
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
12d Singapore has the highest recycling rate of 60percent, but data are lacking for many
countries
Municipal solid waste recycling rates (percent of total waste generated)
03 320 20100 No data
50
S&P 500
http://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20130501
G250
/NEWS/130509998/india-reports-plastic-waste
0
2011 2013 2015 -and-recycling-statistics.
Note: S&P 500=Standard & Poors 500;
N100=100 largest companies in 45 countries 5. Governance & Accountability Institute. 2016.
(4,500 companies total), surveyed by KPMG;
G250=worlds 250 largest companies, according Flash Report: Eighty One Percent (81%) of
to the Fortune Global 500 rankings in 2014. the S&P 500 Index Companies Published
Source: Standard & Poors; KPMG; Fortune.
Corporate Sustainability Repor ts in 2015.
http://www.ga-institute.com/nc/issue-master
-system/news-details/article/flash-report-eighty
In 2016 governments in more than 50 coun- -one-percent-81-of-the-sp-500-index-companies
tries had regulations, guidance, standards, -published-corporate-sustainabi.html.
or other policies to encourage or require sus-
tainability reporting by companies and other 6. KPMG. 2015. Currents of Change: The KPMG
organizations.7 Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting
2015. Amsterdam: KPMG. http://www.kpmg.com
Notes /crreporting.
1. B. Lipinski, C. Hanson, J. Lomax, L. Kitinoja, 7. KPMG, Global Repor ting Initiative, United
R. Waite, and T. Searchinger. 2013. Reducing Nations Environment Programme, and Univer-
Food Loss and Waste. Working Paper, World sity of Stellenbosch Business School Centre
Resources Institute, Washington, DC. for Corporate Governance in Africa. 2016.
Carrots & Sticks: Global Trends in Sustainability
2. World Resources Institute. 2016. Food Loss and Reporting Regulation and Policy. Amsterdam:
Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard. KPMG. http://www.sseinitiative.org/wp-content
Washington, DC. http://www.wri.org/sites/default /uploads/2016/05/Carrots-Sticks-2016.pdf.
40 Low income
Lower middle income
30
20
Upper middle income
10
High income
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
Source: Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions (database), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN; WDI (EN.ATM.CO2E.KT).
Source: S. Hallegatte, M. Bangalore, L. Bonzanigo, M. Fay, T. Kane, U. Narloch, J. Rozenberg, D. Treguer, and
A. Vogt-Schilb, 2016, Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty, Washington, DC:
World Bank, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22787.
inevitable; this could have a large impact on Goal 13 calls for stronger resilience and capac-
poverty reduction efforts.4 Recent analysis ity to adapt to climate-related hazards and nat-
finds that climate change could push more ural disasters. Climate change is expected to
than 100million more people into poverty by heighten the intensity of certain natural disas-
2030 (figure 13b).5 But good development ters, such as storms, hurricanes, cyclones, and
rapid, inclusive, and climate informed c an flooding events. Historically, natural disasters
prevent most of the impacts of climate change have had a disproportionately adverse effect
on extreme poverty by 2030. on low-and middle-income countries, both in
13c Natural disasters have a significant impact on low-income countries and small island
developing states (SIDS)
Effects of natural disasters on population and GDP
Total affected, 200015 (% of 2013 population) Total economic loss, 200015 (% of 2013 GDP)
SIDS
Low income
Lower middle income
Upper middle income
High income
0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15
Source: EM-DAT, The International Disaster Database, School of Public Health, Universit catholique de
Louvain, Brussels, http://www.emdat.be; WDI (SP.POP.TOTL, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD).
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; temperature anomaly in 208099 using bcc_csm1_1_m model
(CMIP5, RCP 2.6 and 8.5). Data are from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal.
60 40 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 80
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; temperature anomaly in 208099 using bcc_csm1_1_m model
(CMIP5, RCP 2.6 and 8.5). Data are from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal.
2013
2014
Lower
estimate
77 Upper
estimate
133
2020 (est.)
0 50 100 150
Source: OECD, 2016, 2020 Projections of Climate Finance Towards the USD100 Billion Goal, Paris, http://www
.oecd.org/env/cc/oecd-climate-finance-projection.htm.
(figure 13g). Development is moving toward 4. World Bank. 2012. Turn Down the Heat: Why
climate-resilient and low emission pathways a 4C Warmer World Must Be Avoided. https:
in many low- and middle-income countries, //openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986
enhanced by multilateral development bank /11860.
commitments to increase support for climate
change and disaster risk management. 5. World Bank 2016. Shock Waves: Managing the
Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty. Climate
Notes Change and Development. https://openknowledge
.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22787. Several
1. The United Nations Framework Convention on approaches are currently being used to estimate
Climate Change is the primary international, the climate finance provided to developing coun-
intergovernmental forum for negotiating the tries. While the multilateral development banks
global response to climate change. have developed their own agreed methodology,
the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. and Development approach is presented here
2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science because it addresses a wider range of donor
Basis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University sources, and accounts only for contributions from
Press. developed countries.
Preserving fish stocks for future the proportion of overfished stocks has been
generations increasing over the last four decades.2
Driven by rising populations, higher incomes, The situation is worst in low-income and
and greater awareness of seafoods health middle-income countries, where weak reg-
benefits, the demand for fish is twice the esti- ulation and enforcement have produced
mated supply of sustainably caught wild fish.1 above -a verage declines. Illegal fishing
Data deficiencies continue to hamper analysis, constitutes an additional challenge, as it
but aggregates based on data that govern- accounts for around 20percent of the global
ments report to the Food and Agriculture catch, undermining the efforts of both small
Organization (FAO) and estimates of under- and large fishing enterprises to implement
reporting indicate that total fish catches are sustainable fishing regimes and making it
declining worldwide (figure14a). harder for well-m anaged fisheries to com-
pete in international markets by undercut-
Goal 14 aims to rapidly rebuild sustainable ting fair pricing. 3
fish stocks (target 14.4). According to FAO,
14a After decades of growth, fish catches have either plateaued or are declining
Catch (millions of metric tons)
150
Discards
100
Industrial
Large
scale
50
Recreational
Subsistence
Small
Artisanal scale
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source: Pauly, D. & Zeller, D. Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than
reported and declining. Nat. Commun. 7:10244 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10244 (2016).
1950
195065 196580
Source: Pauly, D., and D. Zeller, eds., 2015. Sea Around Us Concepts, Design and Data (http://seaaroundus.org)
40 40 40
Others
30 30 30
Japan
20 20 20
Indonesia
Others
10 10 Others
10
China Russian Federation Peru
0 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014
2013
198095 19952013
Source: Pauly, D., and D. Zeller, eds., 2015. Sea Around Us Concepts, Design and Data (http://seaaroundus.org)
10 Others
10 Others
10 10
0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014
1 million
10 million
50
million
100 million
About two-thirds of the ocean area presented Globally, data on fishing and fish stocks are insuf-
evidence of increased human impact in 2013, ficient to support proper management. While
compared with 2008.10 The cumulative impact stock status is fairly well known in industrialized
encompasses effects of commercial fishing, countries, 80percent of captures are in countries
climate change, and other ocean and land- with little systematic fisheries data collection
based factors. Highly affected areas are places mechanism, and status is often little more than
where nearly all pressures converge, as in the an educated guess.12 A concerted national and
North Sea and the South and East China Seas international effort is needed to collect, analyze,
(figure 14f). An overwhelming share of the and interpret fishing data for policymaking.
0 1 2 3 4 5 16
Source: Halpern, B. S. et al. Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the worlds ocean.
Nat. Commun. 6:7615 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8615 (2015).
Notes 6. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment
/brief/oceans.
1. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
2010. Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies: 7. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2014. The
Exploring Structural Changes in Production and State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014:
Consumption to Reduce Biodiversity Loss. The Opportunities and challenges. Rome.
Hague, Netherlands.
8. FAO 2016 (see endnote 2).
2. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2016. The State
of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016: Contrib- 9. World Bank. 2012. Marine Protected Areas Vital
uting to food security and nutrition for all. Rome. to Restoring Biodiversity. Washington, DC.
3. Trends in regional estimates of illegal fishing, 10. Halpern, B., M. Frazier, J. Potapenko, K. Casey, K.
averaged over five-year periods from 1980 to Koenig, C. Longo, J. Lowndes, R. Rockwood, E.
2003. Agnew, D. J., J. Pearce, G. Pramod, T. Peat- Selig, K. Selkoe, and S. Walbridge. 2015. Spatial
man, R. Watson, and others. 2009. Estimating and Temporal Changes in Cumulative Human
the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing. PLoS Impacts on the Worlds Ocean. Nature Commu-
ONE 4(2): e4570. nications 6: 7615.
4. World Bank. 2009. The Sunken Billions: The Eco- 11. Brummett, R. 2013. Growing Aquaculture in Sus-
nomic Justification for Fisheries Reform. Wash- tainable Ecosystems. Agriculture and Environmental
ington, DC. Services Note, No. 5. Washington, DC: World Bank.
5. World Bank. 2015. The Sunken Billions Revisited: 12. Costello, C., D. Ovando, R. Hilborn, S. D. Gaines,
Progress and Challenges in Global Marine Fish- O. Deschenes, and S. E. Lester. 2012. Status and
eries. Preliminary results from the forthcoming Solutions for the Worlds Unassessed Fisheries.
World Bank study. Washington, DC. Science 338(6106): 51720.
15a China gained as much forest area as Brazil lost over the last 25 years
Change in forest area, 19902015 (square kilometers)
Gains Losses
100,000
1,000,000
15b Thirteen countries each have more than 500 threatened species of plants, birds,
mammals, and fish
Number of species classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as endangered,
vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known, 2016
Ecuador 1,856 98 45 59
Malaysia 721 50 73 83
Philippines 239 89 39 87
Vietnam 204 46 55 80
Kenya 222 39 30 71
Spain 216 15 17 78
Australia 92 50 63 118
Nigeria 197 21 29 71
Panama 208 22 16 54
Congo,United
Source: Rep. 113
Dem. Nations 37 36 93
Environment Programe; World Conservation Monitoring Centre; International Union for
ConservationTurkey
of Nature:
104IUCN Red List of Threatened20
Species; Froese, R., and
18 D. Pauly (eds.), 2008,
131FishBase
database (http://www.fishbase.org); WDI (EN.HPT.THRD.NO, EN.BRD.THRD.NO, EN.MAM.THRD.NO, EN.FSH.
THRD.NO). Jamaica 214 10 6 30
162 6
Gabon Atlas of 20 71
Sustainable Development Goals 2017 87
Cuba 179 17 12 44
15c Indonesia and Madagascar have the greatest number of threatened mammal species
Threatened mammal species, 2016
Threatened
mammal species
30
100
15d Many species of birds are threatened across Latin America and the Caribbean and
East Asia and Pacific
Threatened bird species, 2016
Threatened
bird species
30
100
Source: United Nations Environment Programe; World Conservation Monitoring Centre;
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; WDI (EN.BIR.THRD.NO).
300
Threatened
fish species
30
100
Source: Froese, R., and D. Pauly (eds.), 2008, FishBase database (http://www.fishbase.org);
300 WDI (EN.FSH.THRD.NO).
15f Ecuador has substantially more threatened plant species than any other country
Threatened plant species (higher), 2016
Threatened plant
species (higher)
30
100
300
Source: United Nations Environment Programe; World Conservation Monitoring
Centre; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; WDI (EN.HPT.THRD.NO).
1,000
3,000
15g One in three countries protects at least a fifth of its terrestrial land
Terrestrial protected areas, 2014 (% of total land area)
010 1020 20100 No data
Source: United Nations Environment Programe and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as compiled
by the World Resources Institute; WDI (ER.LND.PTID.ZS).
Africa
South America
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
0 2 4 6 8
15i Forest income accounts for around a quarter of all income for rural communities near
forests
Sources of income for rural communities with access to forests (%)
75
50
25
0
Latin America Asia Africa
Source: Angelsen, A., P. Jagger, R. Babigumira, B. Belcher, and N. J. Hogarth, 2014, Environmental Income
and Rural Livelihoods: A Global-Comparative Analysis, World Development 64(S1).
Combating bribery in all its forms In the economies worst affected, more than half
the firms encounter such requests, adding to
Good governance in regulation, business their costs (figures 16d and 16e). The requests
licensing, taxation, and access to public also impede the creation and growth of firms.
services is fundamental to a sustainable busi-
ness environment. Opaque, burdensome, and Minimizing violent and conflict-related
inefficient regulations and procedures nurture deaths
opportunities for corrupt officials to extract
bribes or unofficial payments, and Goal 16 The global rate of intentional homicide fell
seeks to minimize these opportunities (target from 6 per 100,000 people to 5 between 2012
16.5). and 2014, showing progress toward Goal 16s
aim of greatly reducing all forms of violence
One in four firms in low-income and lower- and conflict-related deaths (target 16.1). Eight
middle-income countries encounter requests countries in Latin America and the Caribbean
for bribes and informal payments from offi- were in the top 10, with Honduras the most
cials, while one in five are expected to offer violent at 70 homicides per 100,000 people
gifts to tax officials (figure 16a). Bribery often (figure 16b). In Sub-S aharan Africa, Lesotho
occurs in transactions necessary for a private had the most homicides at 38 per 100,000
firm to conduct business: paying taxes; obtain- people.
ing an operating license, import license, or
construction permit; and obtaining an electri- Most battle-related deaths in 2015 were in
cal or water connection. Syria, at more than 46,500 Afghanistan saw
16a Firms in low-and lower-middle-income countries encounter more bribery than those in
other countries
High income 4 2 11
World 18 13 21
Source: UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Homicide Statistics database; WDI (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5).
battle-r elated deaths escalate to more than 16c Syria saw more battle-related deaths in
17,200 in 2015. Conflict casualties rose in 2015 than any other country
Battle-related deaths in the eight countries with the
Yemen too, with around 6,700 deaths in 2015 highest totals in 2015 (thousands)
(figure 16c).
60
Achieving good budgetary governance Syrian Arab Rep.
50
To provide a sound basis for development,
government budgets should be comprehen-
sive, transparent, and realistic (target 16.6).
40
The Public Expenditure and Financial Account-
ability (PEFA) Program identifies how well gov-
ernments execute their budgets in accord with 30
the appropriations authorized at the beginning
of each year. Since 2005, 147 countries and 178
subnational governments have carried out 20
Afghanistan
a PEFA assessment, with national spending
more likely to be on target than subnational Iraq
10
spending. Yemen, Rep.
Nigeria
Pakistan
Nearly two-thirds of countries surveyed were Ukraine
0 Sudan
within 10 percent of their original national 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
budgets, and nearly half of these were within
Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program; WDI (VC.
5 percent. But nearly one in ten countries BTL.DETH).
United States
Bermuda
(U.K.)
Kiribati Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Samoa
French Bolivia
American Polynesia (Fr.)
Samoa (U.S.)
Fiji Caribbean Inset
Tonga Paraguay
British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.)
Dominican Islands (U.K.)
Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile
St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina
Puerto Antigua and
Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda
Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay
Aruba St. Kitts Dominica
(Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.)
Curaao St. Lucia
(Neth.)
Barbados
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines Grenada
Trinidad and
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys; R.B. de Venezuela Tobago
WDI (IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS).
16e Bribery and informal requests for gifts and payments are common in some countries in Africa and Asia
Top 39 countries where firms experience bribery, most recent year available
Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request) Firms expected to give gifts in meetings
100
75
50
25
0
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Iceland Sweden
Norway Finland Russian Federation
Netherlands Estonia
Isle of Russian
Man (U.K.) Latvia
Fed.
Denmark Lithuania
United
Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus
Guemsey(U.K.)
Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia
Luxembourg Moldova
Liechtenstein
Switzerland France Romania
Dem.Peoples
Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea
Bulgaria Azer-
Monaco Armenia Rep.
baijan
Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan
China Korea
Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian
Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan
Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran
Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan
Kuwait Nepal
Bahrain Pakistan
Libya Qatar
Western Algeria Arab Rep.
Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh
Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China
Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China
Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.)
Mauritania Oman
Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam
Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.)
The Yemen Cambodia Philippines
Gambia Burkina Federated States
Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia
Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall
Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands
Cte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei
Darussalam
Sierra Leone African Sudan
dIvoire Palau
Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia
Liberia Togo Maldives
Equatorial Guinea Uganda
So Tom and Prncipe
Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati
Congo Rwanda
Dem.Rep. Burundi
of Congo Indonesia Solomon
Tanzania Comoros Papua
Seychelles New Guinea Islands
Tuvalu
Timor-Leste
Angola
Malawi Mayotte Mauritius
Zambia (Fr.)
Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji
Zimbabwe
Madagascar Vanuatu
Namibia Botswana La Runion Poland
Germany
(Fr.) Czech
Ukraine
Republic New
Swaziland Slovak Caledonia
Republic Australia
(Fr.)
South Lesotho
Africa Austria
Hungary
Slovenia Romania
Croatia
San Bosnia and
Marino Herzegovina Serbia
Bulgaria
Italy
Montenegro
Kosovo Macedonia, New
Zealand
Albania FYR
Greece
M ay
Pa a
In tan
sia
Bu a
au di
ia
ia
a- ia
au
ya
a
Pa car
al
v
Ka opi
ne
bi
oo
a
an
er
s
n
na
M
gu
do
N Ken
ss
st
m
ne
ay
as
am
kis
ru
g
ui
ig
er
rit
kh
Bi
et
hi
Sa
ra
al
ol
ag
do
G
N
m
G
Et
Vi
za
M
M
Ca
ew
ne
M
e
Th
M
ui
G
a
pu
Pa
16f Public spending was within 10percent of the budget in two-thirds of countries surveyed
Variation from original approved budgets (above or below), most recent year available during 200616 (%)
Less than 5 510 1015 15 or more No data
16g More than half the countries with multiple assessments improved budget execution
Change in budget reliability score of countries assessed at more than one time, various years, 200516
(percentage of countries)
0 25 50 75 100
16h Many subnational governments deviated substantially from their planned budgets
Difference between planned and actual subnational budget expenditures, most recent year available during
200616
Less than 5% 5% to less than 10% 10% to less than 15% 15% or higher
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
0 25 50 75 100
16i In many Asian and African countries, babies in rural areas are less likely to be
registered than those in urban areas
Completeness of birth registration, bottom 25 countries for rural registration, most recent value (%)
Somalia
Malawi Rural Urban
Ethiopia
Chad
Zambia
Tanzania
Nigeria
Liberia
Guinea-Bissau
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Pakistan
Zimbabwe
Yemen
Angola
Uganda
South Sudan
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Vanuatu
Tuvalu
Lesotho
Swaziland
Mozambique
Equatorial Guinea
0 25 50 75 100
Source: UNICEF, State of the Worlds Children; WDI (SP.REG.BRTH.RU.ZS, SP.REG.BRTH.UR.ZS).
Netherlands
Addressing the cost of the refugee crisis Greece
Germany
The share of countries net ODA spent on
hosting or processing refugees increased from Denmark
5percent in 2014 to 9percent in 2015, largely 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
as a result of more refugees arriving in Europe.
Source: OECD, Development Assistance Committee.
Source: OECDDAC.
Increasing foreign direct investment domestic firms and their labor force as well as
productivity gains and greater access to domes-
FDI flows to low- and middle-income coun- tic and export markets. Global flows of FDI rose
tries have increased substantially over the past an estimated 22percent in 2015, to $2.2trillion,
decade (figures 17c17e). Such flows are attrac- driven by a surge in mergers and acquisitions in
tive because they are in large part equity invest- high-income countries (figure 17g). FDI proved
ment and thus nondebt creating. They bring resilient with the majority of countries posting
such benefits as skills and technology transfer to higher inflows in relation to GDP.
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and
Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, Balance of Payments databases; World Bank,
International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD
GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS). GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS).
United States
Bermuda
(U.K.)
Kiribati Ecuador
Brazil
Peru
Samoa
French Bolivia
American Polynesia (Fr.)
Samoa (U.S.)
Fiji Caribbean Inset
Tonga Paraguay
British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.)
Dominican Islands (U.K.)
Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile
St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina
Puerto Antigua and
Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda
Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay
Aruba St. Kitts Dominica
(Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.)
Curaao St. Lucia
(Neth.)
Barbados
St. Vincent and
Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and the Grenadines Grenada
Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, Trinidad and
International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD R.B. de Venezuela Tobago
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and
Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, Balance of Payments databases; World Bank,
International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD
GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS). GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS).
Greenland
(Den.) Faroe
Islands
(Den.)
Iceland Sweden
Norway Finland Russian Federation
Netherlands Estonia
Isle of Russian
Man (U.K.) Latvia
Fed.
Denmark Lithuania
United
Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus
Guemsey(U.K.)
Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia
Luxembourg Moldova
Liechtenstein
Switzerland France Romania
Dem.Peoples
Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea
Bulgaria Azer-
Monaco Armenia Rep.
baijan
Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan
China Korea
Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian
Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan
Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran
Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan
Kuwait Nepal
Bahrain Pakistan
Libya Qatar
Western Algeria Arab Rep.
Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh
Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China
Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China
Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.)
Mauritania Oman
Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam
Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.)
The Yemen Cambodia Philippines
Gambia Burkina Federated States
Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia
Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall
Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands
Cte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei
Darussalam
Sierra Leone African Sudan
dIvoire Palau
Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia
Liberia Togo Maldives
Equatorial Guinea Uganda
So Tom and Prncipe
Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati
Congo Rwanda
Dem.Rep. Burundi
of Congo Indonesia Solomon
Tanzania Comoros Papua
Seychelles New Guinea Islands
Tuvalu
Timor-Leste
Angola
Malawi Mayotte Mauritius
Zambia (Fr.)
Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji
Zimbabwe
Madagascar Vanuatu
Namibia Botswana La Runion Poland
Germany
(Fr.) Czech
Ukraine
Republic New
Swaziland Slovak Caledonia
Republic Australia
(Fr.)
South Lesotho
Africa Austria
Hungary
Slovenia Romania
Croatia
San Bosnia and
Marino Herzegovina Serbia
Bulgaria
Italy
Montenegro
Kosovo Macedonia, New
Zealand
Albania FYR
Greece
Publicprivate partnerships (PPPs) can make 17h PPP infrastructure investments in low-
an important contribution to the delivery of income countries are split between energy
and transport
efficient public services (target 17.17). Between
Average investment in PPP infrastructure projects,
1991 and 2015, investments in PPP infra- 201115 (% of GDP)
structure commitments totaled $1.5 trillion
Energy Transport
in 118 low-and middle-income countries and
covered more than 5,000 projects, such as Togo
the construction of roads, bridges, light and Senegal
heavy rail, airports, power plants, and energy Nepal
and water distribution networks.1 The average Rwanda
investment in the 65 low-and middle-income
Mozambique
countries with investments between 2011 and
Liberia
2015 was 0.8 percent of GDP. In low-income
Sierra Leone
countries, projects were split equally between
Haiti
the energy and transport sectors, the latter
bolstered by a large port terminal in Togo, Uganda
Honduras Peru
Zambia Turkey
Morocco Brazil
Ghana Jordan
India Panama
Nicaragua Georgia
Philippines Montenegro
Vietnam Bosnia & Herzegovina
Armenia South Africa
Kenya Thailand
Guatemala Bulgaria
Bangladesh Romania
Tonga Gabon
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
75
50
25
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Source: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Database.
Expanding access to the Internet Goal 17 recognizes that enabling the use of
information and communications technology
In 2015 China had the most Internet users of in the poorer countries of South Asia and Sub-
any country: approximately 705 million. Nearly Saharan Africa will bolster capacity building in
44 percent of the global population used the science, innovation, and technology. Target
Internet (figure 17k), and North America and 17.8 aims to increase access for people in
Europe and Central Asia had the highest rate the 48 Least Developed Countries, where on
of users, of fi xed broadband subscriptions average, fewer than 13 percent of people have
and of secure Internet servers (target 17.6). access to the Internet.
17k China has more Internet users than India and the United States combined, but only
half its people have access
Individuals using the Internet, 2015 (% of population)
025 2550 5075 75100
Total number of
people using
the Internet, 2015
10 million
50 million
100 million
500
million
1 billion
Note: The darker the shade, the greater the share of the population using the Internet. The larger the circle,
the more Internet users in a country.
Source: ITU World Telecommunications ICT indicators database; WDI (IT.NET.USER.ZS).
17l Exports take more than 10 days to clear customs in some African and Latin American
countries
Days to clear direct exports through customs, most recent year available during 200516
05 610 11 or more No data
17n Obtaining documents is more time consuming for cereal exports than for other
agricultural products
Average time to obtain documents (days) Average cost (percent of income per capita)
17o Nearly 70percent of countries use electronic data interchange systems at the border
Stages of implementation of electronic data interchange systems, 2016 (% of economies)
75
50
25
0
East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan
& Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa
17p In 2016 more than a quarter of low-and middle-income countries scored above 80 on
the World Banks Statistical Capacity Indicator
Statistical capacity score, 2016
050 5080 80100 Not measured
A countrys score may improve due to a range members of each household in a country.
of factors. For the Dominican Republic more Comprehensive surveys are typically carried
reliable national immunization estimation and out every 10 years, but some countries, such
a timely agricultural census contributed to an as Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, and
increase in its score from 71 in 2004 to 83 in New Zealand, conduct them every five years.
2016. For Serbia quality education statistics Timely censuses, as well as inclusive vital
reported to the United Nations Educational, registration systems, are characteristics of a
Scientific and Cultural Organization, use of country with high statistical capacity (target
the Balance of Payments Manual in data com- 17.19). Only 17 countries worldwide did not
pilation, and an agricultural census all helped conduct a census between 2005 and 2015
boost its score from 53 to 90. And for Tanzania (figure 17q).
improved periodicity of data on child malnu-
trition and maternal health helped boost its Notes
score from 68 to 73.
1. This figure excludes ICT sector investments
A population census aims to record the because methodological changes for this sector
socioeconomic char ac ter is tic s of the in 2015 render earlier years incomparable.
Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work
education and promote lifelong learning through the provision of public services, infrastruc-
opportunities for all ture and social protection policies and the promotion
of shared responsibility within the household and the
4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete family as nationally appropriate
free, equitable and quality primary and secondary
education leading to relevant and effective learning 5.5 Ensure womens full and effective participation and
outcomes equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of
decision-making in political, economic and public life
4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to
quality early childhood development, care and pre- 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive
primary education so that they are ready for primary health and reproductive rights as agreed in accord-
education ance with the Programme of Action of the Interna-
tional Conference on Population and Development
4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome
to affordable and quality technical, vocational and documents of their review conferences
tertiary education, including university
5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to
4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth economic resources, as well as access to ownership
and adults who have relevant skills, including tech- and control over land and other forms of property,
nical and vocational skills, for employment, decent financial services, inheritance and natural resources,
jobs and entrepreneurship in accordance with national laws
4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular
and ensure equal access to all levels of education information and communications technology, to pro-
and vocational training for the vulnerable, including mote the empowerment of women
persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and
children in vulnerable situations 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforcea-
ble legislation for the promotion of gender equality
4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial pro- and the empowerment of all women and girls at all
portion of adults, both men and women, achieve lit- levels
eracy and numeracy
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for devel-
infrastructure, including regional and transborder oping countries in decision-making in global inter-
infrastructure, to support economic development national economic and financial institutions in order
and human well-being, with a focus on affordable to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and
and equitable access for all legitimate institutions
9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible
and, by 2030, significantly raise industrys share of migration and mobility of people, including through
employment and gross domestic product, in line with the implementation of planned and well-managed
national circumstances, and double its share in least migration policies
developed countries
10.a Implement the principle of special and differential
9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other treatment for developing countries, in particular
enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to least developed countries, in accordance with World
financial services, including affordable credit, and Trade Organization agreements
their integration into value chains and markets
10.b Encourage official development assistance and
9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries financial flows, including foreign direct investment,
to make them sustainable, with increased resource- to States where the need is greatest, in particular
use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and least developed countries, African countries, small
environmentally sound technologies and industrial island developing States and landlocked developing
processes, with all countries taking action in accord- countries, in accordance with their national plans and
ance with their respective capabilities programmes
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technologi- 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3percent the transaction
cal capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remit-
particular developing countries, including, by 2030, tance corridors with costs higher than 5percent
encouraging innovation and substantially increasing
the number of research and development workers Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements
per 1million people and public and private research inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
and development spending
11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and
9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure affordable housing and basic services and upgrade
development in developing countries through slums
enhanced financial, technological and technical sup-
port to African countries, least developed countries, 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, acces-
landlocked developing countries and small island sible and sustainable transport systems for all,
developing States improving road safety, notably by expanding public
transport, with special attention to the needs of
9.b Support domestic technology development, those in vulnerable situations, women, children, per-
research and innovation in developing countries, sons with disabilities and older persons
including by ensuring a conducive policy environ-
ment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbani-
addition to commodities zation and capacity for participatory, integrated and
sustainable human settlement planning and man-
9.c Significantly increase access to information and com- agement in all countries
munications technology and strive to provide uni-
versal and affordable access to the Internet in least 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the
developed countries by 2020 worlds cultural and natural heritage
Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths
countries and the number of people affected and substan-
tially decrease the direct economic losses relative to
10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income global gross domestic product caused by disasters,
growth of the bottom 40percent of the population at including water-related disasters, with a focus on pro-
a rate higher than the national average tecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environ-
and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, mental impact of cities, including by paying special
disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic attention to air quality and municipal and other waste
or other status management
10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive
of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular
laws, policies and practices and promoting appropri- for women and children, older persons and persons
ate legislation, policies and action in this regard with disabilities
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social pro- 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmen-
tection policies, and progressively achieve greater tal links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas
equality by strengthening national and regional development
planning
Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by
production patterns developed-country parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal
12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on of mobilizing jointly $100billion annually by 2020
Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, from all sources to address the needs of develop-
all countries taking action, with developed countries ing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation
taking the lead, taking into account the development actions and transparency on implementation and
and capabilities of developing countries fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through
its capitalization as soon as possible
12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and
efficient use of natural resources 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effec-
tive climate change-related planning and manage-
12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the ment in least developed countries and small island
retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses developing States, including focusing on women,
along production and supply chains, including post- youth and local and marginalized communities
harvest losses
Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the
12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound manage- oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
ment of chemicals and all wastes throughout their development
life cycle, in accordance with agreed international
frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pol-
air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse lution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activ-
impacts on human health and the environment ities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine
through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse
impacts, including by strengthening their resilience,
12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and trans- and take action for their restoration in order to
national companies, to adopt sustainable practices achieve healthy and productive oceans
and to integrate sustainability information into their
reporting cycle 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidifica-
tion, including through enhanced scientific coopera-
12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sus- tion at all levels
tainable, in accordance with national policies and
priorities 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end
overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated
12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the fishing and destructive fishing practices and imple-
relevant information and awareness for sustainable ment science-based management plans, in order
development and lifestyles in harmony with nature to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at
least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable
12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their sci- yield as determined by their biological characteristics
entific and technological capacity to move towards
more sustainable patterns of consumption and 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10percent of coastal and
production marine areas, consistent with national and interna-
tional law and based on the best available scientific
12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable information
development impacts for sustainable tourism that
creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies
which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing,
12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil- fuel subsidies that eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unre-
encourage wasteful consumption by removing ported and unregulated fishing and refrain from
market distortions, in accordance with national cir- introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that
cumstances, including by restructuring taxation and appropriate and effective special and differential
phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they treatment for developing and least developed coun-
exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking tries should be an integral part of the World Trade
fully into account the specific needs and conditions Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation
of developing countries and minimizing the possible
adverse impacts on their development in a manner
that protects the poor and the affected communities
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental
forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies
oceans and their resources by implementing interna- for sustainable development, provide access to
tional law as reflected in the United Nations Conven- justice for all and build effective, accountable and
tion on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal inclusive institutions at all levels
framework for the conservation and sustainable use
of oceans and their resources, as recalled in para- 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related
graph 158 of The future we want death rates everywhere
Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage violence against and torture of children
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse
land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and interna-
tional levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and
sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms
ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen
wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obli- assets and combat all forms of organized crime
gations under international agreements
16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all
15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable their forms
management of all types of forests, halt deforest-
ation, restore degraded forests and substantially 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent insti-
increase afforestation and reforestation globally tutions at all levels
15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and repre-
land and soil, including land affected by desertifica- sentative decision-making at all levels
tion, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of develop-
degradation-neutral world ing countries in the institutions of global governance
15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosys- 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth
tems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance registration
their capacity to provide benefits that are essential
for sustainable development 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fun-
damental freedoms, in accordance with national leg-
15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the deg- islation and international agreements
radation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiver-
sity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including
of threatened species through international cooperation, for building capac-
ity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to
15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
arising from the utilization of genetic resources and
promote appropriate access to such resources, as 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and
internationally agreed policies for sustainable development
15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation
of protected species of flora and fauna and address and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable
both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products Development
15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduc- 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, includ-
tion and significantly reduce the impact of invasive ing through international support to developing
alien species on land and water ecosystems and con- countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and
trol or eradicate the priority species other revenue collection
17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for develop- 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty- free and
ing countries from multiple sources quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all
least developed countries, consistent with World
17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring
debt sustainability through coordinated policies that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports
aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and from least developed countries are transparent and
debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the simple, and contribute to facilitating market access
external debt of highly indebted poor countries to
reduce debt distress 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including
through policy coordination and policy coherence
17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion
regimes for least developed countries 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable develop-
ment
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular
regional and international cooperation on and access 17.15 Respect each countrys policy space and leadership
to science, technology and innovation and enhance to establish and implement policies for poverty erad-
knowledge- sharing on mutually agreed terms, ication and sustainable development
including through improved coordination among
existing mechanisms, in particular at the United 17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Devel-
Nations level, and through a global technology facil- opment, complemented by multi-stakeholder partner-
itation mechanism ships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise,
technology and financial resources, to support the
17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in
and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies all countries, in particular developing countries
to developing countries on favourable terms, includ-
ing on concessional and preferential terms, as mutu- 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-
ally agreed private and civil society partnerships, building on the
experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and sci-
ence, technology and innovation capacity-building 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to devel-
mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 oping countries, including for least developed coun-
and enhance the use of enabling technology, in par- tries and small island developing States, to increase
ticular information and communications technology significantly the availability of high-quality, timely
and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender,
17.9 Enhance international support for implementing age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geo-
effective and targeted capacity-building in develop- graphic location and other characteristics relevant in
ing countries to support national plans to implement national contexts
all the Sustainable Development Goals, including
through North-South, South-South and triangular 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop
cooperation measurements of progress on sustainable develop-
ment that complement gross domestic product, and
support statistical capacity-building in developing
countries