Professional Documents
Culture Documents
September 2006
PIPING ENGINEERING ELEMENTS
PIPING ELEMENTS
PIPES
FITTINGS
FLANGES
GASKETS
BOLTING
VALVES
SPECIALITIES
PIPES
MANUFACTURING
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
PROCESSES
MATERIAL
MATERIAL SELECTION
SELECTION
MATERIALS
MATERIALS
PIPE
PIPE SIZING
SIZING CALCULATION
CALCULATION
END
END CONNECTION
CONNECTION
SEAMLESS
SEAMLESS
WELDED
WELDED
ELECTRIC
ELECTRIC RESISTENCE
RESISTENCE WELDING
WELDING
SPIRAL
SPIRAL WELDED
WELDED
ELETRIC
ELETRIC FUSION
FUSION WELDING
WELDING
FURNACE
FURNACE BUTT
BUTT WELDED
WELDED
DOUBLE
DOUBLE SUBMERGE
SUBMERGE ARC
ARC WELDED
WELDED
FORGED
FORGED AND
AND BORED
BORED
CORROSION
CORROSION PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
PRESSURE-TEMP
PRESSURE-TEMP CONDITION
CONDITION OF OF THE
THE SERVICE.
SERVICE.
MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
Yield
Yield strength
strength
Ultimate
Ultimate strength
strength
Percentage
Percentage ofof elongation
elongation
Impact
Impact strength
strength
Fatigue
Fatigue -- endurance
endurance strength
strength
DESIGN
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
CONSIDERATION
1.Design
1.Design pressure
pressure 10%
10% more
more than
than operating
operating pressure
pressure
2.Design
2.Design temperature
temperature 25O
25O cc more
more than
than operating
operating temperature.
temperature.
3.If
3.If operating
operating temperature
temperature is
is less
less than
than 150c.
150c. Design
Design temperature
temperature is
is
anticipated
anticipated minimum
minimum operating
operating temperature.
temperature.
MAJOR
MAJOR CONSIDERATION
CONSIDERATION
BASIS
BASIS
FACTORS
FACTORS
STEPS
STEPS
CALCULATION
CALCULATION
POINTS
POINTS TO
TO REMEMBER
REMEMBER
FACTORS
THE QUANTITY OF FLOW
THE ALLOWABLE OR RECOMMENDED PRESSURE
DROPS
THE VELOCITY OF FLOW
Find out the pressure drop for the selected size using DARCYs
formula for the recommended velocity.
Check if the pressure drop is within the allowable limits.If not repeat
the calculation
DIAMETER OF PIPE
Diameter of pipe calculated from,
Q=AxV
Which is rearranged as below
4xQ
D= xv
where,
where,
Q
Q == Flow rate(m33\\ sec)
Flow rate(m sec)
V
V == velocity
velocity of
of flow(m\
flow(m\ sec)
sec)
dd == Diameter
Diameter of of pipe
pipe (m)
(m)
Tm = PxD
2(S x E+P x y)
Where the following are
P=given working pressure
D=outside diameter of the pipe
S=maximum allowable stress of the material of pipe at working temperature
E=joint efficiency factor =1 for seamless pipes
Y=co-efficient
The pipe wall thickness calculation for a given operating
conditions,
PxD
Tm =
Where, +c
2 x f xinternal
P= working e +P pressure of the
pipe(N\m2)
D= out side diameter of pipe(m)
f = allowable stress(N\m2)
e= weld efficiency factor(1.0 for seamless
steel pipe)
c = Corrosion allowance ( for corrosion, wear
and bending)
Where,
Where,
w-
w- mean
mean sp.weight
sp.weight of of fluid (Kg\m22))
fluid (Kg\m
vv mean
mean velocity
velocity ofof fluid(m\sec)
fluid(m\sec)
gg -- gravitational constant(m\sec22))
gravitational constant(m\sec
ff co-efficient
co-efficient of
of friction
friction (friction
(friction factor)
factor)
ll pipe
pipe length
length (m)(m)
dd bore
bore diameter
diameter (m)(m)
zz sum
sum of
of co-efficient
co-efficient ofof fluid
fluid resistance
resistance of
of
each
each fittings
fittings
Saturated steam(M.P) 30 40
Superheated steam 40 60
Exhaust steam 20 30
Elbows
Tees
Reducers
Couplings
Unions
Caps
REDUCERS
CAPS
COMPONENTS
SLIP ON
SOCKET WELD
SCREWED
LAP JOINT
WELDING NECK
BLIND
INTEGRAL
FLANGE FACING
FLAT FACE
RAISED FACE
150#
300#
600#
900#
1500#
2500#
FACE FINISH
SMOOTH FINISH
SERRATED FINISH
FLANGE MATERIALS
ASTM A 105 - Forged Carbon steel
ASTM A 181 - Forged Carbon steel for general purpose
ASTM A 182 - Forged alloy steel and stainless steel
ASTM A 350 - Forged alloy steel for low temperature
services
ANSI B 16.47/API 605 Higher sizes(above 3)
BS 10
IS 6392
BOLTING
MATERIAL FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BOLTING
DIMENENSINAL STANDRADS FOR BOLTS
ASTM A 307 - Low carbon steel bolting material
ASTM A 320 - Alloy steel bolting material for low
temperature
ASTM A 193 - Alloy steel bolting material for
high temperature
ASTM A 194 - Alloy steel nut material for high
temperature service
IS 1367 - Threaded steel fasteners
GASKETS
SELECTION
1. Compatibility of
gasket material
with the fluid
2. Ability to
withstand
pressure and
temperature of
the system
3. Corrosion of
fluids flowing
through the
flanges
CLASSIFICATIONS
Full face
Inside bolt circle
Spiral wound metallic
Ring type
Metal jacketed
MATERIAL STANDARDS
IS 2712,GrW11,W/2,W/3:
For steam, alkali & general applications
Ball
Ball valves
valves
Gate
Gate valves
valves Butterfly
Butterfly
valves
valves
ISOLATION
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Plug
Plug valves
valves
valves
valves
Globe
Globe valves
valves
Needle Butterfly
Butterfly
Needle valves
valves REGULATION valves
valves
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
valves
valves
Non-return
Safety
Special purpose
GATE VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVES
GLOBE VALVES
Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2 and smaller.
Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher pipe sizes.
OLETS
E XPANSION BELLOWS
STEAM TRAPS
STRAINER
WELDOLET
SOCKOLET
THREADOLET
SWEEPOLET
They are
economical
butt welded 90o
branch connections
with integral
reinforcement
ELBOLET