IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO.
12, DECEMBER 2014
Double Tip Diffraction Modeling: Finite Difference
Time Domain vs. Method of Moments
Mehmet Alper Uslu, Graduate Student Member, IEEE, Gkhan Apaydin, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Levent Sevgi, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractDiscontinuities such as tips and edges cause diffracted
fields when electromagnetic waves interact with objects. Two-di-
mensional (2D) wedge with non-penetrable boundaries is a canon-
ical structure which has long been investigated analytically and nu-
merically for the understanding and extraction of diffracted waves.
Multiple-diffraction has also been investigated. Here, double tip
diffraction is modeled with both finite-difference time-domain and
method of moments and reference data are generated.
Index TermsDiffraction, double diffraction, double tips, fi-
nite difference time domain (FDTD), high frequency asymtotics,
method of moments (MoM).
I. INTRODUCTION
E LECTROMAGNETIC (EM) waves interact with ob-
jects and scatter. Major scattered field components are
reflected, refracted, and diffracted fields. High frequency
asymptotic (HFA) methods, such as geometric optics (GO),
physical optics (PO), geometric theory of diffraction (GTD),
uniform theory of diffraction (UTD), and physical theory of
diffraction (PTD) have long been used to analyze scattered
fields when the wavelength is small compared to object size
[1][6]. A useful MATLAB based virtual tool has also been
introduced for the use of HFA modeling in the classical wedge
problem [7]. Fringe waves excited by a finite-distance line
source are extracted in [8]. Backscattering from a wedge with
different boundary conditions is also modeled analytically [9].
An interesting discussion on the diffraction modeling can be
found in [10].
Diffraction modeling has also been investigated numerically
[11][15]. Diffracted waves and diffraction coefficients are ex-
tracted with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method
using time-gating in [11]. A more general multi-step FDTD ap-
proach is also used in diffraction modeling [12], [13]. Similarly,
Manuscript received July 02, 2014; revised September 14, 2014; accepted
September 22, 2014. Date of publication October 08, 2014; date of current ver-
sion November 25, 2014.
M. A. Uslu is with the Department of Electronics and Communications En-
gineering, Dogus University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey (e-mail: alpuslu@gmail.
com).
G. Apaydin is with the Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering,
Zirve University, Gaziantep 27260, Turkey (e-mail: gokhan.apaydin@zirve.
edu.tr).
L. Sevgi is with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Okan University, Tuzla Campus, Akfirat, Istanbul 34959, Turkey (e-mail:
levent.sevgi@okan.edu.tr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2014.2361898
0018-926X 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
6337
it is shown in [14], [15] that the method of moments (MoM) is
also successful in diffraction modeling.
Double diffraction has also been investigated analytically
and numerically [16][25]. The double wedge or double tip
is a canonical geometry which arises in many practical struc-
tures. The analysis via a spectral extension of the UTD has
been described, which yields closed-form expressions for the
field doubly diffracted in the far zone by the edges of two
interacting wedges illuminated by a plane wave in [17], [18].
The UTD has been extended to include double diffraction by
an arbitrary configuration of two wedges and a scalar double
diffraction coefficient is defined in [19]. An HFA analysis of
the scattering by a double impedance wedge via the extended
spectral ray method and diffraction coefficients were derived
for up to and including the triple diffraction mechanism in
[23]. A time domain single-diffraction solution of a wedge
type obstacle is extended to double-diffraction and the resulted
waveform is compared with the corresponding solution in the
frequency domain by applying the inverse Fourier transform of
the waveform in [25].
In this study, novel double tip diffraction modeling ap-
proaches are introduced by using both FDTD and MoM. An
analytical solution using a spectral approach for the problem
of scattering by two-dimensional (2D) semi-infinite or finite
polygonal objects with an imperfectly reflective surface, illu-
minated by a plane wave can be found in [26].
II. DOUBLE TIP DIFFRACTION STRUCTURE
The structure shown in Fig. 1 is used in double tip diffrac-
tion modeling. The polar coordinates are used. It is a
non-penetrable rectangular object infinite along excited with
a line source. The problem has a translational symmetry along
therefore can be investigated in 2D on the -plane. The
origin is chosen at midpoint of the top edge with length there-
fore the top boundary extends from to on
the -axis. The lengths of left and right boundaries are infinite
. The line source is assumed only in the first
quadrant because of the structural symmetry.
The dashed circle with radius shows the locations of receivers.
360 receivers are located on this circle which yields
angular resolution. Under these assumptions, top-boundary re-
flected fields exist for the receivers located between the lines
and , while side boundary (specular) reflections occur
only for the receivers between the lines and . Incident
fields do not exist in the shadow region bounded by the left side
of the structure and the line . The two tips are responsible
for the creation of the diffracted fields which exist everywhere.
6338 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

Fig. 1. Double tip structure (Structure-1). Fig. 2. Infinite strip problem (Structure-2).

Note that Fig. 1 shows the reflection and shadow regions for III. FDTD-BASED DIFFRACTION MODELING
.
Mathematically, the problem is postulated via the 2D wave The FDTD method is one of the most popular and widely used
equation in polar coordinates models used in electromagnetics [27]. It has been widely used
in variety of EM problems, from radiation, propagation, scat-
tering to microstrip circuit design, from subsurface imaging to
antenna design, etc. The FDTD method has also been used in the
calculation of diffraction coefficients and there are many studies
(1)
in modeling diffraction from various wedges [11][13]. Note
where is the wave-number, is the line current amplitude,
that, the incident field is a pulse in time therefore broad band
and specify the source and the observation
diffraction characteristic can be obtained via a single FDTD
points, respectively, is the Dirac delta function. The related
simulation. Once incident and diffracted pulses are recorded,
non-penetrable boundary conditions (BCs) are (TM
discrete/fast Fourier transform (DFT/FFT) can be applied and
case) or (TE case) on the structure. Radiation
diffraction coefficient vs. frequency and/or diffraction coeffi-
condition also applies.
cients vs. angle variations can be obtained.
In the limit when the lengths of left and right boundaries goes
The 2D FDTD models used for TM and TE polarizations on
to zero the structure yields another canonical
the -plane contain sets of , , and , , com-
scattering problem; the infinite strip problem. This is pictured in
ponents, respectively. The update equations for polariza-
Fig. 2. The tips marked with number 1 and 2 are responsible for
tion and polarization are shown as
the creation of the diffracted fields. In this case, reflected fields
only exist for the receivers located between the lines and
. The region between the lines and is the shadow
region where no incident field exists. The incident, scattered, (2a)
and diffracted field components all exist elsewhere.
Note also that, the structure in Fig. 1 also reduces to (ver-
tical) half-plane problem when meaning that three im- (2b)
portant canonical problems can be investigated at the same time
once numerical models are established for the Structure-1 in the
figure.
Electromagnetic line source may be the -component of ei-
ther electric field intensity ( , TM case) or magnetic field
intensity ( , TE case). In the case of acoustic waves, (2c)
these conditions refer to acoustically soft and
hard boundary conditions, respectively.
Note that, the word scattering represents all types of waves
generated from EM (incident) wave-object interaction (e.g., re-
flections, refractions, diffractions, creeping waves, whispering
gallery waves, etc.). The addition of scattered and incident fields
yields total fields. Diffractions occur from edge and/or tip type (3a)
discontinuities.
USLU et al.: DOUBLE TIP DIFFRACTION MODELING: FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN VS. METHOD OF MOMENTS 6339

the standard MoM, the source-excited segment fields are calcu-

lated, the matrix system is built, and the segment currents are
calculated numerically from the solution of the derived system
(3b) of equations [14]. The segment-scattered fields at the observer
are then accumulated.
Necessary MoM equations (with the time depen-
dence) in this procedure are

(4a)
(4b)
(3c)
where denotes the field at matching points on each
segment and the impedance matrix is obtained
The multi-step FDTD approach introduced in [13] is ex-
tended here for the calculation of double tip diffractions. The
incident, reflected, and diffracted fields are separated in the time
and then total and/or diffracted fields vs. angle are obtained by (5a)
the application of FFT. For the structure in Fig. 1, diffracted
fields are extracted with the following 4 steps:
1) Run the FDTD simulation with the structure and record
transient responses at the specified number of receivers on (5b)
the observation circle. This will yield total fields.
2) Remove the structure, re-run the FDTD simulation in free- where is the segment length, is the intrinsic
space and record transient responses at the same receivers. impedance of free space, and are the first kind Hankel
This will yield incident fields. functions with order zero and one, respectively, is the
3) Replace the structure with infinite-plane (in other words, exponential of the Euler constant, denotes the unit normal
extend the top edge of the structure infinitely on the hor- vector of the segment at , and is the unit vector in the
izontal axis) and re-run the FDTD simulations. Recorded direction from source to the receiving element . While
fields will include only incident and reflected fields on the considering the effects of segment currents, the scattered fields
upper half plane. Use them only for the receivers located are
between the lines and .
4) Extend the right side of the structure infinitely on the ver-
tical direction and repeat step 3. Recorded fields will in- (6a)
clude only incident and reflected fields on the right half
plane. Use them only for the receivers located between the
lines and .
Once time variations of the fields for the 4 steps are obtained
incident and reflected fields are extracted in regions where they (6b)
exist and only time variations of diffracted fields are left at the
The MoM procedure is implemented as follows: The fields
receivers on the observation circle. Diffracted fields at a speci-
upon segments in (4) are calculated by using the free-space
fied frequency can then be extracted by the application of FFT
Greens function. The impedance matrix in (5) is formed. Then,
on all receivers data.
the source-induced segment currents are obtained. Finally, scat-
Note that, only the first 3 steps are enough to extract diffracted
tered fields in (6) on the chosen observation points are calculated
field data for the infinite strip shown in Fig. 2. Moreover, only
from the superposition of segment radiations using the Greens
the first 2 steps are enough to obtain scattered field.
function.
The direct wave from the source to the receiver and scattered
IV. MOM-BASED DIFFRACTION MODELING waves from all segments to the receiver are added and total wave
A similar multi-step MoM is also used in diffraction mod- at the receiver is obtained.
eling as described in [14], [15]. Here, the method is extended to For the structure in Fig. 1, MoM computed diffracted fields
double tip diffraction problem. are extracted with the following 3 steps:
In this model, the three boundaries of Structure-1 in Fig. 1 are 1) Run the MoM simulation with the structure and record the
divided into small segments (where segment lengths are much scattered fields at the specified number of receivers on the
smaller than the wavelength). Although , they observation circle.
have to be finite in numerical algorithms. Side-boundary lengths 2) Replace the structure with infinite-plane (in other words,
between are enough depending on the parameters extend the top edge of the structure infinitely on the hor-
of the problem at hand. The length of top-boundary is finite. izontal axis) and re-run the MoM simulations. Recorded
The currents on each segment are assumed to be constant. In scattered fields will include only reflected fields on the
6340 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
Fig. 3. Single and double tip diffractions; (a) single diffraction from right tip,
(b) double diffractions from RL-tips, (c) single diffraction from left tip, (d)
double diffractions from LR-tips.
upper half plane. Use them only for the receivers located
between the lines and .
3) Extend the right side of the structure infinitely in the ver-
tical direction and repeat step 2. Recorded scattered fields
will include only reflected fields on the right half plane.
Use them only for the receivers located between the lines
and .
Only the first 2 steps are enough to extract diffracted field data
for the infinite strip (Structure-2) shown in Fig. 2. MoM directly
yields scattered fields therefore only the first step is enough for
the extraction of scattered fields.
MATLAB algorithms are developed for both FDTDand
MoM-based diffraction modeling. The next section presents
several comparisons. Note that, diffracted fields presented in the
following examples contain single and double tip diffractions
from both tips. Fig. 3 illustrates single and double diffracted
waves from the left tip. The right tip also contributes the same
single and double diffracted waves.
Note that, standard free-space FDTD and MoM algorithms
are used here. The FDTD space is terminated with absorbing
boundary layers and edges are directly extended into these
layers. This is how infinite length structure is
simulated. On the other hand, edges are truncated in MoM so
that and are finite, but the lengths of the truncated edges
are long enough to simulate . One needs to
check if the first segment beyond the truncation has negligible
induced current. Beyond the truncation, this (i.e., the simulation
of the infinite edges) is achieved if the scattered field at the
nearest receiver, caused by the segment currents is less than
a specified value corresponding to the stated accuracy and/or
error. Relative accuracy of 1% or less is used to generate all the
examples presented in the next section.
Fig. 4. Total, diffracted, and scattered fields around Structure-1; ,
, , , , TM/SBC case, Solid: MoM,
Dashed: FDTD.
V. EXAMPLES AND COMPARISONS
The examples given in this section present total, diffracted,
and scattered fields around Structure-1, Structure-2, and for the
vertical half-plane for a given line source at 30 MHz. Source and
observer radial distances are 100 m and 80 m
, respectively. The polarizations and angle of incidences are
mentioned in figure captions.
In Fig. 4; total, diffracted, and scattered fields around the tip
of a vertical half-plane, simulated with both FDTD and MoM
approaches, are given. Here, the angle of incidence is .
The top side of Structure-1 is taken as . As ob-
served in the total field plot, the ripples in the angular region
correspond the interference of incident
and diffracted fields, the ripples in the angular region
correspond the interference of incident, diffracted,
and reflected fields. The dominant diffraction occurs along the
two critical boundaries incident shadow boundary (ISB) and re-
flection shadow boundary (RSB). On the other hand, forward
scattering and specular reflections dominate the scattered fields.
Figs. 57 belong to scattering from Structure-1. Total, dif-
fracted and scattered fields, simulated with both FDTD and
MoM approaches for different illumination angles and top
surface lengths are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Only total and
diffracted fields are given in Fig. 7. Note that, there are two
tips and four critical boundaries. The diffracted fields along
these boundaries and their interference for different top surface
lengths are observed.
Figs. 810 belong to the FDTD and MoM simulation results
for the Structure-2 (infinite strip). Scattered fields are also in-
cluded in Figs. 9 and 10. As observed angular variations of total,
scattered, and diffracted fields for different angles of illumina-
tion with different top surface lengths, the forward scattering
USLU et al.: DOUBLE TIP DIFFRACTION MODELING: FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN VS. METHOD OF MOMENTS
Fig. 5. Total, diffracted, and scattered fields around Structure-1;
, , , , TE/HBC case, Solid: MoM, Dashed:
FDTD.
Fig. 6. Total, diffracted, and scattered fields around Structure-1;
, , , , TM/SBC case, Solid: MoM, Dashed:
FDTD.
and specular reflections dominate the scattering fields, but, as
mentioned above, dominant diffractions are observed along crit-
ical boundaries. On the other hand, interference of the double
diffractions may change the picture significantly depending on
the angle of illumination and top surface lengths.
Note that, different discretizations are required in MoM sim-
ulations for the TM (SBC) and TE (HBC) polarizations. Infinite
6341
Fig. 7. Total (Left) and diffracted (Right) fields around Structure-1; ,
, , , , TM/SBC case, Solid: MoM,
Dashed: FDTD.
,
Fig. 8. Total (Left) and diffracted (Right) fields around Structure-2; ,
, , , , TM/SBC case, Solid: MoM,
Dashed: FDTD.
sides of Structure-1 are approximated by 10 -long finite sides
for the TM polarization. On the other hand, up to 100 -long
side-lengths may be required for the TE polarization (because
ill-conditioned matrices may be obtained in this polarization).
The segment lengths are chosen to be /20. The FDTD cell sizes
are taken as /20.
The source is above the horizontal plane in these examples,
but it can be located arbitrarily anywhere in the angular domain.
,
In this case, one has to pay attention to the infinite boundaries in
both FDTD and MoM procedures. In other words, when a plane
(or cylindrical) wave of incidence below the horizontal plane is
considered, the infinite boundaries must extend well beyond the
source.
Note also that, there are highly effective commercial FDTD
and MoM packages that can be used in numerical simulation
of broad range of EM problems. Unfortunately, they cannot be
used in solving the problems discussed in this paper. By using
a commercial package, total fields can be reproduced, but scat-
tered and/or diffracted fields cannot be discriminated using the
multi-step approach introduced here.
6342 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

The novel multi-step multi-tip diffraction modeling intro-

duced here is highly effective for the numerical models such
as FDTD and MoM. Its extension to 3D is straightforward.
Since the power and beauty of these numerical models is
their application capability directly in 3D, distinguishing and
discriminating scattered and diffracted fields for the realistic
objects in 3D would be very helpful in understanding and
designing low-visible objects.
Note that, the reader is referred to [28][31] for indoor, ane-
choic chamber measurement results which belong to 2D prop-
agation above flat, perfectly reflecting surface with single and
double diffractive obstacles.

Fig. 9. Total, diffracted, and scattered fields around Structure-2;
, , , , TM/SBC case, Solid: MoM, Dashed:
FDTD.
Fig. 10. Total, diffracted, and scattered fields around Structure-2;
, , , , TM/SBC case, Solid: MoM,
Dashed: FDTD.
VI. CONCLUSION
Double tip diffraction modeling using multi-step FDTD and
MoM approaches in 2D is discussed. MATLAB-based diffrac-
tion algorithms are developed and numerical results are pre-
sented. Very good agreement between the results shows that
both FDTD and MoM can be used effectively in diffraction
modeling.
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Mehmet Alper Uslu (M14) was born in Turkey,
in 1986. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in elec-
tronics and communication engineering from Dogus
University, Turkey, in 2010 and 2012, respectively,
where he is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree.
His research interests are diffraction theory, com-
putational electrodynamics, RF Microwave circuits
and systems, EMC and Digital signal processing al-
gorithms.
Mr. Uslu is one of the two recipients of Dogus Uni-
versityFelsen Fund Excellence in Electromagnetics 2011 award.
6343
Gkhan Apaydin (M08SM11) received the B.S.,
M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronics
engineering from Bogazici University, Istanbul,
Turkey, in 2001, 2003, and 2007, respectively.
From 2001 to 2005, he was a Teaching and
Research Assistant with Bogazici University. From
2005 to 2010, he was a Project and Research Engi-
neer with the Applied Research and Development,
University of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzer-
land. Since 2010, he has been with Zirve University,
Gaziantep, Turkey. He has been working on several
research projects on analytical and numerical methods (FEM, MoM, FDTD,
SSPE) in electromagnetic propagation, radiowave propagation modeling,
diffraction modeling, positioning, filter design, waveguides, and related areas.
Levent Sevgi (M99SM02F09) received the
B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electronic
engineering from Istanbul Technical University
(ITU), Istanbul, Turkey, in 1982, 1984, and 1990,
respectively. While working on his Ph.D. in 1987 he
was awarded a fellowship that allowed him to work
for two years with Prof. L. B. Felsen at the Weber
Research Institute/New York Polytechnic University
York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Since September 2014, he has been with the Elec-
trical and Electronics Engineering Department, Fac-
ulty of Engineering and Architecture, Okan University. He has been with several
institutions for the last two decades: Istanbul Technical University (19911998),
The Scientific and Technological Council of TurkeyMarmara Research Insti-
tute (19992000), as the Chair of Electronics Systems Department, Weber Re-
search Institute/Polytechnic University in New York (19881990), the Scien-
tific Research Group of Raytheon Systems, Canada (19981999) during Cana-
dian East Coast Integrated Surveillance System trials, with Center for Defense
Studies, ITUV-SAM (19931998) during large scale system designs for Turkish
Navy and (20002002) during Maritime Vessel Traffic Monitoring System de-
sign for Turkish Straights, with Dogus University (20012014), and with the
Department of ECE, UMASS Lowell, MA, USA (20122013) for his sabbat-
ical term. He has been involved with complex electromagnetic problems and
systems for more than two decades. His research study has focused on analytical
and numerical methods in electromagnetics, high frequency asymptotic (HFA)
approaches, FDTD, TLM, FEM, SSPE, and MoM techniques and their applica-
tions, propagation in complex environments, diffraction modeling, Microwave
circuit design, EMC/EMI modeling and measurement, sensors and integrated
surveillance systems, surface wave HF radars, RCS modeling and bio-electro-
magnetics. He is also interested in novel approaches in engineering education
and popular science topics such as science, technology and society and public
understanding of science. He has published many books/book chapters in Eng-
lish and Turkish, including the two books Complex Electromagnetic Problems
and Numerical Simulation Approaches (IEEE Press-Wiley, 2003) and Electro-
magnetic Modeling and Simulation (IEEE Press-Wiley, 2014), over 150 journal/
magazine papers/tutorials, and has attended nearly 100 international confer-
ences/symposiums.
Prof. Sevgi is a Fellow of the IEEE, Associate Editor of the IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Magazine, and is the writer/editor of the Testing ourselves
Column, and a member of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society AdCom
(20132015) and Education Committee.