PERFORMANCE OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

(COOLING TOWER AND DAY TANK)

Plate No. 6

I. OBJECTIVES

1. To be able to state the importance of the day tank on an engine.

2. To be able to point out factors to be considered in the design of the day tank.

3. To be able to state the importance of coolant to an engine.

4. To be able to discuss why in some cases cooling tower is used instead of radiator.

Jordan O. Manggana
PERFORMANCE OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE DATE GIVEN:
(DAY TANK AND COOLING TOWER)
07/08/14
DATE SUBMITTED:
ME 61 PLATE No. 6 07/24/14
 II. THEORY AND ANALYSIS

Day Tanks were originally specified as an above ground, local, source of fuel for
emergency and stand-by generator sets. These tanks were sized to automatically maintain 24 hours
of fuel next to the generator set. As the industry grew, however, the term "day tank" became
synonymous with any above ground tank that has a pump, motor and control circuitry mounted on
top. The most economical dimension of a day should be D = H. The day tank may be above the
engine so that flow to the engine will be by gravity, or it may be below the engine.

Generally, coolant is a half-and-half mixture of a form of glycol and water. The glycol
represents the antifreeze element of the mix, guaranteeing that the fluid doesn't turn into ice under
harsh winter conditions. On the other hand, glycol also prevents the coolant from reaching the
boiling point in Death Valley heat; it keeps engine temperatures stable under all climate extremes
and driving conditions. Interestingly, pure water actually transfers heat better than coolant (that's
why you see straight water used in the radiators of some types of racecars). However,
coolant/antifreeze includes additional additives that prevent rust and corrosion in the radiator,
engine and the vehicle's heater.

Small engines may be served with a radiator through which the air is drawn by means of a
fan, the water is being broken up by the flow though the radiator cells into numerous small streams
offering large surface exposure and being rapidly cooled by the conduction of heat to air. Although
it is a compact form of heat transfer equipment for small engines, it is inferior to evaporative
cooling by the use of cooling towers which is more efficient and cools water faster thats why it is
used in certain plants. The practical application of cooling towers in a diesel plant is worked out
in cooling apparatus which is designed to expose a large surface of warm water to an air flow,
thereby humidifying the air and cooling the remaining water.
 III. TECHNICAL PROBLEM

A certain commercial complex in Valencia City operates Diesel Power Plant to supply
its 24-hour electric energy requirement. The plant has one unit of supercharged, 7 cylinders,
1020 Bhp, 360 rpm 4-stroke diesel engine. The combined specific fuel consumption is 0.26
kg/Kw-hr and the generator efficiency is 94%. Taking the fuel use 25oAPI base on the standard
condition, determine the density of the fuel based on the 28oC actual temperature

Considering this power plant has 10 m high cooling tower for the purpose of reducing
back the temperature of the water coming from the engine to its desired temperature. The
temperature change after passing through the water jacket is 15oC and the cooling tower range is
6oC. The water -jacket loss (heat loss due to cooling water is 30 %) from the total heat generated.
Assuming the entering air into cooling water is 29oC and 80 % Relative Humidity.

Determine:

a) The most economical size and dimension of day tank, cm

b) Total heat generated in the engine, kJ / sec
c) The heat loss due to exhaust gases (assuming 8 % loss friction and unaccounted
losses), kJ / sec
d) The amount of water circulating the engine , kg/sec
e) The capacity of water jacket pump, liter/min
f) The capacity of cooling tower pump, liter/min
IV. SKETCH/DRAWING

SCALE; 1 FT:1 INCH

 V. COMPUTATION / CALCULATION

Given:

D = 13 in. = 0.3302 m
L = 20 in. = 0.508 m
n=7
mfo = 0.26 kg/kw hr
N = 360 rpm
Heating value = based 25 API
Generator efficiency = 94%
B.P.= 1020 hp = 760.92 kw
Density of fuel based on 28 C actual temperature
10 m high cooling tower
Temperature change after passing through the water jacket is 15 C
Cooling tower range is 6 C
30% water jacket loss from the total heat generated
Temperature of entering air into the cooling tower is 29 C and 80 % R.H.

Solution;

a.) Most economical size and dimension of day tank, cm

-For the surface area of cylinder:

A = 2r2 + (2rh)

first derivation:

= 4r + 2 (h + )

= 4r + 2h + 2r = 0 equation 1

-The volume of the cylinder:

V = r2h

2
= (h + 2 )

= (2rh + 2 ) = 0


r2 = - 2rh

2rh
= -
2

2h
=- equation 2

Substitute Equation 2 to 1:

2
4r + 2h + 2r (- )=0

4r - 2h = 0

4r = 2h

2r = h

Where:
D = 2r
Thus,

D=h
-solving for the S.G.s, using the relation , with 25 API

141.5
API = 131.5
..

141.5
25 = 131.5
..

S.G.s = 0.9041
- then, solving for the actual specific gravity of fuel, ( S.G.t)

S.G.t = S.G.s [1 0.00072( 15.56)]

S.G.t = (.9041) [1 0.00072(28 15.56)]

S.G.t = 0.8961
 Therefore ;

S.G.t =

f = S.G.t ( )
f = 0.8961 (1000 kg/m3)
f = 896.1 kg/ m3
Knowing the mass of the fuel (mf) to be;
mf = 185.97 kg/hr
then the solving for the volume;

Vf =

1
185.97 ( )
3600
Vf = 3
896.1 /

Vf = 5.765 x 10-5 m3/s

Assume that the day tank is using 24 hours, thus
3600
Vf = 5.765 x 10-5 m3/s (24 hr)( )
1

Vf = 4.981 m3
Finally solving for the diameter, D of the tank;

Vf = h

Where:
h=D

2
4.981 m3 = (D)
4

D = 1.85 m
100
D = 1.85 m ( ) = 185 cm
1

Therefore;

D = h = 185 cm

b.) Total heat generated in the engine, kJ/sec , ( QT )

QT = mf ( Heating Value)
-solving for the Heating Value ( Qh ) based on the 25 API
From the ASME formula for heating value using petroleum fuel
Qh = 41130 + 139.6 ( API )
= 41130 + 139.6 (25 )
Qh = 44,620 kJ/kg

Therefore;

QT = mf (QT )

= 185.97 kg/hr (44, 620 kJ/kg)

QT = 8297981.4 kJ/hr ( 1 hr / 3600 sec )
QT = 2304.995 kJ / sec > total heat generated

c.) heat loss due to exhaust gases

Q3 = QT (Q1 + Q2 + Q4)

Where:
% of cooling loss = 30 %

% of cooling loss =

Thus;
2
0.30 = .

Q2 = 0.30(2304.995 kW)
Q2 = 691.4985 kW
And then;
% of other unaccounted losses = 8%

% of other unaccounted losses =
4
0.08 = 2304.995

Q4 = 0.08(2304.995 kW) = 184.3996 kW

Note that Q1 = B.P. = 760.92 kw

Thus, finally solving for the Q3 , ( heat loss due to exhaust gases )
 Q3 = QT (Q1 + Q2 + Q4)

Q3 = 2304.995 kW ( 760.92 + 691.4985 + 184.3996 ) Kw

Q3 = 668.1769 Kw

d.) Solving for the amount of water circulating the engine, ( )

Qjw = mjw cpw (tw)

Where:

cpw = 4.187 kJ/kg-

tw = 15
Qjw = Q2
Q
Thus, mjw = cp (t )

. kW
mjw = kJ
4.187 (15)
kg

mjw = 11.01 >amount of water circulating the engine

e). For the capacity of water jacket pump, ( liter/min )

Vjw =

11.01 /
Vjw = 1000 kg/3

3 1000
Vjw = 0.01101 ( ) ( .)
1 3

Vjw = 660.6

f.) solving for the capacity of cooling tower pump, ( liter/min )

VCT =
 Where:

QCT = mCT cpw (t1-t2)

t1-t2 = 6

QCT = Q2

Thereore;

QCT
mCT = cp ()

. kW
mCT = kJ
4.187 (6)
kg

mCT = 27.526 kg/s

Thus,

mCT
VCT =

27.526 kg/s
VCT =
1000 kg/3

3 1000
VCT = 0.027526 ( ) ( .)
1 3

VCT = 1651.56

VI. COMMENTS / REMARKS / RECOMMENDATION

Cooling tower is very important in the internal combustion engine. This is use to help cool
the engine especially in the power plant industrial plant in which a large amount heat is needed
to cool for the certain hot water from the heat exchanger.

Day tank also play a very important role the power and industrial plants. This supply the
necessary water and fuel needed for the certain power plants and industrial plants for one day
consumption.