TheCanonofSupremeMystery

ByYangHsiung

 SUNYSeriesinChinesePhilosophyandCulture
DavidL.HallandRogerT.Ames,Editors

 TheCanonofSupremeMystery
ByYuangHsiung

ATranslationwithCommentaryoftheT'AIHSANCHING

byMichaelNylan

STATEUNIVERSITYOFNEWYORKPRESS

 Pageiv

Publishedby
StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,Albany

1993StateUniversityofNewYork

ThispublicationhasbeensupportedbyagrantfromtheNationalEndowmentfortheHumanities,anindependentfederalagency.

Allrightsreserved

PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

Nopartofthisbookmaybeusedorreproducedinanymannerwhatsoeverwithoutwrittenpermissionexceptinthecaseofbriefquotationsembodiedincritical
articlesandreviews.

Forinformation,addressStateUniversityofNewYorkPress,
StateUniversityPlaza,Albany,N.Y.,12246

ProductionbyCathleenCollins
MarketingbyLynneLekakis

LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData

Yang,Hsiung,53B.C.18A.D.
[T'aihsanching,English]
TheCanonofsuprememystery/byYangHsiungwithtranslation

andcommentarybyMichaelNylan.
p.cm.(SUNYseriesinChinesephilosophyandculture)
Translationof:T'aihsanching.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0791413950(alk.paper).
1.DivinationChina.2.Cosmology,Chinese.I.Nylan,Michael.
II.Title.III.Series.BF1770.C5Y36131993
181'.112dc20 928631

CIP

10987654321

ToNathanSivinandPaulSerruys

 Pagevii

Contents

Preface xi

Introduction 1

GeneralIntroductiontotheMysteryText 1

OntheTerm"Mystery" 2

ACapsuleBiographyofYangHsiung 5

TheMysteryintheTraditionoftheChanges 6

TheArrangementoftheMystery 9

SignificantStructureintheMystery 14

TheFirstSevenHeads 18

No.1.Center18,No.2.FullCircle19,No.3.Mired19,No.
4.Barrier19,No.5.Small20,No.6.Contrariety20,No.7.
Ascent21

EveryTenthHead 22

No.1.Center22,No.11.Divergence22,No.21.Release22,
No.31.Packing23,No.41.Response23,No.51.Constancy
24,No.61.Embellishment24,No.71.Stoppage25,No.81.
Nurturing25,GeneralCommentary26

MethodofDivinationoftheMystery 27

InterpretationFollowingDivination 29

OnLuckandDivinationintheMystery 33

TheMysteryasDivinationClassic 33

EarlyNotionsofMing:TheHistoricalBackgroundtotheProblemof 35
Fate

YangHsiung'sSolutiontotheProblemofMing 39

PropositionsAboutTime,Luck,andVirtue 47

TheIntellectualDebtsofYang'sNewClassic 55

Yang'sMysteryasaChineseSumma 57

ContratheRelativists 58

ContratheImmortalitySeekers 59

ContratheProponentsof"ChangeastheOnlyConstant" 59

ContraPredestination 60

ContratheManticSpecialists 60

Conclusion 61

KeyTerms 63

TheFiveClassicsofConfucianism 63

OnCh'i 63

Yin/yangFivePhasesTheory:CorrelativeThought 65

SelfCultivation 68

"CenterHeart" 69

 Pageviii

Ritual 70

TheMeaningofChen 71

OntheStyleoftheBook 73

GlossaryfortheIntroductorySections 75

NamesofPeople 75

ConceptsandTerms 76

TranslationoftheT'AIHSANCHING 80

ListofTetragrams 80

No.1.Center 84

No.2.FullCircle 95

No.3.Mired 102

No.4.Barrier 107

No.5.KeepingSmall 113

No.6.Contrariety 118

No.7.Ascent 125

No.8.Opposition 130

No.9.BranchingOut 135

No.10.Defectiveness/Distortion 140

No.11.Divergence 144

No.12.Youthfulness 148

No.13.Increase 152

No.14.Penetration 156

No.15.Reach 161

No.16.Contact 165

No.17.HoldingBack 170

No.18.Waiting 174

No.19.Following 178

No.20.Advance 182

No.21.Release 186

No.22.Resistance 189

No.23.Ease 193

No.24.Joy 197

No.25.Contention 201

No.26.Endeavor 206

No.27.Duties 210

No.28.Change 214

No.29.Decisiveness 218

No.30.BoldResolution 222

No.31.Packing 226

No.32.Legion 230

No.33.Closeness 234

No.34.Kinship 239

No.35.Gathering 243

No.36.Strength 247

No.37.Purity 251

No.38.Fullness 254

No.39.Residence 258

No.40.Law/Model 262

No.41.Response 266

No.42.GoingToMeet 272

No.43.Encounters 276

No.44.Stove 280

No.45.Greatness 286

No.46.Enlargement 290

No.47.Pattern 294

No.48.Ritual 300

No.49.Flight 306

No.50.Vastness/Wasting 310

No.51.Constancy 314

No.52.Measure 318

No.53.Eternity 323

No.54.Unity 327

No.55.Diminishment 331

No.56.ClosedMouth 335

No.57.Guardedness 339

No.58.ClosingIn 343

No.59.Massing 347

No.60.Accumulation 351

No.61.Embellishment 355

No.62.Doubt 359

No.63.Watch 362

No.64.Sinking 365

No.65.Inner 368

No.66.Departure 372

No.67.Darkening 375

No.68.Dimming 379

No.69.Exhaustion 381

No.70.Severance 385

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No.71.Stoppage 388

No.72.Hardness 392

No.73.Completion 395

No.74.Closure 398

No.75.Failure 401

No.76.Aggravation 403

No.77.Compliance 406

No.78.OntheVerge 410

No.79.Difficulties 413

No.80.Laboring 415

No.81.Fostering 418

LeapYearDifferentials 421

Autocommentaries 423

PolarOppositionsoftheMystery:Hsanch'ung 423

InterplayofOppositesintheMystery:Hsants'o 426

EvolutionoftheMystery:Hsanli 428

IlluminationoftheMystery:Hsanying 433

NumbersoftheMystery:Hsanshu 438

ElaborationoftheMystery:Hsanwen 448

RepresentationsoftheMystery:Hsanyi 453

DiagramoftheMystery:Hsant'u 456

RevelationoftheMystery:Hsankao 461

Notes 465

Bibliography 629

PartialIndexofCommonImages 655

Index 661

 Pagexi

Preface
AsthefirstgrandsynthesisofclassicChinesethought,YangHsiung'sCanonofSupremeMystery(ca.4B.C.)occupiesaplaceinallofChineseintellectualhistory
roughlycomparabletothatoftheSummaTheologicaofThomasAquinasintheWest.Asoneofthefeworiginalworksbyarecognizedphilosophicalmastertohave
survivedfromtheformativeHanperiod(contemporaneouswithandanalogoustotheRomanempire),theMysteryprovidesustodaywiththesinglebestremaining
cluetoearlyattemptstosituatetheindividualinfamily,statebureaucracy,andcosmos.AsoneofthefirstsystematicresponsestotheBookofChanges(Yiching),
thedivinationmanualcumphilosophicaltreatise,theMysterycanalsohelpusreconstructtheoriginalimagery,structure,andmeaningofthatsacredcanoninrelation
tootherclassics,suchastheBookofDocumentsandtheBookofOdes.

Despiteitsobviousimportance,theMysteryistheonlymasterworkofearlyChinesephilosophythathasnotbeentranslatedintoanyWesternlanguageitsonly
"modern"scholarlytranslationisaJapaneserenderingthattendstoglossoverproblematicpassages.Still,theMysteryoffersmuchtothemodernreader.Itisa
divinationmanualthatsuggestsacomplexinteractionbetweentimeandvirtueinunfoldinghumandestiny.Itisalsooneofthegreatphilosophicpoemsofworld
literature,assessingtherivalclaimsonhumanattentionoffame,power,andphysicalimmortality,whilesituatinghumanendeavorwithinthelargerframeworkofcosmic
energies.ThesymbolssystemoftheMysteryisunsurpassedinitsrichnessintheChineselanguage.Atthesametime,theMysteryservesasarepositoryofearly
Chinesescientific,philosophical,andtechnicalknowledge.

Anaccessible(andwhereverpossible,literal)translationintoEnglishisofferedhereforthecompletetextoftheCanonofSupremeMysteryanditsten
autocommentaries.FollowingChinesetradition(reflectedsomewhatintheWilhelmtranslationoftheYiching),supplementarycommentsareappendedtoeachblock
oftranslationinordertoindicatethemainlinesofinterpretationforthepassagesuggestedbyearlierscoliasts.Inaddition,thesecommentariessupplybackground
informationaboutliteraryallusionsandhistoricalfactswherepertinent,inthehopesthatthemodemreadermayexperiencethetextinafashionnotunlikeYang's
earlierreaders.Includedinthetranslator'sintroductionareshortessaysdedicatedtoeachofseveralkeytermsemployedbyYangHsiung.Notranslationcanever
hopetofullysuggesttheintricatebeautyoftheoriginaltextbyYangHsiung.Myhopeissimplythatthisstudywillreviveinterestinthisimportantthinker.Itisan
invitationtootherstoenterintothepleasuresofHanphilosophy.

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ABriefNoteontheTranslationandCommentaries

Modernliterarytheoryarguesthatphrasesorlineswhenrepeatedtakeonnewmeaningsinviewoftheirnewcontext.ThefrequentrepetitionofAppraisallinesinthe
Fathomingshasthereforepresentedmewithanunusualopportunitytoclarify,expand,orshadethetranslationgivenintheAppraisal.Accordingly,readersofclassical
ChinesewillfindthatthesameChinesecharacterinrelatedlinesisnotalwaysrenderedasasingleEnglishequivalent.SinceYangHsiungemphasizedthechanging
valuesofactionsandentitiesinvaryingsituations,Isuspectthathewouldhavepreferredthistoamorerigidapproachtotranslation.

ThecommentarythatfollowseachsectionofpoetrygivesthereaderasynopsisofthecommentarytraditionattachedtotheMystery.Whenallthecommentators
agreeonthebasicmeaningofthepoetry,asoftenhappens,Ihavenotthoughtitnecessarytosupplyafootnotetoindicatethisgeneralconsensus.Whenoneormore
commentatorsoffervariantinterpretations,anotedirectsthereadertotheappropriatematerial.IntheveryfewcaseswhereIhavegonebeyondtheChinese
commentatorsinmyinterpretationorspeculation,Ihavetriedtoindicatethisinanote.

Acknowledgments

ManypeoplehavehelpedwiththeCanonofSupremeMystery.FirstamongthemwasNathanSivin.ShortlyafterIfinishedmyPh.D.dissertationatPrincetonin
1982,ProfessorSivinofferedmetheopportunitytocoauthoranintroductoryarticleonYangHsiung'sbook.Thatopportunity,alongwithProfessorSivin'ssupport
throughtheyears,encouragedmetocontinueworkonYangHsiung.Despitehisbusyschedule,ProfessorSivinoftentookthetimetokeepmywriting''honest."
Whenmytranslationswerepoorormygeneralizationssloppy,ProfessorSivinmadeconstructivesuggestionsfortheirimprovement.Wherethestyleisclearandthe
argumenttightinthethetextIofferhere,muchofthecreditshouldgotoNathanSivin.Wherethereareobviousfailings,theyreflectmyowninabilitytoadequately(in
theChinesephrase)"pair"hislucidmind.Forallofhishelp,Iammostgrateful.

Somethreeyearsintotheproject,IhappenedtomeetFatherPaulLeoMarySerruys,whose1959dissertationfocusedonYangHsiung'sdialectdictionary,the
Fangyen.Fortunately,FatherSerruyssoonbecameinterestedintheT'aihsantext.Overthecourseofthenextfewyears,usingtheT'aihsanasasortof
textbook,FatherSerruysinstructedmeinthefundamentalprinciplesofearlyChineselinguistics.FatherSerruysandIdiscussednearlyeverylineofthetranslation
offeredhere.Oftenweargued.Noseriesoffootnotes,howeverextensive,couldadequatelyconveythemagnitudeofmyintellectualdebttohim.AswithProfessor

 Pagexiii

Sivin,IonlyhopeFatherSerruyswillbepleasedwiththeresult,despitemymanyerrorsandomissions.

ItwasMichaelLoewewhointroducedmetoboththerigorsandpleasuresofHanthoughtnearlytwentyyearsago.Morerecently,Ihavebenefitedfromthecareful
considerationheandProfessorsVictorMairandAlanK.Ch'angavetheintroduction,thetranslation,andtheappendices.Thesefinescholarsqueriedcertain
inconsistencies,suggestedfurtherreadings,andingeneralmademethinkmuchharderabouttheclaimsIwasmaking.ProfessorCh'enShunchengofTaiwanNational
UniversitypatientlyreadthroughmuchoftheT'aihsantextwithme,explainingetymologiesandallusionsalongtheway.AfriendatBrynMawr,StephenSalkever,
alsodeservesspecialthanksforhelpingmetorefinemyreflectionsandbroadenmyreadingincomparativetextsfromtheWesterntradition.Anothercolleagueat
BrynMawr,TyCunningham,helpedmedeviseasimplifiedmethodofdivinationforthepopularversionofthistranslation.AndanoldfriendinClassics,William
Mullen,usedpartofhispreciousleavetimetopointoutambiguitiesandinfelicitiesintheintroductorychapter,aswellasparallelstoYangHsiung'sthoughtinworld
philosophy.

Atvariouspoints,whenIwasparticularlydiscouragedabouttheT'aihsanproject,myesteemedcolleaguesSueGlover,MaryErbaugh,AndrewPlaks,Kathleen
Wright,andRaoulBirnbaumalltookalookatvariouspartsofthedraftandcheeredmeon.Atonestage,whenIwasinapanicoverthelossofadraftversionofthe
introductorychapter,HansBielenstein,JohnChaffee,RobertHymes,JohnMeskill,MartinAmster,andJohnReese,ascoparticipantsintheColumbiaSeminaron
TraditionalChina,generouslyhelpedmetolocateanearlydraftofapapergivenonthe"Mystery."GerryBoswelltalkedtomeofthevarietiesofmysticism.And
MatthewPortalalsodeservescreditforhisadviceonagrantapplicationsupportingthisproject.RobertJayLitz,oneofthebestwritersaroundandalsomybest
friend,readandrereadeverylineofpoetryandprose,pointingouteuphoniousalternativestomyownclumsyattempts.Hecanhavenoideahowmuchthatmeantto
me.

VariousfriendsfrommyPrincetoncircleofferedphysicalassistanceinadditiontomoralsupport.ThestaffofGestLibraryrespondedtoallmyquestionswithunfailing
goodhumor.YangChiu(JoanneChiangtoherPrincetonstudents)andNancyNortonTomaskowrotetheChinesecharactersfortheversionsubmittedtoSUNY
Pressforinitialconsideration.YangChiuwasresponsiblefortheelegantcharactersfoundintherevisedversionsubmittedtoSUNY.Mr.QianshenBai,now
studyingatYaleUniversity,generouslyagreedtowritethe"clericalscript"charactersforthebookcover.Healsocutthesealthatwillgracethefrontcover.Nancy
NortonTomaskospentdayscheckingmybibliographyandfootnotesfor

 Pagexiv

errors.VirginiaBowerdevotednofewerthanthreemorningstotakingtheslidesandphotographsneededfortheillustrations.SharonRodgers,HannahKaufmann,
TobyPaff,BertrandLin,andJohnElliottcontributedtosolutionsformyseeminglyperennialcomputingproblems.J.J.AstleyTracyandIleneCohen,twofineeditors,
offeredtheirsuggestionsonanearlydraftoftheintroductorychapter.WhenIwaspressedfortime,AnnaCanavantypedswiftlyandaccuratelypartofthe
commentaries.

IthankWilliamEastman,DirectorofSUNYPress,forhavingthecouragetotakeonthisriskyproject.SUNYprovidedmewithanexcellenteditor,EdLevy,who
caughtmanyawkwardconstructionsinmyprose.CathleenCollinscheerfullyansweredallquestionsabouttheproductionofthebook.

Last,butnotleast,Iwishtothankseveralinstitutionsfortheirmonetaryassistance.Overthecourseofseveraldrafts,theprojectwasfundedbyapostdoctoral
fellowshipfromtheAmericanCouncilofLearnedSocieties,byaMellonPostdoctoralGrant,andbyaNationalEndowmentfortheHumanitiesSummerStipend.

 Page1

Introduction

GeneralIntroductiontotheMysteryText

YangHsiung(53B.C. A.D.18)initiallywonfameunderEmperorCh'eng(r.337B.C.)forlongprosepoems(fu)whosesatiricalcontentwascloakedinlushimagery,
hyperbole,andallusion.1BythereignofEmperorAi(r.71B.C.),however,YangHsiunghadredirectedhisconsiderabletalentstothewritingoftwophilosophical
works,theFayen(ModelSayings)andtheT'aihsanching(CanonofSupremeMystery).2TheModelSayings,byemployingthesamedialogueformfoundin
theAnalectsofthesagemasterConfucius(551479B.C.),evaluatestheconflictingclaimsofimmortality,fame,power,andscholarship,whilebrieflycharacterizingthe
essentialpointsofpreviousthinkersintheprocess,itprovidesarelativelystraightforwardcatechismforthewouldbesage.TheMysteryisafarmoredifficulttext.
Likeitsprototype,theYiching(BookofChanges),theMysterysuggeststhesignificantpatternsoftheuniversethroughdifferentcombinationsofsolidandbroken
linesaccompaniedbytext.3YangHsiungalsocomposedtenautocommentaries(allstillextant)ascounterpartstothe"TenWings"commentariesappendedtothe
Changes.Accordingtotwosources,Yang(apparentlyinanirreverentmood)evencomposed"commentariesbychapterandverse"(changch)inthestyleofthe
Hanscholastics,thoughthesearenowlost.4

TheimpactofYangHsiung'sphilosophyonlaterChinesethoughtisundeniable.ThehistorianPanKureveredYangHsiungasoneofthethreegreatConfucian
philosophersofWesternHan,incompanywithLiuHsiangandLiuHsin.5PanKu'sopinionwassharedbytheleadingEasternHanthinkers,includingHuanT'an,
WangCh'ung,ChangHeng,YingShao,andSungChung,allofwhomappreciatedthebreadthandcriticalacumenofYangHsiung'swritings.6Throughthem,theT'ai
hsanprovidedinspirationandvocabularyfortheHsanhsehmovement(in

 Page2

Chinese,"MysteryLearning")ofthepostHanperiod.TheMystery,infact,continuedtogreatlyinfluenceChinesethoughtforamillennium,untilprominentSung
thinkerslikeSuHsn(10091066)andChuHsi(11301200)appliedcontemporarystandardsretroactivelytoYangHsiung,therebydiscreditinghimonthreecounts:
(a)hisserviceatthecourtofthe"usurper"WangMang(r.923)7(b)hisoutrightrejectionofthetheoryofhumannatureproposedbytheConfucianmasterMencius
(?371?289)and(c)hissupposedpresumptionincomposing''classics"inimitationofthesages.8DespitecounterargumentsposedbyequallyfamousConfucianslike
SsumaKuang(101886),theseaspersionscastuponYang'scharacterresultedintheeventualdemotionoftheMysteryfromthehighlyselectivecategoryof
"[orthodox]Confuciantext"(Ju)tothatof"numerology"inthefamousSsuk'uch'anshucatalogueof1782.9Combinedwiththeinherentdifficultiesofthetext,they
alsoaccountfortherelativepaucityoflaterstudiesonYangHsiung'sphilosophy.10

OntheTerm"Mystery"

Thetermtranslatedas"Mystery"(hsan)carriesarangeofmeaningfrom"black"to"darkness"to"hidden"to"mystery."Itsovertonesare"stillness,""isolation,"
"nondifferentiation,"and"inaccessibilitybypurelyrationalprocesses."InearlyChinesethought11suchideasbearnounpleasantconnotations.Theyexpressthat
dimensionofexperiencethatcanbeknownonlybyquietanddeepcontemplation,orbyillumination.YangHsiunguseshsaninhisbooktitletoindicatetheprofound
stageofdarkness,silence,ambiguity,andindefinitenessoutofwhichcreationsprings.Inthecosmogonicscheme,itistheundifferentiatedstageoutofwhichyin/yang,*
thentheFivePhases,andultimatelythemyriadphenomenaoftheexperientialworlddevelop.12InNatureashumansperceiveit,itisthelatencyoutofwhichindividual
thingsarebornspontaneouslyandoutofwhicheventsshapethemselves.Inthesagethatis,theidealhumanbeing,theperfectstudentoftheMysteryhsanisthe
spiritualinwardnessthatprecedesconsciousdecisionandaction,ensuringthattheywillbeinharmonywiththedivineprocessknownas"theWay."Itis,inother
words,thecreativeaspectoftheTaowhereveritismanifested.Adescriptionofitdrawnfromanearlierphilosophicalclassic,theLaotzu,speaksofhsaninthis
way:
Thewaythatcanbetoldisnotthecommonway.
Thenamethatcanbenamedisnotthecommonname.

*
SeeKeyTerms,page63

 Page3

WhathasnonameisthebeginningofHeavenandEarth.
Whathasanameisthemotherofthemyriadcreatures.
Thosewithoutdesirescontemplateitssecrets.
Thosewhohavedesirescontemplateitsperiphery.
Thesetwoemergetogether,butdifferinname.
Beingtogether,theyarecalled"Mystery."
Mysteryuponmystery,
Gatewaytothemyriadsecrets.13

Althoughitwouldbeunrealistictoexpectgeneralagreementonthemeaningofthispoem,mostwhotakeitasseriousphilosophybelieveitdiscernsthemysticTaoin
twodifferentaspects:astheineffablefountainheadoutsideofandpriortophenomenalexperience,andastheimmanentprocessthatdifferentiatesthingsandevents
outofpotentiality.Joiningthesetwomysteriesistheneverbrokenconnectionbetweenthechangeweseeandtheunchanginggroundofallprocess.Thecosmogonic
languageofthispassagedescribeseveryaspectofcontinuouscreationinthecosmos,includingthatwhichtakesplaceintheheart/mindofthesage.

TheMysterybyYangHsiungreflectsthissamevisionofhsanintheopeninglinestooneofitschapters:
TheMysteryofwhichwespeakinhiddenplacesunfoldsthemyriadspecies,withoutrevealingaformofitsown.ItfashionsthestuffofEmptinessandFormlessness,givingbirth
totheregulations.TiedtothegodsinHeavenandthespiritsonEarth,itfixesthemodels.Itpervadesandassimilatespastandpresent,originatingallcategories.Itunfoldsand
interspersesyinandyang,generatingthech'i.*Nowsevered,nowconjoined,[throughtheinteractionofyinandyangch'i,thevariousaspectsof]HeavenandEarthareindeed
fullyprovided.14

YangHsiung'svisionoftheMystery,likethatputforwardbyLaotzu,bridgesthegapbetweencosmosandconsciousness,betweentheinexpressibleandthe
concrete.Yangattemptstoexpressthisagaininasecondchapter:

TheWayofHeavenisaperfectcompass.TheWayofEarthisaperfectcarpenter'ssquare.Thecompassinmotiondescribesacompletecirclethroughthesites.Thesquare,
unmoving,securesthings[intheirproperplace].Circlingthroughthesitesmakesdivinelightpossible.Securingthingsmakescongregationbytypespossible....Nowthe
"Mystery"istheWayofHeaven,theWayofEarth,andtheWayofMan.15

*
SeeKeyTerms,page63

 Page4

Insum,theMysteryincludesnotonlytheyinmatrixoffecundityandnurturingbuttheyangimpetustowardform.YangHsiungmakesthisexplicitthroughhisconcern
withtheenergyorvitality(ch'i)thatshapesindividualconfigurations.

AsistypicalforHan,YangcombinedhisborrowedcosmogoniclanguagewiththeethicalsystemespousedbyearlyConfuciantradition.ThoughYangfreely
acknowledgedhisphilosophicdebttoLaotzu,16heexplicitlyrejectstheearlierphilosopher'sdisdainfor"GoodnessandDuty,ritual*andstudy."17TheLaotzuhad
assumedthatultimatevaluelayinthechaospriortophenomenalexistencetherefore,thebesthumanrelationsimitatedTaointheirunstructuredandundirectednature.
YangHsiungtookissuewiththisunConfucianvision.InemphasizingtheimmanentandformativeaspectsoftheMystery,Yangmadeafundamentalshifttoward
accommodationwithConfucianideals.Thoughwithoutvisibleform,theMysteryinYang'sMysterycontainsunseenallthemyriadforms,patterns,andcategoriesthat
underlieprocessandinteraction.ForYang,then,themodeloftheMysteryisviolatedwhenhumanbeingsfailtorealizeproperdistinctionsinrankandfunctionas
reinforcedbyritualprecepts,sumptuaryregulations,andthepenalcode.18ThisexplainswhyYangHsiungnotonlyinsistedupontheabsoluteneedforthetraditional
FiveConstantRelations,butinfactemphasizedthoseoffather/sonandruler/subjectwhichtheLaotzusingledoutforspecialcondemnation.19Yangalsoquestioned
theTaoiststresson"nonpurposiveactivity"(wuwei),emphasizinginsteadtheneedforconsciousadjustmentofone'sactionstoone'spositionintime.20

ForYangHsiung,traditionalConfuciandoctrinealonecanprovideasufficientkeytothetruenatureoftheineffableMystery,foritaloneiscomparably
comprehensive.HeseestheFiveConfucianClassics*asaninexhaustiblerepositoryofcosmicwisdom:

AmongtheexplanationsofHeaven,thereisnonemorediscerninginitslanguagethanthatoftheChanges.Amongtheexplanationsforevents,thereisnonemorediscerning
thanthatoftheDocuments.Amongtheexplanationsfortheoutwardembodiment[ofvirtue],thereisnonemorediscerningthanthatoftheRites.Amongtheexplanationsfor
intent,thereisnonemorediscerningthanthatoftheOdes.Amongtheexplanationsforinherentpattern,thereisnonemorediscerningthanthatoftheChronicles.Exceptinthe
caseofthese[FiveClassics],discerninglanguageiswasteduponpettysubjects.21

*
SeeKeyTerms,page63

 Page5

YangassimilatedthefigureofConfuciushimselftothecosmicMystery.ForYangHsiung,itisthegeniusofConfuciusthatmakesitpossibleforhisdisciplescenturies
laterto"dailyhearwhatcannotbeheardandseewhatcannotbeseen"bysomemysteriousprocessrootedintheTao.22Oncehumanbeingslearnthroughthe
Master'steachingstoappreciateboththefundamentalunityoftheWayandthemultiplicityofitsmanifestations,theyarereadytobecomefullpartnersinthetriadof
HeavenEarthMan.23

Yangdeparted,however,fromearlyConfucianmodelsinatleastthreeways:First,hewasopenlyeclectic,findingsupportforhisinterpretationofcanonicalteachings
eveninearlieropponentsofConfucianism.PriortotheimperialsponsorshipofConfucianismasstatereligionin135B.C.,citationoftextsliketheLaotzutendedto
implyaffiliationwithoranintellectualcommitmenttoasingletraditionofteaching.ButYang,likemanyHanthinkers,treatedawholehostofcompetingtheoriesas
commonintellectualproperty.Second,YangsystematicallyincorporatedcontemporarycosmologicaltheoriesinhisrestatementofthebasicConfucianmessage.
Finally,Yangadaptedtohisphilosophicdiscoursestherhythmiccadences,therichlydescriptivelanguage,andthemultivalentmeaningspeculiartotheHanprose
poem.Forexample,oneimageintheMystery,hasanemptystovesignifyingemptythatisundeservedreputation,byanalogywiththeChangesHexagram50.
Thepassagethensaysthestove"lacksfirewood,"withthecharacterfor"firewood"conveyingitsextendedmeaningsof"officialsalary"and"talent."24Thecomplex
beautyofthelanguageemployedbyYang,nolessthanthephilosophicimportanceoftheMystery,hashelpedtoensureitstransmissionthroughtheyears.

ACapsuleBiographyofYangHsiung

YangHsiungwasbornin53B.C.,inCh'engtu,intheprovinceofSzechwan.25In24B.C.,hecompletedhisfirstlongprosepoem.Somefouryearslater,hetraveledto
Ch'angan(modernXian),thentheWesternHancapital,wherehewasgivenajuniorappointment.In11B.C.,hecomposedfourlengthyprosepoems,ostensiblyin
celebrationofvariousstatesacrifices,imperialexcursions,andceremonialhunts.Inreality,thepoemscriticizetheextravagance,ostentation,andcrueltyofcourtlife,
implicitlycontrastingthemwiththesimplehumanitycreditedtothesagerulersofthedistantpast,asYang'sownautobiography(thebasisforhisofficialbiography)
hastenstotellus.ThismagnificentburstofcreativeenergywasrewardedoneyearlaterbyaminorpromotiontothepostofGentlemaninWaiting.

InhislateryearsYangHsiungtookadramaticturnawayfromliterary

 Page6

composition,onthegroundsthathispoetryonlyencouragedthecourttoengageingreaterfollies.Bythen,hisautobiographytellsus,YangHsiunghadvirtually
decidedtowithdrawfromcourtactivities,lesthebecomeembroiledinfactionalpolitics.Healsowishedtoretiretomourntheuntimelydeathofasonwhohadshown
greatpromise.26Hismatureworksattempttodiscerntheinherentpatternsunderlyinglanguage,culture,andcosmos.Acautious"AdmonitionagainstWine"was
followedaround2B.C.byadraftoftheMystery,whichfocusesuponlargerquestionsoffate.Nextcametwolengthyprosepoemsaimedagainstcriticsofthe
Mystery:"DispellingRidicule"and"DispellingObjections."InA.D.5,Yangfinishedhiscompilationofscholarlyannotationsonanearlierabecederarium.27Twoyears
laterheproducedhisRegionalPhrases,China'sfirstdialectdictionary.Threeyearslater,inA.D.10,YangHsiung,stillonlyaminorofficialatcourt,wasfalsely
implicatedinaplotagainsttheusurperWangMang(r.923).Indesperation,Yangleaptfromthetopofapalacetower.Hissuicideattemptfailed.Soonafter,a
rhymedepigramcirculatedinthecapital:
Onlystillandsilent,
Hethrewhimselffromthetower.
Atthispureandtranquil,
Hecomposedaportenttext.28

AfterbeingabsolvedofallchargesthroughWangMang'spersonalintervention,hewentontofinishhissecondgreatphilosophicalwork,theModelSayings.During
thetwoyearperiodfromA.D.13to14,hewrotetwopanegyricsinpraiseofWangMang'smaternalrelativeandtheHsindynastyfoundedbyWang,thoughYang
Hsiung'sautobiographyomitsanymentionofeitherpoem.29Fouryearslater,Yangdiedofnaturalcauses.

TheMysteryintheTraditionoftheChanges

TheMysteryisperhapsthemostfamousofthecompanionstotheChanges,30yetitisagreatdealmorethanaslavishimitation.OneobviousrationaleforYang
Hsiung'sneoclassicalcreationlayintheinherentdifficultiesfacedbycontemporaryinterpretersoftheChangestradition.WenowbelievethattheChangesisa
jumbledandheterogeneouscompilationofomens,rhymedproverbs,fiddles,paradoxes,andsnatchesofsongandstory,drawnfrompopularloreandatleastone
technicalmanualfordivination.31BythesecondcenturyB.C.,whentheChangeshadbeenincorporatedintothecanonofConfucianscriptures,32thesimpleanddirect
senseofmostoftheseelementscouldnolongerbeclearlyunderstood,partlybecausetheironceuniversallysharedsignificancehad

 Page7

beenlostasChinesecultureevolved,partlybecauseofchangesinthelanguageovertime,andpartlybecausethemessageoftheoriginaltexthadbeenradically
reinterpretedinordertoreflectlaterConfucianconceptsasyetunknownatthetimetheChangesclassicwasfirstcompiled.33

ConfuciansoftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C. A.D.8)presumedphilosophicalconsistencyintheChangestextforseveralreasons.Traditiontoldthemthatthe
Changeshadoriginatedinasetofcosmicemblems(threelinegraphscalled"trigrams")inventedbythefirstculturehero,andthenexpandedbysuccessivegreat
sagesofhoaryantiquityintothewellknownsixlinegraphs("hexagrams"),whichare64innumber.34OnepopularlegendalsodepictedthematureConfucius
diligentlystudyingtheChangestexttoperfecthisunderstanding.Forthesereasons,HanscholarslookedtotheChangestoexpressaperfectvisionofsagehoodand
thecosmos.DespitethefrustrationsoccasionedbytheincrediblediversityoftheChangestext,Hanscholarsworkedhardtofindunderlyingprinciplesinthe
sequenceofhexagramsandtheirinternalstructure.InseekingstructureintheChanges,theyfoundstructureandwheretherewasnonetofind,theyinventedstructure
tosatisfytheirneedforcoherence.

Thoughthesixtyfourhexagramsdonotoccurinaregularorderinthetext,theycanbegroupedbypairs.Inmostcases,onehexagramcanbepairedwithasecond,
whichappearstobethefirstturnedupsidedown(forexample, ).Inthecaseoftheeightsymmetricalhexagramsthatwouldnotbechangedbyinversion,pairsare
createdbychangingbroken("yin")linestounbroken("yang")lines.AnearlygroupofcommentariesattachedtotheChangesasits"TenWings"carriedthislineof
inquiryevenfurther.Inthe"Wings,"thesequenceofthelineswiththeirvariousyin/yangassociationscametoberegardedasthemainkeystoascertainingtheesoteric
meaningofthetext.ThankstotheincreasingelaborationofthistraditionbyHanmasters,itwaspossibleforintelligentstudentsoftheChangestosustainthebelief
thatthesacredclassicconcealedwithinitselfacomprehensivemoralvision.Scholarsbecameconvincedthatthecomplicatedandambiguousideasinthetextwould
eventuallyberesolvedbycarefulanalysisintosimpleimagesandconceptsassociatedinaregularwaywiththeindividuallinesandtrigramsmakingupthe
correspondingsixlinehexagram.Hiddenwithinthewordsofeachtext,theyreasoned,theremustbeanorderidenticalwiththatofthecorrespondinghexagram.
Then,inturn,theorderofthesesixlinebinarysymbolsmustdetermineinsomesubtlewaythewordsofthe"Judgment''and"Linetexts"attachedtothem.Onlyifthis
constructionweretruecouldtheBookofChangesbereallyworthyofinclusioninthesetofcanonicaltextswhosecorrecttransmissionwassponsoredby,andinturn
lentlegitimacyto,theHanrulinghouse.35ThroughtheHanmas

 Page8

ters'unflaggingeffortsandtortuousmanipulations,theChangeshadbecomebythefirstcenturyA.D.thelongedforinfallibleguidetoforesightandselfdiscovery.

Notsurprisingly,theT'aihsanneatlyconfirmstheexistenceofthecomprehensivemoralorderexpectedbyHanthinkers.ButYangHsiungwasnotcontentto
constructfurtherlengthycommentariestotheChanges,eithertoremedyapparentinconsistenciesinitstextortoslipinnewterminologyandideas.Ratherthanpile
lengthyinterpretationuponinterpretation,asingeniouscommentatorslikeChingFang(7737B.C.)36andMengHsi(fl.69B.C.)determinedtodo,Yangtookthebold
stepofwritinghisownMystery.37

TheMysteryis,paradoxically,acompletelynewbookinwhichthegeneralapproachoftheChangestraditionisfreshlyembodiedinasystematicway.Thebasictext
withitstenautocommentariesemploysthemostadvancedphilosophicconceptsofYang'stime.AssociationsderivedfromYin/yangFivePhasestheory*areused
explicitlythroughout,andanattemptismadetofullyintegratecontemporarysystemsofknowledge,includingthoseofastrology,numerology,music,andlogic.
ContinualreferenceisalsomadetothelatestformofConfucianorthodoxy,which,byaprocessnotatallselfevident,hadcometogivetherelationofMantoNature
aplaceasconspicuousasthatofmantoman.

ThisnewsynthesisofbeliefsprevalentamongHanthinkersdrewoneverycontemporarycurrentofthought,weavingthemtogethersoinextricablythatfromthefirst
centuryB.C.(inmidWesternHan)itmakesnosensetospeakofTaoists,Legalists,orevenYin/yangFivePhasescosmologistsasdistinctgroups.Hanorthodoxysaw
asingleunderlyingpatterngoverningorderlychangeinNature,intherealmofsocialandpoliticalrelationships,andinindividualexperience.GuidedbytheConfucian
Classics,themanofvirtueengagedinthearduousprocessofrealizinghisfullhumanpotential(theChinesecallthis"selfcultivation"*)38aimedatencompassingallthree
realmsofHeavenEarthMan.Thevirtuousman'sgoalwassagehood,sinceonlythecharismaticpowerofsagelyexamplecouldovercomesocialdisorder,createa
stablefieldforpersonalrelationships,andprovidepsychicease,allatthesametime.Thefewsimplepatternsexemplifiedbythesagemanifestedthesinglecosmic
Wayandinformedallwellorderedactivity,whetherinthephenomenalworldofHeavenandEarth,inthebody,intherecessesofthehumanheart,inthe
conscientiousactionoftheindividual,orintheceremoniesoftheempire.Accordingtothisview,therewasanidentitybetweencosmicpatternandhumangoodness.
*
SeeKeyTerms,page63

 Page9

YangHsiung'sinnovationsseemtobeconsciousresponsestoHanphilosophicaladvances.InhisMystery,Yangsetouttodefendtheesotericmeaningofthe
Changesandbyextension,theentireConfuciantraditionasitwasthenarticulatedagainstitsprincipaldetractors:thosewhoarguedthatHeavenwasindifferentto
theaffairsofmen,thosewhofoundadherencetoritualtobeofnopracticalvalue,andthosewhoinsisteduponakindofmoralrelativism.Boththestructureand
contentofhisMysterydemonstratetheinnatesuperiorityofwhatisfundamental(i.e.,theeternalpatternsasinterpretedbythetraditionofthesages)oversecondary
manifestations:thetemporarychangesanddislocationsresultingfromtheinterplayofthoseconstantlaws.The"GreatCommentary"totheChangeshadclaimedthat
thearchaicscripture,despiteitsmiscellaneousliterarycharacter,couldencompasseveryphenomenonintherealmsofHeavenEarthMan.39Aswewillseebelow,
theMystery,notatallmiscellaneousincharacter,madeconcretethisidealconceptionoftheChanges.Indoingso,theMysterybecamemorethanmeredescription.
Itfunctionedasaperfectmodelofthemysteriouscosmicprocessitself.

TheArrangementoftheMystery

ThestructureoftheMysteryisbestunderstoodbycomparingitwiththatoftheChanges.BythefirstcenturyB.C.,thelatterconsistedofasetof64sixline
hexagrams,inwhicheachlinemightbesolid(signifyingyangch'i)*orbroken(signifyingyin).Undereachhexagram,thereappearedsixassignedtexts,eachofwhich
correspondedtoonegraphiclineofthehexagram(hence,thename"Linetexts").TheappendedcommentariestotheChangesrelatedtheseLinetextstothemoral,
cosmological,andepistemologicalconvictionsoftheirauthors,whowereshapinganeworthodoxyaroundConfucianisminthelastcenturiesB.C.

TheMysteryhadtheadvantageofbeingcreatedduringasingletimeperiodbyasingleauthor.Therefore,thestructureandcontentoftheMysterycouldbeintegrated
inafashionthatimitates,yetimprovesuponthecoherencefoundintheChanges.ThecoretextoftheMystery,likethatofitsprototype,theChanges,presentsa
seriesoflinearcomplexes.IncontrasttotheChanges,however,wherelinesarecategorizedeitherasyin(broken)oryang(unbroken),manipulationoftheyarrow
stalksaccordingtoYang'sexplicitdirectionsyieldsthreepossibilitiesforeachlineofthegraph:(1)anunbrokenline(correlatedwithHeaven)(2)alinebrokenonce
(representingEarth)or(3)alinebrokentwice(symbolizingManasoneofthetriadicrealms,livingbetweenHeavenandEarth).Forthesixlinecomplexofthe
Changes,theMysterysubstitutesa
*
SeeKeyTerms,page63

 Page10

fourlinegraph(the"tetragram"),whosecomponentpartsarereadfromtoptobottom(thatis,intheoppositeorderfromtheChanges).Fourlines,eachwith3
possibilities,meanthatthereare81(3tothe4thpower)possibletetragramsintheMystery,asopposedtothe64graphsoftheChanges.40

Thetetragramsareassociatedwithahierarchicalnestofdivisionsthatisatoncegeographicandsocial:
Regions(fang)
3
9 Provinces(chou)
27 Departments(pu)
81 Families(chia)

ThecosmogonicMysteryitselfliketheemperorissaidtooccupythecenterofboththeuniverseandthesociopoliticalrealm,wherethethreerealmsofHeaven
EarthMancometogether.Eachregionisdividedintonineprovinces,whichcorrespondtotheNineProvincesoftheCentralKingdom,China.Eachprovinceisthen
subdividedintothreedepartments,whichcomparewiththeHansubprovinciallevel.Thefinaldivisionintoeightyonefamiliessymbolizesthenumerouslocalunits
whichorganizethemyriadindividualphenomena(inChineseterms,"themyriadthings"[wanwu])ofsocietyandnature.

Eachgraphicsymbolisassociatedwitha"Head"(shou)textinthreeparts:atitle,animagethatreferstoyin/yang,andasecondimagerelatedtothe"myriadthings"of
theuniverse.Thetitleofthetetragram,asingleChinesecharacter,namesoneaspectofthecomprehensiveMystery,suchasMeasure(Tetragram52)orEternity
(Tetragram53),towhichhumansrespondforgoodorill.Thesentencefollowingitdescribesinpoeticlanguagetheevolutionofyangoryinenergyduringaprecise
phaseintheannualcycle.Theremainderofeachtextdescribestheeffectofthatevolutionuponthingsasweknowthem,aneffectpresumablycatalyzedbythepatron
cosmicphasesaidto"rule"thetetragram.EachHead(bywhichImeanthefourlinegraph,thetetragramtitle,anditsassociatedtext)correspondstoastretchof4
1/2daysintheannualcycle.41Thefirstfortyonetexts,betweenthewinterandsummersolstices,speakeitherfirstorexclusivelyoftheascendantyangch'i,whilethe
succeedingfortydetailtheprocessbywhichyinch'iwaxes.Readinsuccession,theyprovidearemarkablepictureofthefinelygradedstepsofcyclicchange.Eachof
theeightyonetetragramsisalsolinkedtooneofthesixtyfourhexagramsoftheChanges(withsomeduplicationofcourse)inordertoevoketheoldmeaningsand
associations.

YangprovidesforeachHeadtextaseriesofsupplementarytexts,onthemodeloftheextensivecommentariesappendedtotheChanges.Asfarastheinterpretation
ofindividualtetragramsisconcerned,themost

 Page11

importantoftheseautocommentariesarethenineAppraisalsthatfolloweachoftheeightyoneHeadtexts.TheAppraisals,likethetetragrams,arecorrelatedwiththe
year,withyin/yang,andwiththeFivePhases.EachAppraisal,asoneninthofatetragram,representshalfaday,sothatalternatingAppraisalsaredesignatedeither
dayandnight.Throughtheirassociationwithnightandday,Appraisalscometobeconsideredasyin(usuallyinauspicious)oryang(usuallyauspicious),withthefirst
Appraisalbeingyanginoddnumberedtetragramsandyininevennumberedtetragrams.ToeachAppraisalinturnthereisalsoassignedadirectionthatalignsitwith
oneoftheFivePhases,givenintheenumerationorderWaterFireWoodMetalEarth.TwoadditionalAppraisalsarenotassignedtoaspecifictetragramortimeof
daytheyexistsolelytomakeupthedeficiencyof3/4ofadaybetweenthe3641/2daysofYang'sbasicstructure(81tetragramsx41/2days)andthe3651/4days
inthesolaryear.

These731AppraisalsarelooselypatternedaftertheLinetextsoftheChanges.TheAppraisalsdiffer,however,fromtheLinetextsinwaysthatincreaseflexibilityof
interpretationinthedivination.IntheChanges,eachLinetextreferstoasinglelineofthehexagram.Bycontrast,theAppraisalsdonotdirectlyexplainthesignificance
ofindividuallinesinthefourlinegraphicsymbol.Instead,theyprovideaseriesofshiftingliteraryimagessuggestingthemultifacetednatureofthemaincosmological
themepresentedinthetetragram.ByfreeingtheAppraisalsfromtheindividuallinesofhistetragrams(whichhavetheirownprotocolsofinterpretation),YangHsiung
directsthereader'sattentiontolargerquestionsconcerningtheeffectofeternalcosmicpatternsuponthechangingcircumstancesthatoriginallyprompteddivination.
Healsosuggeststhecomplexityofmoralchoice,foreachaspectoftheSupremeMysteryapparentlyincludeswithinitthepotentialforbothhumangoodandhuman
evil.Strength,forexample,asexplainedinTetragram36,isfoundinbothbrutishandcultivatedindividuals.TheAppraisals,then,functionasametaphoricbridge
betweenthecyclicdominionoffateandthefieldofhumanchoiceandachievement.

Toaccomplishthis,YangHsiunganchoredtheAppraisalstoindividualactsofdivinationinfourways:First,theAppraisalspertaintosuccessivestagesintheobjective
situationinquiredabout.Appraisals13describeitscommencementAppraisals46,itsmaturityandAppraisals79,itsdecline.Second,thenineAppraisalssituate
theindividual'spresentandfuturesecurelyinthehierarchyofsocialrank.Appraisal5isreservedfortheruler,asinHancommentariestotheChanges.Appraisals4
and6,whichflanktheruler,carryimplicationsforhisministersandancestralhouserespectively.Appraisals1and9,thosefurthestfromtheSonofHeaven,pertainto
the"commoner"insocialterms,aswellas

 Page12

the"pettyman"inmoralterms.Bythisdevice,YangensuresthattheAppraisalsspeaktoawidevarietyofpossiblesocialinteractionsandcareermoves.Third,the
nineAppraisalsasaunitmarkthreesuccessivestagesinthereader'ssubjectiveresponsetothedevelopingsituation.Appropriatelyenough,thefirstsetofthree
AppraisalsarecategorizedasThought(ssu),theinitialperiodofinnerreflectionthatprecedesouterdirectedaction,thesecondsetofthreeAppraisalsdetailGood
Fortune(fu),theperiodmarkedbyeffectiveactionandthelastsetofthreeAppraisalstalkofCalamity(huo),thefailurethattendstofollowsuccessbecauseof
careless,immoral,oruntimelyaction(seeTable1).

Table1

Response SignificanceofAppraisal

Thought 1=interior 2=middle 3=exterior

GoodFortune 4=small 5=medium 6=great

Calamity 7=nascent 8=median 9=maximum

Finally,theAppraisals(unliketheLinetextsoftheChanges)arereadaccordingtothetimeofdaywhenthedivinationiscarriedout.Toeachtimeofday,three
Appraisalsareassigned,sothattheinquirercanknowtheshort,middle,andlongtermprospectsforthesituationqueried.Iftheactofdivinationiscarriedoutinthe
morning,Appraisals1,5,and7ofthegiventetragramarereadandconsideredifintheevening,Appraisals3,4,and8ifatthemediantimes,Appraisals2,6,and9.
(SinceYangHsiungdidnotspecifytheseperiodsoftimemoredefinitely,itisimpossibletobecertainwhetherbymedianhemeanttheafternoonortheperiods
centeredaboutnoonandmidnight.Inanycase,theseperiodsmayhavebeeninterpretedwithsomelatitudebyusersofthebook.)Yanghasarrangeditsothatthe
luckyorunluckycharacteroftheseprospectsisbasicallydecidedbyagreementordisagreementbetweentheyin/yangvaluesassignedtotheHeadtextandtoeach
individualAppraisal.Iftheyin/yangvaluefortheHeadandthatoftherelevantAppraisalisthesame,thedivinationisusuallyconsideredlucky.Ifitisdifferent,the
divinationisusuallyconsideredunlucky.Table2showsthiscorrelationoftimetoluck.

LetusseehowYang'sstipulationsaffectthedivination.Consideradivinationcarriedoutintheevening,theresultofwhichisanoddnumbered(i.e.,yang)Head.This
resultcorrespondstothethirdlineofthetable.OnlyAppraisals3,4,and8wouldberead.Appraisal3,beingoddnumbered,correspondstoyangch'i.Itspresence
inayangHeadmakestheoutcomeauspiciousforinitialendeavorsandforThought,thespecialthemeofthefirstthreeAppraisals.Bytheverysamereasoning,

 Page13

Table2.

Divinationtime Headtypetobe Appraisals Divinationobtained

read (auspicious=+)

Morning yang 1,5,7 +++

yin

Median yang 2,6,9 +

yin ++

Evening yang 3,4,8 +

in ++

Appraisals4and8(assignedtoyinbecausetheyareevennumbered)areinauspicious.Consideringtheminturn,theindicationforthebeginningofthesituationis
auspicious,butthoseforitsmiddleperiodandfinaldeclineareinauspicious.

Goodandbadtidings,likeyin/yangorientationsingeneral,areneverabsolute,butrelational.InthevaluesystemoftheMystery,ayangaffiliationbyitselfis
auspicious,butinpracticeitrarelycanbeconsideredinisolationfromotherfactors.Ayangentityinconflictwithayinentitymaybebalefulbycomparison,twoyin
entitiesinaccordarelikely(butonlylikely)topresagegoodfortune.Toremindthereaderthatnosinglefactorsuchasayin/yangorientationabsolutelydetermines
events,YangHsiungensuredthatseveralAppraisalsdonotaccordwiththerelationsinthetable.Thisshowsthereaderthatvirtuousactionoutweighsallelsein
determininganoutcome.AsYanghimselfstates,solongasamanis"inwardlyuprightandoutwardlycomplaint,alwayshumblinghimselfbeforeothers,...the
outcomeofhisactionsisgoodfortuneandnotcalamity."42Theneedtocombinesubtlereasoningoncosmictrendswithsensitivitytowardsocialinteractionand
individualpropensitiesinotherwords,toreintegrateHeavenEarthManmakesdivinationbytheMysteryahighlyskilledart.Thedivinationprocessitself
integratesscienceandethics,sensoryacuity,andmoralperspicacity.

Inadditiontothebasictextof81Headsand731Appraisals,Yangprovidedtencommentariesmodeledafterthe"TenWings"oftheChanges.The
"Fathomings"("Hsants'e"),onthepatternofthe"CommentaryontheImages"(''Hsiangchuan")appendedtotheChanges,summarizethemainsignificanceofeach
Appraisal.Inallextanteditions,theFathomings,unliketheothercommentaries,havebeendispersedthroughoutthebasictext,sothateachfollowstheAppraisalto
whichitrefers.43The"Elaboration"commentary("Hsanwen")discussesonlythefirsttetragramasamicrocosmoftheentirebook,justasthe"Elaborated
Teachings"("Wenyen")commentaryoftheChangestreatsonlythefirsthexagram.Theremainingcommentariesdonotinterpretindi

 Page14

vidualtexts,butassessorilluminatetheCanonofSupremeMysteryasawhole.Table3listsallteninorder,withthecorresponding"Wings"commentaryfromthe
Changes:44

Table3.

Commentary CorrespondentTenWingscommentary

Hsants'e Hsiang

Fathomings Images

Hsanch'ung Hskua

PolarOppositions SequenceoftheHexagrams

Hsants'o Tsakua

InterplayofOpposites InterplayofOpposities

Hsanli Hsitz'u

Evolution AppendedTexts

(alsoknownasGreatCommentary)

Hsanying alsotheHsitz'u

Illumination

Hsanshu Shuokua

Numbers DiscussionoftheTrigrams

Hsanwen Wenyen

Elaboration ElaboratedTeachings

Hsanyi Hsitz'u

Representations

Hsant'u Hsitz'u

Diagram

Hsankao Shuokua

Revelation

SignificantStructureintheMystery

The"TenWings"oftheChangesbrilliantly,ifspeciously,readintotheoriginalChangestextthefundamentalpatternsthatunderliethetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarth
Man.Hanscholarspreoccupiedwiththequestionof"timeliness"(shih)werecontinuallyfrustratedbecauseneitherthecontentoftheChangestextsnorthesequence
ofthehexagramsisostensiblyrelatedtotemporalsequence.YangHsiungthereforeincorporatedtemporalcyclesintothestructureofhisCanonofSupreme
Mystery.Duetoitscarefulconstruction,theMysteryreflectsthebasicseasonal

 Page15

rhythms,theregularmotionsoftheheavenlybodies,andtheyin/yangFivePhasesinteractionsthatpropelchangeinthenaturalworld,nolessthanitreflectsthe
fundamentalsocialrelationships(theFiveConstantRelations)thatpervadethehumanworld.

Yang'sstructuredoesthisinthefollowingway:Appraisal1ofTetragram1intheMysteryiscorrelatedwiththesocalledGrandInception:amidnightwhichmarks
simultaneouslythewintersolstice,thefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonth,andthebeginningofasixtydaycycle.45EachMysterytetragramdescribesthewaxingand
waningofyinandyangch'iandtheireffectonthephenomenalworldofthe"myriadthings"duringtheshortperiodofeachHead'sdominion.WhentheHeadtextsare
readinsequence,theyconstituteafinelygradedsequenceofeightyonephasesintheannualcycle,avirtualcosmicpatternintheformofametaphysicalprosepoem.

SinceneitherthecontentnorthestructureoftheChangesimpliesatemporalsequence,theMysteryfollowsgenerallyaproposedrearrangementofthehexagramsput
forwardbytheHanChangesmaster,ChingFang(7733B.C.).46InhissocalledHexagram/SolarPeriod(kuach'i)plan,Chingassignshexagramstosolarperiods
(each1/24ofthetropicalyear).WithChing'sschema,thetwelvemonthsareruledbytwelvehexagramscalledthe"waxingandwaninghexagrams"(hsiaohsikua).
ThesetwelvebeginwiththepureyinhexagramentitledTheReceptive,whichisassignedtothetenthmonthcontainingthewintersolstice.Asthe"waxingandwaning
hexagrams"proceedthroughtheannualcycle,yanglinesgrowupwardfromthebottom(Return ,andsoon)monthbymonthuntilthepureyanghexagramThe
Creativeisproducedtogovernthesummersolsticeinthefourthcivilmonth.YinlinesthenmultiplyfromthebottomupwarduntilthepatternofTheReceptiveis
restoredattheendofthecycle.Eachpairofhexagramsseparatedbysixmonths(forexample,ApproachandRetreat)arelinebylinepolaropposites.Eachofthese
twelve"waxingandwaning"hexagrams,alongwith48otherhexagrams,alsocorrespondtoequalintervalsof67/80days(inotherwords,1/60ofthesolaryearof
3651/4days).TheremainingfourhexagramsfoundintheChanges,called"standardhexagrams,''correspondtothesolsticesandequinoxesandthustothefour
cardinalpointsofthesun'spath.Theyarenotsegmentsofthecycle,then,butpointsfixedinspace,whichmovebackandforthintime.Thesunmaypassthroughone
ofthemonanydayofthelunarmonthinwhichitislocated.(Fromtheastronomer'spointofview,itisthenewmoonsthatmovebackandfortharoundthem.)

YangHsiungimproveduponChingFang'sapproachtosymmetryinthecyclicstructurehewascreating.Heavoided,forexample,certainineleganciesofChingFang's
schema(whichinvolvedonly60hexagrams)

 Page16

whenheincorporatedreferencestoall64hexagramsinhisownarrangementoftetragrams.HealsosubstitutedthewintersolsticeforChingFang'sartificialpointof
departure(thenewmoonofthetenthcivilmonth),sothathiscyclestartsatthepointwhichmarkedtheactualbeginningofthetropicalyearfortheHanastronomer.
Forthepresent,theformalperfectionoftheMystery'Splancanbedemonstratedbyagraphiccomparisonofthetwosystems,followedbyaselectionofHeadtexts.
ThefirstsevenaregiventoexhibitthefinenessofgradationfromoneHeadtexttothenextthenasequenceofeverytenthHeadisprovidedtoshowlongertrends.
ForthesakeofthereadernewtotheMystery,eachHeadtextisgivenitsmaincorrelationswith(1)theFivePhases,(2)therelevantsolarperiod(s)oftheyear
(indicatedbythebeginningdate),and(3)theChangeshexagramassignedbyChingFangtoroughlythesamepartofthecalendar.Thebriefcommentaryaftereach
HeadtextsuggestsonlythemostobviousconnectionsbetweeneachHeadanditsassociatedhexagram.(Moreinformationissuppliedincommentariestothe
translationsoftetragrams181thatfollowthisIntroduction.)

Figure1.
TetragramsfromtheT'aihsuanchingcorrespondingtoeightmajortransitions
ofthesolaryear.Thisfigureisreadclockwise.Reprintedbypermissionof
HongKongUniversityPress.

 Page17

Figure2.
ChingFang's'waxingandwaning'orderfortwelveChouyihexagrams.
Thisfigureisreadclockwise.ReprintedbypermissionofHongKongUniversity
Press.

 Page18
AssignedtoWater,theWinterSolsticesolarperiod
[beginsDecember22],andtheChangesHexagram
1. Center no.61,GoodFaithatCenter
December22December26(a.m.)

"Yangch'i,unseen,germinatesintheYellowPalace.Goodfaithineverycaseresidesatthecenter."

Tetragram1beginswiththewintersolstice.TheYellowPalaceisassociatedwiththephaseEarthandwiththestillcenter,thebalancepointbetweenopposingforces,
fromwhichcreativeactivityemanates.ThesecondlinealludestothecorrespondinghexagraminChingFang'sschemeoftemporalassociations,whichiscalledGood
FaithatCenter.TheChangescommentatorWangPi(22649)understandsthehexagramtitletomean"Faithfulness[totheTao]issuesforthfromthecenter."

Apungivesthewordtranslatedas"goodfaith"(hsin)anothermeaning.Hsinoccursinthe"GreatCommentary"totheChangesasahomonymicvariantofthe
charactershen(meaning"toexpand'').47Asfutureeventsbecomepresentphenomena,theydisplacepreviousphenomenaintothepast,providingthemomentumfor
cyclicprocesses(seeFigures1and2).
Asthesunmoveson,themooncomesasthemoonmoveson,thesuncomes.Assunandmoonimpeleachother,lightisproduced....Whatmovesoncontractswhatcomes,
expands(hsin).Aswhatcontractsandwhatexpandsinfluenceeachother,whatpromotes[productivechange]isproduced.48

TheimplicationinthisHeadtextisthatthemotiveforcefortheannualcycleisgeneratedintheYellowPalacethroughthealternatingcontractionandexpansionofyin
andyang.(ThepunisrepeatedinHeadno.41assignedtothesummersolstice.)

YellowPalaceisalsoapunofsorts,sinceanyreaderwouldlinkthetermwiththekung(literally,"palace")musicalmode,alsoknownastheYellowBell.TheYellow
BellistheoriginofallothernotesandthusofallthecosmologicalassociationsofChineseharmonics.

 Page19
AssignedtoFire,theWinterSolstice
solarperiod,andtheChangesHexa
2. FullCircle amno.24,Return
December26(p.m.)December30

"Yangch'icomesfullcircle.Divine,itreturnstothebeginning.Thingsgoontobecometheirkinds."

Thecyclicprocesscontinuesthroughthemomentofdeathorcompletelatencyintotherebirthofyangch'i.Forthisreason,themyriadphenomenaendurepasttheir
midwinterstillpoint.TheimageryofreversionalludestotheassociationsofthehexagramReturn.Theword"divine"(shen)impliesthatyangch'i,despitethe
momentaryeclipseofitsvitality,isidentifiedwiththe"godlikeforces"(alsopronouncedshen)thatdrawupontheMysterytomaintainchange.49
AssignedtoWood,theWinter
Solsticesolarperiod,andthe
ChangesHexagramno.3,Difficulty
3. Mired Starting
December31January4(a.m.)

"Yangch'istirsslightly.Thoughstirred,itismired[inyin].'Mired'referstothedifficultyattendingthebirthofthings."

Thefirsthesitantreawakeningofyangvitalityisportrayedinlanguageconsciouslyreminiscentofthe"CommentaryontheJudgments"tothehexagramentitled
DifficultyStarting:"WhentheHardandSoftcouple[i.e.,whenyinandyanginteract]forthefirsttime,thereisdifficultyingivingbirth."Somescholarswhocomment
onthispassageinthe"Judgments"understandthelastclausetomean''hardshipisborn,"butYangclearlyinterpretsthephraseas"thereisdifficultyingivingbirth."
AssignedtoMetal,theWinter
Solstice/LesserColdsolarperiod,[begins
roughlyJanuary7]andtheChanges
4. Barrier Hexagramno.3,DifficultyStarting
January4(p.m.)January8

"Yangch'iisbarredbyyin.Miredfast,allthingsarebarred."

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SincetheassociatedhexagramisthesameasthatoftheprecedingHead,thistextmaybereadasmoreorlesscontinuouswiththelast.Itdescribestheresistanceof
yintoyang'sstirring,withtheconsequenteffectonphenomena.Toremindthereaderofthesharedhexagramassociation,thisHeadtextrepeatsthetitlefromthe
previousHead.
AssignedtoEarth,theLesserColdsolar
5. Small period,andtheChangesHexagramno.
January9January13(a.m.) 15,Modesty

"Yangch'i,rippling,spreadsthroughthedeeppool.Thingslikerippletsinitswakecankeepthemselvesverysmall."

Mostcommentatorsparaphrasethefirstadjectivetomodifyyangch'ias"unmoving"or"quiescent,"butitcanalsorefertotheappearanceofmovingwater,inwhich
case"rippling"ismoreappropriatehere.Giventhisambiguityoflanguage,itissomewhatunclearwhetheryangch'iisalreadyinanactivestate.Nodoubt,thepower
ofyangvitalityoverphenomenaremainssmall.Still,itsspreadthroughoutthedeep(theYellowPalace,thestillcenter)isemphasized.

ThephraseItranslateas"likerippletsinitswake"leadstoasecondwordplay:thesamecharacterisemployedinthetitleofthecorrespondenthexagram,Modesty.
Also,incertaineditions,thecharacterappearsasitsvariant,meaning"incorruptible."50
AssignedtoWater,theLesserCold
solarperiod,andtheChanges
6. Contrariety Hexagramno.38,Opposition
January13(p.m.)January17

"Yangch'i,newlyhatched,isverysmall.Things,eachdivergingandseparating,findtheirpropercategories."

InthisHead,correspondingtoaperiodjustpastmidJanuary,thesegregationofoppositesisfirstmanifestedinthephenomenalworld,de

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spitethecontinuingweaknessoftheyangch'i.ThenameoftheHeadechoesthatoftheassociatedhexagram.
AssignedtoFire,theLesser
Cold/GreaterColdsolarperiod[begins
roughlyJanuary22],andtheChanges
7. Ascent hexagramno.46,PushingUpward
January18January22(a.m.)

"Yangch'iengendersthingsinaplacebelow.Allthingsshootthroughtheearth,climbingtoahigherplace."

Themetaphorofplantsbreakingthroughthesoilappliesnotonlytoallnaturalphenomenabuttotheyangch'ithatimpelsthem,whichisnolongerimmobilizedbythe
strengthofitsopposite.Theannualcyclehasjustmoved(duringthedominionoftheseventhAppraisalofthistetragram)intoGreaterCold,thelastsolarperiodof
winter.TheimageofascentistakenfromthetitleoftheChangeshexagram.

GeneralCommentary:Heads1through7representstepbystepthehesitantreawakeningofyangenergyagainsttheoppositionofyin,alternatingimagesofnascent
activity(Heads1,3,57,and7)withreassertionsofstasis(Heads2,4,and6).51Themyriadthings,inthegripofyin,arenotperceptiblyaffecteduntilinHeadno.6
thereisasubtleindicationthattheyhavebeguntorespondtothepushofyangch'i.InHead7,yangch'ibeginstoassertitselfwithunqualifiedforce.

<><><><><><><><><><><><>

HavingseenhowthefirstsevenHeadtextsmarkfinegradationsofchangeoverthecourseofalittlemorethanamonth,letusturntothebroaderoutlineofcyclical
changeprovidedintheMysterybyexaminingasequenceconstructedfromeverytenthtetragram.

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1. Center
December22December26(a.m.)

"Yangch'i,unseen,germinatesintheYellowPalace.Goodfaithineverycaseresidesatthecenter."
AssignedtoFire,theSpringOnset
solarperiod[beginsroughly
February51,andtheChanges
Hexagramno.2,Preponderanceof
11. Divergence theSmall
February5February9(a.m.)

"Yangch'i,wriggling,breaksopenattheeast.Lordly,itemergesfromthemultitudeofobstructions.Thingsdivergeintheirappearance."

InChinesechronology,thesolsticesandequinoxesoccupythemidpointsofseasons,nottheirbeginnings.ThisHeadmarksthebeginningofspring,thefirstperiod
underthesovereigntyofimmatureyang.Thesun,nowmovingintotheeasternquarterofitsannualpath,embodiestheyoungyangasitdailycrossesthesky.In
responsetoitsstimulus,themultiplicityofthingsbecomemarkedlymorevariousinappearance.(Nearerthewintersolstice,becausemostthingswereonlylatent,that
differentiationwasonlypotential.)Underthebeneficialinfluenceofburgeoningyangch'i,differentiationbringscosmicconcord.Thisisreflectedinendrhymesonall
threelines.
AssignedtoWood,theSpring
Equinoxsolarperiod[begins
roughlyMarch20],andtheChanges
Hexagramno.40,Deliverance
21. Release
March22March26(a.m.)

"Yangch'itoeffectharmonystrikesopentheroundcasingofyin,warmingandreleasingthings,sothatallshedtheirwitheredhusksandaredeliveredfromtheir
shells."

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Thisunusuallyconcretedescriptionisappropriatetothesolarperiodthatbeginswiththevernalequinox.Anearlycommentator,inanalternatereadingbasedon
differentpunctuation,seesthemyriadthingsrespondingtothewarmthofthespringsun.Ineitherversion,thespringstimulatesgrowthandmetamorphosis.Once
again,thenameoftheassociatedhexagramappearsinthisHeadtext.
AssignedtoMetal,theSummer
Onsetsolarperiod[beginsroughly
May5],andtheChangesHexagram
31. Packing no.56,Sojourner
May6May10(a.m.)

"Yangch'iisgreatlyengagedinaffairs.Evenso,yin,whichisverysmall,makesitsbasebelow.Itispackedinreadiness,abouttodepart."

Itisnowthebeginningofsummer.Yanghasnotyetreacheditszenith,noryinitsnadir,butthisHeadisareminderthattheeventualdeclineofyangch'iisordainedto
followitsmaturity.Beforeyangpasseson,itwillimposeitsorderonthecosmicprocesses,likeatravelersettinghispossessionsinorderbeforeajourney.

TheChinesetext,likethistranslation,doesnotspecifywhichcosmicagentpreparestodepart.Mostcommentators,however,followLuChi(earlythirdcentury),who
putit,"Yangispackingbecauseitsintentistodepart."
AssignedtoEarth,theSummer
Solsticesolarperiod[begins
roughlyJune21],andtheChanges
Hexagramno.30,Adherence
41. Response
June20June24(a.m.)

"Yangch'iculminatesonhigh.Yinfaithfullygerminatesbelow.Highandlowmutuallyrespond."

Atthesummersolstice,therolesofyinandyangarereversedfromtheirrelativepositionsinHeadno.1,entitledCenter.Yangch'inowgov

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ernsandyinawaitsrebirth.Asthewords"germinates"and"faithfully"signal,however,thetwoHeadsaretightlyconnected.
AssignedtoWood,theAutumn
Onsetsolarperiod[beginsroughly
August71,andtheChanges
51. Constancy Hexagramno.32,Duration
August4August8(a.m.)

"Byyinoneknowsthesubjectbyyangoneknowsthelord.TheWayofrulerandsubjectremainsunchangedfortenthousandages."

ThisHeadcorrespondstothetransitionbetweensummerandautumn,theborderbetweenyangandyinseasonaldominance.Thestrengthofyangandyinch'iwillnot
bebalanceduntiltheequinox,butitisappropriatehere(andreminiscentofthecorrespondingChangeshexagram)toassertthefundamentalrightnessoftheireternal
hierarchicrelationship.ThecommentatorSsumaKuang(101886)remarksinhisannotationthatthisHeadisequally"emblematicofautumn'sreceptivitytosummer,
ofyin'sreceptivitytoyang,andofthesubject'sreceptivitytothelord."TheidealharmonyofsuchrelationshipsisindicatedbyrhymesinChinese.
AssignedtoFire,theAutumn
Equinoxsolarperiod[beginsroughly
September23],andtheChanges
Hexagramno.45,Ornamental
61. Embellishment
September18September22(a.m.)

"Yiniswhitewhileyangisblack.Separatelytheyperformtheirrespectivetasks.Whethergoingoutorenteringin,theyaremostembellished."

Separatingyinandyanginautumnistheequinoctialsolarperiodthatmarksthetransitorybalanceofyinandyangenergies,whenprimacyisabouttopassfromyang
toyin.The"embellishment"intheHeadtextreflectstheassociatedChangeshexagram.Ofitstitle,thecommentatorWangPiremarks,"Pimeansembellishment.The
HardandtheSoft,thetwocounterparts[ofyangandyinch'i],embellisheachotherinalterna

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52
tion"becauseoftheirbalance. Hereinthistextyin(normallydark)andyang(normallylight)reversetheirassociationalcolorsasyang,bynaturesuperior,
relinquishesitsascendancytoyin.
AssignedtoWood,theWinterOnset
solarperiod[beginsroughly
November7],andtheChanges
71. Stoppage Hexagramno.52,Resisting
November2November6(a.m.)

"Yin,enlarged,stopsthingsabove,andyangforitspartlikewisestopsthingsbelow.Aboveandbelow,togethertheystopeverything."

Winternowbegins,withitsimplicationsofhibernation,stasis,andlatency.Yinch'iclearlyhastheupperhand.YangHsiungexpectedhisreaderstorecallthe
"CommentaryontheJudgments"tothecorrespondinghexagramtext:
Thetitlemeans"stopping."Whenitistimetostop,thenstop.Whenitistimetoact,thenact.Whenmovementandrestdonotfailtobetimely,theWaybecomesbrilliantly
clear.53

Cessationisnatural,notforced.Thebeginningofwinterisnotthetimeformovementinthecosmos.
AssignedtoMetal,theendofthe
GreatSnowsolarperiod[begins
roughlyDecember7],andthe
ChangesHexagramno.17,
81. Nurturing ProvidingNourishment
December17December21(a.m.)

"Yin,likeabowstretchedtaut,bulgesouttothefurthestreaches.Yangbathesthemyriadthings[initsenergizingsolution],turningthemredinthenetherregions."

ThefinalHead,Fostering,canbereadascontinuouswiththatofCenter,thefirsttetragram,closingthegapbetweenthewintersolsticeandthenewannualcycle.
Despiteyin'sundisputedpredominance,the

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germinatingactionofyanginbothHeadtextsisassociatedhereacrossthegapbetweentheoldcycleandthenewwithawarmthakintothatofahenincubating
eggs.Therosyflushthatyangmetaphoricallyimpartsisthatofthewellnourished,vitalnewbornorganismsprout,root,orinfant.

GeneralCommentary:InthissampleseriesofequallyspacedcutsthroughthedensenessoftheMystery,wehavepassedquicklythroughninestagesofgreat
significance:thesolstices(nos.1and41)theequinoxes(nos.21and61)thefourOnsetsofseasons,midwaybetweenthesolsticesandtheequinoxes(nos.11,31,
51,and71)andthefinalHead(no.81).Atthesolstices,thegreatestpreponderanceofyinoryangvitalityiscounteredbythegerminatingpowerofitsopposite,
weakbutrelentless.Attheequinoxes,yinandyangaremomentarilybalanced.Atthevernalequinox,thisbalanceisimpliedbythemoderationofyangch'i.Looking
attheHeadtextsthatimmediatelysurroundthetwoequinoxes,weseethatasthedominanceofyinoryangfadesintoequivalenceatanequinox,theriseto
supremacyofthecomplementaryyangoryinactivityisforeordained.

Thebeginningsofthefourseasonsnotonlymediatebetween,butalsoechosymbolicallythesolsticesandtheequinoxes.Theseasons,bycontrast,arenotmoments
butquartersoftheyear,groupsofsixsolarperiodseach.Asinglesolarperiodcandonomorethanrepresentthetransitionfromoneseasontoanother.TheSpring
Equinoxperiodmarksthemomentwhenthegreatervitalityofyingiveswaytothatofyang.TheSpringOnset,threesolarperiodsearlier,isthetransitionbetweenthe
threemonthseasonofmatureyinandthatofyoungyang.Thesetwolevelsoftransition,thebeginningofspringandthevernalequinox,arereflectedinacounterpoint
oflanguageandimageinTetragramsno.11and21.

Atthebordersoftheseasons,wefindasimilarinterplay,withthesamecontrastbetweenpresentpowerandfutureweakness,betweenrelativebalanceand
consequentialchange.Springandautumnbeginwithmetaphorsofharmony,sovereignty,andstability,buttheyareimmediatelyfollowedbyotherHeadsinwhichone
formofcosmicenergy"contains"and"repels"theother.54Ingeneral,summeristheheightofgrowthandactivity,andwinter,thelowestpoint.PackingandStoppage
(nos.31and71),whichbeginthetwoseasons,reflectthiscomplementarity,butthereisadeeperoppositionaswell.Atthebeginningofsummer,yinappearstobe
losingitsstruggletosurvive.Incontrast,atthebeginningofwinter(no.71),thefunctionsofyinandyangintheirownspheresareidentical.Thatisbecausethe
dominantyangcharacterofsummerim

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pliescleardistinctionandthedominantyinofwinter,indeterminacyandnondifferentiation.

Despitetheintricacyoftheserelations,theoverallprincipleoforderisunmistakable:thecontentofHeadtextshalfayearapartiscomplementary.Thisruleholdsfor
allHeads,notmerelyfortheespeciallysignificantonesconsideredabove.Inmostcases,thecomplementarityoflanguageorimageisexplicit.Inothers,itbecomes
clearwhenwereadeachtextinthecontextoftheseries.Theoppositionisneverthatofstaticsymbols,butratherofgradual,orderedprocessesevokedbysymbols.

ThisselectionofHeads,incombinationwiththechartsabove,showsbrieflyhowthetextoftheMysterydirectlyreflectsthecycliccharacterofnaturalprocesses.The
successiveAppraisalsattachedtotheHeadsportraytheinfinitevarietyofpoliticalandpsychologicalprocessesinlightoftheTao.Yang'swords,then,describean
evolution,HeadbyHeadandAppraisalbyAppraisal.Indoingso,theyreproducetheannualcomplementaritiesandsymmetriesoftimeandspace.

MethodofDivinationfortheMystery

Thedivinationproceduredescribedinthe"Numbers"commentaryisapointbypointmodificationofthatgivenfortheChangesinits"GreatCommentary."Thereare
36yarrowstalksintheT'aihsanset,ofwhich3aresetasideforsymbolicreasons.Latercommentariespresumethatthe3supernumerarystickscorrespondtothe
basictriadofHeavenEarthMan.Theycompare,then,withtheonesticksetasideduringtheChangesdivinationprocess,whichrepresentsthefundamentalcosmic
unity.55Next,anadditionalstickistakenintothelefthand,possiblytodoublyhonorthefundamentalcosmicunity,asintheChanges.Theremaining32sticksare
thendividedatrandomintotwopiles.56Theleftpileiscountedoffbythrees(ratherthanbyfoursasintheChanges).Thisprocessyieldsaremainderof1,2,or3,
whichisthenaddedtothestickinthelefthand.Theprocessisthenrepeatedfortherighthandpile.Theremainderfromthedivisionoftherightpile(again,1,2,or3)
issimilarlyaddedtothegrowingpileofsticksheldinthelefthand.Atthispoint,thelefthandwillholdeither3or6sticks(thesumoftheremaindersforeachpile+1).
Theentireprocess(thesegregationofonestick,thedivisionintotwopiles,andthecountingoff)isthenrepeatedwiththe27or30sticksthatremain.Afterthat
processiscompleted,27,24,or21stickswillbeleft.Dividingthisnumberby3willresultin9(equivalenttothetwicebrokenlineofMan),8(thedividedlineof
Earth),or7(thesolidlineofHeaven),withamathematicalprobabilityofapproximately1/9,4/9,and4/9respectively.Thetoplineofthetetragramcannowbe
drawn.

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Threemoreapplicationsoftheentireprocedureareneededtoarriveatafourlinegraph,whichdirectstheusertotheappropriateHeadtext.

Yangsawthelinesofthetetragram,whicharedeterminedbytheoutcomeofdivination,asakindofcount.Inthe"Numbers"autocommentary,heexplainshowto
calculatethenumberoftheHeadfromthevalueofeachlineinthetetragram:
IftheFamilyline[i.e.,thebottomlineofthetetragram]isunbroken[i.e.,ifitcorrespondstoHeaven],count1.Ifitisbrokenonce[correspondingtoEarth],count2.Ifitisbroken
twice[correspondingtoMan],count3.IftheDepartmentlineisunbroken,donotaddanything.Ifitisbrokenonce,add3.Ifitisbrokentwice,add6.IftheProvincelineis
unbroken,donotaddanything.Ifitisbrokenonce,add9.Ifitisbrokentwice,add18.IftheRegionline[i.e.,thetoplineofthetetragram]isunbroken,donotaddanything.Ifitis
brokenonce,add27.Ifitisbrokentwice,add54.57

Thepointoftheseinstructionsbecomesclearifweapplythemtoaspecificexample.LetustakethefourlinesymbolcorrespondingtoHeadno.48 .Inthat
tetragram,theFamilyline(i.e.,thebottomlineofthetetragram)is3.Workingupward,weadd0,18,and27,makingatotalof48.ThesequenceofHeads,then,is
arrangedinanarithmeticprogressiononbase3tomirrortheregularprogressionoftheannualcycleinawaythattheChangessequenceofhexagramscannot.58The
coherentbeautyofYang'smathematicalsystemisdesignedtoinstillconfidenceinthesacredtruthofitspronouncementsondivination.

Yangnotonlyprescribesthedivinationprocedureitself.HealsostipulatestheexactconditionsunderwhichitispropertoconsulttheMystery.AccordingtoYang,
thesacredefficacyofthedivinationtoolisimpairediftheuser'smindlacksmoralintegrity(ch'eng),sinceintegrityisthequalitythatunitestheindividualwiththe
cosmicorder.59Theinquirer'smindmustthenbecorrectlyoriented(chen).60Inotherwords,asinanyotherChinesedivinationprocedure,theyarrowstalksofthe
Mysterywillyieldnousefulresultunlessthedivinationiscarriedoutwhentheinquirerisinanappropriatelycenteredspiritualstate.Divinationisessentiallya
communionbetweenManandthedivinecosmicprocessesoperatinginHeavenandEarth,whichtheyarrowstalkscanonlyfacilitate.Thedivinationresultsare
thrownoffiftruecommunionisprecludedbyafundamentaldisparitybetweenquestioner(Man)andquestioned(thespiritrealm).61

Morespecifically,theT'aihsangivestwosortsofprerequisitesforcommunionwiththecosmicMystery.ThefirstisagenuinewilltoapproachtheMystery.The
secondissinglemindeddevotiontolivingits

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62
attributes.Ofthefirstprerequisite,YangHsiungwrites,''WhoeverwoulddrawneartotheMystery,theMysteryforitspartdrawsneartohim." Emulationofthe
cosmicWay,asintherelationshipofchildtoparent,naturallyaccompaniesadmiration:
Thesage...wouldmatchhisbodywithHeavenandEarth,aimforthenuminosityoftheghostsandgods,pushhistransformationstothelimitwithyinandyang,andparticipate
intheintegrityofthefourseasons.ContemplatingHeaven,heisHeavencontemplatingEarth,heisEarthcontemplatingthedivinities,heisdivinecontemplatingtime,heis
timely.63

ThesageachievesidentitywiththecosmicWaybysinglemindedconcentrationonvirtueadisciplineasmuchspiritualasintellectual.As"thegentlemandaily
strengthens[theaspectsofhimselfthat]aredeficientandredressesthosethatareexcessive,"64herefineshisinnatepowersuntiltheyhavebecomeperfectlyattunedto
thoseofthecreativeMystery:
Whenonedivineswithsinglemindedconcentration,thegodspromptthechanges[thatrevealananswertotheinquiry].Whenonedeliberates[onthisresponse]withsingle
mindedconcentration,one'splansareappropriate.WhenoneestablishestheRightwithsinglemindedconcentration,noonecanoverturnit.Whenonemaintainshisprinciples
withsinglemindedconcentration,noonecansnatchthemaway.65

YangHsiung'sotherrequirementsalsoemphasizethesacredcharacterofthedivinationprocess:

TheWayofdivinationconsistsinthis:Ifyouhavenotattainedsinglemindedconcentration,donotdivine.Iftheissueisnotindoubt,donotdivine.If[yourplan]isimproper,
donotdivine.Ifyouwillnotactinaccordancewiththeoutcome[ofdivination],itisexactlyasifyouhadnotdivined.66

ThereislittlemoreevidenceregardingtheMysteryasadivinationmanual,thoughtheusurperWangMangissaidtohaveconsultedit.67Thosewhostudiedthebook
asphilosophyevidentlyalsouseditforprognosticpurposes.68

InterpretationFollowingDivination

DrawingupontheelaboratecorrespondenceschemesofHancommentatorsontheChanges,Yangbuiltacoherentandwellwroughtsystemfordetermining
meanings.Asheputitinhis"Numbers"autocommentary,"Indivination,therearefour[aspectstoconsiderininterpretation]:69

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stars(hsing),times,numbers,andphrasing."Yangapparentlyfeltthatthesetermsneedednoexplication.Asmodernreaders,wearedependentuponalate
commentatorforaclearanalysisoftheseterms.Hisanalysisbeginswith"stars":
Supposeit'sTetragram1,Center.DrawnOx,theconstellationthatgoeswithit,belongstoNorth(i.e.,Water).[That]WatersharesthesamepowerwiththeWaterphaseofthe
tetragram.Thatmeansthatthe"stars"areinaccord.70

Asanotionforeigntomostmodernreaders,thisideaof"stars"deservessomesupplementaryexplanation:ThecorrelationofHeadsandAppraisalswithstars(andto
someextentwithtimesandnumbers)isbasedonthecorrespondenceofthetetragrams(withtheirHeadtexts,ofcourse)toequaldivisionsoftheannualcycle.As
statedabove,thebeginningofthebookcorrespondstotheGrandInception(t'aich'u)asdefinedinthecalendarreformofthesamenamein104B.C.:amidnightthat
simultaneouslymarksthewintersolstice,thefirstdayofthelunarmonth(whentheorbitsofsunandmoonintersect),andthebeginningofthesixtydaycycle.Eachof
thetetragramsrepresents41/2daysoftheyearcountedofffromthispoint.Allbutoneofthe731Appraisals(9perHead+2intercalaryAppraisals)areassociated
withhalfadayintheroundoftheyear.ThesecondoftwointercalaryAppraisalsisassigned1/4ofaday.

Itisfromthisequipartitionthatagreatarrayofcorrelationsfollows.Atthewintersolstice,thesunwasbyconventionlocatedinthefirstdegreeofthe"lunar
lodge"(i.e.theconstellation)Oxherd.SincetheOxherdconstellationliesatthenorthernmostpointofthecelestialequator,alltheassociationsofthephaseWater
(alliedwithNorthintheHansystemofcorrespondences)andofextremeyincomeintoplay.Afterthewintersolstice,thesunmovesaChinesedegreeeachday,each
Appraisalappliestoanexpanseofhalfadegree,andeachHeadtofourandahalfdegrees.71InChineseastronomy,thetwentyeightmajorconstellationscalledlunar
lodgesarenotofequalextent.Forexample,thefirstlodge,whichiseightdegreeslong,issucceededinAppraisal8ofTetragram2bytheWomanconstellation,
whichistwelvedegreesinlength.Stellarcorrespondences,eachwithspecificastrologicalimplications,proceedinthiswaythroughtheroundoftheskyandthelength
ofthebook.

After"stars,"thecommentary'sexplicationofthethreeotheraspectsofinterpretationcontinues:

"Times"referstowhetherthetimeofdivination"conformswith"or"goesagainst"thesolarperiodapersonhappensupon[intheoutcome

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aparticulardivination].Supposeit'sadivinationonthewintersolstice.If[theoutcome]happenstobeatetragramassignedpriortothetenthmonth,itisconsidered"going
against."Ifit'satetragramafterthewintersolstice,itisconsidered"conforming."72"Numbers"refersto[theassignmentof]numberstoyin/yangandodd/evenvalues.Bythis,it
isfixedwhethertheoutcomehappeneduponislucky(Day)orunlucky(Night)."Phrasing"referstowhetherornotthereisamatchbetweenthephrasingoftheNineAppraisals
andtheideaspromptingthedivination.

Itis,ofcourse,highlypossiblethatthelatecommentaryattributestothesefourimportanttermsanarrowerrangeofmeaningthanYang'suseofthemwarrants.
"Stars,"forexample,probablyrecalledforathinkerofYang'stimeanelaboratesystemofcorrespondencesastronomical,physical,andevenmusicalsuchas
Yangcatalogedinhisautocommentaryentitled"NumbersoftheMystery."73"Times,""numbers,"and''phrasings"maywellhavedirectedthereadertoconsiderthis
matrixofassociations(temporal,numerological,andliterary)againstabackgroundofcomplexinteractionsbetweentheHeadtextandeachofthethreeAppraisals
consultedineachindividualdivination.Theinquirercouldthuscallonawealthofinterconnectedentities,eachwithitsownsymbolicvalue,organicallyconnectedwith
everyHeadandAppraisal(andfrequentlyalludedtointheirrespectivetexts).Thesemanydimensionsofmeaningcanconvergeontheinquirer'squestiononlyifthe
imagesandassociationsofthebookarerichenough,andifawellarticulatedstructuremakesthemaccessible.

Onthesubjectofinterpretation,apreliminarywordconcerningthetraditionalinterpretationoftheMysterymaybeinorderhere.ThedynastichistoryforWestern
HanclearlystatesthatthedraftoftheT'aihsanwascompletedduringthereignofEmperorAi(r.71B.C.),whentwodistaffclansandthecatamiteTungHsien
dominatedcourtpolitics.74TheconcludingencomiuminYang'sofficialbiographypresentsacapsulehistoryofhisratherdismalofficialcareerdesignedtodefendthe
philosopherfromthechargeofsycophancyingeneralandofpartisanshiponbehalfoftheusurperWangManginparticular.Accordingtothatdynastichistory,the
compositionoftheMysterywaspromptedbyYangHsiung'sdecisionto"preservehimself"(tzushou),meaningtopreservehislifeandhisintegrity,ratherthanto
thrusthimselfintothelimelightduringatimeofgreatpoliticalupheaval.75SuchremarkscanonlymeanthatsoonafterYang'sdeathinA.D.18,hisassociationwith
WangManghadalreadybecomesomethingofaliabilitytohisreputation.ThroughtheyearsYangHsiung'smanyadmirershaverisentirelesslytodefendhim.Daring
interpreterslikeCh'enPenli(17391818),therefore,readintotheMysterya

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veiledsatiricalattackagainstallthosewhounderminedHanpoweratcourt,especiallyWangMang.

Yang'sapologistsanddetractorshavebothtendedtooverlookthebasicfacts.UnlesswecreditYangHsiungwithremarkableprescience,anyinterpretationofthe
MysterythatfocusesonsupportfororcriticismofWangMangispatentlyabsurd.DuringthereignofEmperorAi,WangMangwasforcedtoresignhisoffice.Itis
doubtful,then,thatYangHsiungcouldhavepredictedWang'ssubsequentrestorationtopowerfollowingtheuntimelydeathoftheyoungEmperorAi.Internal
evidencefromtheMysterysuggeststhatYangHsiungwasastaunchproponentofHanlegitimacyandaloyalcriticofcontemporaryabuses,buttoreadtheMystery
aspoliticalsatireistoignoreordistortmuchofitscontent.ThefollowingsectiondealswithamoreimportantthemeoftheMystery.

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OnLuckandDivinationintheMystery

TheMysteryasDivinationClassic

BoththestructureandimageryoftheMystery,aswehaveshown,makecontinualreferencetotheChanges,promptingabasicquestion:WhydidYangHsiung
choosetomodelhisworkupontheonlybookofdivinationincludedamongtheFiveConfucianClassics?Invariouspassages,YangHsiungidentifiesfiveaspectsof
theChangesthatcapturedhisinterest:(1)thepresumedintegrityoftheChangestext,(2)itsbreadthofmeaning,(3)itsabstruselanguage,(4)itsusefulnessasatool
forteachingmorality,and(5)itsthematictreatmentoffate.Basedonthesefivequalities,YangHsiung"consideredtheChangestobethegreatestoftheClassics,and
sohecomposedtheMystery[onitsmodel]."76

Onthefirstpoint,YangHsiungmistakenlythoughtthenumericalnotation77oftheChangeswouldhavepreventedsignificantomissionsandinterpolations,whether
inadvertentorintentionalthushepresumedthattheChangestextwas,amongtheFiveClassics,*thesinglemostreliableguidetoantiquity.78Inaddition,theChanges
waswidelybelievedtobetheonlyoneoftheConfucianClassicstohavesurvivedthefamousBurningoftheBooksorderunderthepreviousdynastyofCh'in.79

Second,YangHsiungarguedthatoftheFiveClassicsonlytheChangeswasbroadenoughtoanswereverymoralquestionputtoit,inpartbecauseofthedifferent
kindsoftextsitincludes.TheChangesconveysmeaningthroughthecorrelationofgraphicsymbols,verbalimages,andclassicalallusions.80Theadvantageofsigns
(graphicsymbols,verbalimages,orallusions)isthattheirmultiplemeaningsarereadilytakeninatasingleintuitivesweep.Graphicsymbolsinparticular,byavoiding
theconnotationsofwordsentirely,tendtoprovideinsightintofundamentalpattern,fortheyareatoncesimpleandhighlyabstract.81Metaphorsandcorrespondences
canfurtherexpandthatmeaninguntilacompleteuniverseseemstoberefractedthroughasinglepoint.Withlengthyanalogiesandlinkedpropositionsaddedinthe
appendedcommentariesoftheTenWings,thecompletetextoftheChangesappealssimultaneouslytohumanintuition,totheaestheticsense,andtorigorous
categoricallogic.YangHsiunghopedtoimitatethisbreadthofcoverageintheMystery.Hewrites,
TheMystery...islikeheaveninitsvastness....Wereitnoteconomicalinitsexpressions,itspointswouldnotbedetailed.Wereitnotcompact,itsresponseswouldnothave
universalapplication.Wereit

*
SeeKeyTerms,page63

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82
notcoherent,theeventsitdescribeswouldnotbediverse.Wereitnotdeep,itsideaswouldnotrevealanything.

HisadmirersarerighttoseeinitamirrorofAllunderHeavendesignedto"covermanydifferentaspects,thoughonlyafewguidingprinciplesunderlieit."83

Third,YangHsiungadmittedthatheintentionallyadoptedtheabstrusephrasingoftheChangestoprovidehimselfwithsomemeasureofcoverinacourtrifewith
intrigue.Inhislongprosepoem,"DispellingRidicule,"YangHsiungtellsofhisfearthatmoreforthrightcriticismmightleadtohisownexecution.
AguestridiculedMasterYang,saying,"YousilentlycomposethefivethousandcharacterMysterywithitsleavesandbranchessothicklyspread.Theexplanationsaloneamount
tosome100,000words.YetyourpositionisonlythatofaGentlemaninWaiting.Inmyopinion,your'darkmystery'isstill[insipidly]'white.'Whyelsehaveyoubeensucha
miserablefailureasanofficial?"

MasterYanglaughedandreplied,"Youonlywishtovermilionmywheelhubs[i.e.,wishtoseemewithhighrankatcourt].Youdonotrealizethatasingleslipcouldreddenmy
entireclan[throughbloodshed]....Thosewhosayanythingoutoftheordinaryaresuspectthosewhobehaveunconventionallyarepenalizedforit."84

Aswewillseebelow,thetheoryoffateputforthintheMysterydirectlychallengedpopulardoctrinesoflegitimacyuponwhichtheHancourtruledepended.An
unambiguousexpositionofthistheorywouldmerelyhaveprovokedmoretroubleforYang.

Fourth,YangHsiungknewthatacarefullyconstructedbookofdivinationwouldengageawideraudiencethanaconventionalguidebookformorality.Ordinaryfolk
(notnecessarilytheunlettered)tendtoconsultbooksofdivinationinhopesofbeingtoldwhichcourseofactionwillbenefitthemmost.AccordingtoYang'sown
teacher,suchpeoplearefarmorereceptivetomoralpreceptswhenteachingsaredisguisedasoracularpronouncementssentfromthespiritworld.85Thehighly
sophisticatedmind,however,recognizesthatsomethingelseisatworkinthesuccessfuldivinationprocess:Acloseidentificationmustbeestablishedbetweenthe
inquirerandtheancientauthor(s)ofthedivinationtext(inYang'sphrase,theindividual"immerses"[ch'ien]himselfinthesages)86untilthequestionerintuitshowto
applythecrypticwordsonthepagetohisownparticularsituation.Inthequalityofthatintuitionliestheonlyproofthathehasfully"internalizedthemodel"asYang
writes,"Whatisdivineisnotoutside[anylonger]."87Indiscoveringthemindofthesages,then,theinquirerreverentlyengagedinthedivinationprocedurelearnstosee

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intohisownheartaswell. Theenlightenedreaderperceivesdivinationastheperfectparadigmforallmoralacts,whichseekto"reanimatetheold"througha
complexprocessofidentificationfollowedbyrecreation.89TheMysteryactsinthisway,providingilluminationforaudiencesatalllevelsofawareness.Whilethe
ordinaryreaderfindsinitaseriesofexamplesoutlininginrelativelystraightforwardtermsthedecidedadvantagesofmoralbehavior,thetrulysympatheticreader
engagedinacontinuousdialoguewiththetextgraduallyuncoversafarmorecomplicatedanalysisoftheeffectthatindividualmoralityanddestinyhaveinshaping
personalexperience.Intheprocess,hehasreceivedexcellenttraininginthefineartofmoraldecisionmaking.90

Fifth,Yangexpectedpeopletoconsultbooksofdivinationtolearnaboutfate.SinceYangHsiungparticularlywishedtoaddressthatproblem,theneoclassical
Mysteryaptlytakestheformofadivinationmanual.91InearlyChina,asinourownculture,numerousdebatesaboutfate'sroleinhumanlifetookplacein
philosophicalcirclesandinsocietyatlarge.Fewproblemstookintellectualprecedenceoverthequestionofming(the"Decree"orfate),sinceclassicalauthorities
madeathoroughappreciationofitaprerequisiteforselfcultivation.Confucius,forexample,reportedlysaid,"Hewhodoesnotunderstandminghasnowayto
becomeasuperiorman."92Similarly,theChangesdefinesthenoblemanasonewho"delightsinHeavenandunderstandsming."93Forthisreason,Yanginone
chapterexplicitlystatesthatthestructureandtheimageryofhistextaredesignedinsuchawayasto"exhaustivelypresenttheDecree(ming)."94YangHsiung's
responsetotheproblemofmingproducedavisiongenerallyfaithfultotheethicalnormsoftheConfucianAnalectsbutalsoresponsivetonewintellectualconcerns
abouttimelyopportunity(shih)inhumanlife.95ForthiscontributiontoConfucianthought,hewassoonrecognizedasa''master"intheorthodoxtradition.Because
Yang'snotionoftheDecreeinformstheentirebodyofhismaturework(includingtheModelSayingsandhislateprosepoems,aswellastheMystery),thematerial
belowfocusesonthattopic.

EarlyNotionsofMing:TheHistoricalBackgroundtotheProblemofFate

Amongmoderntranslators,noconsensusexistsabouttheproperdefinitionofmingthetermismostoftenrenderedasfateorDecree(asinmyownintroductory
remarks),butitisalsotranslatedasvariouslyas"duty,""destiny,""predestination,""causalconnectionsandtheirpossibilities,""manifestationofHeaven'swill,""the
inevitable,""empiricalfacts,""createdworld,""lifespan,""objectivecircumstances,""circumstancesbeyondhumancontrol,"andsoon.96Theproblemisnotsimplyone
of

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97
translation. AnyChineseofYangHsiung'stimewouldhavefoundabewilderingarrayofusagesfortheterm,somemutuallycontradictory.Inpart,theconfusion
stemmedfromatypicalfeatureofChineseclassicalphilosophy,inwhichrivalthinkersconsciouslyusedthesameterminologytoarticulatesignificantlydifferentideas.
Buttherewerealsounconsciousadoptionsofmeaningsthroughconceptualoverlaysandetymologicalextensionsasthesocalled"HundredSchools"ofphilosophy
emergedfromtheearlierreligiousmatrix.98EvenintheConfuciancanonalone,asinglepassagebythesameclassicalauthoritymayusetheonecharactermingto
denotetwoorthreedifferentthings,sinceolderideasofming(orDecree)continuedtobeusedalongsidenewerusages.99

Asastudentofarchaiclanguagescript,100YangHsiungwasinabetterpositionthanmosttoseparatethetangledstrandsoflinguisticconvention.Hesurelyknewthat
earlyChoubronzeinscriptionsusedanarchaicformofmingasanalternateformofthecharacterling,whichindicatesasuperior'sorderstohissubordinates.101
Typically,mingwasassociatedwiththeking'sdecreesofinvestituretohisinferiorsandwithHeaven'sdecreetoitschiefrepresentative,theking.Accordingtoan
earlyChouformulation,theDecreeofHeaven(T'ienming)wasaspecialformofcovenant.ThecovenantessentiallystipulatedthatHeavenagreestosupporta
certaindynasticlinesolongasthethrone,inreturn,promotesthewellbeingofitssubjectpeople.Fournotablefeaturesofthiscovenantcoloredallsubsequent
discussionsofming:Firstandforemost,theDecreeofHeavenpresupposedastrongconnectionbetweenHeavenandMan,thoughtheearliesttextsarepreoccupied
withthe"OneMan,"theruler.102Second,theDecreeofHeavenimpliedanimpartialrewardgivenforspecificactsof"brightvirtue."103Third,itviewedvirtueprimarily
intermsofobligationstohumansociety,ratherthanreligiousduties.Fourth,theDecreeofHeavenpromisedHeaven'ssupporttotherecipient(s)forthedurationofa
fixed(thoughunspecified)timeperiod,overlookingpossiblelapsesinvirtuethatmightoccurwhilethecovenantwasinforce.104

AllfouraspectsoftheDecreeofHeavencovenant(moralunityofHeaven/Manrewardforvirtuevirtueequatedwithsocialobligationandfixedtermofcontract)
continuedtoformthecoreofmeaningformingoverthecourseofthefollowingseveralcenturies,whenthecharactermingcametobeextendedtoothercontracts
betweenHeaven(whetherseenassupremegodornaturalorder)105andindividualsofeverlowerrankfirstministersandaristocrats,andfinallycommoners.106
Nevertheless,theinitialformulationoftheDecreeofHeavendoctrinebecameincreasinglyproblematicasthescopeofitsapplicationdramaticallyexpanded.Forone
thing,assoonasordinarypeoplecametobecreditedwithindividualdecrees,numerousobjectionswereraisedaboutthe

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supposedtermsofthisunspokencontract,sinceitwaseasytofindandfarlessdangeroustocommentuponindividualcasesamongthecommonpeopleinwhich
fateborenoapparentrelationtovirtue.Moreover,theeasyconflationoftheaccretionofmoralgoodnesswiththeaccumulationofmaterialgoodsappeared
problematic,atleasttosome.Therewasalsotheissueoffairnesstobeconsideredifrewardsorpunishmentswerereallybeingvisitedupondistantdescendants.107
Beforelong,anumberofkeyquestionsrelatingtomingwereputforward.Behindallofthemlayaprofound"metaphysicaldoubtastowhetherHeavenisafterallon
thesideofhumanmorality."108ThemainquestionsfoundinlateChouliteraturearesummarizedbelow:
Whatexactlyisconferredatbirthtohumanswhichmakesthemessentiallydifferentfromotherlivingthings?

Sincebothvirtueandwisdomoriginateinasingledeliberativeorgan(thehsinor"heart/mind"),whatistherelationbetweenvirtueandwisdom?

Doesthegrantingofmotivationalimpulsesandcognitivepowerstohumansatbirth(whatlateriscalledthehsingor"humannature")109includesomething(maybethephysical
ch'i?)thatpredisposes,evendetermines,thelengthoflifespan,degreeofmaterialsuccess,vocation,andmoregenerally,thequalityoflife?

Whatoutsidefactors,ifany,affecttheoperationofindividualming,orismingaspartofhumannatureinnateandabiding,impervioustoexternalfactors,ascertainclassical
authoritiessuggest?110

Canasinglestandardevenbeestablishedbywhichtomeasureanindividual'ssuccessorfailureinhumanlife?What,inotherwords,isjustlycalledthe"goodlife"(inclassical
Chinese,thegoodming)?111

Doactsofeitherconventionalvirtueorpracticalwisdomreapconsequentrewardsinhumanlife?

ArerewardsandpunishmentsforhumanconductmetedoutbyacaringHeavenwhospeaksthroughthis,ordogoodandevilactssomehowspontaneouslycallforththeirown
responses?

Whichareasaretheprovinceofming,sincetheConfucianAnalectsspeaksonlyof"lifeanddeath"inconnectionwiththeterm,incontrasttolaterthinkers,whogaveitthe
widestpossibleconstruction,listingunderitsrule"deathandlife,preservationandruin,failureandsuccess,povertyandwealth,superior[station]andinferiority,blameand
praise,hungerandthirst,coldandheat."112

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Attheheartofthisphilosophicalquagmirelaytheeminentlypracticalquestion:Canindividualconductaffectthecourseofpersonalfate?Therewereclearimplications
foreverydaylife.Andsodebatecontinued.

BytheWarringStatesperiod(480222B.C.),nofewerthanfivecompetingtheorieshadevolvedconcerningtherelationofvirtueandpracticalwisdomtochance:
Viewno.1:Thereisnosuchthingasming.Consequently,thereisnopreordainedconnectionbetweeneithervirtueorpracticalwisdomandthe"goodlife."Statedanotherway,
nosystemofcosmicjusticeoperatesonbehalfofhumanbeings,sothatthegoodareeverybitaslikelyasthewickedtomeetwithbadfortune.113

Viewno.2:Mingisdeterminedinexactaccordancewithvirtueorwithpracticalwisdom,sothateachseparateactresultsingainorlosstothedoer,whetheraconsciousHeaven
adjustsfateortheactsthemselvesspontaneouslygenerategoodorbadluck.Inthisview,theindividual'sDecreecanrefersimultaneouslytoexternallyimposed"fate"or
"destiny"andtotheinternalqualityofindividuallife.

Viewno.3:Individualming,thoughoriginallyconferredbecauseofvirtue,isgivenforapredeterminedlengthoftime,regardlessofactscommittedintheinterval.Initsextreme
version,thisideaopenedthewayforbeliefinfixed,interlockingcyclesoffortune,likethatpositedbythecosmologistTsouYen(3dC.B.C.)andhisadherents.114

Viewno.4:Mingatbirthpredestinesmany,ifnotall,significantaspectsofanindividual'slife.

Viewno.5:Accordingtoarelatedview,goodactsgenerallymakeforagoodlife,thoughthisislargelyexplicableinhumanterms.Meanwhilesomeinexplicableinequitiesexist.
Thewiseman,then,canonlydogoodand"awaithisfate"withcheerfulequanimity.115115

Neverfarfrompeople'sthoughtsinanyage,questionsaboutfateacquiredaspecialurgencyduringtheeraaptlylabelled"WarringStates,"aperiodofincessantstrife
andrapidsocialchange.Still,thenotionoftheDecreewasnottheprimaryfocusofdebateamongrecognizedmastersofChinesethoughtinthatage.TheHundred
Schoolphilosophers,sensiblyenough,weremorepreoccupiedwithquestionsaboutthewaysajustsocietywouldfosterthefulldevelopmentofhumannature.116By
definition,ajustsociety,onceachieved,wouldinevitablyrevealthetruecorrelationbetweenindividualfate,will,andactionbecauseitwouldelevatemenoftrue
worth.117Itwasfarmorepractical,then,totrytoresolvethemanydebatesonhumannatureandkinglyrulethatspliteventheConfuciancamp118(especiallywhen
philosophicalunitywasdeemedthefirst

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steptowardthepoliticalintegrationofAllunderHeaven), thantotrytoestablishtheelusivenature,function,andscopeoftheDecree.

ShortlybeforeYangHsiung'stimeinthefirstcenturyB.C.,definitionsofhumannatureandthejustsocietyhadbeentemporarilylaidtorestasimportantphilosophical
issues.Therewerehistoricalreasonsforthis.BymidWesternHan,therulingLiuclanhadsucceededinestablishingitslegitimacy,innosmallpartbecauseofits
repeatedcallsforrecommendationoftheworthyanditssuccessfulidentificationwiththe"uncrownedking,"Confucius.Meanwhile,TungChungshu(?179?104B.C.),
"thefatherofHanConfucianism,"hadformulatedapersuasivesynthesisofopposingviewsofhumannature,whichaccountedforthe"mixed"characterofhuman
nature(thatis,bothitsgoodanditseviltendencies)whileconfirmingitsoriginsinHeaven(whichmostthinkerspresumedtobegood).120Sinceprofessionalscholars
wereinrareagreementonthesemajorpoliticalandphilosophicalissues,theyturnedwithrenewedenthusiasm121inthesecondcenturyofWesternHantothequestion
ofming'soperationofinhumanexistence.

YangHsiung'sSolutiontotheProblemofMing

YangHsiung'sownsolutiontothequestionofmingwasbrilliantlysimpleandinternallycoherent.Hedid,however,leavehisfollowersthedifficulttaskof
reconstructingthatsolutionfromscatteredpassageswhoseallusive(andelusive)toneintentionallyimitatedarchaicChinesewritingsproducedbythesagesratherthan
thecloselyreasonedrhetoricalargumentsoftheWarringStatesphilosophers.122SinceYang'sstatedintentionintheMysterywastoexplicatethedifficultproblemof
ming,itisatfirstpuzzlingthatheemployedthecharacteronlytentimesintheentiretextoftheMystery(threetimeswiththeearliestmeaningof"[king's]
commands").123Ofcourse,YangHsiungcouldclaimtobeemulatingthemodelofConfucius,who"seldomspokeofming,"presumablybecausethemostsacred
aspectsofhumanexistencearetaboo.124ButitisnolesslikelythatYang'sreticenceismeanttoenticethereadertoembarkuponthatstepbystepimmersioninthe
sageauthor'smindthatschoolsthereaderinthemoralprocessitself.125

YangHsiungimbeddedthenecessarycluestohissolutionforminginthreelinkedstatements.Thelongestpassagebegins:
Someoneaskedaboutming.Ireplied,"MingreferstothedecreesofHeaven.Ithasnothingtodowithpeople'sactions.""Ifpeople'sactionsdonotconstituteming,Ibegtoask
whataboutpeople'sactions?"Iresponded:"By[theiractions]theymaybepreservedorlostbythemtheymayliveordie.[Still,]thatisnotming.Mingreferstowhatcannotbe
avoided."126

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AsecondpassagefromtheMysteryechoesthelastlineoftheprecedingstatementwithoneimportantchangeitsubstitutes"time"formingortheDecree,saying,
"Timeiswhatcannotbeovercome."127AndathirdpassagerepeatstheassociationofmingwithtimeindefiningtheDecreeas"whatistimelyornot."128

YangHsiung'sfirststatementaboutmingsuggeststhat"fate"isanadequatetranslationforthetermifwedonotinvestitwithsupernaturalovertones.Minginreferring
totime(meaning"presentcircumstance"aswellas"opportunetime")describestheinvoluntaryandimposedpartofhumanexistencethatwillnotchangethrough
individualeffort.(Forexample,YangHsiungcametomaturityduringanageofmisruleandhisbelovedsondiedatanearlyage.)Thus,allthreepassagesemphasize
humanlimitations,fortheysuggestthatanyhumancanfailtomeetwithsuitableopportunitiestoact.Asageneralrule,humans,nomatterhowworthy,canonlywatch
for,notcreate,individualopportunities,sinceitis"Heaventhatfixesthetime.''129Forthisreason,oneearlythinkerclaimed,"MasterYangtaughtthattomeetornotto
meet[withone'sdesires]isamatteroffate."130Naturallyenough,suchaviewoftheuniverseconsidersskillinascertainingtheopportunetimetobeattheheartof
practicalwisdom.131

Atthesametime,numerousstatementsintheMysterymakeitclearthatforYangHsiungmingcannotimplytotalpredestination.Inthefirstpassagecitedabove,for
example,Yangspecificallyexempts"preservationandloss,lifeanddeath"fromthedomainofming.YangHsiungreadilyadmittedthatcertainwelldefinedlimits
circumscribedhumanexistence:Nohuman,howeverpowerful,isimmortal.Andonlyafewwilleverwingreatrichesorathrone.132Theselimitsarecomparatively
insignificant,however,oncethe"preservationandloss"ofvirtueandthequalityofone's"lifeanddeath"becometheindividual'sultimateconcerns.133Onepassagein
theMystery,therefore,extolsthegloriesattendantuponavirtuousoldage,134whilecountlessothersdepicttheterrorsofaprematurefallbroughtonbyacraven
dependenceuponmaterialpleasure.135IfweassumephilosophicalcoherenceinYang'smaturevision,wecantrytoreconstructhismostimportantideasaboutthe
Decreebypiecingtogethergeneralobservationsonfateandvirtuethatappearthroughouthislaterworks,especiallytheMystery.

YangHsiungclearlydemandedthatthereaderattemptthisreconstruction,ratherthanrestcontentwithfragmentarypronouncements.WhatarewetomakeofYang's
initialstatementthat"preservationandloss,lifeanddeath"areexemptfromming,especiallywhenwerecallthatthesesamefourareasarespecificallyassociatedwith
minginthecanonicalAnalectsattributedtoConfucius?136ItseemsthatYangHsiungwishedtochallengehisreader,asifheknewthatthetextcanonlyreallyteach

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137
whenitfailstosaywhatweexpectittosaypartialtruthsinobviousconflictarethenreexamined,sothatanewunitarytruthcanbeestablished.

Turningtospecifics,theMysterydepictsfourmajorfactorsaffectingthecourseandqualityofaperson'slife,thoughitnevergroupsallfourtogetherinasingle
passage.138Thefourfactorstobetreatedare:

Virtue
Tools
Position
Time

ThefirstnotablethingaboutthislististhatYangreservesmingforTimealone,althoughsomeearlyChinesethinkerslooselyviewedallfourfactorsasaspectsofming
insofarasmingmaysimplyrefertothequalityofhumanlife.OnceweunderstandthesignificanceofYang'sfourfactors,thiswillassumeconsiderableimportance.

Elaboratingsomewhatupontheseterms,VirtuerefersmainlytotherosteroftraditionalConfucianvirtues(amongthem,filialpiety,honesty,loyalty,andmodesty).
YangalsofollowsConfuciantraditioninmakingtheritualactvirtuallysynonymouswithGoodnesssinceritualprovidestheforminwhichGoodnesscanbe
actualized.139(Formoreonritual,seeKeyTerms.)ForConfucians,ritualisthesinglemodeofbehaviorcapableoffosteringnecessarysocialorderwhilesatisfyingour
mostbasichumanneedsforbeautyandcommunication.InYang'swriting,however,wealsomeetnewertermslike"cautiouswatchfulness"and"timelyaction,"
associatedmostoftenwithearlierwritingsofthoseveryTaoistsandLegalistshelovedtorefute.140SuchcatchwordscanbejustifiedinConfuciantermssinceeventhe
bestritualrequirespropertimingtopromotethecommongood.141Finally,asacommittedConfucian,YangHsiungbelievesthatVirtuelieswithinthegraspofeach
andeveryhumanbeing,thoughlamentablyfewmaychoosetopursueitscourse.142

UndertherubricofTools,YangHsiungputsnotonlyphysicalartifacts(likejars,stoves,andcarts)butalsotheartsandinstitutionsthatcivilizesociety.Thissingle
heading,inconsequence,housessuchdisparateitemsascompassandcarpenter'ssquare,theConfucianClassics,theritualsystem,supportivefriendships,andthe
family,totheextentthattheyarecivilizingagents.143Thereis,however,oneglaringomissionfromtheseries.TheMysterynevermentionsthepredictiveartstoutedby
certaincosmologists,thoughtheancientartofdivinationbymilfoilandturtleisoftenapplaudedbyYangasasacredToolthatavailsthenobleman.144Thankstothe
legacyoftheearlysages,alltheproperToolsneededforcivilizationalreadyexist.145However,theindividualcantakefulladvantageoftheseavailableToolsonlyifhe
hasschooled

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146
himselfintheirproperusebythistrainingheacquires"practicalwisdom"(chih). Withoutsuchtraining,theindividualeitherruinsgoodToolsorchoosesToolsthat
areinadequateorinappropriatetothetask.147YangHsiungprovidesmanycomicexamplestoillustratehispoint.Inone,abenightedsoullugsaboatoverland,then
ridesacartintowater.148Byanalogy,menwhoemployConfuciandoctrinetoacquirewealth,rank,orlonglifemisapplytheToolspecificallydesignedtoguide
personalselfcultivationandsocialharmony.149

Positionrefersbothtosocialrankandtothephysicallocation150150thattheindividualoccupiesattheprecisemomentwhenactionisrequired.151Thestockexample
ofgoodpositionisthatoftheruler,whosegreateraccesstocertainresourcesandopportunitiesexists(atleastwhileheremainsonthethrone)regardlessofhis
characterbyvirtueofhisPosition,hehaswhatwemightcallastrategicadvantageoverothers.152Beingintherightplaceattherighttime,traditionsuggests,isatleast
partlyamatterofluck,sinceeventhegreatsagemasterConfuciusfailedtosecureagovernmentpositioncommensuratewithhistalents.153Inwellorderedstates,
however,VirtuehelpstosecurePosition.154

Timerefersnotonlytotheinterlockingcyclesofyin/yangandtheFivePhases155italsocoverstheindividualcycleofeachphenomenoninthecosmos(inChinese
terms,the"myriadthings,"includingManhimself)engagedinacontinualprocessofchange.156TheancientChineseviewedTimeinacomplexfashionforthem,

therewasnatural,cyclictime,definedbythealternationofthefarmingseasonsandofdayandnight.Humantimereflectedthecyclesoflifeandthecosmos.Timewasnotpurely
cyclic.Itwasregressiveinthesensethattheperfectsocialorderofarchaictimeswasgoneforever.Butitwasalsoprogressive,inthesensethatcivilizationwasbuiltoutofa
seriesofsagelyinventions,...adaptationsofnaturalpatternstohumanuse.Theseinventionsaccumulatedtoletsocietysurviveandprovidescopeforitsimprovement.157

ForYangHsiung,theimportanceofTimecanhardlybeoverestimatedinapassagecitedearlierinthisIntroduction,YangplacesTimeinaseriesthatincludes
Heaven,Earth,andthegods.158TheHeadtextsoftheMysterydepicttheannualcyclewithitsfourseasonstheAppraisalsreflecttheregularalternationofnight/day
andthesequentialoperationoftheFivePhases.WithinthenineAppraisalstoeachHead,threesuccessivegroupsofthreeAppraisalsrepresentthebeginning,middle,
andendofaspecificprocessorlifecycle,eachunitofwhichcarrieswithititsownconstraintsandbenefits.Forexample,attheageofninety,womendonotbear
children,thoughtheymaybesingularlyhonoredfortheiraccumu

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159 160
latedwisdomandexperience. Forthisreason,wecanthinkofTimeassynonymouswithpresent[ortimely]"opportunity."

IfthesefourfactorsofVirtue,Tools,Position,andTimetogetherdeterminethecourseofindividuallife,howdotheyrelatetooneanother?Thegraphicsummaryof
Yang'scommentsshownintable5willhelp:

Table5.

TheMysteriousTaoinOperation

ASPECT: Individual Society Heaven(deityorsky)

SCOPE: WithMan OnEarth InHeaven

FACTOR: Virtue Tools,Position Time(equatedwiththe

Decree)

Althoughoversimplified,thetablehighlightsseveralimportantaspectsofYang'ssolutiontoming.Itshows,forexample,thatYang'ssolutionissomewhatmore
sophisticatedthanmost,inthatitaccountsforwidevariationsinindividuallifebyreferencetofourinterdependentfactors,ratherthanintermsoftheusualdichotomies
offatevirtue,conductreward,HeavenMan,innerouter,andsoon.ItalsohasToolsandPositionplayingamediatingrolebetweenVirtueandTime.Thisistruein
atleasttwosenses:First,theacquisitionofVirtueisentirelydeterminedbytheindividualhumanwill"gettingtheopportunetime"forconventionalsuccess,bycontrast,
iscompletelyuptoHeaveninotherwords,outsidehumancontrol.161(TimeisparticularlyassociatedwithHeavensincethecalendarreflectsthemovementsofthe
heavenlybodies.)162ToolsandPosition,productsofcivilizedsociety,havebeenfashionedbysagesuponthemodelofHeaven.163Theirexistenceoffersthesinglebest
proofoftheintegrationofhumanwithcosmichistory,ofTimewithVirtue.164Second,whiletheacquisitionofToolsandPositionisinsomeundefinablemeasure
attributabletoVirtue,165itisTimethatdetermineswhenToolsandPositioncanbeused.166Howdoesthiswork?AccordingtoYangHsiung,onlythemanwho
identifiescompletelywiththesagescanbecalledvirtuous,foronlyhecommandsthesympathy,foresight,anddedicationnecessarytomasterthecreationsofthe
sagesfully,sothatToolsandPositionarereadyforusewhenopportunityarises.167Still,despiteyearsofpreparation,certainlatterdaysages(Confuciusamongthem)
haveneverbeencalledupontoemploythefullrangeoftheirtalents.168

VariouspassagesintheMysteryplacetheoperationsofallfourfactors(Virtue,Tools,Position,andTime)squarelyintherealmofchange.(HereYangcontradicts
someotherearlytexts,whichshowonlyming

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169
synonymouswithchange.) Andeachofthefourfactorsimposesdefinitelimitsontheindividual.TimeconstraintsareprobablythemostobviousinYang'swritings:
[Timely]opportunitiescomeandgo,
Thegapbetweenthemfinerthanahair.170

Sheerprobabilityarguesagainstthefrequentconvergenceofallfourfactors.171Unfortunately,theconventionallydefined"goodlife"oflongevity,numerousprogeny,
wealth,highstatus,andgoodreputationdependsuponthefortuitouscoincidenceofallfourfactorsaffectinghumans.172TothedegreethatToolsandPositionare
variablesdependentuponbothTimeandVirtue,itistruethatnothingcanstoptheindividualfromsuccesswhenTimecoincideswithVirtue.173ButwithToolsand
PositionafunctionofTime,badtimingskewsthepersonalequationinthedirectionofbadluck,sothatthewisestofindividualsmustexerciseextremecautioninorder
simplytosurvive.174Inanageofdisorder,highpositionmayevenmakeapersonmorethanordinarilyvulnerabletoattack.

GiventhecrucialimportanceofTimeasafactorinhumanexperience,itisallthemoreregrettablethatTime(onceagain,meaning"presentopportunity")issolimited.
HowmuchmoreconvenientifTime,presumablyregularinitsmovements,couldbepredictedormanipulated.ThatTimewasregular,menofHanhadnodoubt.175
Poeticdiction,aswellasthestructureoftheMystery,reinforcestheideathatastronomicalTimeistheproductoftheregularalternationofyin/yangandtheFive
Phases.Intheshapeofthecalendar,Timeevencomestosymbolizethecosmicnorms.176WhythendoesYangcontinuetoreiteratethatTimeliesbeyondhuman
control?

RespectedscholarsattheHancourthadarguedthatTimewasamenabletohumanunderstandingpreciselybecauseitwasregular.The"fatherofHanConfucianism,"
TungChungshu,statedthisunequivocally:

Thefactthatdefinitepropositionscanbemadeabout[theoperationoftheFivePhasesalignedwiththeseasons]meansthatsagemencangettounderstandthem.177

ThetroublewasthatittookonlyaseriesofsmallsuccessivestepstomovefromunderstandingTimeto"knowing"Time(both"understanding"and"knowing,"afterall,
wereindicatedbythesinglecharacterchih)towantingtopredict,evencontrolitsoperations.Asnumerouscontemporaryreferencestomagicians,astrologers,and
divinersattest,178manyhopedtopredictandmanipulatethefuturethrough"technicalarts"(forinstance,portentreadingandnumerology).Thoughsuchartsseemedto

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corroboratethecourtsponsoredDoctrineofMutualInteractionbetweenHeavenandMan(T'ienjenkanying)(andbyextension,toprovethelegitimacyoftheHan
throne),YangHsiungwasanxioustodisassociatehimselffromthispseudoConfucianviewpoint.

TheMysteryarguesthatthepatternedoperationsofTime,howeverregularinthenaturalworld,arenotentirelyknowable,notwithstandingtheclaimsmadebycertain
Hanmagicians.SinceTime'smovementscannotbeforecastwithabsoluteaccuracy,manipulationofTime'soperationsissimplyoutofthequestion.YangHsiung
suppliestworeasonsforthis.First,accordingtoYang,allsupremelygreatentities(acategorythatincludesHeaven,Earth,theConfucianClassics,andTime)remain
ultimatelyshroudedinmystery,becausethepartcannotfullycomprehendthewhole.179Inonepassage,hediscussesthefirstthreegreatentities:
Someoneaskedwhether...theycannotbemoreeasilycomprehended.Ireplied,"Theycannot.IfHeavensuddenlycouldbemeasured,thenitscoveringofthingswouldbethin
indeed.IfEarthsuddenlycouldbefathomed,thenitssupportofthingswouldbesuperficialindeed.GreatisthewayHeavenandEarthformtheouterwallforthemyriadthings,
whiletheFiveClassicsrepresenttheretainingwallsforthenumeroustheories.180

Time,thefourthgreatentity,envelopsallspaceandmaterialchange.181Therefore,Manasonetinypartofphenomenalexistencecanneverfullycomprehenditas
Yangwrites,"Whatis[truly]greathasnoborderswhatchangeshasno[set]time."182Yangwascarefultosaythateventhesagesareonly"onthepoint"(yu)of
fathomingit,sincetheyknowatbesthowtoestimate(ni)thebroadoutlineoftheunknowable.183HumansintentupongreatnessshouldseektoconformtoTime,
insteadofchallengingitsmanifestsuperiority,justastheysubmittoothersuperiors.184

YangHsiungbolstersthisargumentbyreferencetothemostcurrentcosmologicaltheory.Toexplainapparentanomaliesinthesequentialoperationofthecosmic
phases,Yin/yangFivePhasestheoristsattheHancourthadalreadypositedasocalledPrincipleofMasking.Accordingtothetheory,differentratesofchange
amongthefivecosmicphasesinteractinginsequentialorderoccasionallyproducepatternswhoseoriginsaretoodifficulttoread.(Iseethisasmultiplewaves
reinforcingorcancelingoneother.)185TheMysterymakesreferencetothisPrinciplewhenittalksoftheFivePhases"concealingtheiractions."186Yangthenproceeds
toincorporateintheMysteryastrikingparalleltothePrincipleofMasking.Asearlyasthefirsttetragram,wefindexamplesofAppraisalsassignedyang(i.e.,
auspicious)valuesthatinexplicablypredictcertaindisaster(inconventionalterms,ifnotalwaysinmoralterms)forthe

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187
individualconfrontingtheparticularsliceofTimeassociatedwiththatAppraisal. AsalloftheseanomaliesoccurinthelastfewAppraisalsassignedtotheHead
(positionscorrespondingtothefinalstageofthehumansituationorlifespanwhenTime'slimitationsbecomemostobvious),188theonlypossibleconclusiontobe
drawnisthattheinauspiciouscharacterof"humanendings"insomefewcasescanoverride(oratleastmask)theauspiciouscharacteroflargercoincidentcosmic
cycles.189Noexplanationisgivenforwhatlooklikerandomevents,perhapsbecause,accordingtoYang,thesage"mayinvestigateirregularitiesbutonlyrecordsthe
constantsequences."190YangmayalsointendbythisdevicetoindicatetherelativeweightofhumankindinthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan.191Inanycase,
Yangadaptsthelanguageofthecosmologiststounderminetheirbloatedclaimstoforeknowledge.

Atfirstglance,Yang'sinsistenceonTime'sunpredictabilityseemstoundercuthiscontinualexhortationstoundertaketimelyaction.Butthisishardlythecase.The
Mysteryemphasizespreparationforalleventualities.Whentrendschange,avarietyofsignswillindicatethepropercourseofaction.Themostimportantoftheseare
socalled"humanportents."192GivenTime'sinherentunpredictability,humanbehaviorbecomesthemostreliableprognostictoolavailable.Theceremonialparticipant
whooverstepsritualbetrayshisoverweeningambitionthebraggartiseasilyidentifiedas"hollow."Bothkindsofindividualwillsurelylandintroublesoonerorlater.
Soreliablearethesehumanportentsthatthewiseman,curiousaboutthefuture,shiftshisattentionfromthestars(i.e.,changesinthenaturalworld)tothestudyof
Virtueinsociety.193NowondersomanyAppraisaltextsintheMysterytreatrituallapsesasemblemsofprofounddisorder.

Moreimportant,YangHsiung'skeyargumentsaboutthemorallifeallfollowdirectlyfromhissinglestatementthatTime(asamajordeterminantindestiny)liesbeyond
humancontrol.Thisyieldsatleastsevenimportantcorollaries,whichappearinvariousplacesinhiswork:
1.SincethecourseofhumanexistencedependsuponvariousconjunctionsofVirtue,Tools,andPositionwithunpredictableTime,thewisepersondevoteseveryeffortto
advancepreparationincasefutureopportunityshouldpresentitself.Fromthiscommonsensicalobservation,YangHsiungextractsfromtheFiveConfucianClassicsasingle
underlyingtheme:thenobleman"jealouslyguardshisdays"(aijih)inordertomakethebestpossibleuseofhislimitedtime.

2.Sincetheprincipleofaijihdemandsthatonemakethebestpossibleuseoflimitedopportunities,theevaluatingmindshouldfirstdetermine,andthenfocusupon,subjectsof
greatestimportance,whileturningawayfrominherentlyunproductivesubjects.

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3.Carefulinvestigationshowsthatritualpracticeisthesinglemostimportantsubjectamenabletohumanunderstandingandbeneficialtomankind.Throughitsstudy,thewise
personistransformedintothegoodperson.

4.Thestudyofritualallowshumanstodevelopinsuchawaythattheindividualcannotonlybecome"partnerwith"or"consortto"Heaven,"194butcanevenpartakeofeternity
itself.Aloneamonglivingthings,ManhasthepowertoparticipateinthedivinelifethroughGoodness.

5.Ifritualactscausehumanstoidentifywith,evenpartakeof,thedivineorder,thewouldbesagewillnottrytoundulycontrolTaoinitsvariousmanifestations(includingfate).
Instead,hewillacquiesceinthedivineandmysteriousorderknownasming(inotherwords,acceptallpartsoftheHeavenlyplan).

6."Understanding"(chih)(i.e.,"accepting")theDecreeinvariablybringscertainphysicalandpsychologicaladvantagestotheindividual.Inaddition,anumberofexternal
advantagesincidentallymayderivefromsubmissiontofate.Incontrast,nocertainadvantageliesinaperson'sattempttocontrolhisfateorpursuesecondarygoalssuchas
powerorwealth.

7.ThemostimportantadvantageofVirtueliesinitspotentialtoeffecttheidealstateofperfectcommunity(Yangcallsit"nogap"),whichhasbothpsychologicalandsocial
dimensions.

PropositionsAboutTime,Luck,andVirtue

Letusexaminetheselinkedpropositionsingreaterdetail,beginningwithYangHsiung'sstatementidentifyingthephraseaijihasthesingleunifyingthreadrunning
throughsagelypractice.Indescendingordersofliteralness,aijihmeans"tolovethedays,""tobefrugalinthe[useofone's]time,"and"tojealousyguardone'stime"
inordertomakethebestpossibleuseoflimitedchancesandresources.195Yang'spreoccupationwithaijihmaycomeassomethingofaminorshocktoareaderof
classicalChinesephilosophy.Why?GenerationshaveponderedaverydifferentstatementbytheMasterthatidentified"considerationforothers"(shu)asthesingle
themebindingtogethertheentiretyofthesage'steachings.196SurelyYangHsiungdoesnotintendtochallengethewordsoftheMaster?197

Thetwoseparate"threads"infactcanbeseentocomplementoneanother.Iftheindividuallifespancannotbeextendedbeyondacertainmaximum(theChineseoften
talkedofahundredyearsorso),thebrevity

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ofhumanexistencecreatesinusaheightenedsenseofobligationandcareforhumanlife,sothatindividualswishtomakethebestuseofTime.YangHsiungusesthe
analogyofthefilialsontoshowhowthisworks.Forthefilialson,theinevitablenatureofhisparents'oldageanddeathproducesinthesonaacutesenseofobligation
andlove.198Allsocialrelations,byanalogytothisfundamentalparentchildrelation,areinfinitelymorepreciousbecausetheyareboundbyTime,evenwheredeathis
notanimmediatethreat.Time'sinexorableflowmeansthatmistakesinsocialrelationsmaycauseirreparableharmforinstance,harshwordsormeaninglessbabble
cannotberecalledoncethesoundshave"flownoff"intotheair.199Humansandhumancreations(includingritual)acquireheightenedvaluepreciselybecauseoftheir
fragile,transitorynature.Thephraseaijihindicatesthathuman"love"(forothers)incombinationwiththe"days"(thatis,Time)determinestheConfucianfocuson
socialrelations.

Someonemightobject,asYangHsiung'sopponentsdid:200"Howdoweknowthatmonthsandyearsspentinforginghumanrelationsrepresentthesinglebestuseof
Time?"Afterall,humanbeingswishforavarietyofbenefits,andallarereasonablegoalstothedegreethattheycanincreasehuman"greatness."201

VariousphilosophersinancientChinasuggesteddifferentmethodstoachievehumangreatness.Onedefinitionalproblem,ofcourse,concernedtheusualconfusionof
greatnesswithhappiness.TheLegalists,forexample,hadassumedthatmancanachievesupremegreatnessonlybytheacquisitionofpoliticalpower,whichendowsa
personwithacharismaakintothegodsandensuresakindofimmortalitythroughlonglastingreputation.Otherthinkerscounteredthatcourtlifeinandofitself
presentssogravearisktophysicalandmentalwellbeingthatconventionaldesiresforhighpositiondestroyallpossibilityoftruehappiness.Inthatcase,cansuch
unhappinessbeaccountedgreat?Manythinkersdebatedtheanswertothisquestion.SomeadvocateddetachmentasthewisestgoalforMan(givenhislimited
resources),whileothersrespondedbyexperimentingwithrecipesforphysicalimmortality.

Yangcarefullyanalyzestheproblemofmaximumbenefitwithoutreferencetotheconfusingissueofoverlappingdefinitionsforhumangreatnessandhappiness.By
Yang'slogic,agoalworthpursuingmustsatisfythreecriteria:

1.Effortexpendedmustresultinmeasurablegainthatisbothcertainandcommensuratewiththeeffort.202

2.Thegreaterthegainthebetter.203

3.Personalgainismoresafelyheldwhenbenefitsareextendedtoothers,justasawiderbasegivesthewalladditionalsecurity.204

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205
Inotherwords,thelogicalmindfirstdetermineswhichgoalsarebothworthyandpossible,thenitfindsawaytomaximizebenefits. Applyingtheseobservations,
Yangmakesshortshriftoftheusualclaimsthatmaximumsatisfactioncanbederivedfromtheattainmentofcertainconventionalgoals,suchaswealth,factual
knowledge,politicalpower,orphysicalimmortality.206Healsoplaysupthecontinualfrustrationsexperiencedbytheunluckymajoritywhocanneverreachexternal
goals.Ineffect,heattacksallgoalsexceptthestudyofritualprecepts,arguingthatonlyritualcansatisfyallthreerequirementsforaworthygoal:First,itispossibleto
perfectoneselfinritual.Second,ritualactionfacilitatestheeffectiveexpansionofone'scircleoffamily,friends,andallies.Third,ritualactionensuresthatotherswillnot
resentthisextensionofpersonalcharismaticpower,nomatterhowgreatitbecomes.207

SincemanhaslimitedTime(andconsequentlylimitedknowledge)athisdisposal,hedoesbettertofocusonafewprinciplesthathecanthenapplytonumerous
situations.208Employingritual,thetrulywisemancanuseTime(whichislimited,andsoepitomizeschangeanddecline)tooffsettheilleffectsofTime.Suchaperson
securesandsustainsthemaximumportionofgreatnessforaslongaspossible.Thisworksbecauseritualpreceptsarelimitedinnumber,withonlyfivefundamental
paradigms(theFiveConstantRelationsoffatherson,rulersubject,husbandwife,eldersiblingyoungersibling,andfriendfriend)tobemastered.Inaddition,
opportunitiesforthestudyofritualarepresenteverywhere.Confuciushimselfhadremarkedthattheycanbefoundineverydaylifeaswellasinbooks,209sothatthere
isnoneedtoresorttothecomplicatedcalculationsandexpensiveinstrumentsusedbydivinersandastrologers.Asanaddedbonus,thecarefulanalysisofritual
performance(those"humanportents")yieldsmoreaccurateinformationaboutprevailingsocialtrendsthanthefinestastrolabesandtemplates."210Finally,thedecided
advantageofritualstudyisthatitsbenefitsarecertain.Attheveryleast,throughritualperformanceapersongainsasecuresenseofhimself.Inphilosophicallanguage,
itsatisfiesdeepphysicalandpsychologicallongingstofulfillone'sownpotentialashumanbeingandtounitewithone'sfellowman.211Ritualalsoallowsavarietyof
importantsocialinstitutionstofunction.Andunderidealconditions,powerfulritualbindstheentireuniverseinavoluntarycommunitysotightthat"nogap"212(thatis,
nosenseofalienation)remains.AccordingtoYang,amanwouldbeafooltorunafterpossiblyunattainablegoalswhileneglectingtopursueasurething.213Forthis
reason,theprudentindividualstudiesritualandVirtue.

Yang'sclaimsbynomeansstophere.AccordingtotheMystery,ritualactsalloweachindividualinsomeaspectstoescapetheruinousclutchesofTimeitselfby
enteringtheworldoftheeternal"constantnorms."

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SincethisargumentiskeytotheMystery,letusexamineeachofitsstepswithparticularcare.

YangHsiungdescribesthecharacteristicactivitiesoftheMysteryinthefollowingpassage:

AsfortheMystery,...
Thepolluteditpurifies.
Theprecipitousitlevels....
Theelevateditlowers.
Thelowitraises.
Theabundantittakesfrom.
Thedepleteditgivesto.
Thebrightittonesdown.
Thedoubtfulitclarifies....

Initsactivemode,theMysterydailycreateswhatit[theworld]lacksandfavorswhatitrenews.Initsquiescentmode,theMysterydailydepleteswhatit[theworld]hasand
diminisheswhatithascompleted.214

HethenassertsthatnoblemaninpracticingritualoperatesinafashionanalogoustotheMystery.

Ifthenoblemandailystrengthenswhatisdeficientinhim[thatis,thegood]andeliminateswhathepossessesinsurplus[thatis,theevil],thentheWayoftheMysteryisnearly
approximatedindeed!215

ThismeansthatthegoodpersonapproachestheMysterywhenheapplieshimselftothestudyofritual.Sinceitisthesocialvirtues,especiallymodestyand
compliance,whichareinshortsupplyandactionscontrarytoritualwhichareinoversupply,thegoodmanemploysritualtohabituatehimselftoalifethatincreaseshis
goodimpulsesandcurbshiseviltendencies.Inweighingtheclaimsofcompetingdesireswithinhimself,thegoodmanlearnstouseritualtoeffectabalanceinever
widercircleswithinthefamilyandsocietyatlarge,justastheTaobalancesallaspectsofHeavenEarthMan,therebyachievingtruejusticeforall.216Theritualact,we
aretoconclude,partakesofdivinitybecauseitiscategoricallyakintothesacredMysteryinitsoperation.Asanunseenmotiveforcebehindprofoundsocialchange,
thenoblemanmimicsthecosmicMysteryinitscatalyzingactivity.217Throughritual,thenoblemantakesondivineaspects.Thewiderangeofhisabilitiesandcontacts
correspondtothevastnessoftheTao.218

Lestsomeoneobjectthatthispicturegreatlyexaggeratesthepowerofritual,YangHsiungsupplieswhatheconsiderstobeasecondproofofthedivinequalityof
humanritual.Thisproofbeginswiththegeneralrule

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thateachphenomenonintheworldofHeavenEarthManissubjecttocyclicaldecline,asprovidedforinYin/yangFivePhasestheory.OnepassageintheMystery
says,forexample:
Byrule,abundanceentersdeclineandwhatendsisbornagain.Thereisfillingupandemptyingout....Ifyangfailstoculminate,thenyinfailstogerminate.Ifyinfailsto
culminate,thenyangfailstosprout....Backandforthistheir[yin/yang]sequencetwistingandturningistheirpath....Atonepointthereislife,atonepointthereisdeath.Day
andnightalternate.Yinandyangdividethenumbers.219

Ordinarylife,then,issupremely''inconstant."220FewofYangHsiung'sreaderswouldhavebalkedatthisvisionoftheuniverse.Theyconsultedadivinationtext
preciselybecausetheywerealltooawareoflife'svagaries.ButYangHsiungproceedstomakethefurtherclaimthatVirtue,likethemysteriousTao,isalsoinsome
senseeternal,foritisinsubstance"evernew."221Virtue,heinsists,thenbecomesthesingleentityinallofphenomenalexistencethatisexemptfromthetime's
predations,sinceitsaccumulationdoesnotforceaninevitablereversal:
IntheWayofMan,itisgoodfortunetobeuprightandcalamitytobeperverse.Therefore,thenoblemanisinwardlyuprightandoutwardlycompliant....Thisiswhythe
outcomeofhisactionsisgoodfortuneandnotcalamity.Ifingoodfortuneonedoesnotdoevil,[goodfortune]cannotgiverisetocalamity.Ifincalamity,onedoesnotdogood,
[calamity]cannotbecomegoodfortune.Evilandgood!Evilandgood!Evilandgood!Thesearewhatultimatelyrevealthenobleman!222

ThissimpleargumenturgingthecontinuousaccumulationofGoodnessisfarmoreimportantthanitlooks.Bytherelativelysimpleactofdistinguishingmoralattainment
fromallotherattainments,whicharesubjecttocyclicalreversalanddecline(suchastheaccumulationofphysicalch'i,ofpower,orofmoney),223YangHsiung
reassertstheprimacyoftheconstantnormsenshrinedinritualoverother,transitorygoals,whichareoftensummedupintheterm"thegoodlife."Virtueisseenin
somesenseasinviolable,eternal,andinfinitelygreatinpotential.Afterall,evendeathcannotalteror"snatchaway"thequalityofaman'smoralacts.Especiallygreat
virtuemayevenconferuponitspossessorsakindofimmortalityintheformoflastingreputation.224Therefore,VirtuebecomestheonlyworthygoalforMan,sinceit
fulfillsYang'scriterionforgreatness:itreliablybringsinfinitelygreatrewards.

Sinceonlytheritualactbringssureandgreatrewards,seriousmoralconfusionresultswhenevertheconventional"goodlife"iserroneouslyheldupasaworthygoal
forhumanbeings.225(Inthefirstplace,theadjective"good"shouldneverbeappliedtomingatall,sinceTime,un

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likeVirtue,isnotahumanconstruction.)Infact,theterm"goodming"isamisnomerwhosecontinuedusethreatenstoleadmenfromtheproductivepursuitofthe
Wayintofruitlesspursuitsforlonglife,riches,andsoon.AsoneAppraisalshows,inmuddledfashionthetypicalloutmistakescontingentgoodluckforthesure
rewardsofVirtue:

Circumstancecontrivesthefaultyseemscorrect.
Fortunatemendonotdeemthisa"happycoincidence."
Wrong,thoughrightbycircumstance,
Means:Goodmenreturntotheconstants.226

Todispelsuchpopularconfusionabout"goodming,"YangHsiungtriestoemployconsistentterminologythroughouttheMystery.227"Goodluck"and"badluck"(chi
hsiung)areusedinconnectionwithaspectsoftheconventionalgoodlife,suchaswealth,highstatus,andlonglife.SinceluckistiedtoTime,itcannotbewonby
efforttherefore,itmakesnosensetoregarditasthesupremegoalinlife,thoughgoodmenmaysometimesachieveit''incidentally."228"Favor"and"blame"(hsiu
ch'iu)refertothesocietalreaction(inthecaseofblame,thismeansthesocialcost)toaparticularcourseofaction.Onceagain,thegoodopinionofone's
contemporariesisultimatelybeyondthecontroloftheindividual,andsothewisepersonrefusestorelyuponitforpsychic,physical,oreconomicbenefits.229In
contrast,"goodfortune"and"calamity"(fuhuo)refertothemoralandimmoralliferespectively:
WhatHeavenandEarthhonorsiscalled"goodfortune."Whattheghostsandspiritsblessiscalled"goodfortune."WhattheWayofMandelightsiniscalled"goodfortune."
Whateverisdespisedandabhorrediscalled"calamity."230

SincetheWayofMan(i.e.,Virtuethroughselfcultivation)bydefinitionlieswithinthegraspofeachindividual,theindividualholdscompleteresponsibilityforhisown
goodfortune(thatis,morality),231disprovingthemistakenassumptionof"ordinaryfolkwhothinkthatmisfortuneandgoodfortunearedeterminedbyming."232

AccordingtoYang,conventionalbadluckmayevenbewelcomedasaboonsolongasitbringstheindividualabetterappreciationofhisownritualobligations.233
YangHsiung'sfamousprosepoem"ExpellingPoverty"comesclosetoburlesquewhenitdetailsthemoralandpsychicbenefitsofdirepovertyfortheindividual:
Allotherslockthemselvesin.
Youaloneliveintheopen.
Allotherstremblewithfear.
Youalonehavenoapprehensions.234

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Acrossthecenturies,suchstatementsseemdisingenuousorironicattheveryleast,ifnotoutrightpreposterous.ButtheMystery,Yang'smasterwork,adoptsafar
moreserioustone.ThereYangdoesnotwishtoclaimeitherthat"Virtueisitsownreward"orthatVirtue'srewardsareselfevident.Heacceptsthenotionthathe
mustdemonstratethebenefitsofVirtueifheistopersuadehisreaderstotryit.Sohesetsouttoprove,ashesays,thatconformingto"theMystery[aspattern]isthe
ultimateinutility."235

Accordingly,Yangshowsthatseveraladvantagesaccruefromvirtuousconductinformedbyritualpattern,itselfderivedfromthedivinepatternsoftheTao.For
instance,thegoodmanenjoyscomparativefreedomfromcertainkindsofanxiety,suchasthoseaboutmaterialsuccess.236Intentonlyuponaccumulatingactsof
goodness,hedisregardshisownselfandtrustsinHeaven'swill.Attheveryleast,sinceheexpectsnothingfromtheworld,hecannotbeharmedbyit:inYang's
words,"Calamityisnocalamityunlessseenassuch."237Evenmoreimportant,asenseofpsychicandphysicalwellbeingflowsfromthesmooth"fit"betweencosmic
normsandhisdevelopedpotential(inChineseterms,betweenHeaven'sDecreeandthepersonal,inborn"decreefromHeaven").238Inthiswaythegoodman"isby
virtuemadesecure"inotherwords,heavoidsthementalandphysicalcostsofevildoing.239

Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeanthatthegoodpersonisanincurableoptimist.Therearethingsworthworryingabout,includingthehealthofparents,theeconomicand
moralstateofone'sfellowmen,andthestateoftheempire.240Butoncehehasactedhonorably,herealizestherestisuptofate.Theconsequentreductioninstress
promotesbetterphysicalhealth.Infact,virtuousactionmaybethesinglebestwaytoextendhumanlongevity.241Beyondthedomainoftheinternal,thenobleman's
consideratebehaviorcombinedwithhispracticalwisdomalsomakeshimavaluedcompanion.Sinceheisvaluedbyothers,heislikelytobeshoweredwithavariety
ofmaterialbenefitsandintangiblerewards,suchasahappyfamilylifeandhighpositionatcourt.Occasionally,suchincidentalrewardsforvirtuearenotforthcoming
duetoTime'smysteriousoperationsafterall,eventheparagonShunwasplaguedbyevilfamilymembersandthesageConfuciuswasneverawardedaresponsible
post.242Inthatcase,theabilitytoforgelastingassociationswithlikemindedindividualscanhelptocushionapersonfromtheworstshocksofTime.243

Giventhemanifestadvantagesassociatedwithgoodness,theperceptiveman,evenifheisnotyetperfectlygood,maybebroughttorealizetheinherentwisdomof
becomingonewiththeeternalTaothroughritual.SinceTaorefusestodrawattentiontoitsunseencosmicoperations,Manhimselfmustlearntoshunallself
promotion.Onceheistrulymoral,he

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comestoacquiesceinthemysteriousplanimposeduponhimbythepervasivepatternknownasTaoorT'ien.Itistruethatonecannotknowminginitsentiretystill,
acceptingthatitoperatesmeanslearningtoaccepttheinevitablelimitationsimposedbyTime.244

Sincetherearedefinitelimitsontheabilityofhumanstoforestalldisaster,245theindividualwhoistruly"awake"246torealityprepareshimselfforanyeventuality.Thisis
whatYangHsiungmeansbytimelyactionandbywaitingforming.Waiting,then,isbynomeanspassive.Rather,itisthearduousprocessbywhichtheindividual
schoolshimselfintheinherentpatternsimbeddedindivineritual,moraldecisionmaking,andflexibleresponsetonewdevelopments.247Onlythepettymanrails
againstfate,likeanidiotwhothinkshisdefiantshoutswillholdbacktheragingtorrentsoftheYellowRiver.248Onlythepettymanputshistrustinmagical"arts"or
resortstodivinationateveryturn.249(Itonlyseemsparadoxicalthatthisadvicecomesfromadivinationmanual.)250OnceweembraceTime'sunpredictablity,no
longertryingtocontroltheuncontrollable,then"unimaginablejoy"and"release"inevitablyfollow.251

YangHsiung'ssolutiontotheproblemofming,then,canbesummarizedasfollows:Fourfactors,Virtue,Tools,Position,andTime,affectthecourseofaman'slife.
Ofthesefourfactors,one(Time)iscompletelyoutsideman'scontrol,whiletwofactors(ToolsandPosition)arepartlydependentfortheireffectivenessuponVirtue,
partlyuponTime.ThewisemanpreparesbestfortheopportuneTimebypursuingVirtueaboveallothergoals.ThepossessionofVirtuenotonlybringsinnerstrength
andequanimity,italsotendsincidentallytosecuretheToolsandPositionnecessaryformoretangiblepleasuresandconventionalgoals,includinglonglife,progeny,
power,andfame.Moreimportant,sincehumanVirtueistheoneaspectofhumanexistencethatescapestheruinouscyclesofdecayandloss,thenoblemanatone
withsacredritualpartakesoftheeternal,mysteriousTao.Inthisway,humanlife,thoughsubjecttoawiderangeoflimitations(includingillnessanddeath),can
becomefullypowerful,constant,andinviolate.

ToproperlyassessYang'ssolutiontotheproblemoffateandvirtue,wemustunderstandtheimmediateimplicationsofYang'sinsistenceupontheineffablenatureof
TaoandTime.YangHsiungwantstodirecthumaneffortawayfromadetailedexaminationoftheshiftingphenomenalworldandrefocusattentionuponthe
preservationofritualnormsandculturalpatterns.252(YangHsiung,bytheway,tookhisownadvice,spendinghislastyearsinthestudyofsignificantlinguisticand
culturalpatterns.)ThisputshimfirmlyintheConfucianfold.Also,hisattempttodisengagesuccessfrommoralityisconsistentwiththetraditionalConfucianattitude
thatconventionalgoalsaresimplyunrelatedtothepursuitofVirtue.253Atthesametime,Yangbelievesthatactioninconformitywith

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ritualmakesManaparticipantintheeternalonthisbasis,the"gaps"betweenthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMancanbeovercomeandcosmiccommunity
forged.YangHsiung,then,useshisexplorationoffatetoreaffirmthemajorConfuciandoctrinesofhisage.

TheIntellectualDebtsofYang'sNewClassic

Inhisownworks,YangoutlinedfourstandardswhichheexpectedotherstousewhenjudgingthequalityoftheMysteryasanewConfucianclassic:twostandards
drawnfromclassicalauthoritiesandtwotestsbypracticalresults.Bythesecriteria,theMysteryhadto(1)reinterpretConfuciantraditionforacontemporary
audience,(2)be"easy"tounderstand,(3)promotesocialorder,and(4)refuteheterodoxdoctrinesandtheirproponentssuccessfully.Aswewillsee,theMystery
measuredupinallfourcriteriatothestandardofaclassic.

Astothefirstcriterion,ConfuciushimselfhadsaidthatthetruetestofaConfucianwasthathisteachingsmust"reanimatetheold"teachingsofthesages,makingthem
appearfreshandvitaltohiscontemporaries.254Thisisclearenoughasarule,thoughhardtoapply.Turningtothesecondcriterion,whatdidtheGreatCommentary
totheChangesmeanwhenitinsistedthataclassicshouldbe"easytoknow"and"easytofollow"?255Inhiswritings,Yangtookacloserlookatthischaracterization
ofamoralclassic.Inonepassage,animaginarydiscipleaskshimdirectlyaboutthepuzzlingphrase.Thedisciplearguesthatmoralityisa"heavyburden"256andthe
FiveClassicsareriddledwithapparentinconsistencies,sonoConfuciantextcouldbeaccountedeithereasytoknoworeasytofollow.257Yanganswersthat"ease''
couldonlymeanthattheclassics"havenotreacheryortrickery"inthem,nointernalcontradictionsorlogicalpitfalls.258Tomeritthenameofclassic,abookcould
explainneithertoomuchnortoolittle.259Andasifthosewerenotenoughrequirementsforasingleliterarycomposition,Yangfurtherstipulatesthataworkcouldnot
bedubbedaConfucianclassicunlessitfulfilledtwopracticalfunctions:itmustmakeforgoodorderinsociety260anditmustpromotetheConfucianvisionbyits
successfulrefutationofthemostinfluentialofcontemporaryheresies.

Tocomposeanewclassic,then,YanghadtoremainfaithfultoideasputforthbyConfucius(asheunderstoodthemthroughthepartiallydistortingmediumof
interveningtradition).Equally,hehadtoincorporatenewterminologyandnewillustrationssoastoenlightencontemporaryseekersafterTaoandrefutecontemporary
corruptorsoftheConfucianWay.Yanghimselfwasawareofthedangeroflapsingintofacileeclecticism.HisstatedgoalwastopromoteConfucianismwhilesteering
clearofwhatwastsa("mixed,""hybrid,""heterogenous,""heterodox").261

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OnlyhissuccessinmeetingallthesecriteriawouldearnhimthetitleofConfucianMaster.

WhileYangHsiung'sdiscussionoffategoesfarbeyondthatpresentedintheAnalectsofConfucius,hischaracterizationofmingasanoutsideimpositionuponManis
truetotheMaster.AccordingtotheAnalects,Confuciusseldomspokeofmingandneverclearlydefinedit,262thoughheusesthetermtosuggestaforcebeyond
humancapabilitiesaffectinghumanexistenceforgoodorill.Asitissaid,"WhethertheWaywillprevail"dependsuponming,asdopoverty,disgrace,illness,and
death.263Heaven'sDecreeaccordinglyistobefeared.264Theproperattitudetomaintaintowarditisoneoftrustingacceptance.YangHsiungalsopresumesthathe
followsConfuciuswhenhefocusesonissuesoftimeinconsideringfate.265

YangHsiung'sproblem,then,istoexpandthoseteachingswithoutdepartingfromtheMaster'sfewpronouncementsonming.Inthis,YangborrowedfromMencius
(?371?289)andHsntzu(?298?238),tworivalmastersoftheConfuciantradition.FromMencius,hetooktheclearcontrastbetweenmingasbeyondhuman
controlandvirtueaswithinhumancontrol.266HealsoadoptedtheMenciancharacterizationofthegoodmanasquietly"awaitinghisfate"(houming)267bycultivating
virtue,inhopesthatfutureopportunitiesmaycome.FromHsntzu,theborrowingsareevenmoreexplicit,since,asfarascanbeasserted,itisHsntzuwhofirst
definedfateintermsofTime,268whichisclearlyunderstoodasanorderingprinciplespecificallyassignedtoHeaven.

Despitesuchborrowings,Yang'scarefullyphrasedlanguageonthetopicofmingaddressescertainlogicalproblemsarisingfromtheworksofMenciusandHsn
tzu.269Mencius'writingsfailabysmallytoaccountfortheoriginofevil.SincebeneficentHeavenistheoriginofallthatisgood(includingtheheart/mindandhuman
nature),wherewoulda"bad"fatecomefrom?AndiftiesbetweenHeavenandManaresoclose,howisitthatanindividual'sfatemightcometobestrongenoughto
preventtheheart/mindandhumannaturefromperfectfunctioning?Menciusseemsunabletofocusoninternalconstraintstogoodness(thoughYangHsiungassumes
theyexist).270What'smore,Mencius'idealismabouttheinfinitepowerofcharismaticvirtuedirectlycontradictshisemphasisonthe"external"(i.e.,uncontrollable)
natureofming.271

Halfacenturylater,HsntzuattributedallthelogicaldifficultiesoftheMenciandiscoursetoMencius'identificationofhumancommunitywithnaturalorder.Hsntzu
drasticallysetaboutseveringmanyofthesignificanttieslinkingHeaventoMan,bygenerallylimitingthetermHeaven(T'ien)toaphysicalentity,thesky(orheavens),
whosemodelhaslimitedapplicabilitytoanyhumandilemma.ThisredefinitionofT'ienbrokethenecessaryconnectionbetweenvirtue(asMan'spreserve)and

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timelyopportunity(asHeaven'sdomain).Intheprocess,however,Hsntzu'slogiconlysucceededincreatingyetanotherdifficulty.Sincevirtuousconductgaveno
certainadvantagetotheindividual,272Hsmtzucouldsupplynorealmotivationtoundertakethearduouscourseofselfcultivation.273

YangHsiungreaffirmsthecloseconnectionbetweenManandTaofortwomainreasons,onepracticalandonetheoretical.274First,heknewthattheordinaryfellowis
muchmorelikelytotryritualifpersuadedthatT'ien(actingeitherasdeliberateHeavenorspontaneousNature)willrewardhimforgoodbehavior.Butforthemore
subtlemind,Yangfashionedamoresubtleappeal:HeavenandVirtuearelinkedthroughthehumanpropensitytointeract,ratherthanthroughanyinitialdisposition
towardgoodorevil.275AsYangwrites,"TheWayofManistomakecontact."276Naturally,thehumanpotentialforinteractionisseverelylimitedifMancannotderive
hismodelsfromtheworldofHeavenandEartharoundhim.ThennochanceremainsforindividualgoodnesstopartakeoftheEternal.Thatexplainswhy

Heaven,wereitnotforMan,wouldhavenothingtocleaveto.Man,wereitnotforHeaven,wouldnotcompleteanything."277

YangHsiungconstructedaplausibleaccountofhumanexistence,avoidingallduplicityabouthumanprobability(whichwoulddiscreditthataccountintheeyesofthe
intelligentreader)whilepromisingthe"averagereader"aprobablepayoffforgoodconductintermsofmaterialsuccess.

Yang'sMysteryasaChineseSumma

TheconsummatemasteryoftheMysterydoesnotendwithYang'ssolutiontotheproblemoffate.Yang'swritingsintheMysteryarealsocarefullydesignedto
implicitlyrefuteanumberofpopularbeliefsandphilosophicalconceptsthatimpugntraditionalConfuciantruths.Inhissecondphilosophicalclassic,calledModel
Sayings,theattacksonrivaltheoriesarequiteexplicit,withYangnamingnames.TheMysteryworksinfarlessobviousways.Thankstoitsbroadscopeand
coherentvision,themaintenetsofConfucianorthodoxyappearasoneeternalverity.Sinceitsmaintaskisintegrative,itrisesabovemerepolemic.Therefore,Yang's
refutationsintheMysteryareimbeddedintheveryfabricoftheimagery,whichmakesthemseemallthemoreinevitableandincontrovertible.Still,theMysteryably
showsthatmistakenorpartialviewsareheldbyatleastfiveothergroupsofthinkers:(1)therelativists,(2)theseekersafterimmortality,(3)theproponentsof
"ChangeastheonlyConstant,"(4)theportentspecialists,and(5)theproponentsofpredestination.

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ContratheRelativists

The"AppendedTexts"commentarytotheChangesopenswiththelines,

Heavenisofhighrankandearthoflow.Thusyinandyangarefixed!Withlowandhighsetout,thenobleanddebasedarepositioned!278

Thepassagesuggeststhatbothsocialhierarchyanddistinctionmaking(i.e.,constructinghierarchiesofvalue)arebasedonnaturalmodelstherefore,theyareentirely
appropriateformankind.ManypassagesintheMysteryreiteratethisidea.279Thispictureofthenaturalorderrunsdirectlycountertoanappealingvisionputforward
byChuangtzuandothers,whoseeMan'sevaluatingimpulseastheantithesisofthenaturalspontaneityofHeavenandEarth.TheMysterysuppliesitsreaderswith
excellentreasonsfornot"seeingallthingsasequal":

1.Humanscanbe"like"HeavenandEarthincertainaspectsbuthumanscannothopetoeverfullyimitatetheultimate,unitary,andeternalMystery.280

2.Likeeveryotherspeciesthathassprungfromundifferentiatedchaos,humansaretocongregate"accordingtotype."281

3.Humanscometogethersuccessfully,however,onlywhenthereishierarchy,forwithoutitstrifeexistsintheworldandinthemind.282Itisourtaskashumansto
bridgethoseyawninggaps,nottotrytoreturntoundifferentiatedchaos.

4.HumanswholackahierarchyofvaluescanseenoinherentreasontousePositions,Tools,orVirtue,sincetheyhavenoparticularpredispositionforanyspecific
action.283Butwithoutsocialhierarchyandprioritizedvalues(forexample,asenseof"gain"and"ruin"or"noble''and"base"),ritualinparticularlosesbothitsabilityto
informourmindsanditsinducementstomoldourconduct.284

5.Unlesshumansfullyemploythegreatcivilizinginventionsofthesages,most285willbecondemnedatbesttomediocrityandatworsttodangerordeath.Ordinary
individualsneedtoutilizethesages'institutionsiftheyaretoimproveuponthedecidedly"mixed"endowmentofgoodandevilimpulsesreceivedatbirth.286

6.Theevaluatingmindandsenseperception,bothpartoftheoriginalendowmentfromHeaven,makeitpossibleforhumanstotakefulladvantageofthegoodmodels
providedbythesages.287Torejectusingtheevaluatingmind,then,isnotonlytheheightoffollybutalsoanaffronttoHeaven.288

Therefore,onemainthemeoftheMysterycanbesummedupinthephrase,"Lettherebenoconfusion[ofranksandvalues]."289

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ContratheImmortalitySeekers

ByYangHsiung'stime,manyassumedthatgooddeedswouldleadtolongevity.290Agrowingbodyoftradition,however,wentmuchfurther,claimingthatcertain
actscouldensurephysicalimmortality.YangHsiung'sutterdisdainforsuchclaimsoccasionshisfirststatementonming:"Timecannotbeovercome."291Yangassumes
thatthephenomenalworldisruledbychange:Accordingtohisargument,"Whateverhasabirthmusthaveadeathwhateverhasabeginningmusthaveanend.Thisis
theWayofSpontaneousNature...[Immortality]isnotsomethingthathumanbeingsmayachieve."292Thesage''doesnottaketheimmortalasmasterhistechniques
aredifferent."293Eventheritualact,thegreatestofhumanactions,mustoperateintherealmofthetransitory,thoughitsowneternalcharacterremainsundiminished.
Therefore,humanlifecannotbeextendedbyanypracticesorartsespeciallythoseentailingaphysicalandmentalseparationfromthecommunity.Tocreatesucha
gap"ofnoadvantage"294isantitheticaltoritualnorms.Itistruethatimmortalityseekerstendtocongratulatethemselvesontheirdecisiontodevotetheirlivestoa
"real"(i.e.,tangible)good,ratherthananabstractgoodlikemorality.But,Yangreplies,"tobeashamedthatasingledaygoesunlived...isinreality[akindof]
death."295Sincemingultimatelycontrolsbothlengthoflifespanandaccesstoposition,theyriskhealthandwealthtoobtainagoalthatisreallyafunctionofluck.

ContratheProponentsof"ChangeastheOnlyConstant"

ProminentthinkersidentifiedwithseveraloftheHundredSchoolsoperatedontheassumptionthatchangeitselfistheonlyconstantinthephysicalandsocialworld.
Thisinitialpremiseleadsthemtoarguethatmanhimselfis"unnatural"whenhetriestoclingtooneormorefixedprinciplesofconduct.Inonepassage,Yangraisesthe
rhetoricalquestion,"Isthereanystablepatterntovirtueinchangingtimes?"296Heanswersaresoundingyes:
Agesdiffer,eventschange,
ButtheWayofMannevervaries.
TheWayofManistomakecontact.297

Inshort,YangpicturesaworldwheretheunchangingMysteryisthehiddensourceforallphenomenalchange,justasritualcontactistheunchangingwellspringofall
productivehumanactivity.Sincetheconstantisinherentlymorevaluablethanthetransitory,adherencetoritualnormsismoreimportantthaninnovation,whichYang
specificallycondemnsasdangerous.298Yangconcedesacertainneedforflexibility,sincetheeternalcosmicWayoperatesthroughchange.Still,flexibilitycannever
beasufficientmodeloftheTao.

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ContraPredestination

Certainthinkersdeniedthatevenaweakcorrelationexistsbetweenvirtueandindividualdestiny.Byaprocessnonetoocleartointellectualhistorianstoday,thisview,
attributedtothefollowersofConfuciusearlyoninthepreHanperiod,cametobeassociatedwithcriticsoftheConfuciansaroundYang'stime.299Tothosewho
believethatallispredeterminedatbirth(presumablyintheoriginalendowmentofch'iallottedtoeachindividualor"inthestars"),300Yanginsiststhatimportanthuman
eventsarenotentirelyattributabletoeitherHeavenorMan.301Yangshowsthatgoodnessdoesinfactprovidewhatwewouldcalla"statisticallygreaterchance"of
securingconventionalrewards.Infact,aswehaveseen,YangHsiungtakessometroubletoshowthatmoralactionwill"pay"inamorereliablefashionthanwillother
pursuits.Some,thoughnotall,oftheseadvantagescanbeexplainedprosaicallyasadvantagesthatthelargercohesivesocialunitinherentlyholdsovertheisolated
individual.

ContratheManticSpecialists

Aboveall,YangHsiungwishedtodisputetheofficialviewthatmoralbehaviorinevitablyelicitsitsownreward,whileimmoralbehavioralwaysbringsitsown
punishment.Thisidea,withitsunquestionableappeal,hadenjoyedalonghistoryinChinesetradition.UltimatelyitcouldbetracedbacktotheearlyChouDecreeof
Heaven(T'ienming)doctrine,thoughitwasonlymanycenturieslaterthatitcametobeappliedtothecommonpeopleaswellastokings.TakenupbytheMohists
(andpossiblypromotedbycertainfollowersofMenciusunderthebannerof"establishingming"),302itwaspropagatedfurtherinYangHsiung'sownerabyprominent
portentspecialistselaboratingYin/yangFivePhasescorrelativetheory.303YangHsiung'stheoryofmingundercutsthethreemainideaspromotedbymantic
technicians:

Thattimecyclesarepredictableandthereforemanipulatable.
ThatthewisemantakesTimeashismainsubjectforstudy.
ThatGoodnessisalwaysrewardedbymaterialorphysicalgoods.

ToYangHsiung,thenewestversionofportenttheorywasprobablythemostobjectionable.Itportrayedtheacquisitionofacertainkindoftechnicalexpertise
(watchingthestars,calculatingnumbersfornumbermagic,devisingportentmanualsbasedonevermoreelaboratedseriesofcorrelations,consultingalmanacsfor
luckyandunluckydays)asakindofmoralvirtue.304ThisisnottheconductofatrueConfucian,Yangprotested,butratherthatofa"technician"narrowspecialization
ofanysortwasanaffronttothecomprehensivenatureoftheMystery.Also,anypreoccupationwithcompilingdatadistractedthepersonfromthemore

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importanttaskof"immersingtheself"intheexampleoftheperfectsages.ThismeansthatthespecialistmaycomprehendtheworkingsofHeavenandEarth,but
cannotapprehendtheultimatemysteriesoflife.305Suchtechnicians,YangHsiungdisdained:

TheastrologersuseHeaventopredictMan.[Incontrast,]sagesuseMantopredictHeaven['scourse].WhatcountsisVirtue,notthestars.306

Ineffect,YangHsiungintendedtoredirecthumaneffortstothestudyofMan(thoughhehimselfwasanamateurastronomer).307Inpart,hereliedonfrequent
reiterationsofthetraditionalclaimthatthephenomenaoftransitionaretoosubtletobereducedtoanyempiricalformulaortheoreticalmodelthroughmeretechnical
expertisethefirststirringsofchangeareperceptibleonlytothedivineintuitionorilluminationoftheperfectedsage308whohasfullyimmersedhimselfinthecomplex
interactionsofcosmosandsociety.Inpart,Yangarguedbyusingthebasicpreceptsofcorrelativethoughttorefutetheclaimsofthespecialists.Moralgoodnessand
temporalgoods,hesuggested,arenot,logicallyspeaking,categoricalanaloguesthisispatentlyobvioussinceavarietyofexternalfactorsmayaffecttherewards
metedouttoamanduringhislifetime,butnoexternalfactorcanaffectman'spotentialforVirtue.309

YangHsiungexhibitedconsiderablebraveryinarguingagainstaonetoonecorrespondencebetweenVirtueandconventionalsuccess.Inthefirstplace,hewas
challengingthetheorybywhichmanyhighofficialshadmadetheirreputationatcourt.Thismaywellaccountforthetreatmenthesufferedatthehandsofcertain
prominentConfuciansamonghiscontemporaries,includingLiuHsin.Certainly,byYang'sownaccount,theMystery"annoyedscholars."310

Fargreaterdangerthreatened,however,ifYangHsiung'stheoryweretobeconstruedasadirectchallengetothelegitimacyoftheHanthrone,whichclaimedtorule
bytheancientdoctrineofHeaven'sDecreeandbythemodernomentheories.Anychallengetothethroneinvariablyendedinexecutionfortheoffender.Perhapsthis
accountsforYang'sreluctancetosubmithisworktothethroneforinclusionintheroyallibrary.YangwasinclinedtoattributethesuccessofHanasmuchtohuman
efforts,astothegods'protection,atatimeofgrowingpretensionstodivinefavorbymembersoftheroyalcircle.311

Conclusion

IsuggestthattheMysteryhasenduredbecauseitdivulgescomplextruthswithdisarmingsimplicity.Yang'sarguments,oncedecoded,mayappearcommonsensical,
evenpedestrian,atpoints.Buttheirwordingisfinely

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gaugedsoastobesufficientlybutnotoverlyexact.Inthis,Yanggenerallyeschewsthetechnicallanguagefavoredbythescholasticsandcomposersofthe
apocryphaofhisera.312Itwouldbefair,then,tocharacterizeYangHsiung'ssolutionoftheproblemofmingas"easy."Yangselectivelyborrowedkeyterminology
andcompellingmetaphorsfromallschools(ashereadilyadmits)todeviseaunifiedtheorysufficienttoanswerallchallenges.

YangHsiung'swork,then,fulfillsthevariouscriteriaforanewclassic:Itreanimatesoldteachings.Itisinternallyconsistent.Itworkstopromotesocialorder.It
persuadesmentoreturntothemaintenetsofearlyConfucianism,whileaddressingthegreatquestionsofman'splaceintheworldorder.Onallthesegrounds,Yang
Hsiung'sMysteryisindisputablyaConfucianclassic.Notsurprisingly,uponcompletiontheMysterywassoonhailedassuchbyYangHsiung'syounger
contemporarieslikeHuanT'an.Doubtlessthiswasinpartbecauseofitssolutiontotheperennialproblemoffate.

Manymodernreaderswillwanttoknowtheanswertothequestion,Isit"original"?313Certainlywhatamansaysgainssignificanceorfindsitssignificancealtered
accordingtothecontextwithinwhichhespeaks.ItistruethatintheMysteryinnovativepointsaresetwithintheframeworkofthereceivedbodyofConfucian
teachings,ratherthaninconsciousoppositiontoit.Originality,infact,wasneverYangHsiung'sfundamentalgoal.TraditionalChineseingeneralwereprudently
suspiciousofinnovationforitsownsake.314Equallytothepoint,originalitycanneverbethemaingoalforanyconscientiousinterpreterofasacredtextinany
tradition,ancientormodern,WesternorEastern.ToassumethatYangHsiung'sphilosophicalborrowingsmakehimasecondrateorderivativethinkeristoapply
anachronistic,inappropriate,andpossiblymeaninglessstandardstohistext.EventhoughYang'sbrilliantreformulationoftheageoldproblemofluckandvirtue
lookedattheprobleminanewway,YangHsiung'sprimarygoalwasalwaystoreproducetheoriginalintentofthesagesasheunderstoodthem.Ourjobasfaithful
readers,then,istofullyappreciatethereasonsbywhichYangwasaccordedthecovetedtitleofConfucianMaster.

AccordingtoYangHsiung,modelsthatareeasylastlong.315YangHsiung'swritingshavestoodthetestoftime.Whenoneofhisrivalssnidelypredictedthatthetext
oftheMysterywouldsoonberelegatedtothekitchen,whereitwouldbeusedasscrap"tocoversoysaucepots,"YangHsiungonly"smiledandsaidnothing."316As
successivegenerationsofreadersfindmanyobservationspreservedintheMysteryfreshandevernew,perhapsYangHsiunghashadthelastlaugh,afterall.

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KeyTerms

TheFiveClassicsofConfucianism

TheFiveClassicsofConfucianismaretheBookofOdes,theDocuments,theChronicles(usuallycalledtheSpringandAutumnAnnals),theBookofChanges,
andtheRituals.(Asixthclassic,devotedtomusic,isthoughttohavebeenlostorincorporatedintooneoftheritualtexts.)TheClassicsare"Confucian"intwosenses
Confucius(551479B.C.)andhisfollowersusedsomeofthemastextsformoralinstruction,muchastheGreekpedagoguesonceusedHomer.1Also,tradition
ascribedtoConfuciusthetasksofcompiling,editing,andinsomefewcasescomposingtheworksinthisrepositoryofwisdom,althoughmodernscholarshipdisputes
thepiouslegendthatConfuciushadahandinformingthecollection.TheinterpretiveproblemsharedbybothearlydisciplesandmodemscholarsalikeisthattheFive
Classicscontainextremelyheterogeneousmaterialofdifferentsubjects,styles,dates,andpointsofview.TheOdesisacollectionofsongsandhymnsthatreflect
everydaylifeincourtandcountrysideduringtheperiod800600B.C.TheDocumentspurportstobeacollectionofarchivalmaterialsthatpreservesimportantedicts
andmemorialsoutliningtheresponsibilitiesoftherulingelite.TheChroniclesreadslikeacourtdiaryfortherulersofthesmallstateofLuduringtheyears722484
B.C.2Adivinationmanualeventuallyconvertedforuseasaphilosophicaltreatise,theChangesattemptstoreproducethroughgraphicsymbolsandattachedtextsthe
multiplicityofchangingphenomenaproducedbythesinglecosmicTao.Andthethreeseparatevolumesofritualtextsaresaidtoincludesomethreethousands
discreterulesofconduct,aswellasadescriptionofidealgovernmentstructure.

ConfucianorthodoxypresumedthatasinglemessageunderlayallFiveClassics,despitethevarietyofmaterialsincludedtherein.Butitshouldcomeasnosurprisethat
scholarshaveoftenbeenfrustratedintheirattemptstofindinthiscorpusaunifiedvisionoftheworld.IntheHandynasty(206B.C. A.D.220),anongoingliterary
debatefocusedoninconsistenciesintheFiveClassics.3Nevertheless,duringthetwomillenniafrom134B.C..toA.D.1905,theFiveClassicsprovidedthebasic
curriculumfortraininginproperliterarystylesandservedasthecorematerialtestedincivilserviceexams.FromChina,theinfluenceofthiscollectioneventually
expandedintoJapan,Korea,andVietnam,sothatitcametooccupyforallEastAsiaapositionroughlyanalogoustothatoftheBibleintheWest.

OnCh'i

Theoriginofthetermisunknown.NoShangorearlyChougraphscanbeconclusivelyidentifiedwiththeconcept.4Thecharacterwenowuse

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5
forch'ishowscloudsofsteamrisingovercookedrice. Thegraphicformsuggestswhatbubblesorboilsover,whatfumes,whatisagitateditmayalsoimplysome
kindofnourishment.Infact,therootmeaningofch'iappearstobe"vapor"or"breath."LikeearlyGreek,Indian,Latin,andHebrewphilosophy,6earlyChinesebelief
presumesa"lifebreath"thatvitalizesasitcirculatesthroughbodiesortheair.Undifferentiatedch'iisthedynamicuniversalstuffoutofwhichallthedisparatethingsof
thecosmoscondense(atbirth)andintowhichtheydissolve(atdeath).Likebreath,ch'itypicallyoperatesinrhythmic,floodlikepulses,asitalternatesbetween
inhalation(expansion)andexhalation(contraction)inregularcycles.Onlybadch'iisblockedorstagnant.7

PerhapstheclosestEnglishequivalenttoch'iis"vitality."AslatentenergystoredintheTao,ch'iisundifferentiated,butasvitalenergyoperatingintheuniverse,ch'iis
definableinqualityandcharacteristicinitsconfigurations.8Bysomemysteriousprocesstheoriginallyundifferentiatedch'imakesfordistinctiveentities.Ch'icanbe
congealedorcompactedinliquidandsolidforms.Ch'icomesindifferentgrades.Thelowestgradeofch'i(called"muddy")leadstovariousmalfunctions,including
physicaldeformity,muddledthinking,andexcessivedesire.Thepurestrefinedch'i(the"quintessential"orching)isreservedfortwokindsoflightgivingentities:the
luminousheavenlybodiesandtheenlightenedmindsofthesages.Veryimportant,then,isthenotionthatch'i,asthebasicstuffthatinformstheentirecosmosand
bindsallhumanstotherestofphenomenalexistenceinHeavenandEarth,precludesanabsolutedividinglinebetweenhumansandthings.Understandably,thenotion
ofch'ihasalsoworkedagainstthedevelopmentofthetranscendent/immanentdichotomypresumedbymanyWesternthinkers.Atthesametime,ch'ifunctionsasthe
physicalmediumthatallowssympathetic''mutualresponse"totakeplacebetweencategoricallyrelatedentities.Therefore,ch'itheoryfromearliesttimeshasbeen
preoccupiedwiththenatureandsignificanceofmacrocosmicinfluencesonmicrocosmicprocesses.9

InMasterYangHsiung'stime,thesingletermch'isignifiedboththe"materialstuff"incontinualprocessonHeavenandEarthandtheunderlyingdynamism
predisposingthatstufftoassumespecificform,thoughSungneoConfucianistsamillenniumlaterweretodrawaneaterconceptuallinebetweenli("internalprinciple")
andch'i("materialstuff").10WemustrememberthatfortheearlyChinese,humanch'i,despiteitsobviousphysicality,11hadadefinitemoraldimensionaswell.Inthe
properlyfunctioningheart/mind,forexample,ch'iissaidtogatherat"thespiritabode."12What'smore,thewilltodogoodissaidtobe"commanderoverthech'i."

Inthecaseofhumans,afinitestoreofch'iendowedatbirthissome

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howpasseddownfromparentstothechild.Thebirthofahumanbeing,ineffect,representsanaccumulationofch'i.Overthecourseofanindividuallifespan,thech'i
tendstobecomelessactive.Physicaloverexertionmaycauseitto"block."Tensionandstressequallyfrustrateit.Immoralactsalsoaresaidto"abusethech'i"tothe
degreethattheyengendershame,anxiety,andrestlessness,fortheseemotionalstatesproducecertainphysicalsymptoms,suchasconstrictedbreathingand
palpitationsoftheheart.13Humanbeings,then,havesomemeasureofcontrolovertherateatwhichtheiroriginalch'istagnatesorisdepleted.Balanceinthemental
andemotionalspherescanbeinducedbytheprocessdubbed"selfcultivation."Varioustechniquesdesignedtoretain(andideallyaugment)thech'i'sactivityinclude
bothmoralandphysical"arts":moderationindailyhabits,adjustmentofposture,meditationas"inwardtraining,14habituationtogoodness,andacalmacceptanceof
fate.ThephilosopherMencius(?371?289),forexample,tellshisdisciplessimplythat''thewaytomakech'i"isto"nourishitwithintegrity."

MasterHanFei(d.233B.C.)linkstheconservationofch'i'svitalitywiththeacquisitionofpoliticalpowerandmaterialwealth.15Extendinghisimagery,Ithinkofch'i
asoperatinglikemoneyinthebank:Anindividualcandepositorwithdrawch'ifromhisfund.What'smore,hecaninheritasumorbequeathittohisdescendants.
Likegreatreservesofwealth,agreatreserveofvitalch'irepresentsthepotentialtoinfluenceothers.Ch'ithusprovidesthebasisforthecharismaticpowerofthe
virtuousman.AllConfuciansinsistthateachnewborniscreditedwithsufficientch'itorealizethefullhumanpotentialforsagehood,16eventhoughfewarewiseenough
toexercisetheirinnatecapacities.

Insummation,earlyChinesethinkersviewallcosmicchangeintermsofthedynamicprocessinherentinvitalch'i.Ch'iissubstance,activity,andvitality.

Yin/YangFivePhasesTheory:CorrelativeThought

TheChinesecosmologicalsystem,whichassumeditsdefiniteshapeinChinanolaterthanthethirdcenturyB.C.,17envisionedtheworldintermsoftwointerlocking
systems:yin/yangandtheFivePhases(oftentranslated,lessaccurately,astheFiveAgentsortheFiveElements).18Thisissometimesknownascorrelativethought,or
categoricalthinking.

Accordingtothetheory,thereevolvedoutofprimordialchaosonecosmicpatternwithdualaspectsknownasyinandyang.Allofphenomenalexistencereflectsthis
pattern.Themyriadthingscanbecategorizedaseithermaleorfemale,lightordark,dayornight,hotorcold,superiororinferior,andsoon.Thisdualityisoneofthe
constantnormsoftheuniverse,asillustratedbytheregularalternationofdayandnight,

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ofsummerandwinter.Yinandyang,thoughopposing,arealsocomplementaryinthatonecanneveractindependentlyoftheotherthewaxingofoneinvariably
entailsthewaningoftheother.Takinganexamplefromnature,thesummersolsticeisthelongestdayoftheyearbut,inanothersense,italsomarkstheonsetof
wintersubsequently,thedaysgrowevershorterandcolderuntilthewintersolstice.Thefamiliarfiguralrepresentationofyin/yangemphasizesthisfluidsymbiotic
relation.Thecurvilinearareasofdarkandlightenfoldeachotherwithinaperfectcirclethatknowsnobeginningorendthetinyseedsofeacharediscoveredinthe
swellingcontoursofitsopposite.Attheculminationofone,itsoppositeisborn,andonandon,inaconstantprocessofadvanceandretreat,makingandunmaking.In
thisway,"movementback"becomes"theWayoftheTao."19Menofvirtueinstudyingthecosmicpatternsinferfromthisthatinvictoryliesdefeat,andinhumility,
greatness.

Yin/yangmaynotseemsoalientous,sinceourlanguagepredisposesustothinkintermsofpositive/negative.Butitisfarmoredifficultforustoconceptualizecosmic
processintermsoftheFivePhases.ThelistoftheFivePhasesinvariablyincludesWater,Fire,Wood,Metal,andEarth,thoughdifferentordersofenumerationare
preferredbyvariousclassicalauthorities.ThePhasesareessentiallyfivedifferenttypesofprocess.Accordingtooneearlyauthority,"watergoesdown,firegoesup,
woodispliable,"andsoon.20EachPhaseissaidto"rule"(i.e.,topredominate)acertainperiodoftime(adynasty,aseason,asetofhours),beforeitgiveswaytothe
nextphase.Thisconnectionwithtimeresultedinconceptualoverlaysbetweensystemsofyin/yangandtheFivePhases,asinthefollowingchart(table6).

Table6

RisingYang yieldsto RisingYin

Wood Fire Earth Metal Water

Spring Summer transition Autumn Winter

East South Center West North

Green Red Yellow White Black

TheChinesesoonsetaboutclassifyingallknownentitiesintogroupsoffives,constructingexhaustivelistswhichtheyhopedwouldelicitorderfromtheseemingchaos
oftheworld.21YangHsiunglistsallthemajorcorrelationsinhisautocommentarychapterentitled"NumbersoftheMystery."22Bylawsofsympathyandrepulsion,
thingsaccountedascategoricallyalike(i.e.,correlatedwiththesamePhase)weresaidtobedrawntooneanotherwhilethingswhichwerecategoricallydifferent
purportedlyrepelledeachother.Again,accordingtothesametheory,careful"inferencebyanalogyfromobjectsofthesamekind"(t'uilei )

 Page67

couldfacilitatetheintuitiveapprehensionofallpartsoftheineffableTaobysomeformofindirectcommunicationthatissimplynotpossiblethroughlogicalargument.23

Theinitialdifficulty,ofcourse,layindeterminingtheexactboundariesofeachlogicalcategory,sothatinferenceswerenotmistakenlydrawn.GenerationsofChinese
scholars,firsttheearlyLogiciansandlatertheHanscholastics,devotedagreatdealoftimeandenergytothisproblem.Duetotheoccasionalriftbetweenlogicand
language,24theirfirsttaskwastoestablishformalrulesoflogicbywhichtodiscoverthedefiningcharacteristicsofeachentityintheuniverse,sothatessentialattributes
couldbeclearlydistinguishedfromaccidentalattributes.Forexample,theLogiciansdeterminedthatahorsemusthaveonehead,fourlegs,andapropensitytorun,
thoughitneednotberedorblack.Thecolorofahorse,then,isanonessentialattribute,somethingthatonlyaccidentallysubsistsinaparticularhorse,butdoesnot
definethespecies.Whileitwasrelativelysimpletoagreeuponfundamentaldefinitionsforanimals,shapes,andinanimateobjects,thetruedefinitionofhumannature
wasathornierproblem,asittoucheduponahostofproblemswhichstubbornlyresistedsolutionbythelogicalmethod:
Whatistheproperdefinitionofhumannature?
Whatisthepropersphereandexistentialsignificanceofhumanactivity?
Whatcanhumansreasonablyhopetoaccomplishinthislife?

IntheHanConfuciansynthesis,then,theprotoscientist'simpulsetowardscategorizationandthelogician'ssearchfororderlyexpressionjoinedforceswiththeethical
concernsofthetraditionalscholar.Categoricalthinking,inherentlypreoccupiedwiththerelationofmacrocosmtomicrocosm,cametobeappliedtomanyareasof
inquiry,mostsignificantly(1)portenttheory(2)therectificationofnamesand(3)pointbypointanalogiesbetweenthehumanbody,thebodypolitic,andthe
universe.Wearefamiliarenoughwithbodyanalogiesweoftentalkof"headsofstate,"forexample.Portenttheoryandtherectificationofnames,however,mayneed
someexplanationforthemodernreader.

EarlyChineseportenttheoryassumedthatthekingasfocusforhisstateexertsaninfluenceforgoodorforilluponthoseentitiesthatareaccountedhiscategorical
analogues:Heaven,becauseitishightheBigDipper,aspivotfortheskythefather,asheadofthehouseholdandsoon.Morespecifically,evildoingonthepartof
manespeciallythe"OneMan,"therulerprovokesdislocationsinhiscounterpartsinthenaturalworld.Thegoodruler,farfromdecryingtheseomens,welcomes
themasreproofsofhiserroneouswayssentbyacaringHeaven,compellinghimtoreform.

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Tosuccessfullyapplycategoricalthoughttohappeningsintheexternalworld,itwasincumbentupontheindividualnotonlytolocatehimselfinaparallelschemeof
ethicalcategories(suchas"ruler,""mother,""son,"or"courtadvisor")butalsotounderstandtheethicalrequirementsoftheassignedrolehecurrentlyplays.Thisled
manyearlyChinesethinkers,includingYangHsiung,toconflatetheearlierConfuciancallfora''rectificationofnames"withthenaturalists'talkofFivePhasestheory.
AccordingtoConfucius,greaterlinguisticprecisionwasrequiredforlogicalthoughtandeffectiveaction:
Ifwordsarenotcorrect,thenspeechdoesnotconform[withwhatwasintended].Andifspeechdoesnotconformwithwhatwasintended,thenaffairscannotbecompleted
[properly]....Therefore,letarulerbearulerandafatherbeafather.25

ForearlyConfucians,apersonfailingtofulfillhisorherpropersocietalroleswasaccounteda"humanportent"nolesssignificantthanabalefulprodigyintheskies
aboveorearthquakes,floods,anddroughtsonearth.26

TheearlyChineseassumedthatthetransitionfromprimordialchaostocivilizedorderrepresentedsuccessivestagesofincreasingdifferentiation.Ineffect,theChinese
arguedthattheworldastheyknewithadevolvedbyaprocessanalogoustohumanattemptstoidentify,demarcate,andnamesignificantgeographical,political,
social,andreligiousboundaries.27FromthistheyconcludedthatthereexistedintheprimordialTaoadivinebasisforthedevelopmentofthevarioushumanorders.
SomeHanthinkersevenarguedthathumansengagedinthesearchforintrinsiccategoriescanfurtherorcompletethecosmicprocessesthroughtheircontinual
orderingandreorderingofcategories.28ThishelpstoexplainwhycategoricalthinkingandcorrelativethoughtfiguresolargelyinChinesephilosophicalwritings.

SelfCultivation

"Selfcultivation"referstothearduousprocessbywhichtheindividualintentonvirtuefulfillshisowninnatepotential.Thisprocessconsistsinmakingsecondnaturethe
traditionalvirtues(filialpiety,goodfaith,considerationforothers,andsoon).ForearlyConfucians,includingYangHsiung,humansatbirthhaveintheiroriginal
endowmentahostofcontradictoryimpulsesanddesires,includingthoseforfood,sex,andcommunity.Justastheartisanworksjadetoreleaseitstruebeautyfrom
roughhewnpieces,anymoraldeficiencyinthepersonispolishedandcarvedawayuntilan"elegantandaccomplishedgentleman"29emerges.Timeandprecisionare
neededfortheprocess,butcompletededication

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30
totheGoodisthechiefrequirementifhumannatureistoberefined. Therearemanypathsleadingtoselfcultivation,butthemostimportantisemulationofworthy
modelspastandpresent,followedbythestudyoftheFiveConfucianClassics.Oncethenoblelessonsofvariousmasters,livinganddead,havebeeninternalized,the
perfectlycivilizedmanemerges.

Wecanthinkofmoraldevelopmentastakingplaceinthreesuccessivestages,withselfcultivationtheculmination.Stage1correspondstotheindividual'sfirst
awarenessofthemixofgoodandevilimpulses,moralandphysicaldesires,inherentinhumannatureatbirth.31InStage2,thegoodimpulsesbegintopredominateas
aresultofmoralmessagesreceivedfromavarietyofsources:themodelspresentedbyfamilymembers,oralteachings,andsoon.Confuciusimpliedthatthosewho
reachedthisstageofdevelopmentmightbeaccounted"educated":
Ayoungman'sdutyistobehavewelltohisparentsathomeandtohiseldersabroad,tobecautiousingivingpromisesandpunctualinkeepingthem,tohavekindlyfeelings
towardeveryone,butseektheintimacyoftheGood....[Astoonewhoactsthus,]othersmaysayofhimthathestilllackseducation,butIformypartshouldcertainlycallhiman
educatedman.32

ButConfuciusalsoadvisedhisdisciplestogoontostudythe"politearts"(poetry,archery,andmusic,forexample)whentheyhadenergytospare.Instage3,then,
thepoliteartsbecometoolsbywhichmembersofthemoralelitecanhopetogainanexquisitesensitivitytothemoralpatternsembodiedinritualconduct.Ineffect,
theacquisitionofnewskillsreconfigureseachindividual'sperceptionofstructures,values,andimperatives.AsthephilosopherHsntzuremarked,"Oncetheproper
artsaremastered,themindwillfollowthem."33

Thisnotionmaysoundsomewhatfamiliartous,foritcorrespondstoourownowncomplexdefinitionsofnobility.Still,theChineseideaofnobilityisnotentirely
equivalenttoourown.TheEuropeantradition,embracingamoreindividualisticvision,tendstoemphasizenobleconductasalaudableendinitself,whiletheearly
Chinesenevertiredofremindingusthatpersonalselfcultivationismerelythefirststepinaprocessofformingharmoniouscommunitiesinfamily,town,state,and
empire.AsYangHsiungwrites,"Cultivateoneselfsothatonecanlatercontactothers."34

"CenterHeart"(ChungHsin )

ThephrasechunghsindatesbackatleastasearlyastheOdes(compiledsixthcenturyB.C.fromearliermaterials).35IntheOdes,theverbobject

 Page70

unitsignifies"whatcenterstheheart"itcomparesinmeaningwiththeadjectivenounsyntactialunithsinchung("thecenteroftheheart"),thoughitisstrikinglymore
emphatic.

Sincethetruestemotionspresumablyresideatthedeepestcoreofone'sbeing,byaslightextensionchunghsincametobeequatedwiththefeelingsthat"arenotput
onforotherstosee,"36feelingsthatarecompletelygenuine.AftertheheartwasidentifiedastheseatoftheinbornconsciencebyMencius,thesameexpressioncame
tobelooselyidentifiedwiththeevaluatingmind.37TheMystery,forexample,insiststhat"insidethereisaruler."38Atthesametime,thecharacteristicactivityofthe
evaluatingmindistocentertheself,inthesenseofreestablishinganequilibriumfreefromemotionalbias.39Onlythencanthemind'sperceptionshopeto"hitthe
mark,"40andsopromptthemoralselfunerringly.41ForYangHsiung,thewayofthesageliesinpayingattentiontothecenterheart,incenteringtheself,andin"hitting
themark''bythecorrectidentificationwithConfuciantradition.ThustheMysteryemploysalltheseassociationsforthephrasechunghsin.

Ritual

Adaughterbowslowandeschewstheuseofherfather'spersonalname.Insolemnstateceremoniestheemperorperiodicallyofferssacrificestovariousprotective
deities.Imperialministerswearcapswithsevensilkpendantsbutjuniorofficersareallowedonlythree.Theagedandthepiousarehonoredatannualfeasts
sponsoredbythelocalmagistrate.Aprofessionalspiritmediumontheridgeoftheroofcallsout"Ho!comeback!"toadepartingsoul,urgingittoreturntotheworld
oflightandlife.Atthemarriagefeast,fisharepresentedtothenewlymarriedcoupleastokensoffertility.Andtherichharmoniesofbellanddrumexertapowerful
effectupontheworldsofManandnaturesothat"thecommonpeople,thegods,beasts,andbirds"happilyjoinintherefrain.42

TheHanChinesewouldconsideralltheseexamplesoftheConfucianritualsystem.ThoughConfuciusseemstosignifybythetermritualanarrowcodeofconduct
expectedofthegentleman,byHantimes,theconceptembracesmanypopularreligiouspracticesaswell.IntheHan,ritualmeantexhaustivelistsofdetailed
prescriptionsgoverningallaspectsofbehavior(includingphysicalgestures),aswellasanunwrittencodeofgoodmanners.Sumptuaryregulationsandtaboos,andall
mannerofceremonies,formalandinformal,ateverylevelofsociety,wereincluded.AttheheartofHanConfucianismlaythisbodyofritualpractice,ratherthana
logicalsystem.Forritual,assignificantpattern,couldworktoclarifyandcohererealityinatleastfourrelatedways:First,ritualpatternsimitatethecharacterofthe
unseensacredTao,uponwhichtheyare

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modeled.Second,ritualtraditionrepresentsthedistilledandtherefore,supremelypotentwisdomofthesagesthroughouthistory.Third,ritualperformanceleads
theindividualtoanewunderstandingabouttheplaceoftheauthenticselfinsociety.Fourth,asifbymagic,43thecorrectperformanceofritualsopleasesobservers
andcoparticipantsthattheydevotetheirbesteffortstoforgingcommunities,thequintessentialhumanactivity.Attheheartofeffectiverituallaythewilltounderstand
othersbyaprocessof"likening[others]tooneself,"thenallowingeachhisdue.44

Forritualtoproveeffective,itwasbelieved,itsconventionshavetobecomesecondnaturesothatinnerdispositioncombineswithouterforminafittingmannerthatis
understandabletoall.45Thischaracterizationofritualcontrastssharplywiththemoderntendencytoequatethetermwithmechanicalorrepetitiveconventionsas
opposedtotheauthentic.WecanlearnmuchfromHansociety,whereritualperformedavarietyoffunctions:Theritualactcouldteacheventheunletteredthe
prevailingnotionsofsocialhierarchyandintimacy.By"securingmenintheirposition,"46ritualalsohabituatedmentothesocialvirtuesassociatedwiththeirstation.In
effect,itbecamethegluebindingthehumancommunitytogether,mitigatingbasedesiresandtransmutingthemintomutualconsideration.Atthesametime,ritual
presupposedthepossibilityformost,ifnotall,socialactstobecomeemblematicofthedivinecosmicorder,therebyclosingthegapbetweenthesacredandthe
mundane.

TheMeaningofChen

ThecharacterchenappearsrepeatedlyintheearliestexamplesofChinesewriting,theinscriptionsontheShangoraclebones(14thl1thc.B.C.),whereitisoneofthe
tenmostcommongraphs.Readfromthetopdown,theoriginalgraphisaphoneticcompoundcomposedoftwoparts:anupperportionmeaning"todivine"(pu)over
alowerportionmeaning"tripod"(ting).(Inthemoderngraph,thelowerelementmeaning"cowrie"[pei]isapparentlyacorruptedformofthetripodgraph.)47The
tripodperhapssignifiesboththesacredritualcharacterandtheabsolutereliabilityofthedivinationprocess48performedbyoraclebonespecialistsatthecauldron
site.49Inanycase,chenappearsinthesamewordfamilyasthegraphsmeaning''todetermine"(ting)and"tomakeuprightorcorrect"(cheng).Fromthiswesurmise
thattheearlyChineseenvisionedthedivinationprocessasonewhichdeterminedthroughthetestingprocess50thecorrectactionasdefinedbythewishesofthe
gods.51

InthemaintextoftheChanges(compliedinlateWesternChou),chenisthefifthmostcommongraph,almostalwaysoccurringasanominalizedverblinkedwiththe
charactersmeaning"goodluck"and"ben

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52
efit"(chili). Apparently,theShangpreoccupationwithcorrectactionhadsubtlyshiftedinChoudivinationtoafocusonpersonaladvantage.Thisfocussopervades
theearliestlayeroftheChangesthatonespecialisthascalleditthesinglemostimportantkeytounderstandingthemanual.53Sincedivinationbythatmanualpreceded
allmajorundertakingsatthecourt,chenwasidentifiedasthe"trunk"(i.e.,thereliablesourceandsupport)forallaffairs.54

SeveralcenturiesbeforethecompositionoftheMystery,however,thecharacterchenhadcometohaveawiderangeofassociationsbeyondthedivinationprocess
itself.Astherootforthegraph"favorableomen"(alsochen),55byakindofshorthandchenalsooftencametomean"goodomen."56Otherchangesoccurredaround
thetimeofConfucius(551479B.C.).Chineselanguageandculturebegantoexhibitanethicalelaborationandaconcomitantdeemphasisonsacrificeanddivination.57
Perhapsbecauseyoung,umblemishedanimalswereofferedinsacrificeatthetimeofdivination,chencametobeusedtodescribethemalesandfemalesofany
specieswhohadnotyetmated.58Particularlywithregardtohumanfemales,itthereforemeant"chaste.59"Inthecaseofmen,italsomeant"perseverance''inserviceof
theRight,60unswervingloyaltytoparentsorpatrons,andlaudableconsistency,thoughearlytextswerecarefultodistinguishanunfailingdeterminationtoperformone's
dutyfromblindfidelityorstubbornconsistency.61Chenwasusedasasynonymfor"prudence"and"rectitude,"sincebothofthesetermsimplyreliability.62Inshort,
chencametostandforgentlemanlyconductexemplifying"perfectcorrespondencebetweenwordsanddeeds"63orabsolutealignmentwiththecosmicnorms.
Suggestedantonymsforchenare"outoftrue,""falsity,"64"filthiness,""taint,"and"corruptibility"(eitherphysicalormoral).

SinceChinesetraditionemphasizesthatcorrectbehaviorcanbedeterminedonlybyreferencetoone'scurrentroleinsociety,chenseemstoconveyforYangHsiung
theideaofproperalignmentwiththeprevailingcosmicnorms.65AsYangwritesinprefatoryremarkstotheMystery,"Onlyaftergreatchencanonet'ung["makeit
through"]"toestablishthethreetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan,aswellas"understand"thecosmicprocesses.66Carelessactsliabletolandoneintroublearethe
oppositeofchen.67Dependinguponcontext,Iuseavarietyoftermstotranslatethisgraph,including"provengood,""triedandtrue,""goodomen,""stability,""right
orientation,"and"propriety."

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OntheStyleoftheBook

WestillknowverylittleabouttheoriginandformsofearlyChinesepoetry.Onlyafewsampleshavecomedowntous,notablytheOdes(compiledca.sixthcentury
B.C.fromearliermaterials)andthe"SongsofCh'u"(somedatedasearlyasthesecondcountryB.C..).68NeitherdoweknowthesourcesofYangHsiung'sownpoetic
style.Itissafetosay,though,thatthecoretextoftheMystery(thenineAppraisalsattachedtoeachoftheeightyoneHeads)generallyborrowsaclassicform
modeledontheancientOdes:rhymingcoupletsofeightcharacters(foursyllablesperline),witheachlinetypicallyconveyingonecompleteimage.69Certainlinesinthe
Mystery,however,exhibitgreatervariationinlength,withlinesrangingfromonetosixcharacters.ThismayhavebeenYang'swayofalludingtotheirregularlengths
oftheLinetextsfoundintheBookofChanges.70Clearly,Yang'sstylewasaffectedbythephilosophicalprototypehechosefortheMystery.Forexample,thereis
nocasewheretheclosingparticleyehisusedintheLinetextsintheChanges,butthelater"Image"textsconsistentlyusetheparticle.Faithfultothemodel,Yang
Hsiung'sAppraisals,whichcorrespondtotheLinetexts,donotclosewithyeh,thoughtheFathomings,Yang'scounterparttotheImages,do.

Withveryfewcharactersdefiningatypicalimage,YangHsiung'spoetryshowsextremecompression.Pronouns,demonstratives,adjectives,andadverbsareused
sparingly.Simplenounsandverbspredominate.Thisstyleoftersesimplicityisstrikinglydifferentfromhisearlierprosepoemswrittenforthecourt,inwhichlong
rhythmicpassagesofdialogueanddescriptionemployelaborateparallelismandjuxtaposition,extensiveenumeration,mythologicaldevices,andstrikinghyperboleto
virtuosoeffect.SoleanisYangHsiung'sMysterypoetrythatifitwerenotforthefrequentrhymesandrhythmicscansionofeachline,theAppraisalscouldbetaken
forplain,expositoryspeech.NodoubtYangHsiungintendedtoimparttohisworkthatairofelegantrestraintassociatedwithhisantiquemodels.71Still,thepoetryof
theMysteryisfarfromeasytoread.Therearethreemainreasonsforthis:First,theMysterycontinuallyevokeswholeclustersofmeaningsineachcarefullychosen
phrase.Oftenthefullsignificanceofanallusionhasbeenlost,leavingthereadercorrespondinglyimpoverished.Twoadditionalproblemsstemfromthenatureofearly
Chineselanguageitself.ClassicalChinese,unliketheIndoEuropeanlanguages,iswhatlinguistscallan"isolatinglanguage."Inbrief,thismeansthatitsunitsare
invariablesothattheirinterrelationshipisindicatedsolelybyrelativepositionsandconnectivewords,ratherthanbyaclear,welldevelopedmorphology.Thesame
syllabicunitmu,forexample,canmean"amother,""themother,''"themother's,""mother

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ly,""toconsideroractasmother,""tobemothered,''"mothering,"andsoon.Also,classicalChineseindicatesgender,tense,ornumbergenerallybytheadditionof
extracharacters(suchasthosefor"female"or"male,""yesterday"or"tomorrow,""ten"or"tenthousand")asmodifiersorbyspecializedgraphs(the"particles").
Chinesepoetryaimsforstrikingpowerthroughalapidarystyle.Thus,ittendstoomitallredundanciesandparticleslestthebrieflinesseemlimporprosaic.Inmost
cases,YangHsiungmanagestomakethecompressionworkforhim.Atitsbest,hispoetryintheMysteryischaracterizedbyameasureoffruitfulambiguity,inwhich
eachline,eveneachgraph,callsupseveraldifferentassociations.ThroughsuchintentionalambiguityYangHsiungsuccessfullyrecreatesthemultiplelayersofmeaning
thathadbeenimposedontheYichingtext.RhymesandpunsintheMysteryservethispolysemywellfortheydirectthereader'sattentiontoimportantyet
unexpectedassociationsthatgobeyondtheusuallinguisticpairingsofobviousantonymsandsynonyms.72Admittedly,atitsworst,Yang'spoetryvergesonthe
obscure,yeteventhisvaguenessmayreflectYang'sdecisiontouseveiledlanguagewhentouchinguponcontroversialmatters.

Thisambiguity,ofcourse,canseldomberecreatedinEnglishtranslationbecauseEnglishisaninflectedlanguagethatembedshighlyspecificreferencestogender,
number,andcaseinitsnouns,aswellastenseandmoodinitsverbs.Thetranslatorisforcedtomakechoices.Ihavetriedabovealltopreserveasenseofthe
sparenessandseemingsimplicityofYang'spoetry,inhopesthattheMysterywillcaptivatenewgenerationsofreaders.

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GlossaryfortheIntroductorySections

NamesofPeople

(NOTE:CharactersforbooktitlesandauthorsincludedintheBibliographyarenotrepeatedhere.)

ChangHeng

Ch'enPenli

ChiaoKan

ChingFang

ChouTunyi

ChuHsi

ChuangTsun

Chuangtzu

EmperorAi

EmperorCh'eng

HanFei

HoYen

HouPa

Hsntzu

HsnYeh

HuanT'an

JuanHsiaohs

JuanYan

K'ungAnkuo

Laotzu

LiuHsiang

LiuHsin

LuK'ai

Mencius

MengHsi

 Page76

PanKu

PaoHsien

SsumaKuang

SuHsin

SungChung

TsouYen

TungChungshu

TungHsien

WangCh'ung

WangMang

YangHsiung

YangLiang

YenChnp'ing

ConceptsandTerms

aijih("lovetheday")

ch'ang("constant")

changch("chapterandversecommentary")

chen(seeKeyTermssection)

chen("favorableomen")

chengkua("standard'hexagrams")

chengming("rectificationofnames")

ch'eng("integrity")

ch'i(seeKeyTerms)

chihsiung("goodluckandill")

chili("goodluckandbenefit")

chia("Families"or"house")

ch'ien("immerses")

 Page77

chih("practicalwisdom")

chih("toknowortounderstand")

chin("toadvance")

chihming("toknow[orunderstand]ming)

ching("classic"or"canon")

ching("quintessence")

ching("respect")

chou("Provinces")

chung("center,""centrality")

fang("Regions")

fu("prosepoem")

fuhuo("goodfortune/badmorality/immorality")

hsiaohsikua("waxingandwaninghexagrams")

hsin("heart/mind")

hsin("goodfaith")

hsing("humannature")

hsing("stars")

hsiuch'iu("praiseandblame")

hsan("Mystery,""mystery")

hsanhseh("MysteryLearning")

hua("transformation")

kuach'i("hexagram/solarperiod")

kung("justice")

liming("establishfate")

ling("order")

ling("numinous")

ming("Decree,"decree")

mu("mother")

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ni("toestimate")

pei("cowry")

pu("Departments")

pu("todivinebyturtle")

shen("divine")

shen("expansion")
shih("time,""opportunity")

shih("diviner'sboard")

shou("Headtext")

shu("consideration")

shuchi("pivot")

szu("private")

t'aich'u("GrandInception")

Tao

T'ien

T'ienjenkanying("MutualInteractionbetweenHeavenandMan")

T'ienming("DecreeofHeaven")

ting("tripod")

ting("tosettle")

tsa("mixed")

tsan("Appraisal")

ts'e("Fathoming")

t'uilei("inferencebyanalogy")

tzushou("preserveoneself")

wanwu("myriadthings")

wuch'ang("inconstant")

wuhsing("FivePhases")

wuwei("nonpurposiveactivity")

 Page79

yin/yang

yeh(aparticle)

yu("tobeonthepointof")

ypuy,mingyeh

 Page80

TranslationoftheT'aihsanching

ListofTetragrams
No.7.Ascent/Shang No.13.Increase/Tseng
No.1.Center/Chung

Dec.22Dec.26(A.M.) Jan.18Jan.22(A.M.) Feb.14Feb.18(A.M.)
No.2.FullCircle/Chou No.8.Opposition/Kan No.14.Penetration/Jui

Dec.26.(P.M.)Dec.30 Jan.22(P.M.)Jan.26 Feb.18(P.M.)Feb.22
No.3.Mired/Hsien No.9.BranchingOut/Shu No.15.Reach/Ta

Dec.31Jan.4(A.M.) Jan.27Jan.31(A.M.) Feb.23Feb.27(A.M.)
No.4.Barrier/Hsien No.10.Defectiveness/ No.16.Contact/Chiao
Distortion/Hsien

Jan.4(P.M.)Jan.8 Jan.31(P.M.)Feb.4 Feb.27(P.M.)Mar.3
No.5.KeepingSmall/Shao No.11.Divergence/Ch'a No.17.HoldingBack/Juan

Jan.9Jan.13(A.M.) Feb.5Feb.9(A.M.) Mar.4Mar.8(A.M.)
No.6.Contrariety/Li No.12.Youthfulness/T'ung No.18.Waiting/Hsi

Jan.13(P.M.)Jan.17 Feb.9(P.M.)Feb.13 Mar.8(P.M.)Mar.12

 Page81
No.28.Change/Keng No.37.Purity/Ts'ui
No19.Following/Ts'ung

Mar.13Mar.17(A.M.) Apr.22(P.M.)Apr.26 June2June6(A.M.)
No.20.Advance/Chin No.29.Decisiveness/Tuan No.38.Fullness/Sheng

Mar.17(P.M.)Mar.21 Apr.27May1(A.M.) June6(P.M.)June10
No.21.Release/Shih No.30.BoldResolution/Yi No.39.Residence/Ch

Mar.22Mar.26(A.M.) May1(P.M.)May5 June11June15(A.M.)
No.22.Resistance/Ke No.31.Packing/Chuang No.40.Law/Model/Fa

Mar.26(P.M.)Mar.30 May6May10(A.M.) June15(P.M.)June19
No.23.Ease/Yi No.32.Legion/Chung No.41.Response/Ying

Mar.31Apr.4(A.M.) May10(P.M.)May14 June20June24(A.M.)
No.24.Joy/Le No.33.Closeness/Mi No.42.GoingtoMeet/Ying

Apr.4(P.M.)Apr.8 May15May19(A.M.) June24(P.M.)June28
No.25.Contention/Cheng No.34.Kinship/Ch'in No.43.Encounters/Y

Apr.9Apr.13(A.M.) May19(P.M.)May23 June29July3(A.M.)
No.26.Endeavor/Wu No.35.Gathering/Lien No.44.Stove/Tsao

Apr.13(P.M.)Apr17 May24May28(A.M.) July3(P.M.)July7
No.27.Duties/Shih No.36.Strength/Ch'iang No.45.Greatness/Ta

Apr.18Apr.22(A.M.) May28(P.M.)June1 July8July12(A.M.)

 Page82
No.55.Diminishment/Chien No.64.Sinking/Ch'en
No.46.Enlargement/K'uo

July12(P.M.)July16 Aug.22Aug.26(A.M.) OCt.1P.M.)Oct.5
No.47.Pattern/Wen No.56.ClosedMouth/ No.65.Inner/Nei
Chin

July17July21(A.M.) Aug.26(P.M.)Aug.30 Oct.6Oct.10(A.M.)
No.48.Ritual/Li No.57.Guardedness/Shou No.66.Departure/Ch'

July21(P.M.)July25 Aug.31Sept.4(A.M.) Oct.10(P.M.)Oct.14
No.49.Flight/T'ao No.58.ClosingIn/Hsi No.67.Darkening/Hui

July26July30(A.M.) Sept.4(P.M.)Sept.8 Oct.15oct.19(A.M.)
No.50.Vastness/Wasting/ No.59.Massing/Ch No.68.Dimming/Meng
T'ang

July30(P.M.)Aug.3 Sept.9Sept.13(A.M.) Oct.19(P.M.)Oct.23
No.51.Constancy/Ch'ang No.60.Accumulation/Chi No.69.Exhaustion/Ch'iung

Aug.4Aug.8(A.M.) Sept.13(P.M.)Sept.17 Oct.24Oct.28(A.M.)
No.52.Measure/Tu No.61.Embellishment/Shih No.70.Severance/Ke

Aug.8(P.M.)Aug.12 Sept.18Sept.22(A.M.) OCt.28(P.M.)Nov.1
No.53.Eternity/Yung No.62.Doubt/Yi No.71.Stoppage/Chih

Aug.13Aug17(A.M.) Sept.22(P.M.)Sept.26 Nov.2Nov.6(A.M.)
No.54.Unity/K'un No.63.Watch/Shih No.72.Hardness/Chien

Aug.17(P.M.)Aug.21 Sept.27Oct.1(A.M.) Nov.6(P.M.)Nov.10

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No.76.Aggravation/Ch No.79.Difficulties/Nan
No.73.Completion/Ch'eng

Nov.11Nov.15(A.M.) Nov.24(P.M.)Nov.28 Dec.8Dec.12(A.M.)
No.74.Clossure/Chih No.77.Compliance/Hsn No.80.Laboring/Ch'in

Nov.15(P.M.)Nov.19 Nov.29Dec.3(A.M.) Dec.12(P.M.)Dec.16
No.75.Failure/Shih No.78.OntheVerge/ No.81.Fostering!Yang
Chiang

Nov.20Nov.24(A.M.) Dec.3(P.M.)Dec.7 Dec.17Dec.21(A.M.)
IntercalaryHeads


Dec21(P.M.)andLeapYear
Feb.29


ChungNo.1.Center
December22December26(a.m.)
Page84
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYangthe
phaseWaterandtheYichingHexagramno.61,
GoodFaithatCenterthesunenterstheDrawn
Oxconstellation,1stdegreethedipperpointsdue
norththemusicalnoteisCtheWinterSolstice
solarperiodbeginswithAppraisal1

HEAD:Yangch'i,unseen,germinatesintheYellowPalace.Goodfaithineverycaseresidesatthecenter.

ThoughthistetragramiscorrelatedwiththeWaterphase,theYellowPalace,apparentlyatermfortheshadowyundergroundrealmwherethespiritsofthedead
reside,1isassociatedinthecycleofFivePhaseswithEarth.Earthsymbolizeswhatisstrongandstablewater,whatexertspowerthroughceaselessmovement.This
tetragram,then,likeastillcenter,representsthebalancepointbetweenopposingimpulsesfromwhichcreativeactivityemanates.Thesecondline,withitsreferenceto
''goodfaith"at"center,"alludestothetitleofthecorrespondingChangesHexagramno.61.Byapun,however,thelastsentenceoftheHeadtextcanalsoread,
"Expansionineverycaseresidesatcenter."Bythatreading,theHeadalsoreferstothemysteriousprocessbywhichfutureeventsbecomepresentphenomena,
displacingphenomenaintothepastandprovidingthemomentumforcyclicprocesses.2Asthe"GreatCommentary"totheChangesdescribesit:

Asthesunmoveson,themooncomes.Asthemoonmoveson,thesuncomes.Assunandmoonimpeleachother,lightisproduced....Whatmoveson,contracts.Whatcomes,
expands(hsin).Aswhatcontractsandwhatexpandsinfluenceeachother,whatfurthers[activity]isproduced.3

ThefirstnineAppraisalsofTetragram1refertothefirst41/2daysimmediatelyfollowingtheWinterSolstice.Withinthatbriefperiodoftime,yangbeginsitsstruggle
toemergefromthedominationofyin.PatternssetinthesefirstnineAppraisaltextsrecapitulatetheentireannualcyclecoveredbyalleightyonetetragrams.Atthe
sametime,this"nested"cycleofnineAppraisalsstandsnotonlyforcosmicprocessbutalsoforthecycleofhumanactionfrominitialcontemplationtofinaloutcome.

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Figure3.
Adragonwithaceremonialjadepicirclet.Illustrationtakenfroma
rubbingfromastonerelief,excavatedfromHsinchin,Szechwan(nowinthe
SzechwanProvincialMuseum),rubbing50.5109.5cm.

WithinthelargercycleofnineAppraisals,smallercyclesoperate.EachgroupofthreeAppraisalswithinthenineisaworldinminiaturethatreflectsacontinuumfrom
incipiencetomaturationtodecline,eachwithitsassignedplaceintheninefoldscheme.ThefirstthreeAppraisals,representingthephaseofcommencement,move
fromthedarklanguageofnondifferentiation(Appraisal1)throughthepolarizationofyin/yangwithinthedarkness(Appraisal2)tothepreciselyandpositively
describedimageoftheemergentdragon(Appraisal3).Noimageofdeclineisasyetgermane.ThesecondsetofthreeAppraisals,concernedwithculmination,begins
withatemporallyvague,abstractpictureofresponsivenessandobstruction(Appraisal4),witnessesthenoondayemblemonwhichthelargerseriesofnineAppraisals
pivots(Appraisal5),andendswithaconcretelunarimageofdeclineplayedoffagainstrenewal(Appraisal6).Thefinaltripletisentirelyrelatedtowaningthereisno
roomatallfornewgrowth.Still,thestaticsituationatfirstmayjustlybecharacterizedintermsofripenessandnurture(Appraisal7).ThecentralAppraisal8provides
apictureofdecayinwhichambiguitygiveswaytoinversion.Thelastsituation(Appraisal9)dramaticallyevokesdissolution.Butasdissolutionendsthelargercycle,
variousassociationsimplytheeventualbeginningofanewone.

TheAppraisalswork,then,somewhatlikeaChinesepuzzle.Notonlydowefindcyclefittedwithincycle,butoneclueafteranothertiestheseriesofAppraisalsto
everymicrocosmofimportancetoman.The

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FathomingofthefirstAppraisalpresumeshumanparticipation,alongsidethatofHeavenandEarth,inthecosmicTao.Therearealsoseveralremindersoftheagesof
man.ThefirstAppraisalrecallsthewombthethird,theyoungadult'sentryintoanofficialcareerthefifth,culminatingaccomplishmenttheseventh,maturestability
andtheninth,naturaldeathinoldage.Thesymbologyofadministrationappearsintheappositionofpunishmentandvirtue,aswellasinallusionstoattributesofthe
exemplaryruler(inthefifthposition)andtohisvassals(surroundinghiminthefourthandsixthpositionscorrelatedwithyinch'i).

Theappraisalsaboundincorrelatestoyin/yangandinechoesoftheBookofChanges.Imagesofdarknessandmoon(associatedwithWaterinAppraisals1and6),
ofthedragon(Wood,3)ofcentering(Earth,5),andofFire(Appraisal7)reflectthesignificanceofeachAppraisalinthecosmogonicsuccessionoftheFivePhases.
YangHsiungsummarizesthedominantmeaningoftheHeadentitledCenterwiththeaphorism"Integrity,whenitoccupiestheinnerpart,ispreservedinthecenter."4
ThefirstHeadanditsAppraisals,readinthelightofYang'sowncommentaries,leadthereadertorecognizeintegrity(ch'eng)asthecentralvirtuepreciselybecause
ofitsallencompassingnature.IntegritynotonlyestablishestheunityofmanwiththevisibleworldofHeavenandEarth,butitalsoputshimintouchwiththeprimal
Mysteryhiddenatthecosmicorigin(Appraisal1).Theindividualmayeasilyfailtoattainthisintegrityifhereliesonspeciousabsolutesforexample,thepolarization
ofyin/yang.Hewillalsofailifheismiredinthemoralambiguity(Appraisal2)thatresultswhenanindividualdisregardshissacreddutytomakenames(=conceptual
categories)correspondtorealities(Appraisal8).BecausethepettymanignorestheMysterywithinhim,heisobstructedinbothhisprivatedesiresandpublic
ambitions(Appraisals4,6).Incontrast,theaspiranttosagehooddevotedlyimitatestheuniversal,unchangingpatterns,andsoisledtodecisionsthatmakehis
activitieseffective(Appraisals3,5,7).
App.1:Primalonenessencompassesall.
Itisprofound.

Fath.1:Primaloneness,allencompassing
Means:Thisisthecorrectstateofcontemplation.

"Primaloneness"5isasetphrasedescribingtheinitialcosmicstateofnondifferentiation"priortotheappearanceofforms."6InearlyChinesecosmogonies,theworld
weexperienceemergesfromthisinitialstatethroughvariousstagesofseparationuntiltheperceptibleworldfinallyunfolds.Thetermprimalonenesswasalso
associatedwithboththeaxismundiandChuangtzu'sEmperoroftheCenter,whodiedwhentheprimalunityofhisbodywasviolated.7Theanalogousstateto
primalone

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nessinwhatwemightcallmoralpsychologyistheinitialcenteringofhumaninwardnessthatleadstoconscious,responsibleaction.Theassociationsofprimaloneness
withcentering,thethemeofthistetragram,arethusmultiple.

Theterm"allencompassing"isborrowedfromtheChuangtzu,whereitdescribesthatpoweroftheWayactingthroughthesagethatletshimseebeyondsurface
differentiationtothefundamentalunityofthings,sothathecan"mergethemyriadthingsandmakethemone."8Thesamephrase,however,isglossedbyanearly
commentatoras,"intheshapeoftheearth"evidentlyhetakesittomean"swollenandvast.''9Accordingtothe"spheroidalheaven"(hunt'ien)theoryofcosmology
promotedbyYang,theearth(hemisphericalordiscoidalindifferentversions)wascenteredwithintheskyliketheyolkofanegg.Thusitisnaturaltojuxtaposethe
phrasesallencompassing,withitsassociationswithEarth,andprimaloneness,whichimpliestheskyandthecosmicaxis.

"Profound,"ofcourse,issynonymouswith"mystery"insofarasitindicatesthecreative,yetindeterminateoriginsofHeavenandEarth,aswellasthepsychiccenter
withinwhichthesagefindsthegermsofhisfutureactions.Thesamecharacter,forobviousreasons,canmean"obscure."ThecommentatorFanWangemphasizesthe
cosmologicalmeaningoftheterm:Inthesky'sdailyrotationaboutthecentralearth,thesunatnightishiddenbelowthehorizonand"thusiscalled'obscure.'"10Yang
Hsiung,ashisown"Elaboration"autocommentaryshows,isnotconcernedwithestablishingasinglelevelofmeaning.Instead,hewouldemphasizethestrong
connectionbetweentheTao,theunityofthecosmos,andthesage'scenteredness:
TheworthymanisonewithHeavenandEarth[insofarashis]thoughtsembracethemanykinds[ofbeing].[Histhoughts]unitethematcenterbuttheyhavenotyettakenform
outside.11

SsumaKuangfleshesoutthisthemeinhiscommentary:

"Primaloneness"isthemagnitudeofthesky's[starry]images"allencompassing"isthebreadthoftheearth'sform.Thattheheartandmindofmanshouldbeabletofathomthe
immensityofskyandearthsurelybespeaksdivinityintheoperationsofheartandmind.Appraisal1marksthebeginningofcontemplation.Theheartandmindofthenobleman
canprobedeepandfar.Heperceives,whenhelooksup,allthatisdivineintheskyand,whenhelooksdown,allthatisnuminousonearth.Neitherskynorearth,noranything,
canhidetheirtruthfromhim.Because[atthestageintheprocesssymbolizedbyCenter]hiscontemplationisnotyetformed,itiscalled"obscure."

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Thesageisthemediator,discerningthepatterns,atoncemetaphysicalandmoral,ofskyandearth.Theseperceptions,asthe"GreatCommentary"totheChanges
tellsus,arethesourceofthepatternsbywhichthesageordershimselfandsociety.12SsumaKuangdoesnotdoviolencetothetextwhenheseesinthisfirst
AppraisaloftheMysteryasynthesisofassociationsthataffirmsandcelebrateshumancapacities.

IntheFathoming,the"correct[state]"(chen)13referstooneofthemanticformulaefoundintheearlieststrataoftheChanges.AccordingtoHaninterpretations,the
termdescribesthefaithfuladherenceofthesagetotheWayoftheancients.Byvirtueofthisorientation,thesageparticipatesintheintegrityoftheTao.Chenalso
pointstoaqualityofthecosmos,thedynamicbalancethatmakesitsprocessesequableineverysense.AsFanWang'scosmologicalinterpretationputsit,the
Appraisalissayingthatthe"revolutionsintheskyentirelyaccordwith'correctness.'"14
App.2:Spiritualforceswarindarkness,
Deployingyinandyangforbattle.

Fath.2:Spiritswarringinthedark
Means:Theregoodandevilarejuxtaposed.

TheearliesttextsinChinadepictthecosmosintermsofbinaryoppositionalphasessymbolizedbyyellow(presumablythelightofday)andblack(thedark).This
helpsustounderstandtheChangesimagery,"Dragonsbattleinthewilds,theirbloodblackandyellow."15Thisoddlyanthropomorphicsentimentreflectsastrong
imbalanceintheforcesofyinandyangch'i,associatedwithdarkandlightrespectively.16IntheCentertetragram,forexample,weseesolidlinesoccupyingevery
positioninthegraphicsymbol.Yinandyang,then,challengeeachotherataparticularpointinthecyciewhentheimbalanceisstrongest.Astheforcesforgoodand
evilconfrontoneanotherinthedarknessofprimalorigin,ofmidwinter,andofthehiddenrecessesoftheheartandmind,theseparationofpolaritiesoutofthe
indeterminateMysteryisboundtobeprematureandinauspicious.

IntheFivePhasescorrelations,theimageofwarfareisrelatedtoFire,thepatronphaseofthisAppraisal,whichhassucceededtheWaterfoundinthepreceding
Appraisal.Appraisalsarealternatelyyang(day,auspicious)andyin(night,inauspicious)inrelationtoeachother.YangHsiungexplainsthisbyalternatingreferencesto
thestateofmindofthenobleman(alignedwithyang)andthepettyman(alignedwithyin).ThepitchedbattleofAppraisal2takesplace,hetellsus,because"the
pettyman'sheartandmindareundiscriminating,"tendingtosegregatewhatshouldbeundifferentiatedduringthefirstHead'sdominance.Bycontrast,"Theworthy
manbyhisactionsunitesthemanykinds[ofbeing]."17

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App.3:Thedragonemergesatthecenter,
Itsheadandtailstretchforth,
Fitforuse.

Fath.3:Dragonemergingatcenter
Means:Itrevealsitscreativity.

FewChineseimagesareasrichinassociationsasthatofthedragon.ThefirstChinesedictionary(ca.A.D.100)describesthedragonas"chiefamongthescaly
creatures.Itcanbedarkorbrilliant,smallorlarge,shortorlong.Atthevernalequinox,itascendstotheskyattheautumnalequinox,ithidesinthedeeps."18The
dragonisproteanandtimelyitmarkstwocriticalpointsintheannualcyclebyitsascentanddescent.Thusitisassociatedwithvirileyangch'i,withtheEastand
Spring,andwiththegrowthofthemyriadthingsonearth.

InthefirsthexagramoftheChanges,asequenceofdragonimagesportraystheexemplarymaninreclusion(theunseendragoninline1),inoffice(thedragoninthe
fieldsinline2),andatthesummitofpoliticalpower(thedragonflyingintheskyinline5).Atleastthisisthewayorthodoxcommentatorshaveexplainedthese
enigmatictexts.Theyarguethatthedragonsymbolizesthenoblemanwhofulfillshispotentialbyconformingtothepresentsituation.

ThedragonfoundinAppraisal3,whencomparedwiththesepicturesofthedragonintheChanges,isneitherentirelyhiddennorfullyapparent.Withtheseparationof
nascentyangfromtheprimaldarkness,thedragonhasemergedfromthewatersbarelyenoughtorevealitsheadandtail.Yetevenbeforethedragonappearsinitsfull
glory,itisrecognizedas"fitforuse,"inclearcontrasttothehiddendragonintheChanges.19Why?AnotherChineseclassicdefines"usefulness"intermsofadherence
toritual.20Throughritual,Yang'sexemplarkeepshisintegrity(his"exactcenter''),despitetheupsanddownsoffortune.Yangequallyemphasizestheimportanceof
timeliness:

Whatismeantby"dragonemergingatcenter"?Itsaysthatthecharacteristicvirtueofthedragonisapparentforthefirsttime.Iftheyinhasnotreacheditshighestpoint,then
yangwillnotbeborn.Ifdisorderhasnotreacheditshighestpoint,thenvirtuewillnotassumeform.Thenoblemancultivatesvirtue,therebyawaitingthepropermoment[toact].
Hedoesnotriseupbeforethepropermoment,nordrawbackafterithasalreadypassed.Whetherinactionoratrest,whetherobscureoreminent,hedoesnotstrayfromthe
norm.Canthisbesaidofanyonebutthenobleman?Thus"headandtailarefitforuse."21

ThisisYang'sanswertooneofthegreatquestionsofhistime.ThebestmindsofChinahadacceptedtheConfucianidealofgovernmentservice,

 Page90

butinthedecliningdaysofWesternHanmostmenofprinciplecouldlookforward,ifnottorejection,thentoblockedcareerslikeYang'sown,oreventodisgraceor
dismissal.InthisAppraisalYangseespoliticalchaosnotasapermanentstatebutasaprecursortoconstructiveyangactivity.Hisexemplar,inkeepingtotheexact
center,22neverfailstoserveasanormforothersinasocialorderideallybaseduponmoralexample.Personalvirtueischarismaticeventuallyitturnsdisorderinto
order.YangHsiungsawinthedisorderofhistimeaneednotforsuperficialpacificationofsociety("lawandorder"),butthereinstitutionofastable,hierarchicsociety
ruledbyamoralelite.Onceagain,Yangappearstobemakingaplayononeword:thedragon'stailisboth"truly"(hsin)fitforuseand"stretchedout"(shen),ready
foraction.(Forthesamepun,seethefirstHeadtextabove.)

Incosmogony,Appraisal3ofthistetragramcorrespondstoathirdstageofexistence.Followingprimalchaos(stage1)andtheseparationofyinandyangch'i(stage
2),thefirstemergenceofforms(stage3)foreshadowstheproliferationofphenomenaintheworldasweknowit(stage4).
App.4:Lowliness,emptiness,nothingness,compliance
DespiteafullportionofnatureandDecree,
Heisstillblocked.

Fath.4:Blockedfromthelowlyandempty
Means:Hecannotreceiveinfull.

ClassicalTaoismarguesthattheWayistobefoundeverywhere,eveninthelowestformsoflifelike"thepissandthedung."23TheConfucians,ofcourse,objectto
thisprovocativecharacterizationoftheWay,sincetheyprefertodefineitastheparadigmforallpatternedbehavior.Thesetworivaltraditions,however,havemorein
commonthanisgenerallyrecognized,presumablybecausebothdrawfromastillmoreancientmatrixofbelief.Thetwotraditions,forexample,placeequalemphasis
onmodestyasanecessaryattributeofthesuperiorman.TheAnalectsexplicitlycontrastsnobleselfdeprecationwiththepretensionsofthepettyman:

Ihavenohopeofseeinganentirelygoodperson.IfIcouldseeanentirelyconstantpersonthatwoulddo.Butwhendoingwithoutpretendstobehaving,whenemptiness
pretendstobefullness,whenlittlepretendstobemuch,itishardtobeconstant.24

Yang'sownexplicationofthisdifficultAppraisalusessomeofthesamevocabulary.Translatedtentatively,the"Elaboration"autocommentaryreads:

Thepettymancannotfinditinhishearttoembraceemptiness....Althoughheisdebased,hecannotbeapproached.Althoughheis

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empty,hecannotbefilled.Whendoingwithoutwouldbeappropriate,heiscapableofpossessing.Whencompliancewouldbeappropriate,heiscapableofstrikingoutinan
untrieddirection.Therefore,"despiteafullportionofnatureandDecree,"helacks[thehumility]toavoid[inappropriateaction].Thatiswhy"heisblocked."25

Aswesee,thesmallmanwhocannotorienthimselftotheWayisthecompletenegationofConfucius'"constantperson."Ontheotherhand,thequalitiesoflowliness,
responsiveness,andemptinesswhichYangapplaudsarethosemostoftenassociatedwiththeexemplarspicturedintheLaotzuandChuangtzutexts.Andfinally,in
keepingwiththecosmicconcernsofHanorthodoxy,wehaveanindirectreferencetotheblockednatureofyangch'iatthistimeoftheyear.Inshort,Appraisal4
representsaperfectexampleoftheHanorthodoxsynthesisofwhathadlongsinceceasedtobedistinctConfucian,Taoist,andcosmologicaltraditions.Theidealsof
emptiness,moralrectitude,andyin/yanghadlearnedtolivecomfortablytogether.26

ThisAppraisal,ofcourse,presentsamirrorimageoftheprecedingandsucceedingtetragrams,whichalikedepictthetimelyactionofthenobleman.Herethe
Mysteryshowsthesmallman'sinabilitytoadapttotimeandcircumstancesinsuchawayastofulfillhismoralpotentialandsocietalobligations(inotherwords,his
"natureandDecree").27
App.5:Whenthesuniscenteredinthesky,
Usethistimetobecomeamaster.

Fath.5:Suncenteredinthesky
Means:Thenoblemanmeritshisplace.

Thecenterrepresentsthemediatingbalancepointbetweenoppositions.InthiscentralAppraisalamongthenine,wefindatriplecoincidenceofauspicious"centrality":
thenameoftheHeadthecorrelationoftheAppraisalwithEarth,28the"center"inthecycleoftheFivePhasesandtheimageofthesunathighnoon.Sincethegood
man,likethesun,useshis"lighttoilluminetheentirerealm,"29theimageryemployedheresuggestsacosmicanalogueofidealgovernment,whichseekstomediate
fairlybetweentheopposingneedsandopinionsofthesubjectpopulation.Forthisreason,theMystery,likecontemporaryapocryphalwritingsheraldingtheHan
restoration,makesthecenteredsunasignoftheMandateofHeaven.30SsumaKuangcomments,"OnceanoblemanattainstheWayheissuretohavehismoment
oncehehashismoment,heissuretoattainhisposition.Fromthenon,hewillbefatherandmotherofthepeople."Thetimehascomefornobleimpulses(including
yangch'i)toexertthemselves.

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App.6:Themoonlosingitsfullness
Isnotasgoodasnewlightinthewest.

Fath.6:Thewaningmoon
Means:Ignoblemenarethefirsttoretreat.

Liketheprevioustext,thisAppraisaltakesforitsthemethelight(andtherefore,enlightenment).31However,bythesixthAppraisal,wealreadyhavepassedthepoint
ofbalance.Forthisreason,asYangwrites,"Wecontemplatewaxingandwaning."Herethedegreeofremaininglightismeasuredthroughmoonimagery,32because
evennumberedAppraisalsinthistetragramarealignedwithyin.SincethefullmoonwouldcorrespondtoAppraisal5,wenowhavethemoonmovingintoitsthird
quarter,nolongerquiteround.Yanghimselfdefinesthemoralsignificanceofthisimageas,"Thepettymaninthefullnessofhispowersbringsneedlessruinupon
himself."Unabletomaintainastableposition,hebeginstoretreat.

Neithersunnormoonactuallyrisesinthewest.Butbyroughlythesecondorthirdnightofeachlunarmonth,themoonhasfallenfarenoughbehindthesuntobe
rebornasthefirstcrescent,justabovethewesternhorizonatsunsetwhentheskyisdarkenoughtomakeitvisible.Thisconfigurationis"better"inthesensethatthe
firstcrescentsignalsahalfcycleofuninterruptedgrowth.Halfamonthlaterwewillhaveonlyahalfcycleofdecay.Here,aselsewhere,metaphorsfromNatureteach
thereadertodistinguishmoralalternatives,leadinghimtochoosethegoodandapprehendtheWay.33
App.7:Fullymatured:
Firestores34whatnurtures.
Waterembracesrectitude.

Fath.7:Embracingthefullyripe35
Means:Thisistheruleforemployingsubjects.36

IfthefirstHeadisamicrocosmoftheeightyoneHeadscorrelatedwiththeroundoftheseasons,thisAppraisal,speakingofmaturityandstorage,representsautumn
asthebalancebetweenFireandWater,cosmicphasescorrelatedwithsummerandwinterrespectively.InHanwritings,Firesuggeststhenourishingandfructifying
activityofsummerand,byextension,theuseofrewards.Waterimpliespurification,rectitude,andrelianceuponjudicialpunishmentingovernance.InYang'swriting,
fireandwaterareassociatedwithhumaneness(jen)andstrictattentiontoduty(yi)respectively.37AlthoughthepunctuationoftheAppraisalisproblematic,both
AppraisalandFathomingrecallthe"GreatPlan"chapteroftheBookofDocuments,whichshowstheidealrulermakingafairdistributionofrewardsandpunishments
toelicitthebesteffortsofhis

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38
subjectsintheserviceofthestate. Aswearenowinautumn,theseasontraditionallysetasideforlegaljudgments,thesagemustknowwhenandhowtoimposehis
willwithoutthreateningthewellbeingofthecommonpeople.Hemustalsoknowhowtobalancetheimpulsetowardsleniencewiththepromotionofstrictstandards
forbehavior.

Inhis"Elaboration"autocommentary,YangalsotiesFireandWatertothe"generosityandtolerance"oftheidealruler.39Thisstatementseemstocontradicttheusual
correlationofWaterwithpunishments.Thepassagegoeson,however,toreiteratethemainthemeofthe"GreatPlan,"whichlikensthereceptivityofthesagekingto
theabilityofHeavenandEarthtofindroomforeveryphenomenon"exceptwhatisnotgoodornotjust."40Inhisotherphilosophicalclassic,theModelSayings,Yang
couplesFireandWaterinaslightlydifferentfashion:Onlythesageisfittoruletheempirebecause,likewater,hisintegrityisinexhaustibleandlikefire,hisactionsare
bright.41TheseimagesdrawnfromothersourcesalsofitthisAppraisal,makingitanexcellentexampleofYang'scomplexuseofmetaphor.

App.8:Whenyellowisnotyellow,
Itoverturnsthenormsofautumn.

Fath.8:Thattheyellowisnotyellow
Means:Helacksthevirtueofthecenter.

ThepointofthisAppraisalisspelledoutinYang's"Elaboration"autocommentary:"Thepettymanfailstomodelhimselfonthecenter."Thatis,hefailstomodel
himselfontheSupremeMystery,ontheproperrelationofyin/yang,andontheMeaninhumanrelations.WhenthenineAppraisalsaregroupedbythrees,Appraisal8
becomesthecenterofthefinaltriad.ItscentralityassociatesitwiththephaseEarthandthecoloryellow,bothemblemsofbalancebetweenyinandyang.Atthesame
time,inthesequenceofnineAppraisals,theeighthiscorrelatedwithWood,withyang'sincrease,withthecolorgreen,andwithnight.Asthesetwosetsof
correspondencesareatwar,whatshouldbeyellow(areferencetotheturningoftheleavesinfall?)inthisphaseisnot.Normsandrealitiesnolongercoincide,
suggestingtheneedforanew"rectificationofnames."42Itisequallyclearthattheindividualmustmakereadjustmentsifheistoconformwithtime.Arhymedquatrain
composedbyYangHsiungunderlinesthecontrastbetweenthisinauspiciousAppraisalandAppraisal5:
Whenthenoblemanattainsaposition,heflourishes.
Whenhelosesit,hekeepshisequanimity.
Whenthepettymanattainsaposition,heistyrannical.
Whenhelosesit,heperishes.43

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Thepettyman,recognizingnoconstantnorms,tendsalwaystoexcess.Lackingbalance,hecangainnolastingmerit,despitetemporarygoodfortune.Such
misconducthasrepercussionsinthenaturalworld.
App.9:Whensoulsareoverturned,
Ch'iandformrevert.

Fath.9:Overturnedsoulsreverting
Mean:Timeisnotovercome.

Deathistheseparationofch'iandform.Whathademergedfromundifferentiatedch'inowreturnstoitasthesoulbreaksdownintoitsconstituentparts,which
eventuallyreverttotheshadowybournesofthespiritworld.44TheimageofdeathprefigurestheprocesswherebysuccessivetetragramsevolvefromTetragram1,as
theunbrokenlinesgivewaytobrokenones.Atthesametime,werealizethatthecyclewithinTetragram1hasnowcomefullcircle.Notealsothatthecorrelationof
Appraisal9withtheendofthelifecycleissostrongthatitapparentlynegatesthegeneralrulebywhichoddnumberedAppraisalsinoddnumberedtetragramsare
connectedwithauspiciousyangch'i.45Atthesametime,the"Elaboration"autocommentaryseekstotempertheunrelievedlyinauspiciouscharacteroftheselinesby
emphasizingtheinevitablenatureofcyclicalchange.

Thewordtranslatedas"souls"(ling)referstohumansentience,anentitypowerfulenough,accordingtoChineselegend,tosurviveevendeath.Whatarewe,then,to
makeofthisAppraisal'sconcernwithhumandeathanddissolution?IntheclassicConfuciantexts,deathisconsideredacalamityonlywhenitisunnatural.Aquiet
deathfollowingthecompletionofone'sallottedyearswasgenerallyseenasablessingoneoftheFiveBlessingsofthe"GreatPlan"chapteroftheDocuments,as
thecommentatorSsumaKuangremindsus.46Here,"thenoblemanin

hisoldage"hascometotheendofhistime.47Thesuperiormanbowstotheinevitable,soas"toconformtohisdestiny."48Bydefinition,heseeshisowndeathinthe
widercontextofongoingdevelopmentinthecosmosthereforeheacceptstheideaofhisowndemise.

TheFathoming,translatedhereas"Timeisnotovercome,"canbealsobereadas"Timeisnotbearable."FanWang,theonlycommentatorwhodoesnotignorethe
Fathoming,offersthecommonplaceobservationthattheendoflife"is[truly]unbearable."49Hemay,however,bereflectinguponthelessongiveninthe"Elaboration"
autocommentary:
Theworthymangrowsapprehensive[sinceheisawarethathisdemiseisimminent],wherethepettymangrowspresumptuous[sinceheuseshisadvancedagetoexcusehisself
indulgence].50

 Page95
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYin
thephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.24,Returnthesunenters
thetheDrawnOxconstellation,5th
Chou degree
No.2.FullCircle
December26(p.m.)December30

HEAD:Yangch'icomesfullcircle.Divine,1itreturnstothebeginning.Thingsgoontobecometheirkinds.2

Justasthecentersupplementedbycircumferencedescribesacompleteform,Tetragram2expandsuponthethemesofthefirsttetragram.Notsurprisingly,theTaoas
thetotalityofBeingisdrawnasacircle,sinceallthemyriadthingsseamlesslyderivefromandreturntoitinthewordsoftheChanges,"AllunderHeavenincommon
return[toit]butbydifferentpaths."3FortheearlyChinese,asfortheGreeks,thecircleistheembodimentofperfectioninthatnothingcanbeaddedtoit.4Seeking
theTaoisalsoacircularprocessinsofarasanyseriesofcorrectpropositionsmadeaboutitultimatelyleadsbacktothesamesolution.Moreover,sinceallpointson
thecircumferenceofacirclestandequidistantfromitscenter,thecirclemaysignifyequitabletreatment.5Finally,thecirclesignifiestheeternalandtheineffableinthat
itspathknowsnobeginningorend.Thecirclestronglyimpliesrenewal,then,athemethatisalsofoundinthehexagram"Return."

Despitetheseauspiciousassociations,thenotionofcomingfullcirclealsospellsdanger.Ifthereisincompleteclosureatthecriticaljuncturewhereonecompletecircuit
endsandanotherbegins,thenecessarycyclicalpatternsofthecosmoswillbeinterruptedorderailed.Forthatreason,varioustextsassociate"movementback"with
weaknessandtrouble.6Thistetragramcorrespondstothetimefightafterthewintersolstice,aperiodwhenspecialcautionisrequiredbecauseofthefragilenatureof
nascentyangoverwhelmedbyyin.Atthistime,accordingtotheBookofChanges,

Thekingsofantiquityclosedthepassesatthetimeofthesolstice.Merchantsandstrangersdidnotgoabout,andtherulerdidnottravelthroughtheprovinces.7

Sincecommercialactivitieswereconsideredsecondary(i.e.,lessessentialbecausenonproductive)ascomparedwiththebasicoccupationsofagricultureand
governing,itiseasytoseewhymerchantscirculatinggoods,andstrangersmakingtherounds,foundtheirtravelscurtailed.Evenaroyalprogressthroughoutlying
districts(yetanothercircuit)wasforbid

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8
denatthisseason,despiteitscrucialfunctioninmanifestingimperialpower. Thekingpresumablyisadvisedtoattendtowhatisevenmorebasictohisrule:his
conformitywiththeHeavenordainedWayandhisrelationswithhisministersandthecommonpeople.

Throughsuchretreattothebase,muchgoodcanbeaccomplished.Inthecosmicrealm,itwasacceptedwisdomthat,"ifyinisnotattheextremepoint,yangisnot
born."Itistheperiodicreturnofch'ithatpromotesitspropercirculationthroughouttheuniverse,justasariverflowstothesea.9IntheworldofMan,acareful
reexaminationoffundamentallessonscanhelptoreadjustone'sactionstotheTao,sothatthe"floodlikech'i"circulatingwithinthebody10isstrengthenedwhilethe
chancesofconventionalsuccessareenhanced.

TheHeadtextshowsyangch'imakingitsdivinecircuit.Whilethereisnocleardemarcationofboundariesinregardtoyang'saction(astatereminiscentofprimal
chaos),mysteriouslyyangch'ipromptseachofthemyriadthingstobegintheprocessofindividuation.Humansparticipateinthisprocess,ofcourse,andcaneven
helptoguideit,whentheyconformwiththenaturalprocessesasexemplifiedbyritual.Ritual,liketheTao,establishesadivinebalancebetweencommunityand
individuation,therebyinsuringthecontinuityofalllifecycles.

Finally,thetitleofthetetragramprobablyrepresentsaplayuponthenameoftheChoudynastywrittenwiththesamecharacter.ThehexagramReturninHanliterature
isthoughttorefertothedefeatofthelastevilkingofShangbythefounderoftheChoudynastybythisact,theChoureturnedAllunderHeaventotherightpath.11It
isthegloriousinstitutionsoftheearlyChouthatYangHsiung,likeConfuciusbeforehim,hopedinlatertimestorestore.For,

ThemoralpowerofChoumay,indeed,becalledanabsolutelyperfectmoralpower.12

BothasacommittedConfucianandasadescendantoftheChourulinghouse,YangHsiungwouldthinkithissolemndutytopromotesucharestoration.13
App.1:ReturningtotheheartofHeaven,
Inwhatvirtuedoesheerr?
TheWayisblocked.

Fath.1:Thattheheart'sreturnisblocked
Means:Thecenterdoesnotreciprocate.

Clearly,notaskismorefundamentaltotheindividualthanintelligentconformitywiththecosmicpatterns,soYangHsiungappropriatelymentions"returningtothe
heartofHeaven"inAppraisal1ofthistetragram.

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14
TheChangeshexagramReturnclaimstoembodytheheartofHeavenandEarthinurgingafullturnawayfromerror. Despiteavagueagreementthat"Whatis
receivedfromHeavenshouldbereturnedtoHeaven,"15earlythinkersfoundthattherealdifficultyliesinascertainingHeaven'swill.LikeotherConfucianclassics,the
MysterypresumesthatHeaven'swillcanbediscernedinatleastthreeways:1)intheconscientiousdecisionsmadebytheindividualwhohas"selfknowledge"162)in
thepatternsofcivilizationtransmittedbysagerulersandpreservedintradition17and3)intheexpressedwillofthepeople,ontheassumptionthat"Heavenseesasthe
peoplesee."18Intheory,solongasthestateisjust,thereneedneverbeaconflictbetweentheindividual'sselfcultivation,hisacquiescenceinthewisdomofpublic
opinion,andhisconformitywithsocietalconventions.

Still,earlyChinesephilosopherswerefartoosophisticatedtobeunawareofthesometimescontradictorylessonsconveyedbythesethreesources.Inabenighted
age,forexample,thesuperiorman'sconsciencemaytellhimtorebelagainstpublicmores.YangHsiungprovidesafurthertesttoresolvequestionsofmorality:Like
Confuciusbeforehim,19Yangsuggeststhattheadvisabilityofaparticularactioncanbejudgedonthebasisofasingle,infalliblecriterion:Doestheactionexemplifythe
virtueofreciprocity?Wherethereisevil,itislikelytostemfromtheindividual'sfailuretoaccordothersthesameconsiderationhehimselfexpects.Asaresult,
communityisbroken.
App.2:Apivotsetdirectlycenter
Sweepsfullcircle,notinangles.

Fath.2:Apivotplaceddirectlycenter
Means:SetyourthoughtsontheMean.20

BeginninginChoutimes,thepivotmetaphorappearsregularlyindiscussionsregardingtherelatedsubjectsofastronomyandkingship.Intheheavens,theDipper
functionsasapivotaroundwhichthevariousstarryconfigurationsrevolve.Alignedwiththeaxismundi,itensurestheseamlessalternationofnightandday.21The
kingis"pivot"or"pole"ofAllunderHeaveninatleastthreesenses:22First,itishewhosteadiesanddefinesthemovementofalllesseraspectsofcreationtheruler's
positionandinfluencearesuchthathisdesiresconstitutethedirectingforceofhissubordinates.Second,therulerislikethepivotinthathealoneappearsunmoved
andinactive(wuwei),whilehissubjectsundergoradicaltransformationsunderhisinfluence.Third,theruler,likethepivot,isimpartialinaction,sothatthesweepof
hismindgivesequalconsiderationtoalloptionsandcandidates.Inthis,ofcourse,heimitatesHeaven'smodel.23

ThoughallearlyChinesethinkersareinagreementthatitisbyvirtue

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ofhispivotalpositionthatthekingoverseesandinformsthefullroundofactivitiesinhisrealm,theycannotreachagreementonthebestwayto"plant"thepivot.The
Confuciansassertthattheruler'spivotalroledependsonhischarismaticvirtue.AsthefamouspassageintheAnalectssays,"Hewhorulesbymoralforceislikethe
polestar,whichremainsinitsplacewhileallthelesserstarsdohomagetoit."24Justasapivotcannotinscribeacompletecircleunlessitshingesarecorrectlyand
firmlyplaced,25dominionoverAllunderHeavenwillbepreventedbyimproperbehavior.TextsassociatedwiththeLegalists,incontrast,insistthattheruleractsas
pivotforthestateeitherbecauseheoccupiesthe"strategicposition"26ingovernmentorbecauseheemployscertainbureaucratictechniquesfortheLegalists,
calculation,morethancharacter,determinestheking'sefficacy.

IntheFathoming,wehaveYangHsiung'srebuttaltotheLegalisttheory.Theindividualistoldtoconsiderthemanifestadvantagesofrulebyvirtue,asdemonstrated
bythehomelymetaphorofthecenterbackseamofacloak.27Thecenterseamgainssignificanceonlybecauseitholdsthevariouspartstogether.Thekingcanhold
hissubjctstotheextentthatheembodiestheimpartialperfectionoftheMean.Here,YangHsiungrepeatsthecentralthemeofthe"GreatPlan"chapterofthe
Documents,whichdescribesthetruekinginthefollowingmanner:
Havenothingonesided,nothingoblique.
Followtheking'srighteousness.
Havenopredilectionsnoaversions.
Andfollowtheking'sroad....
Havenothingdeflected,nothingperverse.
Theking'swayisstraight.28

Theprivateindividual,ofcourse,modelshimselfuponHeavenandthekinginhisdevotiontotheMean.SincePosition2correspondstothecentraloneofthethree
AppraisalsdevotedtoThought,YangappropriatelyemphasizesthecenterandtheMeanatthisjuncture.

Theimageofthe"pivot"atthesametimereferstotheHunt'ienastronomicaltheoryfavoredbyYangHsiung.Accordingtothistheory,thesunandthemoonarestars
movinginauniformfashionaroundtheNorthPole(yetanother"centerpivot").29

App.3:WhatIgiveoutandwhatItakein
Arechieffactors30ingoodluckorill.

Fath.3:Whatcomesfromme,whatentersme
Means:Wecannotbuttakecare.

SsumaKuangassumesthattheselinesrefertotheeffectofexternalsituations("whatentersme")uponthethoughtprocesses,including

 Page99

motivation,whicharethentranslatedintoaction(''Whatcomesfromme").Certainlythisisplausibleitisalsoconsistentwiththethemeofcircularity.Still,inthatcase
theAppraisalwouldbetterbephrasedas,"Whatentersme[then]comesfromme."Forthisreason,Isuggestanalternateinterpretation.Thephrase"exit/enter"
usuallyreferstoeffortorfundsexpended,comparedwiththereturnreceived(ineitherthematerialorspiritualsense).31Theversesrecallasimpletruth:Asaman
sows,soshallhereap.Aseachactionleadstospecificconsequences,onlysinglemindeddevotiontotheWaycanhelptoinsuregoodluck.Inthisway,theindividual
hasacertaindegreeofcontroloveraspectsofhisfate.
App.4:Heisgirdedbyhookandbelt,
Onwhichistiedaringofjade.32

Fath.4:Girdinghishookandbelt
Means:Heshowsselfconstraint.

Theimageofcirclingcomesupnofewerthanfourtimesinthisbriefpassage:onceasabeltencirclingthewaist,onceasabeltloopingarounditshook,againinthe
jadering,andfinally,asamanreturningtohisbestselfbyacceptingnecessaryconstraints.33

Clothingsignifiesman'sseparationfromthebeasts,asintheBible.InearlyChina,clothingprovidedafurtherethicaldemarcationthroughtheritualsystemof
sumptuaryregulations,whichstipulatedthattheofficial,whopresumablyexemplifiestheWay,istobedistinguishedfromthecommonerbyhissuperiorclothing.Such
distinctionsareentirelypraiseworthy,accordingtoYang,astheypromotethesocialvirtues.34Herenotonlythebeltandhook,35butalsothejadeornamentsuggest
thatitisamemberoftherulingelitewhoshowslaudable"selfconstraint"becauseofitscost,fewoutsidetheranksofaristocratscouldaffordjade,evenifitsusehad
notbeenrestrictedbysumptuarylaws.

JadeishighlyprizedbytheChineseformanyreasons.First,humannatureislikenedtojadeindiscussionsaboutselfcultivationsincetheinherentbeautyofbothis
enhancedthroughpolishing.36Inparticular,jadeornamentssuspendedfromthebeltsymbolizealiferegulatedbyritual,fortheirrhythmictinklingsoundsremindthe
wearertomeasurehissteps.37Second,jadeexemplifiestheconstancyofthesuperiormanbecausejadeiscooltothetouchinanyweather.Third,sinceNeolithic
timesjadehasbeenthoughttohaveuniquelifegivingproperties.Forthisreason,jadewasusedformanyfuneralgoods,includingthefamousjadesuitsexcavatedat
Manch'eng.Thejaderingspecificallystandsfortheeternalnatureofthelifeprocess.38Alloftheseassociationscomeneatlyintoplayhere,asritualconduct
strengthensthehumaneofficialinconformitywiththeeternalTao.

 Page100

App.5:Hedwellsatthecenteroftheland,
Andtheresetshisgoldencarriage.
Heaven's39warningsincrease.

Fath.5:Thedwelling,thegold,theincreasedwarnings
Means:Thepettymandoesnottriumph.

SsumaKuanggivesoneinterpretationwidelyfollowedbyothercommentators:Theindividualenjoysanumberofadvantagesandeverythingseemspredisposedto
goodfortune:"Hisdwellingisnothing,ifnotbeautifulhiscarriageisnothing,ifnotsturdy.Still,thepettymannevercandwelllong[inpeace]andpracticeit[virtue]."
Therefore,Heaven'swarningsincreaseuntilbothpowerandpossessionsarelost.40Thissoundslikelyenough.TheonlyproblemwithSsumaKuang'sanalysisisthat
itsconnectionwiththethemeofcircularityisunclear.

Letusbeginwithwhatweknow.TheAppraisalmustbeinauspicious.SincePosition5correspondstotheSonofHeaven,itislikelythattherulerisatfault.Thereare
otherindicationsaswell.Thedwellingislocatedinthecenterofthecountry,thatis,thecapital,41andthereistalkofthecarriage,acommonmetaphorfor
government.42Furthermore,thecarriageismadeofgold.Onlyakingcouldaffordsuchanequipage.Butthereinliesthetrouble.43Theruler'sfondnessforluxuryand
displayeventuallyunderminestheroyalhouse.Expansionisnotfollowedbyretrenchment.Ifittakesagreatmantoacquirethechariot,itisthe"pettymanwho[byhis
courseofaction]tearsdownhisowndwelling."44Theidealruler"remembersdangereveninsafety."45

TheAppraisalcanalsobereadasacritiqueofmenreturnedtoprivatelife(reading"dwelling"as"athatchedcottage")afterofficeholding(thecarriage),whorefuseto
giveuptheappurtenancesoftheirformerstation.ManyHanworkscensuremenwhoseofficialpositionandsocialpretensionsdonotcorrespondaccordingtothe
"DoctrineoftheMean,""Thesuperiormandoeswhatispropertothestationheisinhedoesnotdesiretogobeyondthis."46Insomecases,thecouplingofchariot
anddwellinginHantraditionalsopointsto"[official]salarynotmatchedby[thediligentperformanceof]duties.''47

App.6:Goodfaithencircleshisintegrity48
AndpenetratestoHeavenabove.

Fath.6:Goodfaithsustaininghisintegrity
Means:Itcommunicatesonhigh.

TheChinesegenerallyascribethevirtueofconstancytoHeaven,sincethefixedstarsdonotdepartfromtheircoursesandtheseasonsalternateinasetpattern
withoutfail.49Asthegoodpersondevelopshis

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capacityonHeaven'smodelforreliability,Heavenissuretorewardhim."Goodfaith"(hsin )referstothesocialrelations,tokeepingpromisesandfulfillingone's
dutieswithinthefamilyandinoffice.50Theterm"integrity"(ch'eng ),bycontrast,usuallyembracesrealms(bothinnerandcosmic)beyondsocialrelations.Itrefers
tothatperfectconformityoftheinnermindofmanwithHeaven'swillthatinsurestheintegrationofthehumanspiritwiththecosmicrealm.51Asonecommentatorto
theMysteryputit,"GoodfaithistheWayofMan...integrity,theWayofHeaven."52YangHsiungremindshisreadersthatman'ssocialresponsibilitiesarenotonly
consistentwith,butpreconditionsforconformitywiththelargercosmicpatterns53goodfaithandintegritymutuallyreinforceoneanother.(Thisreminder,ofcourse,
disputestheclaimsofcertainrecluseswhoinsistthatsocietalclaimsmustbeabandonedinservicetothegreaterTao.)Therefore,''Integrityandgoodfaithgivebirthto
whatisgodlike."54

App.7:Greatly55immoralmen,seeingtheirpeers,56
Returntocover.

Fath.7:Greatexcess,seeingfriends,
Means:Associationisimpossible.

IntheMystery,goodnessbydefinitionproducescommunity.WhileFathoming6atteststothepowerofvirtuetoforgestrongtiesbetweenHeavenandMan,herewe
findvicedestroyingallpossibilityoftruefriendshipamongmen.Onemainavenuetospiritualenlightenment,instructionbywiseandcaringfriends,iseffectively
closed.57

TheChinesedoesnotspecifywhoreturnstocover.Possibly,theevildoerisembarassedtohaveatruefriend(bydefinition,agoodman)witnesshisactions.58
Perhapstheevildoerseekstohidefromhimselfknowledgeofhisowncrimes.59Athirdpossibilityisthatformerassociatesslinkawayindisgustaftertheywitness
wickedacts.Associationsbasedonprofitratherthanvirtueareespeciallylikelytocollapse.60

App.8:Turningoutfaults61fromtheself,
Misfortuneswillnotbegreat.

Fath.8:Riddinghimselfoffaults
Means:Calamitywillnotstrike.

Afailing,iftrulyrepented,neednotendindisaster.Itisasifthegoodperson"returnsfromnogreatdistance."62
App.9:Ashereturnstoruin,
Somerejecthimandwalkaway.63

Fath.9:Revertingtoruin
Means:Hiswayisatanend.

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Onceagain,thefinalAppraisalofthistetragrampicturescompletedissolutionthistime,thatofthestate.Hewhopersistsinevilfindsthathissubjectsdeserthimin
droves,bringinganendtothedynasty.64

PopularlegendprovidesafamouscounterexampleinthepersonofDukeTanfu(alsocalledT'aiwang).ThedukewasoriginallyrulerofthesmallstateofPin(in
presentdayShensi)whenthethreatofbarbarianinvasionforcedhimtorelocatehiscapital.Despitethehardshipinvolvedinthetransfer,hisloyalsubjectsfollowed
himtothenewstatecalledChoubecauseofhisgreatvirtue.Onlythreegenerationslater,hisgrandsonsucceededtothepositionofSonofHeaven.65
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYang
thephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.3,DifficultyStartingthe
Hsien sunenterstheWomanconstellation,2d
No.3.Mired degree
December31January4(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'istirsslightly.Thoughstirred,itismired[inyin]."Mired"referstothedifficultyattendingthebirthofthings.

Thistetragramexploresthedifficultyexperiencedatthestartofanyinitiative.Thecharacterusedforthetitleofthistetragram,ahapaxgraphomenonfoundonlyin
theMystery,ismadeupoftwocomponents:thefirstmeans"stone,"thesecondmeans"firm"or"solid."Cognatesforthetitlecharacterinclude"tobindtightlyorfast,"
''solidlyfixed,""imprisoned,"and"unmoving."1Clearly,movementissluggishandweighteddownatthebeginning.2Throughoutthetetragram,thetitlecharacteris
playedoffagainsttheverb,"topullout,"3anactionwhichisalwaysviewedfavorably.Thetitle,then,mustindicatethelamentablesituationinwhichsomethingis"held
fast"or"mired"insomekindoftrouble.ThisdefinitionissupportedbytheHeadtextthatpicturesyangch'ilikeachildstrugglingtoescapethedarkholdofthe
cosmicwomb.(Notethetetragram'scorrelationwiththeWomanconstellation.)

LikethesucceedingtetragramBarrier,thistetragramemphasizesthedangersinherentinprematureaction.TheearlyAppraisalsinparticularshowthedisadvantagesof
inadequatedevelopment,whichpreventsclean

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extraction(ofthehairfromthehead,ofevilfromtheself,oftheworthymanfromobscurity,oftheworldfromitsbenightedcustoms).Thewisemanawaitstheproper
timeinthecyclesothattrendsfavorhim,knowingthatevenyangch'imustwaituntilspringbeforemanifestingitselfinfullglory.

InanadditivenarrativeformborrowedfromtheChanges,Appraisals57skillfullyusethemetaphorofthejourneytosuggestthecourseofpotentialdevelopment
frommoralignorancetofullappreciationoftheTao.4Likethetraveler,thepersonsetuponselfcultivationmeetsvariousobstaclesanddetours,butsolongashe
neverswervesfromtherightpath,hewilleventuallyarrivesafelyathisdestination.

ThejourneymetaphoralsolevelsimplicitcriticismattheSophistsandatChuangtzu,whousedtheparadox"Mountainandabyssarelevel"inarguingfortheabsolute
equivalenceofallexperience.5FollowingthetraditionofthephilosopherHsntzu,YangHsiunginsistsuponthesubstantivedifferencesbetweenvariouscoursesof
actionopentotheindividual.Inhisverses,then,mountainandabyssareshowntobefarmoredangerousthanhillandgully.

App.1:Yellow,pure,andinhiding,6
Itsboundariesareunseen,
Storedaway,pentupintheSprings.

Fath.1:Yellow,pure,andinhiding
Means:Transformationstakeplaceinsecret.7

Sincethistetragramcorrespondstothesecondweekafterthewintersolstice,yangch'iremainsconfinedtothewaterynetherworldoftheYellowSprings.8Although
itsoutlineisunclear,itspotencyissignifiedbytheadjectives"yellow"and"pure."Yangch'iisyellowintwosenses:Itisessentialtofuturedevelopmentandnourishing
likeyellowEarth.9Itispureinthatitisbothunadulteratedandconcentrated,thoughlatent.10Hereitispoisedtofeedtherootsoffutureaction.

Position1isalignedwiththeBeginningofThought,aswellaswiththeWaterphase.Thewaterydepthssymbolizethemind'sunseenoperationspriortoactionand
mayalsosuggestthesuasivepotentialofthesuperiorman.11
App.2:Theyellowisimpure,
Bent12attheroot.

Fath.2:Thatyellowisimpure
Means:Whatiscentralandsuitableislost.13

ThecommentatorFanWangattributesarresteddevelopmenttotheantagonisticrelationbetweentheagentFire(assignedtoAppraisal2)and

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14
theagentWood(assignedtothefulltetragramandtoAppraisal3). ButSsumaKuangseemsmuchclosertothemark:Ifthebaseisweakinanyway,future
growthissuretobestunted.Ourattentionis.drawntothepettymanwhoseweakconscienceimpedeshismoralgrowth.

App.3:Therosybabeisliftedup15
Sothatoriginal16purity
Willhaveitsrightfulend.

Fath.3:Newbornchild,liftedandlifted,
Means:Fatherandmotherattendtoit.

Thebabyisnaked,alertingustoman'soriginallikenesstothebeasts.17Thenewbornbabeisrosy,withredsignifyingvirileyangch'i,andbyextension,perfect
potentiality,auspiciouscoherence,andconcentrationofthevitalpowers.ThepowerfulmetaphoroftherosybabeistypicallyemployedbyearlyTaoistthinkersto
provetheremarkablestrengthoftheinborncapacities.18However,theMysteryiscarefultodistinguishthepotentialforvirtueimplantedinallofusfromitseventual
actualizationinthenobleman.Theseedsofinborngoodnessarefragileandeasilylost.Andareturntoinfantilespontaneityisbynomeanstobeconfusedwithtrue
virtue.19Justasthenakedchildinitshighlyvulnerablestaterequiresthesupportofbothlovingparents,20sodoesfulldevelopmentoftheheart/minddependupon
carefultrainingreceivedfrommoralsuperiors.Thispoempraisesnotthechild,butthoseauthorities(livingordead)whoguidetheirsubordinates"asiftheywere
tendinganewbornbabe."21AstheChangesmaximputsit,"TonourishtheRightintheyoungignoramusisthetaskofthesage."22

Ofcourse,oncetheextendedcourseofmoraltraininghasledthechildtorealizehisfullpotentialforhumanity,thesonbecomesthejoyofhisparents'oldage.That
explainswhytheparentswatchoveritnotonlywithanxiety,butalsowithaffectionandhope.

App.4:Pullingoutourfaults23
Isnotpossiblebyforce.

Fath.4:Uprootingourfaults
Means:Thisgoesbeyondphysicalstrength.24

TheAppraisal'scorrelationwiththephaseMetalmayaccountforitsreferencestophysicalforce.25Inanycase,byreferringtothedifficultiesofreform,theselines
balanceYang'sreferencetooriginalpurityinAppraisal3.TheMysteryiscarefulnottopromoteanidealisticvisionofmaninthestateofnature.AccordingtoYang
Hsiung,theinbornnatureatbirthisamixtureofgoodandevilonlythosewhoweedouttheireviltendenciescanbecometrulygood.26Buttheapplicationofphysical
force

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27 28
alonecannotproduceimprovement asYangwriteselsewhere,"Thenoblemanexcelsinvirtuethepettyman,inphysicalstrength." Thebestwaytocorrect
oneselfistofollowtheexampleofmoralsuperiors,eitherinpersonorthroughstudyoftheirteachings.

Sincetheverb"pullout"canalsomean"raisingsomeonefromobscurity,"theseversesalsoconceivablyrebuketherulerforhisappointmentofofficials.Thispossibility
isstrengthenedbythealignmentofPosition4withministerialrank.Twocommentators(FanWangandSsumaKuang),therefore,offerasecondreadingforthe
Appraisal:
Toraisemefromobscurity,[despite?becauseof?]faults,
Byforce,onecannotovercome[difficulties].
Toraisemefromobscurity,[despite?becauseof?]faults,
Forceisnotupto[thetask].

Inselectinghisofficials,therulerhasconsciouslyorinadvertentlychosenthosewhoprefertorulebyforce.
App.5:Topullthechariot
Outofmountainorabyss29
Isataskbefittingthegreatman.

Fath.5:Pullingchariotsfrommountainandabyss
Means:Thisisthestrengthofthehighlyplaced.

AsintheWest,theabysssymbolizesdesperatesituationsthemountain,dangerousheightstobescaled.Theterm"greatman"canrefereithertoagiantortothe
worthymanfittogovernothers.Ifthechariotrepresentspoliticalpurchase,themagnitudeoftheruler'sdifficultiesissuggestedbyboththeextremelydangerous
locationofthecarriageanditsstalledcondition.Itwilltakeagreatmaninhighplacestorescuethestrandedstatefromitsprecariousposition.Afineexampleof
incrementalrepetition,Appraisals59followthechariotonitsprogress.
App.6:Leadinghischariot,
Heenterstheruins.30

Fath.6:Leadinghischariotintotheruins
Means:HehasnotfoundtheWay.

Havingjustbeenpluckedfromextremedanger(eitherpoliticalchaosorthemoralabyss),therulernowsetsoffinadirectionwhichleadstoultimatedestruction.
Perhapshehasbeenpoorlyadvisedbyhisministers.31

App.7:Escapingperilousterrain,
Heascendsthehill.
ThereheisbroughtanOX.32

 Page106

Fath.7:Toescapethedefile,goupthehill
Means:Thereisnosubstitutefortimelyaid.33

Althoughthechariothasnotyetreachedthesafetyofthelevelplain,imminentdangerhasbeenavoided.Andthoughthechariotisillsuitedtohillyterrain,thispresent
movehastwoadvantages:first,fromthetopofahill,thedrivercanseetheWayallthemoreclearly34second,thetopofthehillismoredefensible.Sincesomeone
bringsanox,reliablehelpfromoutsidehasbeensecured.Theultimatesourceofthisvaluableaidisindicatedbyapun.Thegraphforhillisalsousedforthepersonal
nameofConfucius,thegreatsagemaster.
App.8:Failingtopullthechariotfree,
Hecrackshisribs,35crackingaxle.

Fath.8:Failingtopullthechariotfree
Means:Heharmshisownperson.

Thepettyindividualwhofailstomeasurehisownstrengthwillnotbeabletopluckhimselffromdanger.36Instead,hismisguidedeffortswillsimplycompoundhis
problems.Here,bothhistoolsandhispersonsuffer.Ifthecarriagestandsforthestate,boththerulinghouseanditsheadareoverturned.

App.9:Highmountainstower.
Below,theriverbreaksinwaves.37Thatmanhas
anoardrawnferry.Withhim,youcancross.

Fath.9:Highmountains,greatrivers
Mean:Withouttheboat,impossibletocross.

Position9representsanextremesituation.Hereeithercourseofactionseemstopresentitsowndangers.Tooneside,therearetoweringmountainsontheother,
ragingrapids.Extremecautionmustbeexercisedifdeath(physicalormoral)istobeavoided.Thewiseindividualkeepsonthealertforoutsidehelpinorderto
survive.

Amongthewaters,therearegreatriversamongthemountains,therearetoweringpeaks.Whatistallorgreat,ordinarymencannotcross....Surelyithasneverhappenedyet
thatonediscardstheboattocrossthewaters.NorhasiteverhappenedthatonediscardstheFiveClassics[ofConfucianism]butissavedintheWay.38

ForYangHsiung,ConfuciantraditionasrecordedintheClassicsprovidestheonlyvehiclebywhichtopassthroughlife'svicissitudes.39

 Page107
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYin
thephaseMetalandtheYiching
Hexagramno.3,DifficultyStarting
thesunenterstheWoman
Hsien constellation,6thdegreetheDipper
No.4.Barrier pointsNNE
January4(p.m.)January8

HEAD:Yangch'iisbarredbyyin.Miredfast,1allthingsarebarred.

AstheWinterSolsticesolarperiodgiveswaytotheLesserColdwithAppraisal4ofthistetragram,thepowerofyinch'igrowsprogressivelyweaker.Still,yinis
sufficientlystrongtoimpedetheemergenceofyangfornow.2Sincethegrowthofthemyriadthingsdependsuponyangch'i,theyfeelitspredicamentkeenlyandare
impededintheirdevelopment.

LikeTetragram3,thistetragramiscorrelatedwiththeChangeshexagramentitledDifficultyStarting.Allthreetextsillustratehumanrelianceuponavarietyofaids,
includingtoolsandspecialists,inbuildingthecivilizedorder.However,theChangesfocusesuponcarting,wooing,andhuntingwhileYangHsiungconsidersmany
differentbarriersinhisexaminationofhumanresponsetotheoutsideworld.

Thesinglecharacterofthetetragramtitlereferstoacrossbaratanentrance,toseparatingpensdevisedfordomesticatedanimals,ortothehorsecorral.Fromthese
rootmeaningsthereevolvedmoreabstractideasof"defense,""obstacle,"and"interception."Barriersaregoodiftheypreventoutsideinfluencesfromharmingthevital
innercore.Earlier,theLaotzuhadadvisedtheindividualto
Blocktheopenings,
Barthegates,
Andallyourlifeyouwillnotrundry.3

Certainphysicaltechniques,includingbreathcontrol,weredesignedspecificallytostaveoffthedailydepletionofbodilych'ithatendedindeath.Meanwhile,theearly
Confuciansfocusedinsteadonthepreservationofintegrity.Forthem,thesinglebestbarrierwastobefoundinthethoroughhabituationtogoodnessthatobstructsevil
impulses:"UseDutytobar[evilin]oneself.Usetheritestobarit."4Atthesametime,certainbarriersadmittedlyhaveanegativeimpactinthattheypreventgood
influencesfrompenetrating.TheLogiciansusedthemetaphorof"separatingpens"totalkof"restrictedviewpoints"thatprejudicetheindividualagainstthetruth.5

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6
TheprimaryfocusoftheChangestradition,ofcourse,waspreventingcalamities"inadvance." Itpromisedthenoblemanthatattentiontodetailsandcalculationof
contemporarytrendswouldallowthecircumventionoftheusualtroublesplaguinghumankind.FormanyearlyChinesethinkers,thekeylayintheproperandtimely
useofbarriers.

App.1:Snakeslurkinthemud.7
Allarefemale.Nonearemale.
Nonefinallyreceivethegift.8

Fath.1:Thesnakeinthemudisnohiddendragon.
Meaning:Theruleronthedragonthroneisnoruler.

Position1appropriatelymentionsthelowgroundofmudandmire.ThehiddendragonintheChangestraditionsignifiesthesuperiorman(especiallytheruler)priorto
action.9Becausethedragonissaidtobringtherainneededbytheagriculturalcommunity,itbringstomindmanyformsofgracethatraindownfromonhigh,including
theruler'sbenefactionstohissubjects.Here,however,thereisonlyapoorimitationofthedragon,asnakecoiledinthemud.Thoughthedragonandsnakewere
commonlyclassifiedasmembersofasinglegenus,10crucialdifferencesweresaidtoexist:First,thedragoncantransformitselfbymagicintovariousformsbutthe
snakecanonlymoltitsskininasuperficialchange.11Second,thedragonmatesnormally(andindeed,isassociatedwithfertility),butthesnakeisassumedtobe
hermaphroditic,andthereforeselfgeneratingthisviolationofthe"constantnorm"ofsexualreproductionisregardedashighlyinauspicious.Third,thedragonendows
blessingswhilethesnakemerelybringsharmtoManbyitsbite.Wherethedragoniswelcomed,thesnakeisfeared.

Thisbalefulimageryisintensifiedbytheimageofasnakethatwaitsinmud.AcontrastingChangespassagecallsthisauspicious,12buthere,apparently,thesnakelies
inwaittoambushitsvictims.Thisisquitedifferentfromthe"hidden"dragon(where"hidden"connotes"marvelous"and"mysterious'').Eviliscompoundedwhenall
malesareabsent,sincethispointstoanexcessofyinch'iassociatedwithdeathanddestruction.Finally,thestatement"Nonereceivethegift"suggestsaprofound
degreeofdisorder.Intraditionalsocieties,theorderlyexchangeofgiftsisseentocementsocialbondsandselfinterest,therebysecuringasolidfoundationforthe
community.Oncethesuperior'sbountyfailstoreachhisinferiors,theentiresystemofhierarchicalrelationsthattypifiesChinesesocietyisundermined.13Smallwonder
that"therulerisnoruler,"anobviouscontraventionoftheConfucianinjunctionto"rectifynames."14Withhierarchicalrolessoilldefined,"inferiorsassaulttheir
superiors."15

SinceAppraisal1correspondstotheperiodpriortoaction,thereexistsanalternateinterpretationforthesamelines.The"snake"isactually

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adragoncoiledinmud,onepopularimageforthegoodofficialforcedintoreclusionuntilatruerulerascendsthethrone.Thefemale(signifyingthesubordinate,the
"goodofficial")exists,butasyetnomale(or"trueruler")appearstoreceiveHeaven'smandate,asthenominalkingisunfittobearhistitle.16
App.2:Barringhisstorehousedoor,
Hesecurestheprecioustreasure.

Fath.2:Lockinghisstorehouse
Means:Thecenterheartisadeep,deeppool.

Man'sintegrityishisprecioustreasure.Theinnermostself(thecenterheart)*islikeadeeppoolinatleastfiverespects:First,itssourceintheTaoisinexhaustible.
Second,itssourceisunseen.Third,waterreflectswellonlyifitiscleanandstillbyanalogy,themindworkswellonlyifitisunmovedandcleanasaresultofdaily
selfexamination.17Fourth,water'sflowisgradualandcumulative,likeprogressinselfcultivation.18Finally,water'spurityinsuresthat,inthewordsoftheLaotzu,"it
excelsinbenefittingwithoutcontending".19

Toretainhisintegrity,thesuperiormanbentonmoralreformmustkeephimselffromdestructiveoutsideinfluences,suchasbadcompanions.SincePosition2
representslowposition,thesubjectoftheselinesmustpatientlyprepareforsomefutureemploymentofhistalents.
App.3:Thegateisshutbutnotbolted.
Thegoldenkeyisthrownaway.20

Fath.3:Shutbutnotlocked
Means:Thievesstealthroughthegate.

IncontrasttoAppraisal2,theindividualrefusestotakeproperprecautionstosafeguardhimselffromharm.AstheChangesstates,"Tobecarelessinguardingthings
onlytemptsthievestosteal."21

App.4:Lifting22our23yokeorcollarbar,
Thegainisslight.Itbenefits
Minorexpeditionsonly.

Fath.4:Unharnessedfromouryokeorcollarbar
Means:Thegoodmanvalueskeepinghisword.24

Theyokeand'collarbarsecuredraftanimalstoavehicletheyokeisusedforlargervehiclesthecollarbar,forsmallerones.Butwhathavetheytodowith"keeping
one'sword"?Apparently,YangHsiungalludestoapassagefromtheAnalects:
*
SeeKeyTerms,page63

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25
Idonotseewhatuseamancanbeputto,whosewordcannotbetrusted.Howcanawagonbemadetogoifithasnoyoke,oracarriageifithasnocollarbar?

Justasrestraintmustbeappliedbeforethedraftanimalcanbeharnessedforuse,theindividualmustbewillingtoabidebyhiswordbeforehecanbeofmuchservice
tohimselforothers.Admittedly,acartmaybepulledforashortdistancewithoutyokeorcollarbar,butthissoonprovesagreat(andunsustainable)wasteofeffort.
Byanalogy,whenanindividualrefusestobeboundbyhispromises,heislikeananimalrunamuck.Inthelongrun,onlygoodfaithcansustainbothsocialrelations
andselfinterest.AsConfuciussaid,"Man'sverylifeishonestyinthat,withoutit,hewillbeluckyindeedifheescapeswithhislife."26

App.5:Miredinevil,barredfromgood,
Hetriestopryusfromourvillainy
Whichishardasrockthoughnotarock.
Danger.

Fath.5:Stuckandblocked,likeastone,
Means:Theenemyholdsfirm.

Position5isalignedwithEarthstonesarethehardestpartsofearth.HerePosition5,signifyingtheSonofHeaven,isalignedwithinauspiciousyin,associatedwith
weaknessanddecay.Forthatreason,therulerfeelshisstrengthisinsufficienttorootoutevilinfluences(inhimselforothers).The"enemy"within,offeringstubborn
resistancetoreform,remainsfirmlyincontrol,likearock.27AstheChangeswrites,"Weakcharactercoupledwithaplaceofhonor...seldomescapesdisaster."28

App.6:Safebehindhisyellowwalls,29
Herestsongoldenmats.

Fath.6:Yellowwallsforbarricades
Mean:Heisfortifiedbyvirtue.

Physicalandspiritualbarriershereworktogether.Thewisemanbarstheentrancetohishousewithhighearthenwalls.Hethenrestssafelyinside,perhapsmeditating
orreadinginthetextsoftheancients.TheConfucianClassicsadvisemanto,
Embracevirtue,yoursafeguard.
Letyourheirsbeyourfortress.30

Thecultivationofvirtuepromotesthesafetyofone'shomeandperson.Virtueprovidesthebest"refuge"andmost"peacefulabode."31

Takingofffromthetalkof"heirs"intheOdes,theearlycommentatorFanWangseesintheyellowwallsandgoldenmatspecificreferencesto

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theancestraltemple,whosecontinuedexistencedependsuponsuccessiveactsofvirtueinthelineofdescendants.InviewofYang'sownautocommentary,which
correlatesAppraisal6withtheancestors,32FanWangmaywellberight.Still,itisjustaslikelythatyellowandgoldrefertothepureyangch'iofthecenteredmind.

App.7:Staggering,33
Heisbarredfromhissleepingmat,
Whilesomeonesleepssecurelyinhishouse.34

Fath.7:Gateslockedtothosewhostumble
Mean:Theevilliesathome.35

Igiveonepossibleinterpretationfortheverse.Theindividual,unabletoconducthimselfproperly,findsthateaseandsecurityaredeniedhim.Soonerorlater,
someoneelsewillusurphisplace.Deathmaybeimminent,fortheOdesays,"Youwilldropoffindeath,/Andanotherwillenter[your]chamber."36

AnotherreadingisofferedbyWangYa,whotakesthestrawsleepingmatstobe"relaystations,"asymbolofofficialdom.Thecriticismseemstobeleveledagainst
thecourt,whichbarsadvancementtoworthyadvisors.Meanwhile,evildoershavewormedtheirwayintotheruler'sconfidencetosuchanextentthattheyloungeeven
intheinnersanctumofthepalace.AsWangwrites,thisis"tobartheoutside,butlosetheinside."37

Athirdinterpretationofferedbythreecommentators(FanWang,YehTzuch'i,andCh'enPenli),38reads"sleepingmats"withadifferentdeterminativetosignifythe
"bloatingillness"39associatedwiththearrogant,deformed,andviciouswhorefusetoyieldorbend.40Yang'sversesarethenreadinthefollowingfashion:
Crooked[theirconduct].
Barred[arethegood]bythearrogant.
Some[even]beddowninhishome[thepalace].
Barringbythecrooked
Means:Theevillies[close]tohome.

AfourthandfinalsolutionisofferedbythelateCh'ingannotatorYYueh:41

Withcrookedconduct[amanisnosaferthanif]
Hebarred[hisdoor]withacoarsemat,
Orsleptinathatchedcottage.

YYueh'ssolutionisattractiveforseveralreasons:First,itdrawsuponmaterialfromYangHsiung'sowndialectdictionary,whichtalksof"coarsestrawmats."
Second,itcontrastsathatchedcottageandcoarse

 Page112

matswiththesecurefortressandsleepingmatsofAppraisal6.Thethatchedcottageisnoproofagainstthievesonthelookoutforvaluableobjectsthecoarsemat
cannotpromoteasaferest.Therefore,theindividual'smost"precioustreasure,"hisintegrity,isnolongersecure.

App.8:TheRedStenchspreadsto42thepasses.
IftheGreatKingdoesnotbaritsway,43
Contagionwillsweepthekingdom
Anddrivehishouse.

Fath.8:TheRedStenchreachingthepasses
Means:Hefearsitmayenterthepalace.

Herebarriersareclearlyneeded.OnlybyblockingthepassescantheinnerregionsofChinabeprotectedfromthe"miasmicvapors"threateningtheborders.44
Carefultorecognizethepotentialdanger,thegoodkingpromptlytakesstepstohalttheepidemicatthepasses.

Aplague,ofcourse,isalsoanaptmetaphorforevilmenorevilinfluences.The"greatruler"barstheirentrancetotheheart/mind.
App.9:Barringgatesonanemptyhouse,
Hekeepsitutterlyempty.45

Fath.9:Barringthegatestokeepitempty
Means:Finally,nothingcanfillit.46

Theterm"emptiness"hasbothgoodandbadconnotations.Emptinessispraiseworthywhenitsignifiesthevirtuesofhumilityandreceptivity,asinAppraisal4of
Tetragram1.Here,however,emptinessportendsapovertyofmindandspirit.Perhapstheindividualhaswaitedtoolongtobarthegate(thatis,toapplyself
restraint),sothatnoneof"hisprecioustreasure"(hisintegrity)remains.47Amandevoidofallprincipleineffecthasnothinglefttodefend.AsoneConfuciancanon
rhetoricallyasks,''Ifthecityisoccupiedbyvillainousenemies,thenwhytakepainstowallit?"48

Theselinescouldalsobereadascriticismofstraitlacedextremistswhohavedecidedtogointoreclusion.CertainmenofHantooktheprescriptiontorefrainfrom
evilcontactstoofarwhentheyavoidedsocietalcontactentirely.Onequestionfrequentlyposedwas,"Ifthenobleman'preserveshimself,'howishetohavecontact
[withothers]?"49Yang'sanswerwasunequivocal:Sincetheendofallvirtueistheenhancementofcommunity,eremitismbydefinitionleadstoabarrenexistencebereft
oftruehumanity.InthewordsoftheChanges,the"sacktieduphasnomisfortune,[but]neitherhasithonor."50Barriers,ifwronglyapplied,domoreharmthangood.

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CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseEarthandtheYiching
Hexagramno.15,Modestythesun
Shao enterstheWomanconstellation11th
No.5KeepingSmall
January9January13(a.m.) degree

HEAD:Yangch'i,rippling,1spreadsthroughthedeeppool.Thingslikeripplers2initswakecankeepthemselvesverysmall.

Thistetragramdescribestheinitialstirringsofthemyriadthingswithintheearthinthewakeofyangch'i'sfirstgenerativepulses.Intermsoflanguageitisoneofthe
simplesttetragramssinceitborrowsalmostallofitsimagesdirectlyfromthecorrespondentChangeshexagramentitledModesty.The"Judgment"tothathexagram
says:

ItisthewayofHeaventoemptythefullandincreasethemodest.ItisthewayofEarthtocramp3thefullandaugmentthemodest.Spiritsandgodsharmthefullandprosperthe
modest.ItisthewayofMantohatefullnessandlovethemodest.4

Insimilarlanguage,theLaotzudescribesHeaven'sWay:
Whatishigh,itpressesdown.
Whatislow,itliftsup.
Theexcessiveittakesfrom,
Thedeficientitgivesto.5

SincethesuperiormanbydefinitionmodelshisbehavioronHeavenandEarthatalltimes,healsoactsto"reducetheexcessiveandaugmentthedeficient."6
AccordingtotheConfucians,hecarriesoutthis"godlike"taskbyimplementingritualineveryaspectofhislife.7

ByHantimes,humilityorselfdeprecation(i.e.reducingtheexcessive)waselevatedtooneofthemajorvirtues.Whateverhispersonalcircumstances,thegoodman
doesnotseektoblameothersforhisownfaultsaboveall,hedoesnotboastofwealthorposition.Instead,hecreatesorderpreciselybycondescendingtoshare
creditandresourceswithhisinferiors,anattitudewhichendearshimtothem,andmakesthemaccedetohismoraland/orpoliticalrule.8Atthesametime,the
courteoushumilityofthegoodmanelicitsvaluableadvicefrompotentialallies.Forthesereasons,whetherinhumblecircumstancesorinpower,thesuperiorman
downplayshisownachievements.

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ThisemphasisuponselfdeprecationseemstohavebeenarelativelyrecentinventioninYang'stime.Moreancienttexts,includingtheOdesandtheDocuments,argue
thateachmanshouldactinawayappropriatetohissocialstation.Inferiorsmustnotarrogatepowerstothemselvesandsuperiorsareexpectedtodisplaytheinherent
majestyoftheirpositionsbyimpressiveceremonialdisplay,thoughswaggerandarrogancearealwaysmisplaced.ItwasapparentlythelateWarringStatesquietists
whoelevatedselfdeprecationtoamajorvirtue,regardlessoftheindividual'sstatus.Eventually,thoseinhighpositioncometoseemodestyasatechniqueusefulin
circumventingtheusualcyclicaldownturnsoffate.9Incosmicterms,"reversalisthe[characteristic]movementoftheTao,"sothateachthingfallspreytoswiftdecline
immediatelyafterreachingfulldevelopment.Only"holdingfasttothesubmissive"(keepingawayfromtheapexofflorescence)10canforestallinexorabledevolution
withinthecyclicalprocess.Inpurelyhumanterms,excessivebrillianceofanytypeisbesthiddenlestitawakenthejealousyandenmityoffellowmenorthegods.As
anearlierbookintheChangestraditionobserves:
Rely[onothers]for
success[Inthatcase,]notroubles.
Hideoneself,
Thenlifeiskeptintact.11

InYangHsiung'sday,asinourown,greatwealth,ratherthanbirth,promptedswaggeringarrogance,whilepovertycouldprovokecadgingorsometimes,akindof
perversepride.This,plusYang'sownstruggletocometotermswithhiscomparativepoverty,probablyaccountsfortheMystery'sfocusonthisissue.

App.1:Indarkness,12hemakeshimselfsmall,
Becomingconsummatelyhumble.

Fath.1:Inobscurity,selfdeprecation
Means:Heconcealshishumility.

Allcommentatorsagreethattheselinesdescribethecontentmentthatcharacterizesthegentlemaninhumble,evenobscurecircumstances.Hedoesnotseektohave
othersrecognizehim,nordoeshecongratulatehimselfonhisownmodesty,being,astheChangessays,"modestabouthismodesty."13Confuciususedthefollowing
descriptionofhim:

Thegoodmandoesnotgrievethatothersdonotrecognizehismerits.Hisonlyanxietyislesthefailtorecognizetheirs....Hedoesnotcareaboutnotbeinginoffice.Allhecares
aboutishavingthethequalitiesthatentitlehimtooffice.Hedoesnotmindfailingtogetrecognition.Heistoobusydoingthethingsthatentitlehimtorecognition.14

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15
Hiswillingnesstocarryouthismodesty"totheutmost"makeshischaracteradmirable,even"marvelous."
App.2:Selfdeprecation,lessthancomplete,
Heclutcheshiscarestohisbreast.

Fath.2:Selfdeprecationfailing
Means:Hishumilityisimperfect.16

Thepettymanoccasionallyassumesamaskofhumilitybutinrealityheisfartooselfabsorbedtobereallyselfforgetful.Notsurprisingly,hetendstoignoretheneeds
ofothers.Onceoffended,thosearoundhimmayturnagainsthim.17

App.3:Modestlydone,hisactionssucceed.
Heisamodelformastersofmen.

Fath.3:Tobemodestinsuccess
Means:Hishumilityistriedandtrue.18

Position3marksthetransitionfromthoughttoaction.Solongastheindividualremainsamodelofhumility,hecansuccessfullymarshalthetalentsofthosearound
him.Thegoodmantestshismodestyinatleastthreeways:First,hecomplieswiththeteachingsoftheancients,acknowledgingtheirsuperiority.Second,he
downplayshisownattainmentswhileacknowledginghisdependenceuponfriendsandadvisors.Third,heeffectsallmajorchangesinminorincrementstoavoid
undulyalarmingothers.19Bythegradualaccumulationofsuchmodestaccomplishmentsthegoodmantransformsthecircleofhisacquaintancesuntilthey
unconsciouslyimitatehisattitudeofcomplianceintheirdealingswithoneanother.

YangHsiung'slanguageisambiguousenoughtoreadaspraiseoflaissezfairegovernment,asamoderncommentatorsuggests.20Inthatcase,thepoemwouldread:
Whenactionsareminimized,[itbrings]hissuccess.
Thisisthemodelforthemasterofmen.
Minimizing,his[wayof]gettingmen['sallegiance].
Humilityisthe[method]triedandtrue.

However,YangHsiungfrequentlydenouncesproponentsof"noninterference"and"nonpurposiveactivity"inhisModelSayings.21Instead,YangHsiungfollowsthe
leadofHsntzuinemphasizingthelongyearsofreformneededtoattainperfectgovernmentortrueselfcultivation.22

App.4:Takingpenuryaspoverty,23
Somerecklesslyrelieveit.24

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25
Fath.4:Preoccupiedwithpoverty
Means:HecannotmaintaintheRight.

Position4amongtheAppraisalscorrespondsto"lowerrank."ItisalsocorrelatedwiththeagentMetal.Perhapsthisaccountsfortheconcernwithwealth.26Inany
case,thesubjectoftheselineshasmadetwodistincterrors:Notonlyisheselfabsorbedhehasalsochosenprofitoverrighteousness.Incontrast,thesuperiorman
who"delightsinHeavenandrecognizeshisfate"27overcomesordinaryanxietiesaboutlowpositionandpoverty.28Inoneway,povertyshouldevenbewelcomed,
sincethepoorsoonlearntofreethemselvesnotonlyfromapprehensionaboutthefuturebutalsofromdependenceuponcomfort.29AsConfuciussaid:
Ifanymeansofescapingpovertypresenteditselfthatdidnotinvolvedoingwrong,Iwouldadoptit,eventhoughmyemploymentwereonlythatofthegentlemanwhoholdsthe
whip.Butsolongasitisaquestionofillegitimatemeans,IshallcontinuetopursuewhatIlovemore,[righteousness]....Povertyandobscurityarewhateverymandetests,butif
theycanonlybeavoidedtothedetrimentoftheWayheprofesses,hemustacceptthem....Agentlemantakesasmuchtroubletodiscoverwhatisrightaslessermentaketo
discoverwhatwillpay.30

App.5:WhattheEarthempties31
Runsdowntovalleystreams.

Fath.5:TheEarthemptyingitself
Means:Menregardthisassagely.

Position5correspondstoauspiciousDay.Earth,alignedwithcenter,becomesthegatheringplaceforthehundredstreams,justasthenoblemandrawsloyal
adherentstohim"byvirtueofhisemptiness."32Paradoxically,earth'swillingnesstoallowitselftobeerodedisamajorfactorinitsendurance.Thegoodman,then,
doeswelltoimitateEarth'scondescension.

App.6:Thesmallcupisfilledtothebrim.33
Oncefull,itlatertopples.

Fath.6:Thesmallcupkeptfull
Means:Howcanitbeworthfilling?

ThisAppraisalcorrespondstoapointjustaftertheapexofdevelopment.Recognizingthecyclicalnatureoffortune,thewisemaninprosperitykeepshimself
especiallyhumble,ever"mindfulofdangerwhenatpeace."34Here,however,avesselofsmallcapacity(symbolizingamanofslightworth)hasbeenfilledtothebrim
(thatis,givenajobthat

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strainshisabilities).Whenpositiondoesnotcorrespondwithabilitydisastersoonresults.AstheLaotzusays,

Ratherthanfillittothebrim...
Bettertohavestoppedintime.35

Ifthecommentatorsaretobetrusted,thepassagereferstoamiraculousvesselpurportedlyhousedinatempleofChou(orLu?)whichstoodinpositionwhenempty,
butoverturnedassoonasitwasfilled.36Themoralofthestoryisthathumilityisallthemorenecessaryforthoseinhonoredpositions.Notethecontrastwiththe
Odes,whichcelebratetheruler'sabilityto"keepfull."37
App.7:Toexamineoneselfwhenpoor
Helpsmakerichesappear.

Fath.7:Selfassessmentinpoverty
Means:Thisinvitesgreatwealth.

Whenagentlemanmeetswithbadluck,hesearcheshisownconsciencebeforeblamingothers.AstheAnalectssays,"Attacktheevilwithinoneself....Andifyou
havemadeamistake,donotbeafraidofadmittingthefactandamendingyourways."38Suchhumilityonthepartofthenoblemanmeansthatothermendelightinhis
company,which,inturnhelpstoeasehiscircumstances.What'smore,hismentalbalanceallowshimtotakemaximumadvantageoffutureopportunities.39Allthis
conducestogreatgoodfortune.
App.8:Thoughpoor,hepretendsheisnot
Andsonooneoffershimrelief.

Fath.8:Poorbutnotpoor
Means:Howcanthisbeworthyofrespect?

Theinterpretationofthisversedependsuponthemeaningofthetersephrase"poornotpoor"thatbeginsbothAppraisalandFathoming.Bymyreading,themeaning
oftheverseisthattheindividual,thoughimpoverished(ineithermoralorfinancialterms),refusestoacknowledgehispoverty.Inconsequence,heislikelytooffend
otherswithhiswastefulness,pretense,andarrogance.40

Amongthevariouscommentators,FanWangreadsthelineas,"The[selfproclaimed]poorarenotpoor"inotherwords,thoseofcomparativewealthspendtheir
timepoormouthing.ToSsumaKuang,thesamelineconveysthedespicablescrabbletoescapehonorablepoverty,whichultimatelyprovokesothers'revulsion:"In
poverty,not[willing]tobepoor."Allthreereadingsassumeanunwiseindividualwhoisunableto

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workwithintheconstraintsofhispresentsocialstation.Forthisreason,theindividualisunworthyofrespect.
App.9:Finerainanddrizzle
Moistenparchedgullies.
Inthreedays,thevalleyissoaked.

Fath.9:Finerainsoakingthevalley
Means:Humilityworksquietly.41

Finerainsignifiesthehumanizinginfluencesofthesagetherulerissaid,forexample,to"moisten"42hissubordinatesbygrantsandfavors.Inthesacredimageryof
ancientChina,thevalleysymbolizeswhatevernourishesandisgood.43Theuseofthemagic"completionnumber,"three,hintsatthemiracleinvolvedinproducinga
thoroughlycivilizedmanthroughrepeatedsmallactsofgoodness.Withsteadyapplication,eventhesmallestimprovementscanleadtomajoraccomplishments,justas
Aesopsuggestedinhisfableofthetortoiseandhare.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYin
thephaseWaterandtheYiching
Hexagramno.38,Oppositionthesun
Li enterstheBarrensconstellation,4th
No.6.Contrariety degree
January13(p.m.)January17

HEAD:Yangch'i,newlyhatched,1isverysmall.Things,eachdivergingandseparating,find2theirpropercategories.

Althoughtheyangch'iisstillweak,underitsimpetusthemyriadthingscontinuetogrow,theirbehaviornowslightlymoreawareandmoredistinctivethanbefore.In
Headno.2,forexample,things"wentontobecometheirkinds."Now,theyactivelyparticipateintheprocessofdifferentiation.Thespecificphrase"findingtheir
propercategories"alludestotheChanges,whichdescribestheevolutionofallphenomenafromtheirsingleoriginintheTaobyreferencetosymbolicnumbermagic
anddivinationprocedure.3TwofundamentalquestionsofHanthoughtconcernthisprocessofcategorization:Howdothedisparatethingsrelatetooneanother?And
howdothemyriadthingsrelatetothemysteriousOnethatspawnedthem?Correlativethinking(seeKeyTerms)gaveananswertothefirstquestion,ananswer
subsequentlyemployedinChinabymas

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Figure4.
InChinesemythology,thessuandhsiarethefemaleandmalerespectively
ofaonehornedspecies.Thehsidepictedherelooksverymuchlikethe
femalessuofpopulardepictions,exceptthatthessuisshownaslesshairy.Illustration
fromSants'ait'uhui,anencyclopediaof1609,"Animals"section,4/3a.

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Figure5.
FuHsiandNuWa(deitiesassociatedwithyangandyinch'irespectively)
holdingthecompassandsquareassymbolsofdivineorder.Illustrationfromtomb
tile,excavatedfromChungking,Szechwan(45x39cm.),nowintheSzechwan
ProvincialMuseum.

tersofthevariousartsofmedicine,astrology,andomenprediction.TherelationoftheOnetothemany,essencetoexistence,theunknowabletotheknowable,wasa
questionlargelylefttothepoetsandphilosophers.

TosuggesttheinterconnectednessofdisparatepartsofthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan,YangHsiunggivesfamiliarexamplesofmutuallydependent,but
distinctlydifferententitiesinthistetragram:backandbelly,husbandandwife,physicalmindandjudgment,lifeanddeath,substanceandapplication.Ineachcasehe
concludesthat"separateways"contributetocreativeactionandcivilizingorder.Incombination,separatefunctionswithdistinctivepropertiesultimatelyaddtoasum
greaterthantheirindividualparts.Inthecaseofthefamily,forexample,bothhusbandandwifemakedistinctivecontributions,withoutwhichchildrencannotbeborn
orapatrimony(ineitherthematerialor

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moralsense)bebuilt.Ajustsociety,thefamilywritlarge,cannotexistwithouttheinterdependenthierarchiesenshrinedintheFiveConstantRelations.Distinction,
then,isundeniablyuseful.

Atthesametime,anyactofindividuationthreatensdesirableunity.Thispotentialfordiscordpromptedthesagestoinventritual,whichmakesuseofinherent
inequalitiestoteachpeopletopreferconsistency,cohesiveness,andstabilityovermoredisruptivealternatives.Ritualalsocurbsthepossibleabusesassociatedwith
hierarchyideally,itbindstheentireunequalcommunitybyabasicfairness(theChinesedefinitionof"equality").4Hierarchicalorderconstrainedandpatternedby
ritual,then,isthepropermodelofdifferentiationamongmen.
App.1:OncetheVoidisdeflected,
Theheartinclinesaswell.

Fath.1:TheVoidastrayandtheheartturned
Mean:Heembraceswhatisnotupright.

InYang'sschema,Position1correspondstotheBeginningofThought.Appropriately,YangbeginsthisAppraisalwithareferencetothe"void,"anepithetforthe
innermostheart/mind,theruleroftheintellectandemotions.5Inthesage,thiscoreischaracterizedbyaperfectreceptivitytoshiftingeventsprocessedbythefive
senses.However,assoonastheinnermindturnsasidefromthetrueWay,thoughtsandemotionsgrowconfused.(Thisissymbolizedbythedeviationfromthestrictly
verticalor"upright"line.)Inappropriatepersonsorcoursesofactionsareundulyfavored.Basedonfalseassumptions,theindividual'sjudgmentwillbeskewed.When
theheart"hasinclinations''(inotherwords,isprejudiced),theheart"inclines"towardsafaultycourse.Misfortunewillquicklyfollow.
App.2:Straighteninghisbelly,
Pullinguphisback,
Heachieves6properalignment.

Fath.2:Astraightenedbelly
Means:Thecenterheartissettled.

Appraisal2,earlyinthetetragram,appropriatelyreferstopreliminarytrainingoftheheart/mind.Allcommentatorsagreethatthebellyreferstowhatisinside(andso
relativelypriorandimportant)theback,towhatisoutside.7ThemessageofthisAppraisalis:Rectifytheinnerselfandgoodbehaviorwillfollow.Oncegood
behaviorbecomesahabit,innerresolveissostrengthenedthatuprightactsbecomeprogressivelyeasiertoperform.Andso"thecenterheartissettled."Onlythenis
thegentlemanreadytotransformothers.Innerorientationsupportsouterreformsofevergreaterscope.

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App.3:Hetwistshisbelly
Instraighteninghisback.

Fath.3:Atwistedbellyandstraightback
Mean:Innerandouterareatwar.

Hereisapersonwhoappearstobe"straight"(presumablybecauseheselfrighteouslypretendstovirtue),thoughheiscrookedatthecore.8Position3marksthe
initialtransitionfromThoughttoAction.Whenthoughtandbehaviorfailtocorrespond,harmfultensionsarisewithintheindividual.Also,acensoriousattitudetoward
othersislikelytoelicittheiranger.Inevitably,suchdeceitdirectedtowardtheselfandothersendsinmisfortune.

App.4:Husbandandwifetakeseparateways.
Itisthefamilytheymeantopreserve.

Fath.4:Theseparatewaysofhusbandandwife
Mean:Eachhasaseparatesphere.9

AsinthetwoprecedingAppraisals,innercontrastswithouter.Movingfromthesiteofthephysicalbody,thethemenowshiftstothefundamentaldistinctions
underlyingacivilizedorder.InearlyChina,thehusbandtendedtopublicmattersoutsidethehomewhilethewifemanagedthedomesticsphereinsidethefamily
residence.Throughthisdivisionofresponsibilitiesthefamilymaintainedharmonyandmaterialwelfare.Thefruitfulnatureofmale/femalecomplementarityisonetheme
foundintheChanges:
HeavenandEarthareopposites,buttheiractionisconcerted.ManandWomanareopposites,buttheirwillsconjoin.Themyriadthingsstandinoppositiontooneanother,but
theiractionsarebytype.10

App.5:Southbyeast,heaimsatthessu,
Butnorthbywest,hisarrowflies.

Fath.5:Takingaimatthessuinthesoutheast
Means:Hedoesnothititshead.11

InancientChinesemyth,thessuisamarvelousbeast(occasionallyidentifiedasarhinocerosorawildox)easilyrecognizedbytheluminescenthornatopitsheadthat
rendersitvisibleevenatnight,whileitbathesindeepwaters.12Ararecreature,thessuisconsideredthesportofkings,andsoitappearsinAppraisal5,whichis
assignedtotheSonofHeaven.SoutheastChinaisalandofmarshesandrivervalleysinotherwords,thenaturalhabitatforsuchawatercreature.

Thearrowaimedsoutheastfliesintheabsolutelyoppositedirection.Sincetheshininghornofthessumakesitaneasytarget,evenfortheuntrainedarcher,this
mistakeisparticularlyegregious.Clearly,theindi

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vidualhaslostallsenseofmoraldirection.Intendingtogooneway,heendsupgoingtheopposite.Ifhedesirestoimprovehisaim,numerousguides,includingthe
FiveClassicsandthesuasiveexampleofgoodmen,existtoinstructhim.Theyaredesignedtohelphimstraightenhisthoughtslikeanarrow.13

Sincethessu'shornpointsunerringlytothegood,kingswhohopedtofindtruemeritamongthevariouscandidatesforofficepurportedlyhaddrinkingcupsmade
fromhornsofthessu.Themeritsofapplicantsforofficialpostsinancienttimeswereassessedduringceremonialarcherycontests.Sinceboththessuandarcheryare
associatedwithbureaucraticselection,thetextalsoworksasobliquecriticismoftheking'sfailuretoappointtherightmentotheappropriaterank.
App.6:Level,line,compass,andsquare:
Differentaretheirapplications.

Fath.6:Level,line,compass,andsquare
Mean:Divergentaretheirways.

All"greatinstruments"14wereinventedbytheancientstohelplessermen"firstruletheselfandthenruleothers."15Thoughallareneededinconstruction,bynomeans
dothesetoolsallworkinthesameway.Levelandlinedeterminestraighthorizontalandverticallines,whilecompassandsquareareneededtoformperfectcircles
andcorners.Byanalogy,eachofthesocialinstitutions,includingbureaucracyandritual,16hasitsownfunctioninbuildingcivilization,witheachaddressingaseparate
humanneed.Itischaracteristicofthesagerulerthathealwaysknowswhichtooltoapplytothespecificproblemathand,evenwhenthe"tool"isapublicservant.
HereYang'sversesrecallatextfromMasterHuainan(d.122B.C.):
Thesuperiormaninhisuseofmenisliketheskilledworkmaninthedispositionofhiswood.Largepiecesareusedforboatsandbeamssmallpieces,foroarsandjoists.Long
piecesareusedforcavesandraftersshortpieces,forgargoylesanddecorativedesigns.Allofthesepieces,irrespectiveoftheirsize,findtheirniche,andallofthecarpenter's
instrumentsandtemplateshavetheirapplication.17

App.7:Anunwomanlywoman
Hasonlyherselfinmind.18
Sheoverturnsherhusband'splans.19

Fath.7:Anunwomanlywoman
Means:Thisisutterlyabominable.

Accordingtothetext,asyinelementswomenshouldbereceptiveratherthanactive,andconcernedwithdomestic,ratherthanpublic

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events.Incontrastwiththatideal,the"unwomanlywoman"describedherenotonlyhasamindofherown,sheevenworkstoundermineherpartner'sendeavors.

AccordingtotheOdes,"awomanthinksnotofmorality"butonlyoffoodandchildren.20Inpartbecauseofthispresumedweakness,conventiondecreedthata
womandevoteherselftoherfatherbeforemarriage,toherhusbandaftermarriage,andtohersonwhenawidow.ThoughsomewomeninWesternHanwerewell
educatedandindependent,21anincreasingconservativismlednotafewHanthinkerstoassumethatawomanshouldhavenoopinionsorcaresapartfromthoseof
herhusband.Thisdepictionofwomenwasnotviewedasparticularlyrepressiveatthetime.Itwasassumedthateachindividual,ifpromptedtoexpresshisorher
innatepotential,willfindhisorherplace(inChinese,"eachachievingitsproperrole"),22inathoroughlyintegrated"natural"order.

Asyinistoyangandwomantoman,sotheofficialistohisruler.Therefore,thispassageequallydescribestheusurpationofpowerbyanevilofficial.EarlyChinese
thinkersrepeatedlywarnedagainsttheconfusionofpoliticalroles:
WheretherulerandtheministerhavedifferentWays,thereisproperorder,butwheretheyarethesame,thereisdisorder.Ifeachgetswhatisappropriatetohimanddwellsin
whatisrightforhim,theoneaboveandthosebelowwillknowhowtodealwitheachother.23

App.8:Killingandbirthing24opposeeachother.25
Harmonyandcentralityhetakesashisway.

Fath.8:Killingandbirthing,mutuallyopposed,
Mean:Centralitydefinesthelimits.

Killingandbirthingseemunalterablyopposed,thoughHeavenparticipatesinboth.AsYangwrites,HeavenandEarth"atonepointgivelifeatonepointgivedeath."26
Byanalogy,thestateactsbothtopunish(bythepenalcode)andtofoster(bymeansofrewards).27Eachactivityissomehowrootedinasinglestandardderivedfrom
cosmicnorms.HewhoactsthroughritualtomaintaintheMeanwillknowhowtoapplythenormsineachindividualcase.

ItisalsopossiblethatYangHsiungmeanstodescribethe"gooddeath"here.TheancientChinesedefined"thegooddeath"asanaturaldeathfacedcalmly,ifpossible
inbedsurroundedbylovedones.Paradoxically,thegooddeathisinextricablytiedtothegoodlife,becauseactscommandingcommunalrespectareprerequisitesfor
livingoutone'sdaysinpeace.ThesamepursuitoftheRightwhichshapesanindividual'sexistencedefinescommunityboundaries,inboththepsychicandsocial
senses.

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App.9:TheGreenSprite'swifelivesapart
Inaseparatehouseofthesky.
Ifthepatternisbroken,28
Theharvest'sbountyfails.

Fath.9:ThefemalemateofTs'angling
Means:Failurebringsdefeat.

TheGreenSprite(orTs'angling)istheplanetJupiter(alliedwithWoodandeast),whosemateistheplanetVenus(alliedwithMetalandwest).Inthenormalcourse
ofevents,theseplanetsdonotresideinthesamelunarlodge.29Thisisprobablybecausetheirnaturesarefundamentallyopposed:MetalharmsWood.Itis,afterall,
themetalaxwhichchopswood.Aconjunctionofthetwoplanetsportendsevil,especiallytovegetation.AccordingtoaHantreatiseonastrology,floodsandperiodic
cropfailureswillresult.AconjunctionofVenusandJupiteralsopresagescivilwar,andmoreparticularly,theriseofacommonertothreatentheimperialthrone.30
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.46,PushingUpward
Shang thesunenterstheBarrens
No.7.Ascent constellation,8thdegree
January18January22(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iengendersthingsinaplacebelow.Allthings1shootthrough2theearth,climbingtoahigherplace.3

ThistetragramisalignedwithFire,whosenatureistoriseup4hence,theimageofAscent.InthenaturalworldofHeavenandEarth,itisnowtheLesserColdsolar
period,whentheshootsoflivingthingsfirstappear,likearrowtipspushingtheirwaythroughthesoil.

IntheparallelrealmofMan,individualsalsobegintheirupwarddrive.Thisascentmaybeauspiciousorinauspicious,dependingonthemotiveforcethatpropelsit.
Ontheonehand,thistetragramdecriesthemisplaced"pushiness"typicaloftheambitiousindividualintentuponsecuringworldlypositionorfameatanyprice.
Similarly,inhisModelSayings,Yanginsiststhattheuseofthesynonym"advance"(chin)beconfinedto"advanceintheWay,"ratherthan''greedyambition"forhigh

 Page126

Figure6.
AHandynastywatchtower(130cm.high).excavatedfromLingpao
Prefecture,Honan,tombno.3ofChangWan.

 Page127
5
positionandsalary. Ontheotherhand,theindividualistobeapplaudedforassiduousattemptsatselfcultivationthataimatahigherGood.

Manyoftheimagesinthistetragramimplicitlyconsidertheappropriatespeedofacorrectascent.Inmostcases,thetetragramassumesaslowpaceforgradual
reform,followingtheImagetextattachedtothecorrespondenthexagram:

Theimageofpushingupward.
Thusthenoblemanbycompliantvirtue
Heapsupsmallthings
Toachievethehighandgreat.6

InhisModelSayings,YangHsiungalsopresumesthattheacquisitionofvirtueneedstime:

Notlikeaclapofthunder,notlikeaclap,
Butquietly,soquietly,
[Virtue]growsgreaterandgreater
[Sothatafter]alongtime,itbecomesfuller.7

Thesluggishrateofvisiblechangeistobeexpectedatthistimeofyear,whenthefirstintimationsofspringhaveonlyjustbegun.
App.1:Elevatinghispuremind,
Hebluntsitsbitlikesharpness.8

Fath.1:Elevatinghispuremind
Means:Heisharmoniousandhappy.

InPosition1,whichcorrespondstotheBeginningofThought,YangHsiungreferstotheheart/mind'spotentialforgoodness.Inlearningtoignoretheimpatientdesire
forfameandpower,9theindividualdevelopshisbestimpulsesduringaslowmaturationprocess.Asaresult,astablehappinessbornofcompliancewiththecosmic
normsreplacesthesharpnessassociatedwiththeclever,restlessmind.10AstheLaotzuadvises:
Bluntthesharpness....
Letyourwheelsmoveonlyalongoldruts.11

App.2:Risingwithoutroots,
HisthoughtsclimbtoHeaven.
Fallingback,12he'sstuckintheabyss.

Fath2:Risingwithoutroots
Means:Heisunabletosustainhimself.13

Man'srootslieintheinborngoodnessthatconstitutesapartofhisoriginalnature.Thesefragilerootsmustbecultivatedcarefullyiftheyaretosurvivethestressand
strainofdailylife.Man'srootsarealsoassociatedwithfamilyandclosefriends.14ereanindividualaspirestoor

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worseacceptshighpositionwithoutthinkingofhisownneedforselfcultivationortheneedsofthoseinhiscircle.TheclimbtoHeavenisproverbially"beyondone's
reach."15Aspeedyclimbisallthemoredangerous.Thisadvanceisparticularlyunjustified,sothepersonislikelytotopple,soonerorlater,intothe
"abyss"(destructionorobscurity).Thegoodperson,incontrast,isevermindfulofthemaxim:

Thereisnocrimegreaterthanhavingtoomanydesires.
Thereisnodisastergreaterthannotbeingcontent.
Thereisnomisfortunegreaterthanbeingcovetous.
Inbeingcontent,onewillalwayshaveenough.16

App3:Flyingoutfromdarkravines,
Hesoarstolushtrees,
Drawnbytheirrarefruit.17

Fath.3:Outfromravines,uptothetrees,
Means:Heknowsthewaytogo.

Appraisal3referstoOde165,inwhichabirddisturbedbythesoundofthewoodcutter'sblowsfliestosafetyinastandoftalltrees.18Toanyreadertrainedinthe
ChineseClassics,theimageofabirdescapingadarkravinewouldalsobringtomindafamouspassagefromtheMencius,whichcomparescomingupintothelight
withtheideaofenlightenmentfollowingstudyoftheClassics.19Withthewordfor"timber"apunfor"talent,"20wefindthataman'sverysecuritydependsupon
developinghisinborncapacitiesbyfollowingthehallowedpreceptsoftheancients.

The"rarefruits"(literally,raregrains)soughtmaybeofficialstipends,whichinearlyHanwerecustomarilypaidingrain.21SinceYangHsiungtendstodenouncethe
commonpreoccupationwithmaterialsuccess,22itisfarmorelikelythatrarefruitssignifythe"excellentWay,"asthecommentatorSsumaKuangsuggests.

App.4:Reachingeverhigher,thoughunaligned,
Likeaplant,fullfloweredwithoutroots,
Hewrapshimself23inemptyfame.

Fath.4:Reachinghigherthoughunaligned
Means:Herisesrecklessly.

Position4correspondstoofficialrankandtheturntoaction.Astheindividualconsiderspossiblecareermoves,heshouldrememberthatcorrectalignmentwiththe
Way(thatis,thedeterminedpursuitofGoodness)istherootofallmeritandglory.Thoughtheunscrupulousindividualmayprospertemporarily,dangerliesahead.
Lackingtheproperfoundationinvirtue,hisadvancesoonfalters,justasflowerspluckedfromtheirrootsinevitablywilt.Oncehisunstablecharacterisunmasked,the
disapprobationofotherswillonlyhastenhisdownfall.

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App.5:Risingfromthedeepmarsh,acranecalls,
SteppinguptoHeaven,unashamed.

Fath.5:Acallingcrane,unashamed,
Means:Hehaswhatittakesatcenter.24

InChina,thecraneisassociatedwithlongevity.Itisalsoknowntoflyhigh.25InancientChineseimagery,then,thefigureofthecallingcranesymbolizesthesuperior
manwhosereputationiswellknown.26Thiscraneis"unashamed,"despitethebolddaringofitsinitiative,becauseitspureheartdeservessuchswiftadvance.Hiscall
isheardinalldirectionssincevirtuecompelsmentofollowitssuasiveexample.

AsPosition5correspondstotheSonofHeaven,oneearlycommentatorisquicktoseeintheselinesacelebrationofthevirtuouscommoner'srisefromobscurityto
theimperialthrone.27
App.6:Heascendstothehall,
Hisupperandlowergarmentsreversed.
Menatcourtaredismayed.28

Fath.6:Ascendingtothehallindisarray
Means:Thegreatmassesarelost.

Ode100usesclothesindisarrayasastockmetaphortocriticizedisorderatcourt.29Inhishaste,anofficialconfusesjacketandskirt,topandbottom.Thisreversal
indicatessubversionoftheproperhierarchicalrelations(suchasmightoccurwhenanofficialorempressarrogatesimperialpower).Thosewhowitnessthisbreachin
ritualrecognizeitasanevilomen.Notsurprisingly,allonlookerstrytodistancethemselvesfromtheperpetrator.Thefaultisconsideredespeciallygravesinceit
occursintheformalaudiencehallwherethecommunitygathersforthecelebrationofsolemnrites.Duetothemagnitudeoferror,dissatisfactionsoonspreadsbeyond
theinnercirclesofthecourttothemasses.

AnalternateinterpretationdrawsuponYang'suseofthesamemetaphorintheModelSayingstosuggesttheheterodoxadherentsoftheHundredSchools
Philosophers,whorejecttheClassicsassociatedwithConfucius.30WhencriticsofConfuciusholdswayatcourt,thecommonpeoplewillsuffer,thenrepudiatethe
throne.

App.7:Heclimbstherickety31tower
Somepropitwithwood.

Fath.7:Ascendingthetowerwiththeaidofprops32
Means:Hissupportsholdfirm.33

Thetowerpointsnotonlytohighpositionbutalsototheelevatedmind,asinthefamousT'angpoem:

Asdaylightfadesalongthehills
TheYellowRiverjoinsthesea

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Togazeuntoinfinity
Gomountanotherstoreystill.34

Despitesuchgoodassociations,hightowersareinherentlydangerousstructures.LiketheTowerofBabel,theycanrepresentoverweeningambition.In"great
winds"(thatis,turbulenteras),theyarevulnerabletocollapse.Thewiseindividual,recognizingtherisksinvolvedinhisascent,makessurethatheisprovidedwith
sturdywoodenpropstoforestallpossibledisaster.Theprop,ofcourse,maybeknowledgeoftheclassics,thesupportofexcellentfriendsandministers,orthe
auspiciousch'iaccruingfromvirtuousaction.35Theoppositecaseispresentedbelow.

App.8:Scalingthedangerousheights,36
Someoneaxestheladderbeneathhim.

Fath.8:Scalingthepeak,hisladderaxed,
Means:Heloseshisknights37andcommonfolk.

Oncetheindividualrisestohighposition,hemustmaintainthesupportofthosebelow.Otherwise,hissubordinateswillsurelyundercuthim.Norcansafetybeassured
theindividualwhoseambitionsleadhimtorisetooprecipitously.
App.9:Perchedonarottenstump,
Firsthefacesruin,thenfindsafirmerbase.

Fath.9:Perchedonastump,thenonafirmerbase,
Means:Helatersecuresgoodmen.

Thearrogantindividualfinallyrepentshisearliererrors,humblinghimselfinordertowinthesupportofworthyfollowers.Forthethrone,worthyofficials,inthewords
oftheOdes,arethenecessary"baseofthestate."38
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YinthephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.46,PushingUpward,'
Kan thesunenterstheRoofconstellation,
No.8.Opposition 3rddegree
January22(p.m.)January26

HEAD:Yang[ch'i]1,supportingthings[intheiradvance],2seemstobe3drillingintosolidmatter.Thrustingforwardlikeaspear,4thereispenetration.

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Thetitleofthistetragrammeans"tohitorknockagainst,""tooffend,""toseek,"and"toviolate."TheclearlynegativeassociationsareemployedbyYanginthe
unlucky,oddnumberedAppraisals,butthetetragramalsocelebratessomepositiveaspectsofopposition,especiallyloyaloppositionbyworthyadvisorsatcourt,
whichinsomesensemimicsthebracingeffectofyangch'iuponthemyriadlivingthings.ThecalendarindicatestheGreatCold,afifteendaysolarperiodnolessharsh
thanaremonstrant'ssternadmonition.Still,thankstoyangch'i,themyriadthingswilleventuallybreakoutoftheirhardshellstomeetthelightofday.Similarly,the
individualisbeholdentoloyalcriticsfortheliberationofhisthoughts.Thefledglingmoralconscience,then,dependsforitssurvivalontheexpert"drilling''ofawiser
individual.Inexpertadvice,however,furtherweakenstheconscience,justasclumsyprobingwithadrilldamagesthebasematerial.

AgreatmanyWarringStatesphilosophicaltextsinsistupontheminister'srighttoremonstratewithhisruler,andundercertaincircumstancestoevendeposehim.5It
couldevenbearguedthatConfuciusauthorizedsuchviews,forastheMasterreportedlysaid:

Howcanhebeaccountedloyalwhorefrainsfromadmonishing[theobjectofhisloyalty]?6

Ingeneral,thistraditionwasupheld,evenstrengthenedinearlyWesternHan.TheGardenofSayingsbyYangHsiung'scontemporary,LiuHsiang(77?6?B.C.),
devotesanentirechaptertoministerialremonstrance,drawinguponnumeroushistoricalandpseudohistoricalanecdotes.7However,certainConfucians(perhaps
underLegalistinfluence)begantoarguethatforthrightremonstrancethreatenedthedignityofthethroneandundercuttheprincipleofstricthierarchyunderlyingthe
socialorder.Moreconservativetexts,then,proposedthat"a[good]subjectdoesnotadmonishinadirectway."8ByA.D.79,thescholasticspresentattheimperially
convenedWhiteTigerHallDiscussionsonorthodoxyconcludedthatoffivedifferentkindsofremonstrance,"forthrightremonstranceistheworst."9YangHsiung
appearstoharkenbacktotheWarringStatesandearlyWesternHanthinkersonthisissue.HisModelSayingsarguesthatcertainkindsofindirectcriticismactually
encourage,ratherthancurbeviltendencies.10Inthistetragram,headvocates"forthright"criticismonthepartoftheofficial,solongastherulerhasbeenadequately
prepared.

App.1:Hecranks11thedrill,
Boringintointernalcracks.
Danger.

Fath.1:Thebitboringinside
Means:Turningthebitiswrong.

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Thedrillisametaphorforspeechthatplaysuponthelistener'sownpredispositionsforeffect.ShangYang,forexample,purportedlyknewthreetechniquesbywhich
to"drill"hisevilpersuasionsintoDukeHsiaoofCh'in.12Theintelligentadvisor,likethegoodartisan,carefullycalculateshismoves.Justasthedrilltipmustbeapplied
withextremecare,wordsofloyalremonstrancemustbeaimedcautiously,lestfurtherdamageresult.Thisisespeciallytrueifthereareweakspotsinthebasematerial
(thatis,theconscienceofthelistener).13Theevilrhetorician,incontrast,purposelypreysuponthefaultsofhisaudience,untilhepersuadesotherstopreferwrong.If
thisgoesonatcourt,itwillsooncreatehavocinthekingdom.14

TheearlycommentatorFanWangoffersanalternateinterpretation,readingthefirstlineoftheAppraisalas"Wobbling,thedrillbit."ToFan,thesharpbitofthedrill
symbolizessinglemindedness.Inthatcase,thetextreprovesconsciencesthatshiftatwill.Thisislinguisticallypossible,butsomewhatlesspersuasiveinviewofthelong
associationofdrillswithrhetoric.15

App.2:Atthefirstsmallsigns,16
Opposeandrectify.
Onlyapplythemodeldecrees.17

Fath.2:Atfirstsmallsigns,toopposeandrectify
Means:Hegreatlyprotestssmallerrors.

Themosteffectiveremonstranceisleveledatincipientevilforthesimplereasonthatmistakesarefareasiertocorrectbeforetheyhavebecomewellestablished
habits.Earlyreproofshelpthepersonwhoisbasicallygood"dealwiththethingwhileitisstillnothing."18Allpartiesthenbecomeoneintheirdedicationtoapplyingthe
modeldecreestransmittedfromthesages.19
App.3:Hegagshismouthwithwood,
Andboltstightthelock.
Thisiscountertopropriety.

Fath.3:Gaggedandboltedsotightly
Means:"Seekingsalaryisperverse."

The"gag"and"bolt"areslangfortherhetoricaldevicespracticedbyunscrupulousadvisors.20Isuspectthatthegagdescribesthecleverspeakerpreventinghis
opponentsfromansweringhisargumentsandthebolt,takingadvantageofthelistener'sprejudicestoconstructaseeminglyairtightargument.Onelatecommentator,
however,takesthegagandboltsassynonyms,meaning"topreserveatacticalsilenceduringdebate"soastocurryfavorwiththoseinauthority.21Inthisway,petty
mensecuretheirownfortuneswhiletrickingtheunwarylistenerintoembarking

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22
ondisastrouspolicies.SuchschemingmakesamockeryofthesolemninjunctionoftheOdesto"seekgoodfortunebynoevilways."

Conceivablybothgagandboltcouldrefertotheevilofficial'sattemptto"blockupthepeople'smouths."Oneearlytextargues:
Toblockupthepeople'smouthsisevenmoreextremethanblockinguprivers.Ifariverisobstructedandbreaksthrough,theinjurytopeoplewillnecessarilybegreat.Andsoit
iswiththepeople.Therefore,thosewhocontroltheriversdredgethemout,causingthemtoflow.Thosewhocontrolthepeopleopenchannelsofcommunication,causingthem
tospeak.23

App.4:Criticalwordscuttothebone
Becausethetimeisright.

Fath.4:Thetimeforsharpcriticism
Means:Tobeforthrightishisway.24

The"bones"signifytheinnermostbeing.Ifanadmonition"cutstothebone,"itmeansthatitisboth"incisive"and"takentoheart."25Clearly,theadvisorhaschosenthe
righttimetolevelhisforthrightcriticism.Hadhespokenatthewrongtime,hewouldhavesufferedtheilleffectsoftheother'sangerwithouthavingpersuadedhimto
reformhisconduct.

App.5:Hestupidlyseeksaheapofsweets.26
Someonehandshimanunfiredtile.

Fath.5:Thestrivingofanignorantman
Means:Thegiftisnotgood.

ManycommentatorsseeanallusiontoawellknownanecdoteinvolvingPrinceCh'ungerhwholaterbecameDukeWenofChin(r.636628B.C.).Whentraveling
throughWei,Ch'ungerhwasreducedtobeggingfoodfromacountryman,whohandedhimaclodofearth.Inhisanger,theyoungprincewishedtoscourgethegiver
withhiswhip,buthisaideTzufanrightlyidentifiedthegiftofsoilasagoodomenpresagingfeudalpossessionofthearea.27Unfortunately,thereisnodirectanalogy
betweenthetwopassages.Ch'ungerhproperlysoughtbaresustenance,notfinedelicacies.What'smore,thegifttoCh'ungerhwasauspicious.YangHsiung'sverse,
incontrast,iscorrelatedwithinauspiciousNight.Thestoriesarecomparableonlyinsofarasbothrecounttheunexpectedfruitsofstriving.

Theheapsymbolizeswhatishighandgreatthesweets,whateverismostdesirable.28Ifanindividualhankersforhighpositiondespitehisownlackofqualifications,he
islikelytomeetwithmisfortuneandinsult,insteadofsupport.29Thepotsherdsymbolizesthesternnecessitytoper

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30
formmenialtasks. Thesubject,reachingtoosoonforalifeofluxuryandease,experiencesalifeofpovertyandhardlabor.Hissinglemindedpursuitofmaterial
successhasdeterredhimfrompursuitoftheWay.

App.6:Thetrunk31reachesto32heaven.
Withproprietycomesprosperity.33

Fath.6:Properlyalignedforthetrunk'sreach
Means:Thusisprosperitypreserved.34

Inayintetragram,Position6representstheapexofthecyclehence,theimageofatreepiercingthesky.Thetreetrunkusuallystandsforthestaunchfriendand
advisor,especiallythehighofficialwhosupportshisruler,thoughitmayalsosymbolizetheemperorasaxismundioftheuniverse.Ifthetreetrunkistallenoughto
reachtoHeaven,itissurelygrandenoughtosupportanyendeavoronEarth.(ContrastAppraisal2,Tetragram7.)

App.7:Whenshoulderedspearsaremany,35
Confrontationsfollow.36

Fath.7:Shoulderedspearsingreatnumbers
Mean:Theydonotgiveway.37

Spearssymbolizeaquarrelsomenature.Belligerentindividualstendtomeetmisfortunebecauseoftheirwarlikeproclivities.38ThefinalFathomingline(literally,"not
admitted[on?]theWay")isintentionallyambiguous.ItcaneithermeanthatthebellicoseignorethedecidedadvantagesoftheConfucianWayofdeference,orthatthe
troopsononeorbothsidesdonotyieldtheirground.Bothsituationsproveequallydangerous.

IfweassumethatthisverseconcernsnotonlyOppositionbutcontroversialspeech,thelinescouldread:
[Like]spearsborne,explicationuponexplication,
Aconfrontation.
[Like]spearsborne,explicationuponexplication,
Mean:[Thedebators]willnotgiveway.

App.8:Fierytonguesinflamethecity.
Hesprayswaterfrom39ajar.

Fath.8:Fierytonguesandwaterspewed
Mean:Thusthenoblemanexorcisesevil.40

Thephrase"fierytongues"referstoslanderers,whoserumorscanfireupanentirecity.41Thesignificanceofthewatersprayedislessclear.Itprobablyreferstothe
exorcist'sspittingholywaterinalldirections

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fromajar, anaptsymbolforthepurifyingwordsofthegoodman.Itisalsopossiblethatthegentlemanspitstoexpresshiscompletecontemptfortheslanderer.43
42

Sincethecontentsofasinglejarofwaterarehardlyenoughtoquencharagingfire,clearlywewitnessamiraculouslyefficaciousforce.

App.9:Reachingforthefloatingclouds,
HeforthwithfallsfromHeaven.

Fath.9:Reachingforthefloatingclouds
Means:OnlythendoesHeavenlethimfall.

InapassageintheAnalects,Confuciusclaimsthatthethoughtofacceptingillgottengainsisasremotefromhimascloudsfloatingoverhead.44Overreaching
ambitionsendintheindividual'sdownfall,especiallywhencosmictrendsareunfavorable,astheyareinthefinalAppraisal9.AsaChineseproverbsays,"Thehigher
theclimb,theharderthefall."45

Iftheversescontinuethethemeofremonstrance,thelinesmayalsodescribethemanwholaunchesintoanelaboratespeechwithoutconsideringhisaudience.Sucha
wouldbereformermightaswellbepunchingair.Smallwonderthathefallsfromhighposition.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseMetalandtheYi
chingHexagramno.19,Approachthe
Shu sunenterstheRoofconstellation,7th
No.9.BranchingOut degree
January27January31(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iisstrongwithin,butweakwithout.Allthings,branchingout,advancetogreatness.1

Althoughyangch'iappearsweakoutside,itgrowsstrongwithin,providingabaseforthecontinuedgrowth,proliferation,anddifferentiationofthemyriadthings.This
tetragramsignifiestheinitialstageofadvanceforthingsasonecommentatorwrites,"[Things]advance,butstillhavenotreachedflorescence."2Likethefirsttentative
branchingandleafingoutofvegetationinearlyspring,themyriadthingsunderthebeneficientinfluenceofyangch'ispreadouttocoverthefaceoftheearth.

Thetitlecharacter,ahapaxgraphomenon,means"toadvanceslowly"

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3
or"toadvanceuntilitispervasive." Advanceisauspicioussolongasitisdonewithcareadvancebringsmisfortuneifitisdrivenbyoverweeningambitionor
intemperatedesire.
App.1:FromthetimeIcrawled,
Ihavelovedthishidden4virtue.

Fath.1:Crawlingtowardhiddenvirtue
Means:ItisasthoughIhadnotwalked.

Theselinesaptlysuggestthefrustrationoccasionallyexperiencedbytheindividualwhodesiresto"walkintheWay."Impatienttoachieveselfcultivation,itseems
virtuallyimpossibletoreachthestagewherevirtueseemsaneasypath.Atbest,thenewcomertoselfcultivationcanhopeforslowandsteadyprogress.Forthis
reason,sheislikenedtothesmallbabycreepingtowardsanelusive("hidden")goal.Thephrase"fromthetimeIcrawled"emphasizesherconsistentdevotionto
followingtheWay.5

Thecommentatorsoffervariationsonandrefinementsofthisreading.FanWang,forexample,appliesthelinestothethemeofslowadvancementofthevirtuous
commonerupthebureaucraticladder.Inanyreading,virtueremains"hidden,"eitherbecausethestupidmassesfailtorecognizeit6orbecausethesuperiorman
dislikesdrawingattentiontohimself.Thetruemanofvirtuepreferstostaylow("crawling"),downplayinghisabilities("asthoughIhadnot[adequately]walked").
Alternately,thelastlineoftheFathomingmayshowthattheindividualhasreachedsuchahighstageofdevelopmentthatGoodnessbecomeseffortless.7

App.2:Dazzled,8hisallconsuminggreed9
Doesnothelphimgainhisgoals.

Fath.2:Deludedbyevergreatergreed
Means:Withmanydesires,heproceeds.

Position2markstheMiddleofThought.Thistetragramtakes"slowadvance"asitstheme.10Here,however,thoughtsgrowfrenziedastheindividualplungesforward
inpursuitofhisdesires,likehoundsmovingtowardsthekill.11Weknowthosedesirestobeunworthy,for"dazzling"hasbadconnotationsinclassicalChineseit
bringstominddelusionandblindness.12Theindividual'sperceptionsarecloudedbycupidity.Theonlyglintinhiseyeisthatprovokedbyenticingandelusiveobjects
ofdesire.Drivenbyanoverwhelmingurgetofulfillhisdesires,thegreedyindividualcannotbegintoprogressintheWayorachieveitslongtermbenefits.
Paradoxically,realsatisfactioneludeshim,ashisattemptstosatisfydesiremerelyfeedthecreationofevergreaterneeds.Onlyaconsistentefforttodampendesire
canbringtruehappiness.13

SincethisAppraisalisalignedwithinauspiciousnight,twocommenta

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14
totssuggestanalternatereadingfortheentirepoem,withanighthuntassubject:
[By]theglitteringlight[ofthetorch],thehunt.
[Dogsfightoverthegame]greedily.
Goingforwardtonoprofit.15

[By]theglitteringlight,the[night]hunt
[Dogsfightoverthegame]greedily.
[Drivenby]increaseddesires,theygoforward,
[Tobitethehandoftheirmaster.]

Inthisinterpretation,bloodthirstymastersintheirstupidityfailtorealizetheappetitestheyhavecreatedinthoseintheirservice.ItistruethatYangHsiung'sprose
poemsoftendeplorethewasteandextravaganceofimperialhunts,butthemostfamousnighthuntwasassociatedwithvirtuousKingWenofChou.16

App.3:Warmed,17thelowgrassesspread
Upmoundsandhills,astheyshould.

Fath.3:Warmgrassesonmoundsandhills
Means:Theshortlookdownonthetall.

Whenshortgrassescoverthehills,theirvantagepointallowsthemtooverlookthehighestoftrees.Thissimplefactunderlinesthemanifestadvantagesattachedto
"standingontheshoulders"oftheancientsages.TheverserecallsapassagefromtheHsntzu:
Inthewestthereisaplantnamed"servant'scane,"withastalknomorethanfourincheslong.Itgrowsatophighmountains,fromwhenceitlooksdownuponpoolsahundred
fathomsdeep.Itisnotthatitcangrow[tosuchaheight]itissimplytheplacewhereitstands.18

Byanalogy,theordinaryindividualcanmakeuseofwhatisgreat(definedasritualandsocialduty,asoutlinedintheConfucianClassics)19tooutperformotherswho
arenaturallymoretalented.

App.4:Pouncingonwineandfood,20
Hebattensbutgainsnorenown.

Fath.4:Covetingwineandfood
Means:Inserving,helacksdirection.21

Appraisal4signifiestheofficial.Hereahighlyplacedpersonneglectstheresponsibilitiesofhisposition.Lackingsufficientselfcultivationtocheckimpulsestoward
luxuryandselfindulgence,hecaresonlyfortheperquisitesofhisrank.Overindulgenceinfoodanddrinkisaparticularoffenseagainstvirtuesincetheirconsumption
isregulatedbyritual.22

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InancientChina,asinmostcultureswherethemajorityliveatsubsistencelevel,plumpnesswasoftenassociatedwithenviablecomfort.Wheretheofficial'spaunch
betokensgreed,ratherthantheeasethatcomeswithGoodness,itisnowonderthatthestateispoorlyserved.Thesubjectoftheselinesisaslavetohisdesires,
ratherthanmasterofthem.
App.5:Forbranchingout,thereisenough
Ifhetrustshissturdycarriage.23

Fath.5:Thatthere'senoughforbranchingout
Means:Hispositionisjustasitshouldbe.

Thephrase"thereisenough"suggeststhattheruler,assubjectofAppraisal5,iswellequippedtoproceedalongtheWayofgoodness.24Moreover,thechariot
(signifyingpoliticalleveragegainedthroughtheloyalsupportofsubordinates)isathand.Withitshelp,thekingcanhopetoextendhisinfluenceineverydirection.
Virtueandpositioncombinetomakethisanauspiciousforecast.

App.6:Branchingoutalonebyleapsandbounds25
Isgoodforsmallthings,butnotforgreat.

Fath.6:Expandingalonebyleapsandbounds
Means:Thiscannotbeturnedtosomethinggreat.

"Alone"isthecrucialwordintheseverses.WhileAmericantraditionoftencelebratestheromanticloner,Confuciantraditionisgenerallysuspiciousofthewouldbe
selfmademan.IncontrasttothesubjectofAppraisal5,whousesallavailablehelptoextendhisinfluence,thesubjectoftheseversesactsindependently.Ifaman
intendstogofar,heshouldseeklikemindedcompanionsofvirtue,whowillbothfurtherhiscauseandrestrainhisconduct.Withoutsuchhelp,whocanhopeto
progressfar?

App.7:Inoldage,26thetimecomes27
Tobringtofruitionwhathasbeenlearned.28

Fath.7:Whitehaired,tomeetthetime
Means:Inoldage,hegetshischance.

Position7,beingpastthemidpointofthetetragram,symbolizesaginganddecay.Sodoesthecolorwhite,whichisalignedwithautumnandthewest,theregionwhere
thesundeclines.Still,theAppraisalisalignedwithyangch'i,makingit,onbalance,lucky.Thoughthemanofvirtue,likethesun,approachesthehourofhisdemise,
hisaccomplishmentsappearmostbrilliantlyinoldage,justasthelightofthesunismostdazzlinginlateafternoon.Oncethegoodmanfinallysucceedstoapositionof
considerablepower,reformamongthepeoplewillquicklyfollow,securinghisreputationforever.

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App.8:Heisoverrunwithfleasandlice.
Danger.

Fath.8:Thespreadoffleasandlice
Means:Parasitesarenotworthtrusting.29

Licedofarmorethanmaketheirhostuncomfortableasparasites,theysaphisvitality.30Inthis,theyarelikebadcompanionsorbackbitingofficialsatcourt.Such
mendependfortheirlivelihooduponthe"host,"butitiscertainthatthehostcannotdependontheminreturn.Oncetheyhaveweakenedhimsufficiently,theymove
on.Theyfailtooperatebyreciprocity,afundamentalConfucianvirtue.Goodmenavoidthematallcosts.

App.9:Throughout,heproceedsasif31
Ontheedgeofanabyss,
Boundheadandfoot.

Fath.9:Boundthroughouttheentireadvance
Means:Hefearstomeetwithharm.32

Position9completesthecharacteristicactivityofthetetragram,inthiscaseslow"spreadingout."Insomesense,thelimitedmovementinPosition9bringsusfullcircle
tothecrawlingofPosition1.33Thatmayaccountinpartforthecurioususeoftheimageofaman(orananimal?)boundheadtotail.Heretheboundfigureconveys
theideaofcautionfrombeginningtoend("headtofoot")inthefaceofdangerousentanglements.Thewisepersonfollowstheinjunctionto"beascarefulattheendas
atthebeginning,"34neverforgettingthat,"beneathgoodfortunedisastercrouches."35Afterall,

ThenoblemanfearsthewillofHeaven,fearsgreatmen,andfearsthewordsofthedivinesages.[Only]thesmallmandoesnotknowthewillofHeavenandsodoesnotfearit.36

Thankstosuchwariness,goodfortuneprevails.

TheearlycommentatorFanWangreadsthecharactermeaning"bound"asitscognate,meaning"tolookuponsomethingwithaffection."37Thepoemthenservesto
describethegoodmanwhoreviewsanentirerangeofactivities(hisownorthatofthecosmos?),fromfirsttolast:
Completingthespread,
Tolookuponitfrombeginningtoend,
Whenapproachingtheabyss[thecosmicorigin?death?].38

Lookingwhilecompletingthespread,
Means:Hefearstomeetwithharm.

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CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YinthephaseWaterandtheYi
chingHexagramno.62,MinorError
Hsien 1thesunenterstheRoof
No.10.Defectiveness constellation,12thdegree
orDistortion
January31(p.m.)February4

HEAD:Yangch'i,assistingthingsthatarestillinobscurity,2pushesagainstthewrapping[ofyinch'i,]3distortingtheshapesofthings,4sothattheyarenotyetableto
walkperfectlyupright.

Thegenerativeactionofyangch'i,usuallyconsideredgood,initiallyhasmixedresultsasitoperatesonthegrowthofthemyriadthings.Sinceyangch'iisnotquite
strongenoughtobreakyin'sinfluenceatonestroke,yangmustforcethehardcasingconstructedbyyinch'iinordertofreethegerminatingembryos.Intheprocess,
theshapesofthingsaresomewhatdistorted,bothbythepressureexertedonthemandbytheirownwrigglingoutofnarrowcellsofconfinement.Theunevenquality
ofweatherinearlyspring,whichgrowshotandcoldbyturns,isattributedtothisdeviationfromtheearlierperfectionofthecircle.5

App.1:Startingoffwrong,
Thepathwindsthereafter.

Fath.1:Defectiveatthebeginning
Means:Lateritishardtocorrect.6

YangHsiung'slanguageisreminiscentoftheBookofChangestradition:
Rectifythebaseandthemyriadthingswillbeingoodorder.Butifyouareoffbyahair'sbreadth[atthebeginning],youwillmissbyathousandli[attheend]....Thusto
conducthisaffairsthenoblemancarefullyconsidersthebeginning.7

LiketheChanges,theMysteryemphasizestheeasewithwhichaminordeviationfromtheWayleadsovertimetoevergreatererrors.Astheproverbgoes,"Thereis
nothingbetterthanpreventingdepravityatitsinception."8

Thesamelines,ofcourse,fitasecondtopic,thatoflogicalargument,equallywell,withtheearlyChineseequatingillogicwitha"turnoffcourse."9SincePosition1
representstheBeginningofThought,thereaderisurgednottostrayfromrationaldiscourse.Below,thesamemetaphorworksinAppraisal2,thepairtothisposition.

 Page141

App.2:Fromsmalldefectshecanreturn.
Hecanbetakenasmodel.

Fath.2:Thatminordefectscanthenbeturned
Means:Heneednotgofartosetthingsright.

TheChangesequatesthereturnwiththerecoveryofthetrueselfthroughtheadmissionandcorrectionofone'sfailings.10ItalsoidentifiesthesuperiorWaywith
''takinggreatcareatthebeginning"ofanytransaction.11Clearly,errorcanbecorrectedwithrelativeeaseintheearlystages,beforeithastakenholdoftheheart/mind.

App.3:Swervingfromthepath,12
Hecannotgostraight.

Fath.3:Onacrookedpath13
Means:Astraightcourseisimpossible.

Theindividualblindlyproceedsfurtherdownthepathoferror.Hisownsenseofdirectionmaybefaultyhemayalsochooseawindingroadovertheshortestroute,
whichbydefinitionisstraightandopen.Likealosttraveler,hepersistsinthemistakenbeliefthatthewrongwayrepresentsa"return."

App.4:Thecircumstancecontrivesthefaultyseemscorrect.14
Luckymen15donotdeemthis"happycoincidence."16

Fath.4:Wrong,butrightbycircumstance
Means:Thegoodreturntotheconstants.17

Thegeneralruleisthatwickednessendsincalamity.Whileluckmayfollowwrongdoinginsomefewcases,nottoactbythe"constant"ruleistogamblewithone's
security,evenwithone'slife.AsChinesetraditionobserves,"Thenoblemanlivesathisease,awaitinghisfate,whilethepettymancourtsdangers,lookingforlucky
coincidences....Thesuperiormandoesnotmistakeluckycoincidencesforsomethingreliable."18Thatexplainswhythebadpersonfindsthat"richesarehisruin."19

Themajorityofcommentators,however,findaverydifferentargumentinAppraisal4:Thenoblemanatcertainpointsinhiscareermayfeelthathehasnoalternative
buttodeviatefromconventionalmoralityinordertopromoteagreatergood.Forexample,thegoodmanmayreasonablyconcludethatheneedstopreservehisown
lifeinordertomakefuturecontributionstosociety20hemayalsobelievethatasingledeviantact(suchasanassassination)canturntheethicalbalanceofthe
communityinfavoroftheRight.Similarly,aloyalministermayassumepowertemporarilyifaregencyisrequiredtosavethestate.21Insupportofthisinterpretation,
thecommentatorscitevariousanecdotesaboutConfuciusinone,Confuciusdecidestobreakanoathsinceithadbeen

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22
forcedonhim. Ifthislineofinterpretationisfollowed,thelastlineoftheFathomingmustread,"Good[though]contrarytoconstants."InlightofAppraisal1,the
utilityofmoralcompromiseseemsquestionable,especiallybeforetheendofthecycle.

App.5:ThegreatWayislevel,
Butnarrowbyways
Distressthegrandcarriage.

Fath.5:ThatthegreatWayislevel
Means:Whynotfollowit?

Thesamecharacterisusedforboththe"great"highwayandthesurnameofConfucius.23Therefore,Yangusestheimageofthejourneytodemonstratetheinferiority
ofotherphilosophicalschoolswhencomparedwiththemoralteachingsofConfucius.Otherthinkersmayhavetheiruse,admittedly,buttheirvisionispartialand
inadequate.OnlyConfucianteachingsarecomprehensiveenoughtoofferguidanceineverycircumstancetoallpersons,includingtheleadersymbolizedbythegrand
carriage.24Itisdistressing,then,thatmenofordinaryvision,includingthoseinthehighplaces,continuetopreferthepartialtruthsofferedbytheHundredSchools.As
Laotzuwrote,"ThegreatWayislevel,/[But]thepeoplepreferthebypaths."25

App.6:WhentheGreatVoidstrays,26
Somerightit,somehelpit
Getbackoncourse.27
Hefindsmenstraightasarrows.

Fath.6:Whenthemindstrays,arrowlikemen
Mean:Heobtainsworthyofficials.

AsinAppraisal1ofTetragram6,theGreatVoidisanepithetfortheheart/mind.Mistakenperceptionsleadingtofaultyconductcanbecorrectedbyaconcerted
effortunderthedirectionofgoodmen.Thehonestcriticismofloyalsupportersconstrainstheweakconsciencetoundertakemuchneededreform.28The
commentariessupplyexamplesofloyalministersfromhistory,themostfamousofwhichareKuanChung(d.645B.C.)andYentzu(d.ca.500B.C.).

App.7:Tobendold29truths30
Istowandertheroad
Andgoalongwithdanger.31

Fath.7:Bendingtheold
Means:Heonlyactstoinitiateideas.

AsConfuciussays,"Hewhosetstoworkuponadifferentstranddestroysthewholefabric."32Thoughhechangesthemetaphor,YangHsiung

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33
similarlyattacks"innovation"and"eclecticism"(tsa),twotendencieshedecrieselsewhereinhiswork. Thosewhodeviatefromthe"wayoftheancients"manipulate
hallowedtextstojustifytheirowncorruptreadings.IntheAnalects,thesupremesageConfuciusspokeofhimselfas''atransmittor,notacreator."34How,then,can
lessermindsatalaterdatearrogatetothemselvesthetaskofcreatingnewphilosophies?35Whatisitinhumansthatleadsthemtoprefernoveltyoverthetriedandtrue
waysofthepast?Innovatorsinduce,ratherthandispelconfusiononkeyethicalissues.AsthephilosopherMencius(4thC.B.C.)wrote,"Therehasneverbeenonewho
couldstraightenothersbybendinghimself."36

App.8:Thoughtwistinghisfoot,37
Hesaveshimselffromafallintheditch.
Nowhefacestheproperway.

Fath.8:Twistinghisfoot
Means:Heavoidsunluckyevents.

Appraisal8comesneartheendofthecycle.Duetoitssituation,onlypartialsuccessispossibleevenwhentheverse,ashere,isalignedwithauspiciousDay.The
ditchismadeofdirttherefore,itstandsforfilthandcorruptioningeneral.InancientChina,theditchalsosymbolizesignominiouspoverty,sickness,anddeath,forin
timesoffamineorplague,corpseswerehurledintowaysideditcheswithoutbenefitofformalfunerals.38Tododgeultimatedisaster("theditch"),theindividualjerks
aside,riskinginjurytohisfoot(amereappendage,afterall).39Thoughheisinjuredintheprocess,atleastheredirectshislifetoavoidfuturedisasters.Henceforth,he
constrainshimselftoconformtotheWay.40
App.9:Thecarriageaxlebreaks,
Theyokesnaps.
Theteamoffourtanglesinitstraces.41
Meninhighplacesspitblood.

Fath.9:Theaxlebreaks,theyspitblood.
Meaning:Intheend,it'stoolateforregrets.

Adramaticsceneofcollapseandchaosendsthetetragram.Inthemiddleofajourneyorabattle,theconveyancebelongingtoagreatman(theruler?)collapses.The
fourhorseshitchedtothevehicle,theirtraceshopelesslyentangled,struggleinvaintofreethemselvesfromthewreckage.Withhischariotdestroyedandhisown
personcriticallywounded,thegreatmanhasnowaytoflee.Atthescene,heslowlybleedstodeath.

Thereasonforthiscalamityisclear,thankstoearlierAppraisals.OncethemaninhighplacesdepartsfromthetruePath,hestraysondangerousbypaths,
experimentingwithheterodoxideas.Hisformersupportersmaytrytodeserthisservice,thoughmanyareequallycaughtup

 Page144

inthedisaster.Naturally,theleaderloseshispowerorevenhislife("theblood").Itisnowtoolatetoreform.

TheCh'ingcommentatorCh'enPenliappliestheentiredescriptiontothefailedattemptsbyloyalofficialstoreformthecourt.Asthoseintheimperialservice
(symbolizedbythetraces?)havenopowertoaffectthecorruptruler,theyspitbloodinangerandfrustration.42
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.62,MinorErrorthesun
enterstheRoofconstellation,16th
Ch'a degreetheDipperpointsENEthe
No.11.Divergence musicalnoteisB1
February5February9(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'i,wriggling,breaksopenattheeast.Lordly,itemergesfromthemultitudeofobstructions.2Thingsdivergeintheirappearance.3

ThistetragramisalignedwiththeSpringOnsetsolarperiod.Accordingly,allimagesintheHeadsuggestthecomingofthenewseason.Witheastasthedirectionof
spring,itisonlynaturalthatyangch'ishouldmakeitsfirstappearancethere.Eventheparticularwrigglingformthatyangtakes(ch'uninChinese)issynonymouswith
activityinthespring(alsoch'un)4likeayounginsectworkingitswayoutofitschrysalis,yangfreesitselffromtheconfinementofdarkearthandyinch'i.Yangch'iis
masterful,evengodlike,initspromotionoftheuniversalpatternsthatresultincosmicharmony.5Forthatreason,itiscalled"lordly."6

Thetetragramtitleimplies"divergence,""deviation,""variety,""discrepancy,"''inequality,"7and"distinction."Atthisjuncture,themyriadthingsdivergefurtherintheir
characteristicappearancesandactivities,lessthreatenedbytheillwindsofwinter.Divergencecanleadtofaultanderror,butdistinctionistobeapplaudedinsofaras
itunderliesman'sabilitytomakeethicaljudgments.

App.1:Failinginsmallthings,
Attackthemyourself
Atthesource.8

 Page145

Fath.1:Attackingminorfailingsoneself
Means:Asyet,othersdonotknow.

Continuingtheargumentoftheprevioustetragram,Appraisal1assertsthewisdomofcorrectingone'sfaultswhentheyfirstappearsothaterrornevergrowsobvious
enoughtobecomeasourceofshame.

App.2:Beingsteepedinhisdesires,9
Hebringsaboutwhatheabhors.

Fath.2:Steepedinhisdesires
Means:Heisgraduallyledtoerror.

Theindiscriminatepursuitofpleasureusuallyendsindisaster.Thewiseperson,then,moderateshisdesireslesthegraduallybecomeaslavetothemandreducehis
chancesoffuturehappiness.

Oneoftquotedanecdotebeautifullyillustratestheprogressiveerrorsthatevolvefromasinglefalsestep.ThechiefministertothelastkingofShangweptbitterlywhen
hisrulerdecidedtoacquireasinglepairofivorychopsticks.Whenaskedwhyhelamentedsoinnocuousanact,theministerreplied:
Chopsticksarenotbeusedwithpotterybutwithcupsmadeofjadeorrhinoceros.Thosedonotgowithvegetarianstewsbutwiththemeatoflonghairedbuffalosandunborn
leopards.Andthosewhoeatsuchmeatsdonotwearshorthempclothesoreatinathatchedhouse.Instead,theyputonninelayersofembroidereddressesandmovetolivein
magnificentmansionswithloftyterraces.Afraidoftheending,Icannothelptremblingwithfearatthebeginning.10

App.3:"Mightthereberuin?Oh,mighttherebe?"11
Thusheisledtothebrightlight.

Fath.3:"Oh,ruin,suchruin!"
Means:Shocked,heprotectshimself.

Theworthymanweighseachactioncarefully,knowingfullwellthatevenminormistakesmayleadtohiseventualdownfall.Inconsequence,itistheprospectofruin
thatpromptscontinuedselfexaminationandspeedyreform.Measuringhisfailingsbythehardlightofday(the"brightlight"),theprudentindividualgoesontowina
reputation(asecond"brightlight").Thatexplainswhy,astheproverbgoes,''Insecuritythenoblemanismindfulofdanger."12

App.4:Passingover13smallactsofgoodness,
Hewillnotovercome.

Fath.4:Foregoingsmallactsofgoodness
Means:Hecannotreachgreatness.

 Page146

TheChangestellsusthat
thepettymanconsidersthesmallgoodtobeofnoadvantage,sohemakesnoeffort.Hethinksthesmallsindoesnoharm,andsohedoesnotgiveitup....Ifgooddoesnot
accumulate,itwillnotbeenoughtomakeaman'sname.14

AnotherChineseclassic,theDocuments,concurs:

Ifyoudonotattendzealouslytosmallacts,theresultwillaffectyourvirtueingreatones.15

Selfcultivationisaslowprocessoflearning,wherebytheindividualbecomespracticedindiscerningandperformingthegoodact.Iftheindividualiseithertoo
arrogantortoocarelesstomakeahabitofsmallactsofnobility,greatvirtuecannotbeattained.LikethephilosopherHsntzubeforehim,YangHsiungemphasizes
theimportanceofgradualhabituationtotheGood.

SsumaKuang,however,readsthisAppraisalasacritiqueofthosewho"gotoofar"insmallactsofkindnessorconsciencewhileignoringthegreatergood.Heoffers
examplesfromChinesetradition,includingthatofWeiSheng:16WeiShenghadarrangedtomeethisladyloveunderabridge.Theladyfailedtoshow.Whenheavy
rainscame,WeiShengrefusedtoleavethespot,lesthebreakhisword,andsodrownedunderthebridge.Themoralofthestoryis,thosewhoareoverlyconcerned
withsmallpointslosesightofthegreatergoal.

App.5:Havingpassedthegate,hereturns17
Toenter,gainingthatcentercourt.

Fath.5:Havingmissedthegate,turningtoenter
Means:Beforegoingtoofar,18hereverseshiscourse.

Thegatemarksaneasyaccesstohome.Byextension,itsymbolizeswhateverfacilitatesaneasyentrancetounderstanding.19Forthisreason,theteachingsof
Confuciusarefrequentlyidentifiedasthegatestolearning.ThecentercourtyardorlightwellisanintegralpartoftheancientChinesehouse,providingfreeaccessto
thegodsinhabitingtheopenairabove,aswellaslightandrainwaterforthebenefitoftheinhabitants.20Astheinnersanctumofthehouse,italsostandsforthe
innermostthoughtsoftheindividualand,byapun,21for"conductaccordingtotheMean."

Intheseverses,theindividualawakenstothemagnitudeofhiserror,thenreformshisconductinconformitywiththeMean.Hissafearrivalattheinnersanctum,
despiteinitialconfusionandphysicalbarriers,suggeststhathehasachievedmoralperfection.

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22
App.6:Inagreathurry, hemisseshisgate
Andfailstoenterhishouse.

Fath.6:Thatinarush,hedoesnotenter
Means:Truly,thisiscauseforgrief.

IncontrasttothesubjectoftheprecedingAppraisal,thisindividualissomuddledthathefailstorealizehiserror.Perhapsotherenticementsorheterodoxteachings
haveoverwhelmedplaingoodsense.Confuciussaid:

Ifamanfindshehasmadeamistake,thenhemustnotbeafraidofadmittingthefactandamendinghisways....Tohavefaultsandmakenoefforttoamendthemistohavefaults
indeed!23

App.7:Aswithapileofeggs,
Heactswithgreatcaution.
Fromfearcomespropriety,thensafety.

Fath.7:Precariousasapileofeggs
Means:Fromhisowndanger,hecreatessafety.24

A"pileofeggs"isapopularmetaphorinearlyChinaforcriticaldanger.25Ifoneapproachesanyseriousproblemwithduecaution,itmaybepossibletosavethe
situation.Thegreaterthecaution,thegreaterthelikelihoodofsuccess.

App.8:Hestumblesforth26onletteredfeet.
Hisjawisbranded,hiseyebrowsdestroyed.

Fath.8:Thefetteredfeet
Mean:Fromonestepintocalamity,noreturn.

Avarietyofpunishments,eachmoredangerousthanthelast,islikelytobefalltheindividualwhodoesnotmendhisways.Thespecificnatureofthosepunishments,
however,isasubjectofdisputeamongthecommentators.Onecommentator,forexample,saysthattheevildoerismadeto"bearthecangue"ratherthansuffer
brandingontheface.27InlightofaparallelpassageintheChanges,theversesmayalsoberead:

Feetfettered,helurchesforward,
[Todeepwater]justuptotheareaoverhiseyes,
Submerginghiseyebrows.28

Certainly,thesecondreadingemphasizestheimminentnatureofthedanger.
App.9:Passingdecrepitcitywalls,hefinds
Verdantshootsrisingfromstumps.29

Fath.9:Passingthedecrepitwallsofhiscity
Means:Throughselfreform,lifeisrenewed.

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30
Sinceneolithictimes,citywallsinChinahavebeenconstructedofwoodenpillarspackedwithwattleanddaubortampedearth. Sincethecitywallenclosesits
inhabitants,definingthecommunityandinsuringphysicalsafety,citywallsingoodrepairsignifysecurityonthepsychic,physical,andpoliticallevels.Accordingly,their
upkeepisatoppriorityforstableadministrations.Herethecitywallsareinutterdisrepair.Eitherthecityisdesertedoritsgovernmentmismanaged.Intruderscan
easilybreachthecity'sdefenses.Still,therearesomesignsofhope:fromnearbyfallentreesorthewoodensupportsinthewallitself,youngshootshavebegunto
sprout.31Inthemidstofdeath,renewaloccurs.Byanalogy,eventhemosthardenedofcriminalscanlearntorecoverhisbestself.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YinthephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.4,YouthfulFollythe
sunenterstheHouseconstellation,
T'ung 4thdegree
No.12.Youthfulness
February9(p.m)February13

HEAD:Yangch'iisfirstspied.Thingslikecallowyouthsallstilllackunderstanding.

Thistetragram,likethepreviousone,isassignedtotheSpringOnsetsolarperiodwhenplantsandanimalsareexpectedtofirstemergefromtheirwinterhomes.The
titlecharacterdescribesyounganimalswhosehornshavestillnotgrown,thelandstillbarrenofvegetation,andyouthsofeithersexwhostilllackthecharacteristic
developmentoftheheart/mindthatmakespeopletruly"human."Thefirstsignsofmaturitynowstarttoappear.Solongaslackofdevelopmentisprimarilyafunction
oftime,wecananticipatethefuturehappily.However,manypromisingtrendsmaybenippedinthebudiftheyarenotnurturedbytrainedcaretakers.

Forthisreason,thistetragramadvisestheyouth(oronewhoisnewtoanyendeavor)tolookforgoodteacherstoguidethematurationprocess.Certainmistakesare
particularlyassociatedwithyouth(suchasimpetuosityandfaultyjudgmentorindecisionduetolackofexperience).Unlessanappropriatemasterisfound,suchfaults
tendtomultiplyovertime,especiallywhentheindividualisintelligent.1Ifapersonfailstolocateagoodteacher,"thenifhisstudyinghasnodirectionandhismindlacks

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2
penetration,hehimselfistoblame." AsYangHsiungstatescategoricallyinhisother"classic,"theModelSayings:
Toworkatstudyisnotasgoodastoworkatfindingateacher.Ateacherisamodelforothers....Justaswithinasinglenoisymarketplacetherearecountlessdifferentideas,
withinabookofasinglechaptertherearecountlessdifferenttheories.Forthemarketplace,abalancemustbesetup[todeterminecorrectweightandvalue],soforeachbook,a
teachermustbesetup.3

IncontrasttothecorrespondingChangeshexagram,whichpraisescertainchildlikequalities,theMysterycensuresthepuerile.4

App.1:Thefatuousyouthisnotawake.
Meetingus,5heisblind6anddim.7

Fath.1:Aloutishyouthwhoisunaware
Means:Wefearhe'llbe"dark"'tiltheend.

Appraisal1correspondstotheBeginningofThought.Themostimportanttaskfortheimmatureyouthistofindagoodteachertotrainhisheart/mind.8AChinesepun
identifiestheteacheras"thefirstawakenedone"9wholeadsotherstotheWay.Here,unfortunately,Position1correspondstoinauspiciousnightandsoYangHsiung
speaksofdarkness:Eithertheinaneyouthselectsteacherswhoareequallyignorant("Hemeetsus,whoare[also]blindanddim.")ortheimmatureyouthfailstoheed
hisgoodteachers'words("[Evenafter]meetingus,heisblindanddim.")Undersuchconditions,nopupilcanhopetogainenlightenment.Unlesshechangeshisways,
heislikelytoremaindoublyinthedarkinthathewillbeboth"unenlightened"and"inobscurity.''
App.2:Hecaststhesacredmilfoil.
Hefirestheturtle'sshell.
Leavingthemuck,heenterstheanointed.

Fath.2:Castingmilfoil,firingtheturtle,
Means:Heapproachesthepathofglory.

AsConfuciustellsus,thebetterpartofwisdomistorecognizewhatyoudonotknow.10Forthatreason,theyouthinsearchofgreaterunderstandingusesdivination
procedurestoresolvecasesofgravedoubt.(Theirsacredcharacterprecludescasualuse.)Divinationbymilfoil(alsocalledyarrow)andbyturtlearethetwoancient
formsofprognosticationhallowedbyChinesetradition.Significantly,eachoftheseinstrumentsforcommunicationwiththedivinerepresentsaccumulatedageand
experience:thegraphformilfoilcontainsthecharacterfor"old"withinit,11whilethemarvelouscapacitiesoftheturtleareattributedtoitsfabledlongevity.By
implication,iftheancientsareconsultedineverydoubtful

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case,amiraclewilltakeplace:theindividualwillemergefromobscurityandmuddleheadedness(the"muck")togainenlightenmentandhonor(an"anointment").12

App.3:TheEasternStaralreadyshines,13
Yethecannotproceedbyitslight.

Fath.3:TheEasternStaralreadyshining
Means:Whynotgo?

Appraisal3marksthetransitionfromThoughttoAction.ThenecessarypreconditionsforenlightenmentarepresentsincetheEasternStaralreadyshines.Inother
words,goodteachersareavailable,theclassicshavebeenpromulgated,andallthevarioustoolsofcivilization(includingdivination)havebeenprovided.Forsome
reason,theindividualfailstotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesformoralgrowth,assuminghimselftobeincapableofmaturity.Inreality,helackssufficientwillto
followintheWay.14TheAnalectscondemnsthosewho"hearofduty,yetdonotmovetowardit."15
App.4:Somefollowthoseinfront.
Thoseaheadlighttheirway.16

Fath.4:Followingtheonesinfront
Means:Greatisthelightofthosewholead.

IncontrasttoAppraisal3,Appraisal4praisesindividualswhotakefulladvantageoftheilluminationprovidedbymoralexemplarsofthepast.17Giventhepenetrating
powerofthoseexemplars,eventhosewhofollowatsomedistanceintimeandspacecanfindtheirWaybythelight.ThiscontentionimplicitlyrefutesChuangtzu's
beliefthattheClassicsrepresentonlythe"dregs"oftheformersages'teachings.18
App.5:Ifinthickbrushheseeksthessu,
Hefindsaprizelessvalued.19

Fath.5:Huntingthessuinthebrush
Means:Thecatchisnotworththepraise.

Thehunterlaysatraptocatchafemalessu.(Probablyawildoxisindicated,thoughthepreymaybearhinocerosorsomeothermarvelousbeast.)Thethickbrush
(thatliterally"covers"or"conceals")mayfunctioninseveralways:Perhapsitkeepsthehunterfromfindinghisprey.Perhapsitconcealsthehunterstalkinghiscatch.
Perhapsithidesatrapintheunderbrush.Inanycase,thereisnodoubtthatthehunterignoresimportantritualruleswhichdictatethatthefemaleofthespeciesistobe
sparedinthegeneralslaughter.Asonecommentatorremarks,thehunter"stopsatnothingtogetthegame."20Suchobsessivebehaviornotonlydivertsthehunter's
attentionfromproperpursuits21whileweakeninghis

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senseofscruplesitalsodiminishesfuturestocksofgame.Despitethe"catch,"themanhimselfmaybe"caught"shortintheshortterm(ifheisgoredbyhisprey)orin
thelongterm(whenstocksaredepleted).ThisisanexcellentexampleoftheChinesepropensitytoaddressconcernsfrombothmoralandpracticalconsiderations.

Thisportraitofanevilhuntercontrastswithstoriestoldofthelegendarysagekingsofantiquity.GoodKingT'ang,forexample,purportedlyconstructedaspecialtrap
openonthreesidessothatbeastscouldeasilyescapeit.Inthesameway,T'angframedhislawsinsuchawaythathissubjectsfounditeasytoavoidbeing"framed"
forcriminalactivities.22Allmenofvirtuedisplayaprofoundempathyforlivingthingsasleaderofthisgroup,theSonofHeaveninAppraisal5nevertakesunfair
advantageoftheweakandhelpless.
App.6:Openwidethetent,
Invitingguestsfromeveryquarter.

Fath.6:Throwingthetentopen
Means:Heseesthemanylights.

WetendtothinkofChineserulersasclosetedin"forbiddenpalaces,"butearlytraditionmadeitincumbentuponeverygoodrulertoconductroyalprogresses
throughoutthelandsothathecouldconsultwidelywithcandidatesforpublicoffice.23Heretheruleropenshisprivatequarterstoallcomers,asapublicsignofhis
aviddesireforthemoralenlightenmentprovidedbythe"leadinglights"ofhiskingdom.Withthetentflapsup,thenightskycomesintoview.24Therulerisequally
receptivetotheconstantnormsillustratedbythestarryfirmamentinitsdivineorbit(again,the"lights").Inconsequence,themultitudeoftheruler'ssubjectsare
transformedunderhissuasiveexample,yetathirdinstanceof"manylights."
App.7:Cultivatingthepuny
Hebecomesarunt.25

Fath.7:Makingthepunygrow
Means:Thereisnothingtobeachieved.

Iftheindividuallackstheacuityandcommitmenttogreatnessthatproperlydefinethematureadult,wecomparehisstuntedintellectualandmoralgrowthtothe
crippledformofadwarf.GreatnessisequatedwithstrictadherencetotheConfucianWay,sincevirtuerepresentsthesupremehumangoalonpractical,aswellas
moralgrounds.26And"development"mustbedefinedintermsofstrengtheningthediscerningmindthatknowsgreatness,ratherthannurturingthelesser,evenbestial
partsofhumannature.27Physicaldevelopmentalonecanhardlybeconsideredamajoraccomplishment.

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App.8:Somebeathim,someprodhim.
Hepolishesthemysteriousmirrorofhismind
Andsochanges.

Fath.8:Beatingandproddinghim
Means:Inthatway,hiserrorsdecline.

Asthesituationnearstheendofitscycle,theindividualfinallyrespondstorepeatedandseverecriticismswithasincereattemptatmoralreform.Thewiseindividualis
gratefulforharshcriticism,sincepersonalimprovementusuallydependsonit.AstheChangeswrites,"Tomakeimmaturefoolsdevelop,ithelpstopunishpeople."28

Theheart/mindisamirrorinthatitreflectsallsensoryimpressions,howeverfleeting.Byclearingawayallmisguidednotionsandintellectualbaggage,theindividual
restoresthepristineclarityofthatorgan,"polishinghismysteriousmirror"sothatitfunctionsproperly.29Itisnevertoolatetobeginthisprocess,althoughyearsof
accumulateddustmaycomplicatethetask.
App.9:Theyoungbuckbuttsthewildox,
Crackingitsownskull.

Fath.9:Thebuckbuttingtheox
Means:Inreturn,itharmsitself.30

Theimmaturedeerstilllackshorns,soitlacksthebrutestrength,theexperience,andtheskillsnecessarytodefeatadangerousopponent.Inaseriousmiscalculation
ofitscapacities,thefawntakesonthepowerfulwildox(orpossiblyrhinoceros)knownforitstoughhide.Itcanneitherfendoffanattackbysuchafearsomerivalnor
launchacounterattack.Inevitably,thefawnisgoredortrampledbytheox.Byanalogy,theimmatureindividualwoulddowelltoavoidallprematureengagements
withformidableadversaries.Itisoftenpridethatleadsonefoolishlyintothefray.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseMetalandtheYi
chingHexagramno.42,Increase
thesunenterstheHouse
Tseng constellation,8thdegree
No.13.Increase
February14February18(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iisburgeoning.1Thingsaccordinglypileupandincrease.Dailymanifesting[theirenergy],2theygrow.

 Page153

Asyangch'idailyincreases,underitsprotectionallthingsprosper.Thisisaoddnumbered(i.e.,yang)Headwithanauspicioustitle,sothetetragramisluckyinits
maintheme:Anincreaseinmoralacuityisbasedonasoundethicalfoundation.Thisincrease,ofcourse,mimicsyangch'i,whichproductivelyexpandsonlyafter
buildingasolidinnerbaseinTetragram9.Head13representsamajorstepforwardfromtheimmaturitydiscussedintheprevioustetragram.3

App.1:Hearingaright,andincreasinglysilent,
Outsidersfailtonotice.

Fath.1:Hearingaright,evermoresilent,
Means:Hediscernswhatisinside.4

Appraisal1,signifyingtheBeginningofThought,hereisassociatedwithauspiciousDay.ThefirstresponseofthegentlemantohearingtheWayistocontemplateitin
silence.Temporarilydistractedfrommundaneexistence,thegoodmanmayevenappearstupidtothoseoflesserunderstanding5truevirtueisrecognizedonlybyan
innercircleofaccomplishedindividuals.6HavingnodesiretoshowoffhisknowledgeoftheWay,7heconsidersinawedsilencethemiraculouspatternsofthecosmos.
Eventually,hequietlyapplieswhathehaslearnedtothe"inside,"theinnerworkingsoftheuniverseandtheseedsofGoodnessdeepwithinhimself.8AstheLaotzu
says:

Hewhoknowsothersisclever
Hewhoknowshimselfhasdiscernment.9

App.2:Toincreasehissearchforglory
Withoutsquaringhisinnerlife10
Isbenighted.

Fath.2:Notincreasinghis"squareness"
Means:Heonlyembellishestheoutside.11

Thecontrastbetweeninternalandexternalcontinues.Squarenessrefersto"directional"behavioraimedattheTao.Itimplies"squaring"thoughtsanddeeds,12aswell
asactingwithinwellestablishedbounds.13Thegoodperson,then,takesitasadutytomaketheouterlifesquarewithinnerconstraints.14Atrueincreaseinvirtue
worksagainstartifice15andpretension,butthepettypersonfocusesonexternaladornment,hopingtofoolothersbysuperficialchanges.YangHsiungputsaspinon
thefamousquestionposedbytheLaotzu,"Whichisdearer,yournameoryourlife?"16Yangasksinstead,"Whichisdearer,theinnerlifeorouterglory?"External
brilliancecannotconcealinnerconfusionforlong.17

App.3:Treesstayput,
Andsosteadilygrow.

 Page154

Fath.3:Rootedtrees,gradualincrease,
Means:Theycannotbesuppressed.18

Woodcomesupfortworeasons:Appraisal3isassignedtoagentWoodintheMystery'sschemaofcorrelations.Atthesametime,theJudgmentattachedtothe
correspondentChangeshexagramassociatesthe"wayofwood"withincrease,success,andthepromiseof"dailyadvancewithoutlimit."19Treessupportextensive(if
gradual)growthabovetotheextentthattheyarefirmlyrootedbelow.Theybecomethemodelforacquiringvirtue.20

App.4:Hiswaistcannotbeartheload,
Yetothersaddtotheweightontop.21

Fath.4:Thatthecentercannothold
Means:Hecanbedefeated.

Thepoemdependsuponaneatdoubleentendre,withthesamewordmeaning"waist"and"whatiscentral"or"essential."22Asthefulcrumofthebody,thewaist
bearsthemajorportionofweightinanybeastofburden,includingman.Withthephysicalcentertooweaktobeartheinitialburden,onecanonlyimaginethedamage
thatwillresultwhenadditionalweightisheapedon.Byanalogy,whentheessentialcoreofone'sbeingisinadequatetodealwithlife'sdailychallenges,anextracrisis
maysendthepersonintocompletecollapse.Theessentialcore,however,canbestrengthenedbyvarioustechniquesofselfcultivation.

App.5:Inmarshes,beinglowmakesforcapacity.23
Manywatersconvergethere.

Fath.5:Thatthelowmarshholdsmuch
Means:Fromselfeffacementspringsgreatness.24

TheLaotzuexplains,"ThereasonwhytheriverandtheseaareabletobekingsoftheHundredValleysisthattheyexcelintakingthelowerposition."25Modestyand
selfeffacementmakefortruegreatnessinthattheycompelthesupportofothers.Appraisal5correspondstotheruler.Clearly,thesinglemostimportantattributethat
qualifiestheemperortoheadthestateishisabilitytohumblehimself,asdemonstratedbythecourteoustreatmentofsubordinatesandawillingnesstoacceptharsh
criticism.Actingthus,therulerbecomesthefigurearoundwhom"themyriadblessingsconverge."26This,ofcourse,isthecentralargumentoftheinfluential"Great
Plan"chapteroftheBookofDocuments.

App.6:Likeatorch,theRedChariotspreadsitslight.27
Onedayincreasesourlistsbythreethousand.28
Thenoblemanwinspraise.
Thepettymantakeswounds.

 Page155

Fath.6:BytheRedChariot,dailyincreasing,
Means:Thepettymanisnomatchforthenoble.29

TheRedChariotprobablyreferstothesuninitsdailyround.Thesun,inturn,suggeststhegoodrulerintwoways:First,thebeneficentpresenceofthesagekingacts
likethesuntoenlighten,fosteringpeaceandharmonywhereveritgoes.Andsecond,thewiseleader'sfavorsaredistributedfairlytoallmenofworth,justasthesun
shinesequallyoneveryregionoftheearth.Butwhathasthistodowithan"increaseofthreethousand"?30LiteraryconventionassociatesthefoundingoftheChou
dynasty(correlatedwithRedandFireintheChineseschema)31withjustsuchanincrease.Afterall,legendtellsusthatgoodKingWuin1122B.C.wasabletomuster
threethousandtroopsinafewdays'timetodefeatthelasteviltyrantoftheShangYindynasty.32AsthephilosopherMencius(4th.C.B.C.)says,"Solongastheruler
ofastateisdrawntobenevolence,hewillhavenomatchintheempire."33

Onecommentator,however,seestheseversesasakindofshorthanddescriptionofthehighofficial'slife.Inhispubliclife,theofficialemploysmunificent"red
chariots"inhisprivatelifeathome,heenjoysthewarmglowoftorchlight.Hisretainersdailyincreaseinnumbers.Themanofvirtuemeritsthisrapidriseinsalaryand
position.Thesamepromotions,however,provedisastrousfortheambitiousmanwholacksvirtue.34
App.7:Withheightincreased,
Cutbackitspeak
Tomakethemountainstable.

Fath.7:Increasedheightandgradedpeak
Mean:Withloss,allisaccomplished.

Paradoxically,theChangesassociatesfinal"expansion"with"decrease."35Theindividualwhotrimshisowndesiresforaggrandizementincreaseshischancesof
accomplishinghisgoals.Therefore,thewisepersonactstocurbhimselfinordertoassurehisownsecurity,preferringtokeephisgrowthinbalancewithasolidbase
ofsupport.Nothingismoredangerousthanunimpededorunsupportedincrease,36heresymbolizedbyamountainprecipice.Afterall,thehigherthepositionattained,
theharderthefall.

App.8:Enslavedbyahandfulofcowries,37
Pastprofitsshavefuturegain.38

Fath.8:Enslavedforahandfulofcash
Means:Firsthappiness,thenruin.39

Thecowry,oneoftheearliestformsofcurrencyinChina,signifieswealth.Theindividualbecomesawillingslaveinreturnformaterial

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advancement.Inhisgreedforcash,heacceptsutterdebasement,indicatedherebytheword"shaved,"whichreferstothetonsureoftheindenturedservant,theslave,
ortheconvict.40AsintheNewTestamentstoryofJudasIscariot,thepaltrysumsgainedarecontrastedwiththemagnitudeofthemoralloss.

App.9:Jaggedpeaksdonotcollapse
Whentheyleanontheirfoothills.

Fath.9:Thatrockycragsdonotcollapse
Means:Manyknightsgivefirmsupport.41

Appraisal9representstheextremities.Inthecaseofmountains,thepeakorprecipiceisthepartmostvulnerabletocollapse.However,ifthedizzyingheightsare
supportedbyafirmbase,theywillnottoppleoverevenunderthegreateststress.Likewise,iftherulerissupportedbymanyworthyfollowers,hisreigncannotbe
overturned.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
Yin1thephaseEarthandtheYiching
Hexagramno.53,Advancethesun
enterstheHouseconstellation,13th
degree
Jui
No.14.Penetration
February18(p.m.)February22

HEAD:Yangch'i,likeahighhill,2penetrates[upward].3Thatmeansthebirthofthings.Allconcentrateononenessandavoidduality.4

ThistetragramwitnessesthetransitionfromtheSpringOnsettotheRainfallsolarperiod,usuallysometimeinlateFebruary.Thingsintheirearlystagestypicallyshow
littledifferentiationastheyfocusoninternalgrowth.Forexample,thetipsofvegetationjustnowpushingthroughthesurfaceofthesoilaresotightlyfurledthatone
plantisbarelydistinguishablefromanother.PerhapsfromthemYangHsiungtakeshistitle,meaning"sharptip"or"point"or"penetration."SucceedingAppraisalsplay
outthefullrangeofthetitle'smeaning.Becauseapointortipissharp,thesametermconveysmentalormoralacuitywhateverispiercing,zealous,orfocused
whateverispenetrating,orpointinginaparticulardirection.5Thesamecharacteralsoreferstowhatiscomparativelytriflingorinsignificant,asintheEnglishexpression
"thetipoftheiceberg."

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Nearlyallthesemeaningsareemployedbelow,requiringdifferenttranslationsforthesamecharacter.Inmanycases,theantonymforthetitlecharacteris"duality"
associatedwithmoralconfusion,6astheHeadalreadysuggests.

Thetetragrampresentsonenessasitsmaintheme,inthetwosensesofindividualwholenessandsocialcohesion.Butifthosekindsofonenessarethepropergoalsof
theindividual,singlemindeddevotionathirdkindofonenessisthemeans.AsHsntzu,theConfucianmaster,wrote:
Ifyoupileupearthtomakeamountain,windandrainwillriseupfromit.Ifyoupileupwatertomakeadeeppool,dragonsofallkindswillappear.Ifyoupileupenoughgood
deedstomakeyourcharismaticvirtuewhole,agodlikeunderstandingwillcomeofitselfandthesagelikemindwillbeperfected.Andso,unlessyoupileuplittlesteps,youwill
neverbeabletojourneyathousandliunlessyoupileuptinystreams,youwillhavenowaytofillariverorasea....Achievementconsistsinnevergivingup.7

Onlythefocusedmindcanhopetodiscerntheunifyingprinciplebehindtheinstitutionsandartsofcivilization.Forthisreason,theConfucianClassicsadvise,"Carry
foreverthesinglemind."8Asthesayinggoes,"Noweaponisaspiercingasafixedpurpose."9Accomplishmentinallareas,then,istiedtothepenetratingmindthat
dependsononeness.10
App.1:Thecrabskitterssidetoside,lagging
BehindthewormintheYellowSprings.11

Fath.1:Thecrabskitteringsidetoside
Means:Hisheartisnotone.

Thecrabhassixlegstheearthworm,none.Still,whenthecrabwalks,itskittersfromsidetoside,incapableofwalkinginastraightline,suggestingthatitsmind
movesinmanydirectionsatonce.Becauseitisunabletoconcentrate,itneverlearnshowtomakeitsownhomeitmustlookforanemptyholedugbyasnakeor
waterserpent.Despitetheapparenthandicapofhavingnolegs,theearthwormtunnelsquicklytoitsdestinationbyinsertingthetipofitsbody.Theverseundoubtedly
referstoapassageintheHsntzu:
Anearthwormhasnosharpclawsorteeth,nostrongmusclesorbones,andyetabovegrounditfeastsonmudandbelowitdrinksattheYellowSprings.Thisisbecauseitkeeps
itsmindononething.Thecrabhassixlegsandtwopincers,butunlessitcanfindanemptyholedugbyasnakeorawaterserpent,thecrabhasnoplacetolodge.Thisis
becausethecraballowsitsmindtogooffinalldirections.12

 Page158

IfaraceweretobeconductedintheYellowSpringsbelowground,theearthwormwouldsurelybeatthecrab.ThisChineseversionofthetortoiseandharefable
conveysadifferentmoralthanthatputforwardbyAesop,however.Theproblemhereisnotthecrab'sarrogance,thoughelsewhereYangHsiunginveighsagainstthat
attitudeinstead,theproblemisasuperfluityoftalents(e.g.,toomanylegs)combinedwithaimlessbusywork,whichdistractthecrabfromthefundamentaltasksat
hand.

App.2:FocusontheOne,13
Thennothingisunattainable.

Fath.2:AttainmentsfromfocusontheOne
Mean:HisgraspoftheWayissure.

TheunlimitedachievementsthatcanbeattainedbyanyoneinsinglemindedpursuitoftheWaypresentadirectcontrasttotheundirectedactivityofthecrab.Ifthe
crab'sprogressisnegligible,theadvantagesof"concentratingthemind,andunifyingthewill"14aremanifold.Unswervingdevotiontolearningfinallyenablesthe
individualto"contactthespirits,becomingapartnerinthetriadwithHeavenandEarth."15Asonetextwrites:
Tobeonewithphenomenaandbeabletoseetheirunderlyingcontinuityiscalled"godlike"tobeonewithaffairsandbeabletotransform[them]iscalled"wisdom."...Onlythe
noblemanwhoholdsontotheOnecanattaintothis.16

App.3:Agitated,hisfocus17iserratic.

Fath.3:Pointingmadlyinhisagitation
Means:HecannotdwellintheOne.18

Theadverb"madly,"19asinourownlanguage,denotesinconstancy,irregularity,theexcessivelyemotional,andanydeviationfromwhatisproper.Theindividual
certainlydisplayssufficientemotionalintensity.Unfortunately,thereisnoparticularcommitmenttosteadyadvancealongasinglepathofGoodness.Giventhe
individual'sfrequentvacillations,noachievementispossible.TheChangesaptlycomparesthishaphazardcoursetothefreneticmovementsofthehamster.20

App.4:Ifacuteintiming,21
Nothingisnotbenefited.

Fath.4:Tobesharpabouttime
Means:Hegainswhathecanfromthemoment.

DevelopmentinanyofthethreetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMancanoccuronlywhenitistimely.22AsmenofHanobserved,eventhesagemasterConfucius
couldnotovercomethelimitationsimposedby

 Page159

timetobecomeruleroftheempire,solessermencanhardlyhopetoprevail.Thegentlemanmoveswhenanopportunityforadvancementpresentsitself,butwisely
refrainsfromactionwhenthetimeisnotyetripe,lestheendangerhimself.Becauseheridesonprevailingtrendstofurtherhisowngoals,heislikelytobenefithimself
andothers.23

App.5:Penetrating24East,heforgetstheWest.
Watchinghisback,heoverlookshisheart.

Fath.5:AdvancingEast,ignoringtheWest
Means:Unabletoreverse,hecannotescape.

Asthecenterofthetetragram,Position5presentsthemainargumentagainstonesidedness,25whichholdsformilitarystrategistsandphilosophersalike:Inbecoming
obsessedbyasmallcornerofthetruth,mostmenfailtocomprehendgeneralprinciples.26Indevisinghisstrategyforliving,thewisepersonconsidersallfactors,just
asthegeneralpreparingforbattleconsidersallpossibleavenuesofattackandretreat.Itisthestupidpersonwhoconcernshimselfonlywithsuperficial,immediate
gratification(the''back"),withoutweighingthefundamentalrisks(the"heart").Havingmadenoprovisiontoextricatehimselffromdifficulties,henowfacescertainruin
ineffect,hehasbecomehisownworstenemy.TheconcentrationapplaudedinAppraisal3herehasturnedintoblindonesidedness.

App.6:Acuteincategories,27
Heholdswithin28theFiveGauges29
AndTenThousandMeasures.30
Heistriedandtrue.

Fath.6:Acuteastocategories
Means:Richesandrank31withoutmeasure.32

My.translationistentative,asmostofthekeytermsinthispoemareopentoavarietyofinterpretationsIsuspectintentionallyambiguouslanguagehasbeenusedto
enrichtheportraitofthesage.Theheart/mindofthesageisacuteinregardtocategorical(i.e.,correlative)thinkingandresponsivetotheneedsofthemasses.33Italso
hassufficientcapacitytoembraceeveryconceivablethingwithinitselfitcan"holdTenThousandsMeasures,"asYangHsiungsays.34Thesagelyhsinoperatesby
strictstandards,derivedfromcosmicnorms(takingtheFiveGaugesasanepithetforthefivecosmicphasesofWater,Fire,Wood,MetalandEarth).35Becauseof
hisunfailingutility,thesageisemployedinhigh,evenroyaloffice,whereheisgiven"richesandrankwithoutmeasure"(anotherTenThousandsMeasures?)sufficient
to"matchhischarismaticvirtue."36Onceinoffice,hepropagatesmoralstandards(moreGauges)andbestowsmaterialaid(moreMeasures)toallbelow.37Healso
stan

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dardizesweightsandmeasureswhileimprovingcommunications(heretheGaugeswouldrefertoroadways),actsassociatedwithunificationoftheempireunderthe
goodemperor.38Asaresultofsuchpolicies,thebreadthandweightoftheruler'sinfluenceextendsfarandwide(afinalpossibility,perhaps,fortheFiveGaugesand
TenThousandMeasures).

App.7:Sharpforprofit,
Dishonorandhatredsetin.39

Fath.7:Focusedonprofit
Means:Disgraceliesinbeingonesided.

EarlyChinesetexts,whetherConfucianorTaoist,typicallywarntheindividualagainstapreoccupationwithgettingrich.Profitseekingtendstobluntone's
appreciationofmoraldistinctions.Excessinanyonedirection,infact,tendstoleadoneastray,bringingonhisdownfall.Thegoodmandevoteshimselftocultivating
thetrueWayandtruststoHeavenfortherest.
App.8:Sharpwhenheoughttobesharp,
Hesaveshimselffromhisowndefeat.

Fath.8:Focusedwhenheshouldbe
Means:Infear,heturnsthecauseofcalamityaround.

Comingneartheendofthetetragram,Appraisal8representspotentialdisaster.Still,thesuperiormancanturncalamitytohisownadvantageifheapplieshis
penetratingmindtotheproblemathand.Thisprovestherulethat"hewhoisconsciousofdangercreatessecurityforhimself,"40snatchingvictoryfromthejawsof
defeat.
App.9:Highpeakandsteepbank
Cometumblingdown.

Fath.9:Highpeaks,steepbanks
Mean:Withextremesharpness,inevitablecollapse.

Highmountains,majesticinappearance,seemultrastableandsoeternal.Steepbanksseemequallyunassailable.Still,if"reversalisthemovementoftheTao,"any
extremesituationislikelytoreverttoitsopposite.Thehighestismadelow.

Intheirsplendortallmountainsoftenstandfortheruler,andconventioncomparestheruler'sdeathtothecollapseofamountainpeak.Inthecaseoftheemperor,
overweeningambitionandselfaggrandizementfedbyincessantwarsandexploitationofthecommonpeoplespellthefinalcollapseofthedynasty.Ifthemountains
standforordinaryindividuals,theysymbolizeanotherlessonaboutsharpadvance:

Hewhoadvancessharplyfallsbackrapidly.41

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CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseWaterandtheYi
chingHexagramno.11,Greatness
thesunenterstheWallconstellation,
Ta
1stdegree
No.15,Reach
February23February27(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iemerges,limbtobranchtotwig.Thereisnothingthatdoesnotreachitsfullextension.1

ThelanguageusedinthisHeadtextisparticularlybeautiful.Theluxuriantgrowthoftreessuggeststheburgeoningpresenceofyangch'i.Withitsenergyreachingoutto
eversmallerunits,thewebofyang'sinfluencegrowsincreasinglycomprehensiveuntileachaspectofthecosmosisprofoundlyaffected.2Thisimpulsetowards
progressivedifferentiationisanalogoustothemind'sabilitytomakeeverfinerdistinctions,sothatthetetragramReachsymbolizesmental"perceptiveness"that
"comprehends"aswell,whicharetwootherpossibletranslationsforthetitle.InathirdapplicationofReach,thegraciouscondescensionthatyangch'idisplays
towardsphenomenalexistencebecomesthemodelforthegoodrulerinhisdealingswiththemasses.Thesethreekindsofreaching(physical,mental,andpolitical)are
treatedbelow,withmanyoftheAppraisalsreadingonallthreelevelssimultaneously.Finally,oneofthecommentatorsinterpretsthetetragramtitleasSuccess,
followingstandardusageintheOdes.3Thegreaterone'sacuityandcontacts,themorelikelyconventionaltypesofsuccessaretocomewithinone'sreach.
App.1:Thoughhidden,thecenter,onitsown
Comprehends,pushingthrough,undeterred.4

Fath.1:Thatthehiddencenteralonereaches
Means:Innerclarityisboundless.

Theinnermostheart/mindofthesuperiormanwithitsheightenedpowersofcomprehensionpenetrateseachprobleminturnuntilitassimilatesthedaimonicpowersof
HeavenandEarthandthesages.5Ifsuchmarvelouspowersaretoberealized,greatpersistenceisneeded,asindicatedbytherepetitionofimagesemphasizingthe
"pushthrough."Thatprocessishiddennotonlybecauseofthedepthoftheindividual'ssoul,6butalsobecausethemind'slatentpowerisheldinreservepriortothe
decisiontotakeaction,whichisaddressedinlaterAppraisals.7

 Page162

App.2:Misleadingthebelly
Affects8theeye.

Fath.2:Thatthebelly'sdelusionsreachtheeye
Means:ItmakestheWayunclear.9

Thethemeistheinterdependenceofinnerandouter.AsinmanyearlyChinesetexts,thebelly(theinternalorganwhichstandsforsensorydesireand"gut"reactions)
iscontrastedwiththeoutereye(thediscriminatingmindthatmakescontactwiththeouterworld).10Ifthebellyisconfused,theeyecannothopetoevaluatevarious
coursesofactionproperly.Forthisreason,theindividualwillconfusetheWay.AsoneChinesemastercautions,"Donotletthesensesconfusethemind."11

App.3:Onlybysweepingdowncanthegreenwood's12
Excellencereachmelonsandgourds.13

Fath.3:Onlybyitscondescension
Means:Reciprocitywithinbecomesthemeasure.14

GraciouscondescensionissuggestedintermsreminiscentoftheHeadtext.TotheChinesereader,thedownwardsweepofverdantbranchesinspringinevitably
recallstheflowingrobesofthesagekingsofold.Thegreattreeofferssupportandprotectiontolesserlivingthings,justlikethesagekinghereitallowsthelowlybut
usefulmelonsandgourdstowindtheirvinesarounditsmajesticform.15Similarly,themanofgreatvirtuedoesnotavoidallcontactwithlesserindividuals.Instead,he
fostersothers'developmentbyasympatheticunderstandingoftheiressentialneedsandnatures.Asaresult,thelivesofhissubordinatesaremadesecure.16
Considerationforothers,inshort,becomesthetruemeasureofnobility.

App.4:Pettywithaslittlereach.17
Greatlymisledbythenarrowandsmall,18
Henever19willbesaved.20

Fath.4:Keeninsmallthings,confusedingreat
Means:Heonlyknowsonecomeroftheproblem.

Asteacher,Confuciuslookedforoneattributeinhisdisciples:theability,"givenonecornerofaproblem,"tocorrectlysurmisetheotherthree.21AsConfuciusargues,
agentlemanisdefinedbythecomprehensivenatureofhisview.22Thesage,then,is"allseeing."23Asmatteringofknowledgeoftenleadstocomplacency,whichin
turnprovokesdisaster.24Forthisreason,manypassagesintheearlyChineseclassicsinveighagainstpettyonesidedness.25AsAppraisal4correspondstolowerrank,
YangHsiungdiscussesthetypicalfailuresofminorbureaucrats.Thegreat/smallcontrastisalsofoundinthecorrespondentChangeshexagram.

 Page163

App.5:HavingreachedtheCentralCrossroad,
Neithersmallnorgreatmisleadshim.

Fath.5:Reachingtheplacewhereallpathsconverge
Means:Thewayisopeninallfourdirections.

Appraisal5issaidtorulethetetragramascenter.Thelinesarecorrelatedwithyangch'iinayangtetragramhence,theirauspiciouscharacter.Thepursuitof
Goodnessislikeajourneydownapath.OncetheindividualfullyassimilatestheideaoftheMean,allroadslieopentohimregardlessofwhichcourseischosen,
everyactionisconsistentwithmorality.Inthecaseofthetemporalruler,everymovemeetswithimmediatesuccess.Thisimageryoffersadirectcontrasttothatof
Tetragram31,Appraisal6.

App.6:Agreatreachhasnobounds,
Itdoesnotstopatcenter.26
Barriers27createobstacles.28

Fath.6:Agreatreach,withoutbounds,
Means:Itshouldnotcontinueononesideonly.

AnyreadingoftheselinesdependsuponthemoralweightgiventhefirstphraseintheAppraisalandFathoming:"greatreachwithoutbounds."Isthisadescriptionof
moralityorimmorality?Earlyevidencemaybecitedtosupporteitherview.Onecommentatorargues:

TheGreatWayoughttoreacheverysingleplace.Itisnotrighttostopitinmidcourse.Ifsomeonebuildsraisedearthembankments[i.e.,barriersbetweenfields],thatistocreate
aplacewheresomethingdoesnotgetthrough,tocreateanobstruction.29

ItistruethatunimpededreachisthequalityattributedtothesuperiormaninHantexts.Nevertheless,certaincommentators,includingSsumaKuang,arenotentirely
unjustifiedinequatingthephrase"nobounds"with"dangerouslicense."30Inthatcase,thepoemsays:
Agreatreachwithoutbounds,
[If]notstoppedatcenterandregulatedbyditches,
Isevil.

Agreatreachwithoutbounds
Means:Notrighttoletitcontinueonallsides.31

Inthericefields,embankmentsarenecessaryifthefieldsaretobeworkedproductively.Inthehumanrealm,theinstitutionalizationofvariousrestraintsisneededfor
thebeneficialfunctioningofsociety.Otherwise,anunimpededflowofemotionsandambitionswillproveno

 Page164
32
lessdamagingtosocietythanfloodwatersaretonewcrops. Theimpliedcultivationofthefieldsalsosuggeststhecultivationofthemind,whichdependsuponthe
acceptanceofasetoflimitsembodiedinritual.Withoutsuchconstraints,themindrangessofreelythatitsundevelopedpowerswillfailtohituponsignificantpatternin
thetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan.33Whentheworthymanrestrainshimselfandothers,hefollowstheexampleoftheearlysagekingandfloodquellerY,the
firsttosetupboundaries.34

App.7:Reachedbytheflintprobe'scut:
Withearlylosscomeslatergain.

Fath.7:Thescalpelreachingtheaffectedspot
Means:Bythismeans,intheend,heisnotdisabled.35

EarlyChinesetextsfrequentlycomparethestricturesofearlytrainingtounpleasantmedicineorpainfulsurgeryforceduponthepatientbytheconscientiousdoctor.As
theproverbsays,"Goodmedicineisbittertothetongue."36Similarly,theharshnecessityofthepenalcodeislikenedtotheflintprobeemployedinacupuncture.37
Earlycorrection,howevertraumatic,resultsinfuturebenefit.Oncetheold,diseasedareaiscutaway,thereisachancefornewhealthygrowthtotakeitsplace.38
App.8:Misleadingtheeye
Affectsthebelly.

Fath.8:Thattheeye'sdelusionsreachthebelly
Means:Theouterdeceivestheinner.

FollowingAppraisal2above,thisversereiteratestheinterdependenceofmindandbody,innerandouter.Iftheeyeasthemind'sreceptorforoutwardimpressions
becomesconfusedforanyreason,theresultingmistakes,soonerorlater,areboundtoaffecttheinnermostself.Forexample,ahalfstarvedmanmayreachforchalk
toeat,ratherthanrice,orawelldressedmanmaythinkhimselfagentleman.39Suchoutermistakesinevitablycausephysicalandmoraldamagetotheinnerself.
App.9:Perceivinghisblame,herightshimself
Andintheend,hewinsrenown.

Fath.9:Comprehendingblame,finalrenown,
Means:He'sgoodatusingtheWaytoretreat.40

ThoughAppraisal9representsthefinalstageofcalamity,hereitisalignedwithauspiciousDay(seeTable2,page00).Thesuperiorindividual,recognizingthejustice
ofsociety'scomplaintsabouthisconduct,amendshiswaysandretreatsfromevil,therebysecuringagoodnameforhimself.

 Page165
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YinthephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.11,Greatnessthe
sunenterstheWallconstellation,
Chiao 6thdegreethemusicalnoteisB1
No.16.Contact
February27(p.m.)Mar3

HEAD:Yangmakescontactwithyinandyinwithyang.ThingsascendtotheHallofLight,fullyemergentandflourishing.2

AccordingtoChinesewaysofthinking,theidealhumanstateisoneofsustained,mutuallybeneficialcontactbetweentwoormoreparties.AsYangHsiungsaysinhis
otherphilosophicalclassic,"ItistheWayofMantomakecontact."3NolessexplicitisConfucius'emphasisonhumaneness(jen),thevirtuethatcannotexistoutside
ofsocialrelations(andonethatis,notcoincidentally,correlatedwiththewarmandexpansivespringseasonnowuponus).Inthe"goldenage"ofthepast,
communitiespurportedlyservedthelegitimateinterestsofallwhilemaintainingthedignityofeach.4Stablehierarchicalrelationswoveelementsofsocietytogetherina
complexwebofmutualobligation,butreciprocity(implyingnotonlymutualobligationbutalsoanempathetic"likeningtooneself")5wasalsoneededtotemperthe
possibleilleffectsofunmediatedpowerrelations.Theperfectcommunity,therefore,wasthoughttobeequallydependentuponhierarchyandreciprocity.Assuch,the
perfectcommunityismodeleduponthecosmos,whereyangch'iactsasruler,definingthepatternsofgrowth,whileyinactsassubject,respondingappropriately.This
tetragramcelebratessuchidealcontact,which,theHeadtextpromises,makesthegoodindividualbothresplendentasthesunandpowerfulasthekinginhissacred
audiencehall.

TheHallofLight,6accordingtoearlycommentators,referssimplytotheregionabovegroundinthelightofday,ascontrastedwiththeYellowSpringsbelowground.
Butthesamebinomeisusedtodescribethesacredsitewherethekingmakesritualcontactwiththegods.7Itsusesuggeststhatallthingsaresanctifiedbycontactwith
theMystery.

ThistetragramiscorrelatedwiththeRainfallsolarperiod.Rainsymbolizesbeneficentgraceandgerminatinginfluence,whetherthereferenceistosexualcontactorto
politicalrelations.Consequently,thegeneraltoneofthistetragramislucky,exceptinthosefewcaseswhere"stimulusandresponse"occursbetweencategorically
dissimilarpartners,promptingrepulsionanddisaster.

 Page166

Figure7.
Asceneofcosmicharmony,withbirds,andanimals,andhumansinperfect
accord.IllustrationfromrubbingofastonerelieffromKangtzu,Kiangsu
(65118cm).

App.1:Inthedark8hecontactsthegods.
Hefastsbutfailstousepropriety.

Fath.1:Darkcontact,improper,9
Means:Heharborswrong,holdingshamewithin.

Appraisal1,correspondingtotheBeginningofThought,isalignedherewithinauspiciousNight.Inapproachingtheunseengods,anattitudeofextremereverence
mustbeadopted.Fastingisaspiritualexercisedesignedtoconcentratethespirit,focusingituponintimationsofthedivineimplantedinournature.Theordinary
unthinkingindividualmayperformthispurificationperfunctorily,assumingthatthemereperformanceofritualworkseffectivemagic,regardlessofintentthisisto
operateonthemistakennotionthatfastingalone,withoutaprofoundrealignmentoftheself,isenoughtopleasethegods.Conversely,theunreflectivepersonmay
becomeoverlypreoccupiedwiththesupernaturalinhisanxietytopleasethegods,hemayneglecttomaintainfundamentalsocialrelations,

 Page167

Figure8.
The"HallofLight"illustrationreflectsarecentarchaeologicalreconstruction
ofthesite.

therootofallGoodness.Perhapsheassumesthatthedarkprovidessufficientcoverforhis"dark"errorsanyway.10Butsacredritual,incorrectlypracticed,isworse
thanuseless.Farfromconferringblessings,itpromotesevilandresultsinshame.11
App.2:Darkcontact,whenbasedontrust,
Growsluminous.

Fath.2:Trustbehinddarkcontact
Means:Ingoodfaithhemeetsthegodsandspirits.

Bydefinition,thedivineislocatedwhereverperceptiblechangeiseffectedbyanunseencause.12ThoughtheTaoitselfremainsforevershroudedinmystery,theresults
ofitsoperationsareabundantlycleartoall.Inthissetofverses,mutualtrustprevailsbetweengodsandmansinceacommunityofsharedinterestshasbeenforged
throughcorrectritualpractice.Thetrulygoodperson,whosecharismaticvirtueisluminous,evendaemonicallycompelling,13canhopetoattracttheblessingsofthe
unseenworld.

 Page168

App.3:Hecontactswoodandstone.

Fath.3:Befriendingwoodandstone
Means:Hecannotturntoothermen.14

Stoneepitomizeswhateverishardwood,thatwhichispliable.Thingsindifferentcategoriesrepeleachother,creatingadisastrousresponse,asintheantagonistic
relationbetweenwood(i.e.,anykindofvegetation)andstone(i.e.,axesorscythes).15Knowingthis,thewisepersonseeksallianceswiththosewhoarefully
developedhumanbeings.Meanwhile,thebenightedindividuallookstomakemeaningfulcontactwiththosewhoarelessthanfullyhumanthosewhoarenobetter
than"woodandstone."TheConfucianAnalectscautionsus,"Havenofriendsunequaltoyourself."16Undertheinfluenceof"unequalfriends,"wesoonbecomeno
betterthaninanimateobjects.Certainlywecannotthenhopetoinfluenceothers.17
App.4:Contact,backandforth,
Withfragrantsmokerising.18
Thisisthegateofgainandruin.

Fath.4:Mutualcontact,harmonious,
Means:Heactsinconcertwiththegods.19

Appraisal4representstheBeginningofGoodFortunehence,thissketchofsatisfactoryrelationsbetweenthegodsandhumans.Thefragrantfumesofburning
sacrificialmeatsgivetheritualparticipantintensesatisfaction.Thedepthofhispleasure,ashewellknows,derivesfromafundamentalcorrespondencebetweenhis
innercommitmenttoperfectintegrityanditsvisibleexpressioninsolemnsacrifice.20Wheninnerandouterareinperfectaccord,theindividualjoinsthegodsinthe
executionofthedivineplan.Whetherornotthatplanwillprevailamongmenisthusdeterminedlargelybyindividualchoice.21
App.5:Contactingparrotandape,
Hefailstogarnerhisglory.

Fath.5:Befriendingparrotandape
Means:Hegoesthewayofbirdandbeast.

Ingeneral,bothparrotsandapesexhibitahighdegreeofintelligenceandcuriosity,steadyhabits,andthecapacityforspeech.22Yetdespitetheirstrongresemblance
tohumanbeings,neitherparrotnorapepossessesthesinglemostimportantcharacteristicofhumans:thecapacityformoralactionframedbyritual.23Unlessaperson
observestherulesofpropriety,hisheartisnobetterthanthatofabirdorbeast.24Whatismore,itispreciselysuch"bestial"personswhotendtoignoretherulesand
treatothersrudely,asiftheyweremereparrotsandapes.25

 Page169

Theparrotmayalsostandmorespecificallyforflatterersandsycophants(sincethebirdonlyrepeatsitsmaster'swords)theapetraditionallystandsforpompous
blusterers(sinceitisgiventodramaticbeatingsofitschest).26Thewisepersonavoidscontactwithlesser,bestialmen,lesthebeinfluencedfortheworse.27

App.6:Howvastthegreatstate!28
Withitsmallstatesseekcontact.
''Thesacredmeatsthatwepossess
Wegladlysharewithyou."

Fath.6:Contactbetweengreatandsmall
Means:Intreatingworthieswell,gloryblazesforth.

Greatstatesencourageminorstatestoenterintoformaltributaryrelationsthroughritual,theprestigeofbothpartiesisenhanced.Similarly,thewiseleaderencourages
thebestcandidatestojointhegovernmentbysharinghisprofitswiththem.Intheend,allbenefit.AstheChangessays,"Ihaveagoodgoblet/WhichIwillsharewith
you."29
App.7:Hebefriendsbirdandrat,
Wastinghisstoreofmillet.

Fath.7:Contactwithbirdandrat
Means:Nothingbutwaste!

EchoingtheimagesinAppraisal5above,thispoemagainexhortsthereadertolearntodistinguishbestialmenfromtheworthy.Clearly,thesituationisnowworse:
Contactismadewithanimalsthatdonotbeartheslightestresemblancetohumanbeings.Infact,birdandrataretwoofthemostnotoriousenemiesofman,sincetheir
continualpredationsthreatenthebasicfoodstoresofsociety.30Anindividualhaslostallpowersofevaluationwhenhebefriendsbirdandrat.

Appliedtostatecraft,thekinghasutterlyfailedtodistinguishworthymeninofficefromsocialparasitesandevilsycophantsintentuponplunderingthetreasuryfortheir
ownprofit.31

App.8:Axandlanceflybackandforth.
Usinghispropriety,hewillnotruetheday.

Fath.8:Axandlance,blowforblow,
Mean:Incampaigns,32heisinvincible.33

Theuseofforce,properlyemployedinthedefenseofmorality,issanctionedhere,anditsultimatesuccessisguaranteedsolongastheindividualremainssteadfastin
hisvirtue.ThoughsucceedingAppraisalsqualifythissanction,certainChinesetendedtoregardnobilityandwarasantithetical.Therefore,onelatecommentator
reinterpretsthepoemto

 Page170
34
mean,"[Friends]usetheirproprietytointervene[inapeacefulway]sothattheregrettableactsofaggressionarefinallydiscontinued."

App.9:Heunrightlyjoinsinbattle.35
Andsoisroutedatthecitywall.36
Sinceheiscruel,heisdevoured.37

Fath.9:Cutdowninthebattlefray
Means:Howcouldheeversucceed?

Inantiquity,thetwogreataffairsofstateweresaidtobesacrificeandwar.38Throughoutthistetragram,theMysteryremindsusthatnomajorprojectshouldbe
undertakenwithoutthepropermentaldisposition.Evenwhenanindividualcommandsaforce,itsdeploymentwillredoundtohisgloryonlyifheactsfortheGoodand
avoidsunnecessaryviolence.Insatiablegreed,ambitionorcrueltyinvariablybackfire.Thebelligerentlosesfirstpart,thenallofhisterritory.Thoseinpowershould
reservetheirarmstopunishrecalcitrantevildoersonbehalfoftheentiresociety,ratherthantoseekprivategain.ThisAppraisaldirectlycounterscertainLegalist
writings,whichapplaudannexationbyforce.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.5,Waitingthesun
enterstheStraddlerconstellation,1st
Juan degreetheDipperpointsdueeast
No.17.HoldingBack musicalnoteisEflat1
March4March8(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'icanbefirm,canbepliant,canbeactiveoratrest.Seeingdifficulty,itshrinksback.

Thistetragrambeginsthe"StartledfromHibernation"solarperiod.Sinceyinstillreignssupreme,themyriadthingscontinuetoexperiencedifficulties,butyangch'iis
byturnsfirmorflexible,atworkoratease.Avoidingdirectconfrontationwiththestrongerforcesofyin,ithandilysurvivestonourishallofHeavenandEarth.The
overallpatternofincreasingwarmthinmidspringtestifiestoitsgeneraleffectiveness.Thistetragram,then,celebratesactsofpliancy,tentativeness,timidity,reti

 Page171

cence,andevenweaknessthatultimatelyleadtogreaterstrength.Manytechnicalartsandritualactsarebasedonthisprinciple.

Thistetragram'salignmentwithWoodissignificantsincetheprimarycharacteristicofwood,accordingtotheearlyChinese,isitspliability.Atthesametime,woodis
strongenoughtosupporttheweightofroofsandwalls,eveninthemostmunificentofpalacestructures.TheMysteryapplaudsthecombinationofpliancyandstrength
thatWoodrepresents.

App.1:Ruddyshoots,withtipsnowsharp2
Theiradvancesprofitbyretreat.

Fath.1:Ruddytipsnowtightlyfurled
Mean:Retreatinordertomoveahead.

Inmidspring,thetightlyfurledtipsofvariousplantsemergefromthesurfaceofthesoil.Althoughthesepointsmayappearextremelyfragile,theircompressed
conelikeshapeworkswelltoprotectthemwhilefacilitatingtheirsteadyupwardthrustintothelight.Iftheleavesweretounfurltoosoon,beforealldangeroffrosthas
passed,advancemightwellprovehazardous.Byanalogy,thewisepersonyieldstoothers,especiallywhenthetimeisnotyetrighttoadvancehisideas.Hisreticence
gainshimthefriendsandsupportersnecessarytowinhighrankandrenowninthedangerousworldoutside.
App.2:Shrinkinghisheart
Makesforinfirmity.

Fath.2:Holdingbackhismind
Means:Thecenterlacksallcourage.

Tacticalretreatmayberequiredincertainsituations,asthepreviousversemakesplain.However,duecautionshouldnotbeconfusedwithcowardice.Themanof
virtuemustnotwaverwhenconfrontedwithnecessarymoraldecisionsneithershouldheshrinkfrompropercommitments.Shouldhismoralcouragefailhim,3heisin
dangeroflosingwhatdistinguisheshim.Forthisreason,theTsoCommentarysays,"Thepersonwhoishumanebutnotarmedhasnoabilitytosucceed."4

App.3:Drawinginhisknees,
Heprotectshisjoints.
Thoughnotunconstrained,5
Thereisnooffenseintheend.6

Fath.3:Pullingbackhisknees
Means:Itisimproperforlimbstosprawl.7

Thepoemhingesonasinglepun:thewordfor"bodyjoints"means"moderation"aswell.8Themanofvirtueattimesmaychoosetodrawbackinordertoprotecthis
principles.9Atfirstglance,thisdecision

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seemstorestricthissphereofactivity,butintheendtheadoptionofcertainselfimposedlimitssaveshimfromgreaterharm.Italsoallowshimtobidehistimeuntilhe
canbeofrealusetoothers.10ThisverseremindsusthatthereisnoexactequivalentinearlyChinatoournotionofpositivefreedom.Lackofconstraintstendsto
implywickedlicensecontrarytotheConstantWay.11

SsumaKuangfindsmoretrenchantcriticismhere.Ofthesubjectofthepoem,hewrites,"Althoughhecannothimselfactwithlicense,intheendhedoesnotattainthe
ConstantWay."MycomparativelypositivereadingdependsuponthisAppraisal'salignmentwithauspiciousDay.

App.4:Holdingbackhisoutbursts,12
Inthreeyears,notasinglepeep.13

Fath.4:Outburstssuppressed,withnaryapeep
Mean:Therighttimeisrepeatedlymissed.

BuildingonAppraisal2,thispoemchidestheindividualwhofailstospeakoutagainstpresentevils.Becauseofhislackofcourage,numerousopportunitiesforreform
aremissed.AccordingtoConfucius,thisunwillingnesstospeakupwhenspeechisappropriateisatypicalbureaucraticfailing.14Appraisal4,ofcourse,corresponds
toofficialrank.
App.5:Thegoldenmushroomdoesnotgrow.
Itawaitsthepropitiouscloud.

Fath.5:Thatmushroomsofimmortalitydonotgrow
Means:Theywaittobejoinedbytheirmates.

Goldenfungiandfelicitouscloudsareauspiciousomensthatheraldtheriseofasagelyuniversalruler.15Thegoldenfungusisalsoassociatedwithimmortalitycultsand
thegenerativepowersofspring.16AsintheBookofChanges,theveryfactthatportentsgoodorbadexistdemonstratesHeaven'scontinuingconcernforMan,
forHeavensentsignsguidethoseinpursuitoftheWay.Thegoldenfungus,then,iseagerlyawaitedformanyreasons.ButtotheChinese,goodthingsideallycomein
pairs:officialandruler,husbandandwife,andsoon,witheachpartnerjoinedinmutualrelianceandbenefit.Therefore,thegoldenfunguscanappearonlywhenits
fittingmatchisfound.Position5asrulerofthetetragramtellsusthatatrueleadercannotarisewithoutworthysupporters.Good"ministers"(ch'ing)wouldbeone
"propitious"(ch'ing)signofatrueleader,asapunmakesclear.17
App.6:Recoiling,hemissesthetime.
Perhapsdisasterfollowshim.18

Fath.6:Drawingback,missingthemoment,
Means:Jailthenflightcomelater.

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Havingmissedtheopportunitytoadvancethecauseofmorality,theindividualmustseizethemomenttodrawbackinthefaceofclearandpresentdanger,lestherisk
offendingthoseinpower,whowillthenaccusehimofvariouscrimes.Themoralcoward,however,hesitatesevennowtoact.AsanautocommentarytotheMystery
putsit:

Thenoblemancultivatingvirtue,awaitsthepropermoment.Hedoesnotsetoutbeforetherightmoment,nordrawbackafterithasalreadypassed....Canthisbesaidofanyone
butthenobleman?19

App.7:Temperinghismoderation.20
Holdingfasthisprinciples.21
Heoffershislifeforthecause.22

Fath.7:Lessmoderate,offeringtodie,
Means:Thereisarulerwithinhim.

Appraisal7,markingtheBeginningofCalamity,depictsabravemanwhoiswillingtoofferuphislife,ifneedbe,inordertopromotetheWay.Alongtraditionin
Chinaglorifiestheherowillingto"exhausthimselfintheserviceofHeaven."23Awiserperson,however,mighthavebeenabletoavoidsuchdramaticselfsacrifice.
Confuciuslabeledcouragewithoutcanniness"merefoolhardiness."

App.8:Thecrown24ofahollow,25driedouttree
Isstruckbygustswhichshakeitslimbs.
Thepettymanhasreasontohangback.
Thriceheretreatsbeforeheissnagged.

Fath.8:Thequakingofhollowtrees
Means:Thepettymansuffersdisgrace.26

Thehollowtreeandthepettymanarealikeinnothavingastronginnercore.Withoutanyinnerresources,thepettymanisalsodryandlifeless.Andfinally,because
heemphasizessecondaryconsiderationsoverfundamentalvalues,heresemblesthecrownofthetree,ratherthanitsroots.Suchanindividualinevitablyquailsinthe
faceofstrongerforce.27Unabletostandfirm,heisseriouslyshaken.Knowinghisownweaknesses,theclever(ifimmoral)individualrefusestotakeastandonany
issue,hopingtherebytoeludedanger.Afterall,suchaccomodationcomesfarmoreeasilytohimthanundertakingthearduoustaskofselfreform.Still,hisplan
ultimatelyfailsintheendthepettymanfindshimselftrappedbyhisownweaknesses.

Thewordingisvagueenoughtoadmitasecondcomparison,inwhichthepettymaniscomparedtoasmallanimalperchedonalimbofarottentree.Whenastorm
arises,theanimalistooscaredtoescape.Trappedonashakylimb,itfacescertaindeath.

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28
App.9:Heregretswithdrawing.
Thepastleaves,thefuturereturns.

Fath.9:Returnsfromregrettedwithdrawals
Mean:Gainliesinthefuture.

InthislastAppraisal,theindividualcomestorealizethathispreviouscompromisesandaccomodationshavebeenilltimed,illadvised,orimmoral.Hechangeshis
course,returningtotheRight,andintheendachieveshisgoalsoverygreatisthe"return"forVirtue.Appraisal9markstheendofthecycle.Havinggoneasfarin
HoldingBackaspossible,theindividual'smoralsensibilitiesfinallybegintoreassertthemselves.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YinthephaseMetalandtheYiching
Hexagramno.5,Waitingthesun
enterstheStraddlerconstellation,6th
Hsi
degree
No.18.Waiting
March8(p.m.)March12

HEAD:Yangch'ihaswhatitwaitsfor.Whenitispermissibletoadvance,itadvances,sothatthingsallachievetheirdesires.

Thistetragramisthetwinofthepreviousoneintwosenses:BotharecorrelatedwiththesamehexagramintheChangesandthesamesolarperiod,"Startledfrom
Hibernation."Forthisreason,theAppraisalsofTetragram18largelyreiteratethethemeofTetragram17onceagain,wearetoldthatitisnecessarytoacquiescein
Heaven'spatterns,waitingforthepropertimetoact.Theproprietyofthisisprovenbythenaturalworld,wherethemyriadthingspatientlyawaitwarmerdaysto
completetheirseparatedestinies.TheHead,however,registersaslightbutsignificantchangeinthetermsofwaiting:Intheprevioustetragram,therewasstilla
tendencytorecoilinthefaceofdanger.Nowthereisasenseofquietstrengththatcanbideitstimeuntiltherighttimetoact.1
App.1:Thosewhosevillainyishidden
AwaitbadluckfromHeaven.

Fath.1:Thewaitbysecretvillains
Means:Notimeispropitious.2

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ByconventionHeavenisomniscientbydefinition,then,noevilcantrulybehiddenfromit.EvenifHeavenisunderstoodsimplyas"theWaythingsare,"theevildoeris
inevitablyunmaskedbycircumstances.3Itistruethatacrimemaywellseemhiddenifknowledgeofitiskeptfromone'sfellowmen.Perhapstheintendedcrimehas
notyetbeenperpetrated,sinceAppraisal1correspondstotheBeginningofThought.Still,cosmicoperationsinvariablyensurethatnothinggoesrightforthecriminal.
ThathiddenvillainymeetswithHeaven'sretributionis,infact,oneproofoftheinterconnectednessofHeavenEarthMan.

App.2:Thosewhosevirtueishidden
Awaitprosperity4fromHeaven.

Fath.2:Thewaitbymenofhiddenvirtue
Means:Brightarethecomingdays.5

IncontrasttothepreviousAppraisal,thegoodperson"pilesupvirtueinsecret,thenisshoweredwithgoodfortune,plainasday,"asSsumaKuang,the
commentator,writes.Thehiddencriminalwaitsuneasily,fearingHeaven'sdispleasuresecretvirtue,incontrast,confidentlyanticipatesHeaven'smanifestrewards.
Prospectsaretruly"bright"forsuchaperson.
App.3:Heawaitsalaterdate.

Fath.3:Waitinguntiltoolate
Means:Heisremiss.

Sincetimelyactionisakeyfactorinsuccess,thewisepersonisalwaysonthelookoutforopportunemomentstofurthertheGood.Butheretheindividualhas
overlookedtherighttimetoact.AsYang'sautocommentarysays,"Thenoblemancultivatesvirtue,therebyawaitingthepropermoment.Hedoesnotriseupbefore
thepropermoment,nordrawbackafterithasalreadypassed."6
App.4:Retractinghishorn,rightinghisfoot:
Onlybythisheawaitsthegood.7

Fath.4:Thehornretractedandthestraightenedfoot
Means:Heisnotcontrary8orperverse.9

Thehornsymbolizesaggressiveness.Becauseitishard,italsosignifiesstubbornness.Toretractthehorn,then,meanstowithdrawfromquarrelsandcompetitiveness.
The"straightenedfoot"walksintherightdirectionfollowingtheonetrueWay.Peaceableandreliable,thenoblemanquietlylivesouthisdays,trustingtohisreward.
Perhapstherewardwillcomeintheformofofficialsalary,sincethepoememploysgraintosuggestthegood.

DuetothetersecharacterofYangHsiung'slanguage,theverysame

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verseisreadbyonecommentator,Ch'enPenli,asacondemnationofYang'scontemporariesintheHanbureaucracy.Evilofficialsarederelictintheirdutiesthey
neitherremonstratewiththeirruler(theyretracttheirhorns),norputintherequiredeffort(theystraighten[i.e.,rest]theirfeet).Meanwhile,theycontinuetodrawtheir
salariesquietly.Bythisreading,theFathomingcomplains,"Theydonotopposeorstab[othersinneedofreform]."10SincebyYang'sschemathisAppraisalshould
beauspicious,thefirstinterpretationismorelikely,inthatitcelebratesawisedecision.

App.5:Greatranksflocktoservethepalace,
Meanlythepettymenwaitinvain.

Fath.5:Ranksinpalaceemploy
Mean:Rankcannotbegotfornothing.

ThepalaceoftheSonofHeaven,theseatofcentralgovernment,ideallyfunctionsasakindofaxisrnundiaroundwhichmattersofstaterevolve.Whenajustsociety
exists,menofvirtueareinducedbytheirleader'scharismaticvirtuetoenterhisservice,wheretheyaredulyhonoredwithhighrank.11Meanwhile,pettymenofinferior
virtuewaitinvainforposts.

Thecharacterforrankalsomeanssparrow.Byapun,thefirstlineoftheAppraisalreads,"Ingreatflocks,sparrowsalightonpalacewalls."12This,however,would
beanillomen.Palacewallsarethewrongplaceforbirdstoseeknourishmentbythesametoken,pettymenshouldnotcongregateatcourt,expectingrewardswhere
noneisdeserved.13TheChangeswarnsofkillinginconnectionwith"hawksalightingonpalacewalls."14Dangermaycome.

App.6:Awaitinggoodfortune,properlyaligned,15
Hewillpartakeofgold.

Fath.6:Awaitinggoodfortunewithutmostpropriety
Means:Rectitudecanbetakenliketonic.

ThegoodpersontruststoHeavenandawaitshisfate,knowingthathehasmadeeveryefforttocultivatetheseedsofvirtuewithinhimself.Attheveryleast,virtue
invigorateslikeatonic.Itmaywellwintheindividual"golden"fortuneandfame.Itcanevensecurehimakindofimmortality.Inthis,virtuefarexcelstheconcoctions
ofpotablegoldtoutedbyquacks.Onceagain,YangHsiunginsistsuponthepracticalbenefitsofConfucianmorality.

SsumaKuang'scommentaryisrathercurious.Readingthecharacterasmetalinsteadofgold,heextolsthecourageofthesuperiormanwhoiswillingtoendureany
hardship,even"eatingmetal,"inordertocarryoutrectitude.16

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17
App.7:Herecklesslyawaitsmisfortune.
Thisisthestationofillomenedmen.18

Fath.7:Awaitingmisfortunerecklessly
Means:Hemakesadatewithcalamity.

Evildoersknowthattheywillprobablybepunishedfortheircrimes.Intheirhearts,theycannothelpbutbesomewhatapprehensiveaboutfutureretribution.Butthey
feigncompleteunconcernandinvitecalamitybytheirrecklessdisregardfortheGood.Theirowndeedscondemnthemtoperpetualunhappiness.

App.8:Discountingthecalamitousinpresentcalamity,
WewaitforHeaventokeepusalive.

Fath.8:Calamityisnocalamityunlessseenassuch.19
Meaning:ItisnotHeaventhatfaultsus.20

Whenhisluckisdown,thesuperiormantrustsHeaventokeephimalive,secureintheknowledgethatif"onlookingwithinhefindsnotaint,"21therecanbenoreason
togrieveorfear.Heisalsowiseenoughtoseethattoturnawayfromvirtueistheonlyrealdisaster.Justasthenaturalworldawaitsspring'srenewal,thegoodperson
perseveresinthe.WayandcalmlyawaitsHeaven'svindication.22Shouldcalamitycontinue,hecantakecomfortinthebeliefthatanimpersonalfatehashurthim.His
"unmovedmind"inanycasewillbringhimsubtlepsychologicalandphysicalbenefits.Forthisreason,"onlythenoblemancanbeoppressedwithoutlosinghissenseof
joy."23

App.9:Waiting,twisteduplikeacripple,24
Heavenstrikeshisforehead.

Fath.9:Thatthewaitingcrippleisstruck
Means:Intheend,heisincurable.

Duetohisspinaldeformity,thecrippleafflictedbythewangdisease25alwaysappearstolookdefiantlyatHeaven.Inhisarrogance,themoralcripplewithhis
deformedsoulalsochallengesHeaventopunishhim.WhenHeavenmovestosmitehim,sodevastatingistheblowthathecanneverrecover.26Withthefaceturned
towardHeaven,theforeheadisparticularlyvulnerabletotheseblows.

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CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseWaterandtheYiching
Hexagramno.17,Pursuitthesun
Ts'ung enterstheStraddlerconstellation,
No.19.Following 10thdegree
March13March17(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangleapsintopools,intomarshes,intofields,intomountains.Thingsareallpoised1tofollow.

Theyangch'igrowssteadilystronger,makingitselffeltineveryportionofthelandinAllunderHeavenitspresenceisnowinevidenceeverywhere,asitmovesfrom
thelowesttothehighestplaces.Nolongerconfinedtothenetherregions,yangch'iexpressesitsnewfoundfreedomwithajoyconveyedbytheverb"leap,"usually
reservedforactivitiesassociatedwithgoodfortune,withenergyandhealth,with"feelingone'soats,"witheagerandlivelyspirits.Fortheirpart,themyriadthingslook
forwardtoyang'scominginhappyexpectationofthegrowingperiodofspringandsummertheironlydesireistodevelopfurtherbyfollowingyangch'i.

Asyangistothemyriadthings,sothenoblemanistothecommonpeople.Lessermortals"cranetheirnecks"and"standontiptoe"tocatchaglimpseofhim,anxious
toexpresstheirloyaltyandtobecomelikehim.2InthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan,then,allarereadytoobeytheGoodhence,thetetragram'stitle.

App.1:Thesun,unseen,espousesit.3
Themoon,indarkness,followsit.4
Thisisthefoundation.

Fath.1:Thesuntakesawife,themoonfollows.
Meaning:Thesubordinate'sresponseisthebase.

Appropriatelyenough,Appraisal1describesthe"marriage"ofsunandmoonthattakesplaceonthefirstdayofthelunarcalendarwhensunandmoonareconjoined.5
Immediatelyafterthisunion,onthesucceedingdaysofthelunarmonth,themoon(whenviewedfromstationaryEarth)appearstofollowthesunfaithfullyinits
westerlycourse.6Thisprovidesthemodelforawife'ssubmissiontoherhusband,orasubject'stohisruler.Tofurtherthesimile,themoon,likeaselfeffacingwife
whowalksslightlybehindherhusband,seemstolagsomewhatbehindthesununtilthenewmarriageatthebeginningofthenextlunarmonth.The

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Figure9.
ThesunandmoonfromaHandynastydepiction.Thesunisidentified
bytheblackcrowthemoon,byitsresidentfrog.Illustrationfromtheexcavation
reportonthetombofPuCh'iench'iu,Loyang,Honanprovince,datedtothefirst
centuryB.C.TheswirlingcloudformsaremeanttorepresenttheMilkyWay
(''Heaven'sBarge"orthe"SilverRiver"inChinese),whichismentionedin
Appraisal77.

naturalaccordbetweenyinandyang,leaderandfollower,representsaneternalconstant,whichinturnservesasthebasisofallsocialrelations.Thoughitsultimate
motiveforceremainsshroudedinmystery("indarkness"),7weknowthatcompliancecannotresultfromcoercionbythesuperior(=yang,male,sun,ruler),butfrom
arecognitionofsharedgoals.

App.2:Indawn'sfirstlight,thingsbarelyemerge.8
Pairing,following,theygatherbytype.9

Fath.2:Barelyemerging,followingbypairs
Means:Theydonotknowtheirdestination.

Hanliteraryconventiontypicallyemploysthenewdawntosignifyauspiciousbeginnings.10Bythesametoken,theChangesphrase,"thingsfollowingtheirownkind"11
usuallycelebratestheorderlydivisionofcosmosandsocietyintosuccessiverelatedunits.However,theselines(correlatedwithyin)areclearlyinauspicious.Perhaps
thedimlightofdawnistoofeebletoprovidesufficientillumination.12Therefore,themyriadthingsconfusedlypickpartners(andbyextension,directionsinlife)without
everreallyunderstandingthechoicesbeforethem.13

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App.3:Mendonotattackhim.
Theyaredrawntofollow.14

Fath.3:Thatmendonotattackhim
Means:This,initself,isproofofVirtue'spower.15

Thegoodpersonappearsinviolable,sincegoodmannersandselfdeprecationforestalltheattacksofothers.Insofarashe"leadshimselftofollow"theRight,others
aredrawntofollow,thankstotheforceofhischarismaticexample(literally,"Theythemselvesaredrawntofollowhim.").Thecomparativeeasewithwhichthegood
personconfrontslife'sdifficultiesiscompellingproofofHeaven'sfavorandvirtue'sefficacy.

App.4:Thecalltofollowisimproper.
Awomantakeshisbloodiedbasket.16
Lost.

Fath.4:Lossfollowingthecall
Means:Howcantheirsbeaworthymatch?

ApassageintheChangesreads:
Thewomanholdsoutthebasket,
Buttherearenofruitsinit.
Theknightstabsthesheep,
Butthereisnoblood.
Thereisnothingwhichthisfavors.17

IntheMystery,mattersare,ifanything,worse,duetothereversaloftraditionalmale/femaleroles:Thewoman,ratherthantheman,triestoofferthebloodsacrifice,
althoughitisherplacetoofferfruitonly.18What,wemayask,islostinconsequence?Husbandandwifemaybothhavelosttheritualpropertotheserviceofthegods
(thebasket,then,"islost").19Otherwise,itispossiblethatthewomankeenlyfeelsthelossofherhusband,forthebloodsoakedbasketsignifiesdeath,perhapsaftera
disastrousmilitaryexpedition.20Clearly,theearlier"criestofollow"wereinappropriateorineffective.Unfortunately,thoselackinginvirtueoftenseektohidetheirown
shamebyinducingotherstoemulatetheirbadexample.Onlythenoblemanwillfindthatothersfollowhimwithoutbloodshedsinceheisinperfectcompliancewith
ritualatalltimes.21

AcriticismofDowagerEmpressWangmaybeembeddedintheselines,withthesecondpartoftheAppraisalreading,"Thereisawomanwhocarrieson[theline
withtheproductof]herbloodybasket(i.e.,thepelvicregionfromwhichmenstrualbloodandbirthfluidsflow)./Lost[isthedynasty]."22

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App.5:Followtheexampleofwater
Whichgoestofillthehollows.23

Fath.5:Tofollowwaterfillingtheholes
Means:Hedoesnotoverstephimself.

Readersareenjoinedtofollowthepatternprovidedbywater,whichseeksthelowplaces,movingononlyafterthehollowshavebeencompletelyfilled.Theselines
clearlyalludetothephilosopherMencius,whosays:

Flowingwaterissuchthatitdoesnotgofurtherforwarduntilithasfilledallthehollows.AgentlemaninhispursuitoftheWaydoesnotproceedunlessheachievesabeautiful
pattern.24

Byfollowingritualpatterns,thegoodpersonmoldshimselfuntilheisinperfectconformitywiththeGood,justaswatermeetstheoutlineofthehollow.Inthatway,he
reachesastagewherehecanactwithoutoversteppingmoralboundariesorinfringinguponothers.Selfcultivation,likewater'sflow,isgradualandmodest,but
effective.25
App.6:Followinghiseye,
Heloseshisbelly.

Fath.6:Theeyefollowed,thebellylost,
Means:Heindulgeshisdesirestoexcess.26

Asinearliertetragrams,theeyestandsforwhatisouterthebelly,forwhatisinner("innervirtue,"accordingtoonecommentator).Also,theeyestandsforintellectual
appreciationorsensualdesire,asopposedtothebelly,whichstandsfortheinstinctualgratificationofbasicneedsforfood,sex,andtruecommunity.27Heredesire
developsattheexpenseofthebody'sbasicinstinctforselfpreservation.28Thedesirefornovelty,forexample,maycausetheindividualtochoosebubblegumice
creamorthelatesttheoryovermorenourishingfareforthemindandbody.Thisfundamentalinabilitytosettherightprioritiesinlifecanonlyendindisasteratthe
veryleast,itwillendintheindividual'slossofmoralpotential.29
App.7:Shakingoffthefoulinhim,
Heallowsthegood30togrow:31
Realgateatsawaytheflesh.

Fath.7:Shakingcorruption,followingthepure,
Means:Heissavedfrombadluck.

Traditionally,Chinesedoctorsapplieddisulphideofarsenic(realgar)to"corruptflesh"(includingcarbunclesandsores)ontheprinciplethat

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32
"poisoneatspoison." Healingcouldthentakeplace.Byanalogy,harshselfcriticismpermitsselfrenewaltooccur.WithAppraisal7neartheendofthetetragram,
relativelydrasticmeasuresareneededifthepatient'sprognosisistoimprove.

App.8:Thetaintedisallowed.33
Calamity,flyingout,cannotbecontained.34

Fath.8:Followingcorruption
Means:Calamitycannotbearguedaway.

Thisindividualfollowsevilcompanionsoranevilcourseofactionwillinglynoreformisattempted.LiketheevilsinPandora'sbox,calamitysoonfliesoutbeyondhis
control.Allaredeaftohispleasforhelp.
App.9:Followwhatismostcommendable.
Thenandonlythenwillheclimbthestairs,
Ascendingtotheproperend.35

Fath.9:Followingthemodelofperfection
Means:Later,hegetsresults.36

Ideally,educationtrainsyouthstoemulatewhatismostadmirable(Confuciantraditionandtheexampleoftheancientsages).Thecultivatedindividualcanthen
embarkuponadistinguishedcareerinpublicservice(signifiedbytheflightofsteps)whichwillbenefittheentirecommunity.Thisimageleadsnaturallytothefollowing
tetragram,entitledAdvance.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YinthephaseFireandtheYi
chingHexagramno.35,Progress
thesunenterstheStraddler
Chin consteltation,15thdegree
No.20.Advance
March17(p.m.)March21

HEAD:Yang,attractingthings,1advances.2Thingsemergemostprolificly.3Likemorninglightopening,4theygoforward.

Weareapproachingthevernalequinox,thefirsttimeintheannualcyclewhenthestrengthofyangch'iisequaltothatofyin.(Afterthevernalequinox,yangwill
dominateuntiltheautumnequinox.)Underthe

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beneficentinfluenceofyangch'i,themyriadthings,includingMan,findtheirgrowthenhanced.Asthedayslengthenandthelightimproves,allthingsdevelop.Inthe
humanrealm,trueadvancemeans"advanceintheWay,"5predicatedontirelesseffort,6butleadingtoprofoundpersonalandsocietaltransformation.Conventional
desiresforadvancementsparkedbyoverweeningambitionandarrogantpride,however,resultinrecklessacts.

App.1:Indarkness7headvances.Obstructions8
Actasthemotherofretreat.9

Fath.1:Thedarkadvanceobstructed
Means:Deflectionbreedsretreat.

ThefirstAppraisalcorrelateswiththeWaterphase,whosecolorisblack.Butthereareadditionalreasonsfordarknesshere:First,anynewendeavorinitsinitial
phaseisuncharted.Second,theadvancetakesplaceinsecretsinceitisimproper.Theunmitigateddarknesspreventstheindividualfromfindinghisproperpath.
SomewherealongtheWay,hemeetswithoneormoreobstructions,thenveersoffinthewrongdirection.Thegreatertheadvance,thegreatertheretreatfrom
Goodness.Inthisway,thefirstobstructionbecomesthe"mother"ofdefeat.10
App.2:Toadvanceusingthemodelofcentrality:
ThesingularperspicacityoftheGreatMan.11

Fath.2:AdvancingbytheMean
Means:Themodelmustbeinternalized.12

SeveralConfucianClassicsemphasizetheimportanceof"centrality."13Inprivatelife,centralitymeanskeepingtotheidealMeanofgoodconduct(anideasimilarto
theAristotelianmean).Inthepublicsphere,centralityimpliestheuniquepositionheldbytherulerasfocusforhissubjects'talentsandaspirations.14Anynobleactis
promptedbythefullydevelopedconscience,whichinternalizesthemodelofthesages,soindividual"centerednss"cannotbecountedassomethingexternal.15

Appraisal2isusuallyassignedtocommoners,yetheretheMysteryspeaksoftheGreatMan.Thethemeofthistetragramisadvance.Throughsustainedeffortsto
embodytheMean,anypersoncanadvancetobecomeasage.16

App.3:Impetuousandmostpresumptuous,
Hecannotfindthecenterpath.

Fath.3:Thatheiswildlyunstable17
Means:Hisadvanceisnotcentered.

Appraisal3marksthetransitionfromThoughttoAction.AlignedherewithinauspiciousNight,itdescribesrecklessadvanceindisregardof

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18
theconventions.Confuciusadvocatedmoderation("thecenterpath")tohisheadstrongdisciples.

App.4:Thesuninitsflightdispelsdarkness.19
Themyriadthingsaresuffusedwithjoy.20

Fath.4:Thatthesun'sflightdispelsdarkness
Means:Thewayoftherulerflourishes.21

Thesun(oftencalledtheRedBird)iscomparedtoagiganticbirdwhoseflightthroughtheheavensbringslightandwarmthtoregionsthatwouldotherwiselanguishin
darkness.Thesun,ofcourse,symbolizestheablerulerforseveralreasons:Theirpositionsarecorrespondinglyhigh.Bothshineequallyonallregionsastheyprogress
throughtheirrespectiverealms.Bothbringlightandenlightenmenttothosebelow.Asthegoodruler'ssuasiveexamplehelpssubjectswhowouldotherwiseremain
benighted,sohemayalsobesaidto"dispeldarkness."Respondingtosuchbeneficentinfluences,allthemyriadthingsofthecosmosreachastateofperfectharmony.

App.5:Headvancesbypatronage.22
Somesupporthimlikeacrutch.

Fath.5:Advancementbyconnection
Means:Heisconstrainedbyhispatron'shouse.23

Appraisal5,initscentralposition,isruler(i.e.,dominantimage)ofthetetragram.Inayin(evennumbered)tetragramsuchasthis,ayanglineisunlucky.Anangry
complaintislodgedagainstthemostcommonmeansofadvancementattheHancourt:patronageandfactionalism.24Notonlyweretrueworthiesdiscouragedfrom
offeringtheircandidacy.Also,thosewhohadwontheirpostsunfairlyoftentenderedpooradvicetothethrone,sincetheyfeltconstrainedbyloyaltytotheirown
patrons.PerhapsYangHsiungruefullyreflectsuponhisownsituation,forhewaspressedtowritefulsomepraiseinhonourofhispatronWangMang.25One
commentator,however,seeshereaveiledpredictionofthedownfallofthepowerfulWangclan,inwhicholderofficialsexpunge("combout")the"filth"fromthecourt
soastorecoverajustpoliticalorder:

Advancingwithfinetoothedcombs[inhand],26
Someleanonthem[theexperiencedofficials]asprops.
Advancingwithfinetoothedcombs[inhand],
Theyrestrain27thoseinhonouredpositions.28

App.6:Advancingbythehighandbright,
Hegarnersblessingswithoutbounds.

 Page185

Fath.6:Advancingbythehighandbright
Means:HisWayisfarreaching.29

Thedeservingpersonadvancesbecauseheimitatestheloftyandillustriouswayoftheancientsagesembodiedinritual.Hiseffortsarerepaidbyhighpositionand
extraordinaryblessings.(InanalternatereadingoftheAppraisalline,"headvancesandsoisloftyandillustrious.")Thus,hisinfluencebecomesfarreachinginatleast
twosenses:First,hismoralinfluencepermeateseveryaspectofcontemporarysociety.Second,hisdescendantswillreceivethebenefitsofthisvaststoreof
accumulatedch'iforgenerationstocome.30

App.7:Hecannotsustainhisadvance.31

Hearingblame,hestopsuphisears.32

Fath.7:Advanceperverted

Means:Detractionsgrowevermoreobvious.

IntheMysteryschema,Position7istheBeginningofCalamity.Thisbenightedindividual,whoseadvancehascomeattheexpenseofthegreatergood,finallymeets
severecriticism.Incapableofreform,hecanonlyexpectdisparagingremarksanddisaffectiontoincrease.
App.8:Advancingintoadeeppool,
Thenoblemanusesaboat.

Fath.8:Toadvanceinpoolsbyusingaboat
Means:HeproceedsbytheWay.

Theboatstandsforallthecivilizinginventionsofthesagekingsofantiquity,whoseutilitystemsfromtheirimitationoffundamentalcosmicpatterns.33Thewise
individualwhofacespotentialdanger(=thedeepwater)strictlyfollowsthetraditionofthesagesasoutlinedintheClassics.Otherwise,progressbecomesdifficult,
duetomoralineptitude.

App.9:Headingupstream,barefootovermountains:
Inthreelongyearshehasnotreturned.

Fath.9:Climbingagainstcurrentandcrag
Means:Intheend,itcannotbeprolonged.34

Inacontrasttotheprecedingverse,thesubjectofthisfinalAppraisalsetshimselfaseriesofnearlyimpossibletasks,possiblyoutofblindperversityoraregrettable
loveofphysicaldaring.35Unfortunately,hedoesnotknowenoughtoemploythetoolsathandtohisadvantage.Thoughgreateffortisexpended,few,ifanygains
result.Hisfailureisallthemoreregrettableinthatitiscompletelyunnecessary.Awiserindividualusesavailableresources,liketheclassics,topersevereintheWay.

 Page186
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYang
thephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.40,Deliverancethesun
enterstheWallconstellation,3ddegree
theDipperpointsdueeast1themusical
noteisEfiattheSpringEquinoxsolar
Shih solarperiodbeginswithAppraisal3
No.21.Release
March22March26(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'itoeffectharmonystrikesopen2theroundcasingofyin,3warmingandreleasingthings,sothatallshedtheirwitheredhusksandaredeliveredfrom
theirshells.

Previoustetragrams,includingtheHeadtextofTetragram10,consistentlyassociateyinwithwhatencircles,encases,orwrapsaroundthings,therebyhamperingtheir
growthhence,mytranslation.However,thisHeadtextcouldalsoread,"Yangch'iharmoniouslycatalyzes.Roundandwarm,[likethesunit]releasesthethingsso
thatallshedtheirwitheredhusks..."4Eitherversionemphasizesthegenerativeinfluenceofyangch'iatthetransitionalvernalequinox.Onceyinandyanghavecome
intobalance,yangch'iisstrongenoughtobreakyin'sholdonthemyriadthings.Likethunder,the"releaseofHeavenandEarth,"yangch'icatalyzesproductive
growthsothatseedpodsnowbreakopen5animalsandinsects,shakingoffhibernation,begintostir.Asahostofcreaturesemergefromtheirshells,husks,and
moltingstotheclearlightofday,wemayexpectmoralrenewalinmankindaswell.Aboundlesspotentialforgoodopensup,withafocusonlighteningtheburdensof
others.Inappropriatereleaseentailingcarelessorremissbehavior,however,leadsinevitablytoloss.6

App.1:Movement,thoughnameless,
Leadstoachievement.7

Fath.1:Moving,butwithoutaname
Means:Indescribableareitsglories.

Appraisal1representingtheBeginningofThoughtisherealignedwithauspiciousyang.Byconvention,boththeTaoandthesageare"nameless"inthesensethattheir
greatnesscannotbereducedtooneormorediscreteattributes.ThevirtueoftheancientsagekingYao,forexample,was"soboundlessthatthepeoplecouldnotfind
anameforit."8Andthoughthepatternstheyestablishhelplessercreaturesrealizetheir

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innatepotential,boththeTaoandthesageprefertooperatebehindthescenes,withoutdrawingattentiontothemselves.Inconsequence,fewamonguscanfully
recognize,letalonearticulatetheextentoftheirinnatepower.9Theyareatonce"extraordinary"and"ordinary"(becauseexistencewithoutthemseemsimpossible).
Nowondertheirachievementscannotbeadequatelydescribed.

App.2:Movementyieldsechoandshadow.10

Fath.2:Movementyieldingonlyechoandshadow
Means:Itisnotworthnoting.11

Echoandshadowusuallysymbolizethemysteriousbutpowerfulattractionbetweenthingsincategoricalsympathy.Thesesameimagescanalsosuggesttheclose
conformityofthesuperiormantocosmicnorms,ofinferiorstotruesuperiors,andsoon.12Here,however,thepointisdecidedlydifferent:WhiletheunseenTao
producesmanifestachievements,selfimportantoperatorsproducenotangiblebenefit,eitherbecausetheirnatureisfundamentallyderivative(likeechoandshadow),13
orbecausetheypursuetransitorygoalsofnogreatersubstancethananechoorshadow.14AstheChineseproverbsays,"Theychasethewindandcatchtheshadow."
Areturntothebasicandsubstantial,ratherthanthesecondaryandshifting,wouldleadmenbacktotheTao.15

App.3:Thewindmovesandthunderrouses.
Followtheirloftyandexaltednatures.

Fath.3:Windmoving,thunderrousing
Means:Theirmovementshavepurpose.

Appraisal3correspondstotheWoodphase,toEast,andtospring.Sinceantiquity,theChinesehaveassumedthatspringthunderstormsstimulatethepropergrowth
ofthings.Thegoodleaderislikeaforceofnatureinthathiscatalyzingactivityseemsnolessirresistible.16IncontrasttotheTaoistsage,whopractices"nonaction,"the
Confuciansageworkswiththepurposeofimprovingandelevatingothers.

App.4:Inmovingtothehighlands,17
Helosesfriendsfromthelowlands.18

Fath.4:Movingtothehighlands
Means:Heisindangeroflosinghisbase.19

Appraisal4markstheBeginningofGoodFortuneunfortunately,hereitisalignedwithinauspiciousnight.Inclimbingfromalowposttoahighone,theindividual
neglectshisoldbase,whetheritbeformerallies,thesupportoffollowers,theteachingsoftheConfucianmasters,orsimplytheattachmenttorightconduct.Forthis
reason,heislikelytobetoppledfromhispositionofprominence.20

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21
Thispoemmayalsoserveasacommentonthewilychiefministerwhoflatterstherulerabovewhileoppressingthecommonpeoplebelow. Inthatcase,notonly
theindividualbutthedynastyfacesextinction.

App.5:Likehealingsalves,theruler'svirtue22
SoothestheFourStates.

Fath.5:Thesalvesthatsmoothandrelease
Mean:Thepeople'sjoyknowsnobounds.

Astandardmetaphorcomparespreciousunguentstotheruler'sgraciousvirtue.Justasunguentssmoothandhealbrokenskin,theruler'srightconductrestoreslifeto
thebodypoliticandobviatespoliticalfriction,23evenbeyondthebordersoftheCentralKingdom.24Forthisreason,theruler'ssubjectscanlookforwardtoaperiod
ofunparalleledpeaceandjoy.
App.6:Thunderatcourt
Destroysharmonyandpropriety.

Fath.6:Thunderatcourt
Means:Bothharmonyandrectitudearelost.

Thunderclapsexpressdivineangerand,byextension,thewrathoftheSonofHeaven.25Theyalsosuggestnewdevelopments,whichtendtofrighten,ratherthan
soothe.26Finally,repeatedthunderclapsmaysymbolizeselfpromotingministerswhomakethepeoplequailastheyabusetheauthorityoftheiroffices.27Anger,
innovations,andarrogancearealloutofplaceatcourt.Forthisreason,"harmonyandrectitudearelost."28

App.7:Thundercrashes,againandagain,29
Washingawayhisshame.

Fath.7:Repeatedthunderclaps,nodisgrace,
Means:Shameisexcisedfromeverywhere.30

IntheChanges,repeatedthunderclapsconveyasalutaryshocktothesystem:

Thunderrepeated:theimageofshock.Infearandtrembling,thenoblemansetshislifeinorderandexamineshimself.31

Therightresponsetobadomensistoresolveuponselfreform.Then,paradoxically,"shockwillbringsuccess."32Thesesamelines,however,accordingtocertain
commentators,describetherighteousindignationfeltbythesuperiorindividualtowardsthosewhodaretoblameorinsulthim.Whatevertheircharges,heremains
unsulliedasangerpurgestheshame.33

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App.8:Drivenbyprofit,hefalls
Flatonhisface,thendies.

Fath.8:Tobedrivenbyprofit
Means.'Hewalkstogetherwithdeath.34

Conventionalwisdomequatesthe''goodlife"withtheacquistionofwealth,butrunningafterprofitalltoooftenendsinthedeathofthesoul.Itmayalsocausephysical
death,since"thosewhosemeasuresaredictatedbymereexpediencyarousecontinualresentment."35Forthisreason,Confuciusderidedlessermenwhogotoagreat
dealoftrouble"todiscoverwhatwillpay."36

App.9:Todayaccused,37tomorrowblessed.38
Intheend,he'sfreedfromhischains.39

Fath.9:Todayaccused,tomorrowblessed
Means:Bythat,he'sreleasedfromcalamity.

AsoneChinesephilosophernoted,"Itisneveranyone'sproperdestinytodieinchains."40Appraisal9isthelastAppraisalhence,thereferencetoafinalreleasefrom
danger.ThevaguewordingoftheendlineoftheFathomingtendstofocusthereader'sattentiononthequestion,"Whatcanoneusetoreleaseoneselffromcalamity?"
ApassageintheChangessuppliestheanswer:Strictadherencetomoralstandardsobviatestheneedformostconstraints,physicalandmental,usedtotrainorcurb
lessermen.41And"proof"oftheblessingsassociatedwithmoralityissuppliedbythestoryofgoodKingWenofChou,whowasreleasedfromjailevenundertheevil
lastkingoftheShangdynasty.42
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYinthe
phaseMetalandtheYichingHexagram
no.34,GreatlyStrong1thesunentersthe
Ke Wallconstellation,8thdegree
No.22.Resistance
March26(p.m.)March30

HEAD:Yangch'i,internallystrong,canofferresistancetothemanymanifestationsofyin.2Repellingthem,itforcesthemtowithdraw.

Asthefirsttetragramfollowingthevernalequinox,Resistancesignalsadramaticshiftinthecosmicbalance.Forthefirsttimeinthelunaryear,

 Page190

yangch'iisslightlystrongerthanyin,thoughyin'sinfluenceisstillmanifest.Yangch'ibeginsitsassaultonyin,propelledperhapsbythetetragram'salignmentwith
Metal,thestuffofweapons.Still,atthispointintheannualcycleyangch'iismerely"internallystrong."Onlyinlatertetragramswillyangconfrontyinexternally.The
relativeweaknessofyangch'iisnottheprimaryreason,however,whytheAppraisalsbelowdonotcelebratewarlikepostures.AstheChangestellsus,"Thepetty
personuseshisstrength,butthenoblemandoesnotactinthisway."3Trueresistanceentailsperseverance,notbruteforce.Developingstrengthandpowerinthese
earlystagesdependsondistancingoneselffromimproprietywhilestayingclosetointegrity.

Thecharacterusedforthetitledepictsalengthofwoodenboardwhichdemarcatesspaceandseparatesobjects.Footboardsandbackboardsincarriages,window
sills,cupboards,animalenclosures,andfencesusethesameword.Inthetextsthatfollow,appropriateseparation,distancing,andresistancearedominantthemes.

App.1:Sealingoffinnergoodness,4
Proprietyfails,goodnessislost.5

Fath.1:Sealingoffinnergoodness
Means:Thecentercannotassimilatethegood.6

Thefirstposition,whichmarkstheBeginningofThought,depictstheinnerworkingsoftheheart/mind,whereseedsofgoodnessareimplanted,aswellasimpulses
towardevil.7Ifanindividualassiduouslyworkstodevelopthegoodwithin,hewillgrowinmoralstrengthashisevilimpulseswane.If,however,theindividualfailsto
develophispotentialforGood,hisinnerresistancetoevilimpulseswillbreakdown.Ashismindincreasinglyfailstodistinguishrightfromwrong,hewillloseall
appreciationof"thetimetestedcategories."8Theconscienceasmoralcenterwillnolongerreviewhisconductdaily,9norwillitbeableto"assimilatethegood"by
imitationoftheancients.Inthatcase,theindividuallosesallchancetocultivatehishumaneness,thevirtuethatdistinguisheshimfromthebrutes.
App.2:Sealingoffinternalevil
Makesproprietyprofound.10

Fath.2:Sealingoffinternalevil
Means:Hiddenproprietyismarvelous.

Inacontrasttotheprecedingverses,thispoempresentsagoodperson,whosteadfastlycontainshisevilimpulses,lesthismoralcouragebesapped.Astheindividual
becomesmorefullyhuman,hefinallyachievesthatmysteriouscharismaassociatedwiththeancientsagekings.Themost

 Page191

significantactsofresistance,then,oftentakeplaceinthehiddenrecessesoftheheartandmind.

App.3:Shunningbeltandhook,11
Heisaslooseashisgarments.12

Fath.3:Nobeltorhookforhistrousers
Means:Therearenomeansofrestraint.

InChinesewaysofthinking,personalappearance(includingthedispositionofone'sgarments)reflectstheinnerself.Ifanindividualrefusestoacceptthecustomary
restraintsuponhisperson(i.e.,thebeltandhook)thatalsoservetoenhancehislooks,13inevitablythebeautyandorderembodiedinritualpatternsaredisturbed.A
breakdownoftheallimportantFiveRelations(ruler/subject,father/son,husband/wife,eldersibling/youngersibling,andfriend/friend)ensues.Withrelationsshattered,
chaosfollows.

App.4:Thenetdeters.14
Thereisarightwaytocapturebirds.

Fath.4:Thatthenetpreventscapture
Means:Rectifytheroleoflaw.15

WithbothAppraisalandTetragramalliedwithMetalandpunishments,thepenalcodeissubjectoftheseverses.Usingthestockmetaphorof"thenet"ofthelaw,the
constructiveaspectsofthelegalsystemareconsidered:Thenetconfinesbirdsofprey(i.e.,theevildoersinhumansociety),keepingthemawayfromtheinnocent.The
verypresenceofanetmayalsoactasdeterrenttowardoffpotentiallydestructiveanimals,obviatingtheneedforanyfutureactionagainstthem.16Equallyimportant,
thenetallowsthehuntertocatchbirdswithoutharmingtheirfeathers,breakingtheireggs,oroverturningtheirnests.17Ifthelawfunctionsinthiscarefulway,criminals
arecapturedandtheinnocentprotected.Ideally,thelawhasnothingtodowithrevenge.18
App.5:Ifglueandlacquerloosen,
Thebowdoesnotshoot,
Forhornandwoodhavesplit.

Fath.5:Thatglueandlacquerloosen
Means:Promisesdonotstick.

Oneearlycommentator19offersacomplicatedexplicationoftheimagesemployedhere:Thelooseningofthelacquersymbolizestheindiscretionsoftherulerthe
woodenbowstandsforthesubordinatethehorn,fortheking'sownperson.Inthatcase,thetextmeans,"Iftherulerisindiscreet,heloseshisofficial."20

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21
ThoughAppraisal5signifiestheruler,thepoemmaysimplydescribeanysituationinwhichthebondsofmutualtrusthavebeenbroken. Justasthefailureoftheglue
rendersthebowunusable,lackofgoodfaithunderminestheutilityofallsocialinstitutions.Clearly,theprimaryresponsibilityforestablishinggroupcohesionrestswith
theelite,whosemembersmustcontinuallyandpubliclyreaffirmtheirabsolutecommitmenttojusticeandthecommongood.Itisthisattitudethatworksas"social
glue."22

App.6:Waxingmetal,23waningstone.
What'sgoneissmallwhatcomesisgreat.

Fath.6:Waxingmetalandwaningstone
Mean:Excellencedailygrowsgreater.

ThoughmetalandstonearebothalignedwithWestandautumnintheHansystemofcorrespondences,heretheyclearlyfunctionasopposites.Afterall,thereare
certainimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwomaterials:Metalshines,whileunpolishedstoneisdullmetalalonesuggestsgloryandenlightenment.24Metalisalsomore
"productive"andvaluable25mostwouldascribegreaterbeautytoit.Finally,metalseemsalmostindestructible,whilestonecanerode.(Thismaybegermane,since
Appraisal6correlateswithWater.)Inshort,"Goodisnamedmetal,andevil,stone,"26soanincreaseingood,ratherthaninevil,ispredicted.
App.7:Inrejectinghismostvaluedmen,
Sealandsashareendangered.

Fath.7:Rejectinghismostvaluedmen
Means:Helosesthemeanstocorrecttheself.

Sealandsashareemblemsofpoliticalauthorityideallytheyderivefrominnerintegrityandastrongcommitmenttothepublicgood.Sincetheempireisnot"oneman's
possession,"itsrulermustconsultwidelywithotherstolearnhowbesttopromoteacommunityofinterests.Here,theemperorendangersthestatebyignoringgood
counsel.

App.8:Reluctanttofastentightthatbelt,
Thesuperiormanfindstimelyopportunity.
Thepettyman,aggrieved,27isblocked.

Fath.8:Reluctancetocinchthatbelt
Means:Itisfittingthathecannotact.

Thesameact,arefusaltogirdtheself,mayhavedifferentimplicationswhencarriedoutbytheimmoralindividual(asinAppraisal3)orbythemoralsuperior(as
here).28Theleatherbeltspecificallysignifiesofficeholding,withallitsimpliedconstraints.Onprinciple,thesuperiormandelaysassumingofficeuntilheisprepared
andthetimeisright.(Perhaps

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29
thegoodmanavoidscourtforatimebecausethebureaucracyisruledbyfactionalismorheadedbyabadruler.) Facedwiththeprospectofonerousdutiesand
routine,theinferiormanalsohesitatestotakeupoffice.Sincehisrefusalstemsfromsimpleselfishnessormindlessnonconformityratherthangoodsense,hewillfind
hiscareerblocked.
App.9:Itwidensitseyes,raisesitshorn,
Andsoitsunloweredbodyisstruck.

Fath.9:Widenedeyesandaraisedhorn
Mean:Itbringsharmbackonitself.30

WithAppraisal9,whichcorrespondstotheextremepointofresistance,thesituationmovesfarbeyondrighteousindignation.Theeyesarewidewithadesirefor
revenge.Thehornisraised,signifyinganeagernessforconflict.Here,intheextremesituation,theemotionsrule,ratherthanconscienceorgoodsense.Withmore
humanesolutionsavailable,offensiveandarrogantstancesstubbornlymaintained(despitethepossibleconsequences)canonlybringharmtooneselfintheend.
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYang
thephaseEarthandtheYiching
Hexagramno.34,GreatlyStrong1the
Yi sunenterstheWallconstellation,12th
No.23.Ease degree
March31April4(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iinjuresandcutsoff2yinsothatitsuccumbsto3adebilitatingillness.Thingsasarulearebalancedandatease.

Continuingitsassaultonyin,yangch'iseriouslyweakensyinasyincannolongerhopetosaveitself,itreluctantlyreleasesitsholdonthemyriadthings,whichnow
escapeitsruinousclutches.4Boththeinitialinjuryandtheresultanteasearesuggestedbythecharacterchosenforthetitle,whichhasthreemainmeanings:(1)"to
injureorharm,"(2)"tolevel"(bothinthesenseof"toputinbalance"and''toflattenbyforce"),and(3)"toease."TheAppraisalsbelowsuggestthecomplicatedties
thatrelateeaseandinjury.5
App.1:Atfirst,secretlyoftwominds,
Hegraspswhateaseshisinnerself.6

 Page194

Fath.1:Initialconfusion,thenequanimity
Means:Thisrelieves7hisinnerself.

Thephrase"tobeoftwominds"8issometimesasynonymforduplicitous.Moreoften,however,itsuggeststheconflictingimpulsestoupholdsocialdutyandtoserve
selfinterest.Thenotionofdividedallegiancescanalsobeappliedtoasubordinateservingtwomasters.Allthesesituationsstemfromthemind'ssecretstruggleover
priorities.Ifwiseandgood,theindividualordershisgoals,rankinginnerhappinessaboveconventionalgoods9andcommunalneedsaboveselfishdesires.Acalm,yet
resolutemindisthekeytotheinternalequilibriumthatpromotesthehealthfulcirculationofthe"everflowingch'i."10

App.2:Secretlyinjured,
HeblundersintoHeaven'snet.

Fath.2:Secretlyhurt,crashingintothenet
Means:"Thoughlooselywoven,itdoesnotfail."

"Heaven'snet"istheconventionalphrasefor"cosmicretribution,"theChinesecounterparttotherecordingangeloftheJudeoChristiantradition.Thecoarsemeshof
thenetsignifiesHeaven'sdesireforleniency.Yetjusticedemandsthatthenetcatcheverywickedindividual,sothatvirtueandfatewillroughlycorrespond.Asthe
Laotzusays:
Thenetofheaveniscastwide.Thoughthemeshisnotfine,nothing

everslipsthrough.11

FortheChinese,talkofHeavendoesnotnecessarilyimplyatranscendentbeingasjudge.Perhapstheevildoerisnaturallycaughtinentanglementsofhisown
creation,ashisliesandcrueltyisolatehimfromthecommunity.

App.3:Afterthreedaysofwailing,
Thefrailinfantisfarfromhoarse.12

Fath.3:Theinfant'scontinuouswails
Mean:Thecenterheartisinharmony.

AnotherimagefromtheLaotzuprovestheinvinciblenatureofinneronenessbythewellknownexample:

Thenewbornbabyhowlsallthedaywithoutitsvoicecrackingonce.Thisisbecauseitisharmonyatitsheight.13

TheMysteryagreeswithLaotzuontwopoints:First,externalweaknessisnotalwaysanaccurateindicatorofinternalweakness.Second,innerpeaceofmindgives
theindividualamysteriouspower.Still,neitherpoint

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14
seemsasufficientreasontoadvocateacompleterejectionofcivilization,ofmaturity,orofsocialduty.

App.4:Aftergrindingfiathisteeth,
Sometrytofeedhimdirt.15

Fath.4:Thathisteethareleveled
Means:Foodnolongerappeals.

Theteetharegrounddown,eitherbyrepeatedactsofgluttony16orby"chompingatthebit"forrichesandhighrank.Oncetheteetharegone,theindividuallacksa
basictoolforsurvival.Nolongerwholehimself,theindividualissoondevaluedbyothers.Paradoxically,then,selfindulgenceultimatelycreatesasituationwhere
certainbasicdesires(suchasthoseforfoodandcommunity)canneverbesatisfied.17
App.5:Withinnerease,nothingbutprofit.

Fath.5:Thebenefitsofinnerease
Mean:Itspathsaremany.

ThepersonwhoisdedicatedtotheWaymaintainspeaceofmindasaresult,hismindiscalmenoughtoconsidertheutilityofalloptions.JustastheoneTaospawns
themyriadthings,singlemindednessleadstomanywaysforseveralreasons:Afterthearduoustaskofbuildingabroadmoralfoundation,acquiringtheexpertise
neededforaspecifictaskisrelativelyeasy.Themoralpersonhasalreadydevelopedtheselfdisciplineneededforlessertasks.What'smore,innerwholenessattunes
theindividualtotheTao,sothatheisparticularlysensitivetochangingscenesandunfoldingsituations.AstheChangespromises:

Bymeansofwhatiseasyandsimple,wegrasptheorderofAllunderHeaven.18

App.6:Heisinjuredinthehut.
Hishousestandsemptyasamound.

Fath.6:Injuredatthehut
Means:Hisvirtueislost.19

Confuciansarguethatthevirtueofhumanenessprovidestheonlysecureandhappydwellingformankind.20Thosewhoabandonthestruggletofollowthetruepathof
Goodnessleavethemselvesunprotected.Here,theindividualis"injured."AnalternatereadingoftheAppraisalsuggeststhathisownmisbehaviorhasendedin
another's"levellinghisdwelling."With"hisvirtuelost,"hecanonlywanderamongthe"hillsandruins,''seekingamakeshifthome.Bothreadingsyieldmuchthesame
lesson:Oncetheindividuallayswastetohisvirtue,alltruesecurityevaporates.

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21
App.7:Thetrunkispliableandweak,
Yetwoodincontactdullsthemetalsaw.22
Suchisleveling.

Fath.7:Thatthetrunkisweak
Means:"Theweakovercomethestrong."

TotheChinese,woodisknownforitspliabilitywhilemetalexemplifiesdurabilityandstrength.23InlanguagereminiscentoftheLaotzu,24theMysteryremindsreaders
ofaparadoxicaltruth:Thesofterwooddullsthemetalsaw.Byanalogy,gentlevirtueismorecompellingthanbruteforce.Appraisal7initsmessageunderscoresthe
lessonofAppraisal3.

SsumaKuangreadstheversesdifferently:
The[well]barispliable,
Thebarisweak.
[Therope]splitsthewood.
[Thewhetstone]sharpensmetal.
[Examplesof]leveling.

The[well]barispliable.
Meaning:"Theweakovercomethestrong.25

Aropewearsintowood,justasawhetstonesharpensknives.SsumaKuang,then,givestwomoregoodexamplesofthepowerof"theweak."
App.8:Inwearingdownitshorn
Thereisdanger.26

Fath.8:Injuringhishorn27
Means:Heiswoundedbytheuseofawesomeforce.

Theanimal'shornsymbolizesbrutestrengthandaggressivebehavior.Herethehornhasbeenworndownbyoverfrequentuseuntiltheanimalcannolongerdefend
itself.

App.9:Thebenefitsofease28inoldage:
Itisrighttoberespectedwhenagedandinfirm.29

Fath.9:Theproprietyofeaseinoldage
Means:Retired,hehangshiscarriageathome.30

SinceAppraisal9representsextremeease,itproperlyaddressesthesubjectofoldageandretirement.Afteryearsofloyalservice,theagedofficialisallowedto
retirequietlytohisnativeplace,wherehisofficialcarriagehangsonthewall,nolongerinuse.Theoldmanwantsonlytoliveouthisdaysinpeaceandhonorhe
makesnoefforttoinfluenceothersbyflauntinghisformerposition.TheDocumentslabelsthelastoflife'sblessings"comingtoagoodend."Here,theindividualhas
clearlyaccomplishedthis.31

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CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYinthe
phaseWaterandtheYichingHexagram
no.16,Amusement1thesunentersthe
Stomachconstellation,5thdegreethe
Le DipperpointsESEthemusicalnoteisE
No.24.Joy
April4(p.m.)April8

HEAD:Yangbeginstoemergefromobscurity.2Unrollingwhathadbeenfoldedup,3ittherebygainsharmonyandeasesothatallthingsarefilledwithjoy.4

Onceagaintheexpansivenatureofyangch'icontrastswithyin'spropensitytocrampthingsunderitsinfluence.Asthegentlespringrainsbegin,yangch'inotonly
"beginstoemergefromobscurity,"butalso,accordingtoanalternatereadingofonepartoftheHeadtext,"beginstoputforthwarmth."5Warmthunfurlsthetightly
curledleavesofvegetationandpromptshibernatinganimalstostretchtheirlimbsinpreparationforleavingtheirdens.Infact,thewarmthofspringelicitsexpansive
feelingsofdelightinalllivingcreatures.Sincemanyofthesefeelingsarespontaneouslyexpressedinecstaticcries,includingmatingcalls,thetetragramisequally
associatedwithmusic,whichfunctionsasoutletforandmoderatinginfluenceontheemotions.6(Itisworthrecallingthatboth"joy"and"music"arewrittenwiththe
samegraphinChinese.)Accordingtooneofhisowndisciples,YangHsiungneverlearnedtofullyappreciatemusic.7ThismayexplainwhyYang'sreferencesto
musicappearconventional,ifnothackneyed.Still,asoneoftheforemostclassicistsofhistime,YangHsiungclearlyknewthepertinenttexts.Allthegeneralideas
foundintheAppraisalsandmanyofhisspecificimagesaredrawnfromtwochapters:the"RecordonMusic''chapterintheRecordofRitualandHsntzu's
"DiscussiononMusic."

Giventhetetragramtitle,thereadermightexpectthistetragramtobefullofhappyovertones,butYangHsiungalsousestheJoythemetoportraytheevil
consequencesofoverindulgenceinpleasure.Inthishefollowstheimageryofthecorrespondenthexagram,whichcautionsagainstenthusiasmsthatbringmisfortune
andremorse.8AstheOdessay,"Letusnotbewildinourloveofenjoyment.9Truehappiness,astheChangesshows,dependsuponintegrity,perseverance,and
adherencetoritual.

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10
App.1:Solitarypleasureispleasureconfined.
Itsreachdoesnotreachfar.

Fath.1:Solitarypleasureispleasureconfined.
Meaning:Itdissipateshisinnerself.11

Thoughthecommentatorsquarrelovertherightpejorativetocharacterizesolitaryenjoyment,thegeneralmessageisclear:TotheChinese,pleasureisessentiallya
socialfeeling.Theinnersoulisultimatelydestroyedbysolitarypleasures,whichneitherenhancemutualregardbetweenindividualsnorpromotecommunionwiththe
greatmenofthepast(throughappreciationoftheirpaintingorcalligraphy,forexample).Inshort,personalgreatnesscanonlybeachievedthroughinteractionwith
others.AsoneConfucianmasterwrote:

Itwasbysharingtheirenjoymentswiththepeoplethat[theideal]menofantiquitywereabletoenjoythemselves....Thereisjustonethinginwhichtheancientsgreatly
surpassedothers,andthatisthewaytheyextendedwhattheydid.12

Thenobleperson"doesnotkeepwhathedesiresforhimself"13forpracticalaswellasmoralreasons.Thech'iarousedbypleasurableemotionsmustfindsuitable
outletsinritualandmusic(bothessentiallypublicactivities)ifitisnottoharmthebody.14Also,takingtheTaoasmodel,thenoblepersonmakeseveryeffortto
encourageotherstoreachtheirfullpotential.15Asaresultofthesetwofactors,communalhappinesssoonreplacessolitaryenjoyment.Incontrast,bydefinitionthe
pettypersonistooselfishtoaffordothersthesameopportunityforpleasurethatheenjoys.16

App.2:Thetimeforunimaginablejoy17
IssetinHeaven.

Fath.2:Joythatisunimaginable
Means:Usetheseasonsandtheyear.

Itisintheindividual'sbestintereststoadjusthisactionstoprevailingcosmictrends,therebymultiplyingtheefficacyofhisownlabors.Havingdonethat,hecanlook
forwardtosuccess.Thejoyhewillreceiveis"unimaginable"intwosenses:first,itexceedsallexpectations,18andsecond,itsultimatesourcecannotbelocated.19

ThreecommentatorswouldhaveusrelatetheselinestotheMencianprogramof"virtuousgovernment."20AccordingtoMencius,therulershouldemploythepeoplein
corvelaborandmilitaryserviceonlyduringslackagriculturalseasons.Inthisway,stateservicewillneverthreatenthepeople'slivelihood.Whilethestategrowsrich
fromtaxes,thepeople

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21
growcontent,withoutevergivingitmuchthought.Afterall,"Thebestofallrulersisbutashadowypresencetohissubjects."

App.3:Allcomposureisgone.22
Weeping,howling,wailingfigures
Leanindoorways.

Fath.3:Notateaseorrefined
Means:Ritesandmusichavebeenabolished23

TheAppraisalusesnofewerthansixonomatopoeiccharacters,whosemeaningsaredisputed.24Allsixmaybereadasmournfulsounds,butsomeorallmayalso
convey"soundsofmerriment."25Inasense,ithardlymatterswhatparticularemotioneachcharactersignifies.Theunmistakableimpressionisoneofababbleof
incoherentanddistressingnoises.Suchexcessivedisplaysofemotiondirectlycontravenetheritesuncontrolledoutburstscanonlyendindisgrace.Therefore,the
Appraisalendswith"leaningindoorways."Thiscanmeanmisfortuneisatone'sverydoorstep.26Otherwise,itprobablyreferseithertopublicexpressionsof
bereavement,27ortotheageoldpostureadoptedbydegradedwomensellingtheirbodies.28
App.4:Discardinghisties,
Severinghisbonds,
Heeaseshisgodlike29heart.

Fath.4:Breakingfreeoftiesandbonds
Means:Thehearttrulyrejoices.30

Contrarytopopularbelief,steadfastadherencetotheWayneednotcausetheprincipledpersontofeelconstrainedbyduty.Rather,thegoodpersonfinds
compliancewithritualeminentlysatisfyingforbothaestheticandpracticalreasons.Freeatlastofungovernabledesireforexternalobjects,31theindividualisfinallyin
controlofthe"unmoved"heart/mind.32Hecanrestcontent,havingachievedinnerequanimity.33

App.5:Richharmoniesofbellanddrum,34
Thenmournful35pipesandstrings
Forthem,declinemayfollow.

Fath.5:Bellanddrumsoundinginunison
Means:Afterjoycomesgrief.

Theproverbsays,"Withextremepleasure,sorrowarises."36Intypicalcourtperformancesbellanddrum,withtheirbracingairs,arefollowedbythethinwhineof
pipesandstrings,whichtendtoarouseuneasylongings,evendepravityinthelistener.Herethepettyperson(beheemperororcommoner)indulgeshissenses,37
courtingdisaster.Foronething,an

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38
overpreoccupationwithpleasureprecludesproperparticipationinsocialandpoliticalactivity.Itwillalsoweakenthebody. YangHsiungmayhavehadinminda
famousanecdoteregardingtwodukesofthesixthcenturyB.C.whofound"strangemusictheirchiefdelight."Aftertheyinsistedonsuccessiveperformancesof
increasinglymournfulmusic,theywereafflictedbydroughtsandcuriousillnesses.39

App.6:Letjoyandmusicswell,fillingeverygap,40
Tothedelightofcommonfolkandgodsandbirds.

Fath.6:Greatjoyandmusicfillingeveryspace
Means:Joyembracesallandeverything.41

Inevennumberedtetragrams,Appraisal6correspondstotheSonofHeavenhence,thisclassicdescriptionofthejoythatpervadesthekingdomruledbyasage.In
contrasttoAppraisal1,whichdescribesthemisguidedindividual(possiblytheruler)whorefusestoextendhispleasurestothepeople,herethebenefitsofsagelyrule
accruenotonlytohumansubjects,buttoalllivingcreatures.Bytheend,eachthinginthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthManisjoinedinecstaticunionnoabsolute
barrierseparatesManfromtherestofcreation.42Equallyimportant,thegapisclosedbetweenthehumanorderasitoughttobeandasitactuallyis.43Thisisproof
thatthecharismaticindividual'sinfluencepervadesallthecosmos.Itisalsoproofthat"itispossibletoenjoyharmoniouspleasurewithoutanyabandonedbehavior."44

App.7:Peoplesigh,45ghostssigh
OverlimitationsfixedbyHeaven.

Fath.7:Ghostsandpeoplesighing
Means:Theyproclaimtheendofhappiness.46

TheprecedingAppraisalpositsthefundamentalunityofallthings.Nowtheotherworldlyandhumanrealmsarejoinedinsorrow,ratherthaninjoy.Theoperationof
cosmiccyclesmayundercutthebestlaidplans.Evildoers,whohavetemporarilyeludedcosmicretribution,mustnowaccepttheirpunishment.Thosewhoaregood
meanwhilefaceoldageanddeath.TheverypresenceofghostsindicatessomekindofcosmicimbalanceintheChinesemind.47

Accordingtoseveralcommentators,thefirstlineoftheAppraisalandFathomingread,"Peoplelaugh,andghostslaugh."Inthatcase,anunthinkingoutburstof
laughtersuggeststhefailuretoregulateemotionsthatinevitablyleadstocalamity.AstheChangeswrites,"Whenthewifeandchildrenlaugh'teehee'/Itwillendin
distress."48

App.8:Heavingsighaftersigh,49fearinghisownfaults,50
Heforgetstheerrorsanddeceptions51ofothers.52

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Fath.8:Sighaftersigh,hefearstheself.
Meaning:Intheend,53heprotectshimself.

ThesubjectofthepreviousAppraisalwastestimebemoaninghisfate,butheretheprotagonistworkshardtoovercomehisownfaultsinordertoinsurehisown
protection.Sointentisheuponselfimprovementthathecomestoignorethefaultsofothers,asuresignofthegentleman.54Meanwhile,suchgoodconduct
replenishestheindividual'sstoreofthelifegivingch'i.55

SomecommentatorsreinterprettheonomatopoeicgraphssothatthefirstlineoftheAppraisalandFathomingreads,"Eveninthemidstoflaughingteehee."56The
wisemanisequallycarefulingoodtimesandinbadtocorrecthisownmistakes.5757
App.9:Hisjoynearlycomplete,
Griefcomesbeforedayisdone.
He58sighsandsnivelsasheweepsandwails.59

Fath.9:Nearlyabsolutejoy
Means:Truly,thisiscauseforregret.

Appraisal9marksboththeculminationandtheendofJoy.Withit,comesdanger,60sothatultimatelytheuncautiousindividualisplungedintogreatsorrow,with
"sighingandsobbing,snivelandsnot."61
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMystery
YangthephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.6,Conflictthesun
Cheng enterstheStomachcon.stellation,9th
No.25.Contention degree
April9April13(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'ioverflowseverywhere.Itis"neitheronesided,norpartial,"sothatthingsvieagainstoneanotherincompetition,1witheachonefollowingitsown
propermodel.2

Yangch'ifunctionslikethetruekingdescribedinthecanonical"GreatPlan"chapteroftheDocuments:Itis"neitheronesidednorpartial"3initsdealingswith
subordinates,for"toshownofavoritism"isdivine.4EarlyChinesethoughtgenerallyassumesthattheTaoandthe

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goodrulerarealikeinallowingeachthingtodevelopitsdistinctivenature.Thateachthing"followsitsownmodel,"then,isoneacceptedproofofgoodrule,nota
condemnationoflessercreatures.Consequently,"Atthebirthofthemyriadthings/Eachgetswhatissuitableforit.5"Ingratitudeforthisimpartialtreatment,the
myriadthings,likethesubjectsofagoodking,areeagertotransformthemselvesthroughyang'sgoodgraces.TheHeadtext,then,celebratesthebenefitsofequality
inConfucianterms:"fairtreatmentasdeterminedbysocialroles"(notthemodernWesternnotionofequalcivilrightsforall).6

Sinceeachcreature,iffairlytreated,isinspiredtoactaccordingtoitsbetternature,thetetragramisconsideredgenerallyauspicious,despiteitstitle.Thatthetetragram
phaseisFire,nodoubt,accountsfortheragingconflictfoundinthefollowingAppraisals.Still,justastheJoyAppraisalswerelesshappythanmightbeexpected,
thoseinContentionarelessevilthanthetitlesuggests.Undercertainconditions,conflictandcontentionplayapositiverole,whetherinthelawcourtsoronthe
battlefield.7Insomecases,punishment,evenwar,representstheonlyviablewaytosuppressevilandadvancethecycle.Inmakingthisargument,theMysteryshifts
theemphasisfromthecorrespondentChangeshexagram,whichusuallycondemnscontentionandconflict.
App.1:Contendbestbynotcontending.
Retiretoobscurity.

Fath.1:Incontending,notcontending
Means:Thisisthenormalcourse8oftheWay.9

TheopeninglineofbothAppraisalandFathomingliterallyreads,"Contendnotcontend."Thecommentatorsgivefourpossibleinterpretationsoftheline:(1)"Contend
beforetheoccasionforcontentionbecomesapparenttoobviatetheneedforobviouscontention"10(2)"Contendbestbynotbeingquarrelsome"11(3)"Tofighton
incontestableground''(i.e.,onthebasisoftheConfucianClassics),sothat"nothingcanovercome[him]"12and(4)"Abletofight,butchoosingnottofight,"areading
thatemphasizesthelatentpowerofthegoodperson.13

ThefirstinterpretationclearlydrawsuponearlyTaoistandLegalisttexts,whichenjointhesuperiormantosolveproblemsbeforetheybecomeapparent.Thisfitswell
withAppraisal1,sinceitfocusesonthebeginningofthecycle.ThesecondreadingrecallsthenatureofWater(theAppraisal'scorrelation),byshowingittobesoft
yetforcefulinerodingotherthings.Theritualact,whichalwaysexemplifiescourtesyandhumility,makestheactorequallygentleyetcompelling.Sincecourtesyand
ritualconstitute"thenormalcourseoftheWay,"paradoxically"thegentlestgamesteristhesoonestvictor."14

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15
App.2:AweaklingtriestoshoutbacktheRiver.

Fath.2:AweaklingshooingtheYellowRiver
Means:Howcansuchamanbereliedupon?

Theweakling,seriouslymiscalculatinghisstrength,thinkshecanintimidatetheYellowRiversimplybyhisshouts.16(Presumably,thethreattotheRivercomes
becausethisAppraisalcorrespondstoFire,Water'senemy.)Thefutilityoftheactshouldbeobvioustoall,thoughtheweaklingisblithelyunawareofhisown
incapacities.What'smore,theYellowRiverisseenasastorehouseofblessingsbyagrarianChina,sinceitisthemightyfountainheadofalltheriversintheNorth
ChinaplainthatbringlifegivingwatertothecropsTheweakling'sposturingagainstit,then,couldhardlybemoreinappropriate17orselfdefeatingComparethe
Chuangtzustorywhereastupidowltriesto"shooaway"aspiritbird:
InthesouththereisabirdcalledtheYanch'u...[which]risesupfromtheSouthSeaandfliestotheNorthSea,anditwillrestonnothingbutthe[marvelous]Wut'ungtree,eat
nothingbutthefruitoftheLien,anddrinkonlyfromspringsofsweetwater.Oncetherewasanowlwhohadgottenholdofahalfrottenoldrat.AstheYanch'upassedby,the
owlraiseditshead,lookedupattheYanch'u,andsaid,"Shoo!"18

Boththepoemandthestorymockludicrousactsofphysicalcourage.AsConfuciussaid,"Themanwhoisreadyto'beardatigerorrushariver'...thatisthesortof
manIwouldnottake."19

App.3:Archersamiably20contend.

Fath.3:Amiablycontendinginarchery
Means:Thenoblemanyieldstohisneighbor.

Confuciusremarked:

Gentlemennevercontend.Youwillsaythatinarcherytheydoso.Buteventhentheybowandmakewayforoneanotheringoinguptothearcheryground,whentheyare
comingdown,andatthesubsequentdrinkingbout.Thusevenwhencompeting,theystillremaingentlemen.21

Ritualarcherycontests,infact,providedapublicarenaforthedisplayofgentlemanlyconduct.Thesuperiormancompetes,buthiswayofcontendingtakesa
completelydifferentformfromthatofalesserman.Eventhoughhisfellowcompetitorsmaynotrecognizeit,thetruegentlemanisonlyconcernedlesthebeunableto
competewithothersinGoodness.22Thenoblemanthereforeyieldsgraciouslytohisneighbor,unlikethepettyperson,whoisintentonsuccessatanyprice.

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App.4:Thosewhobattleforpettyprofit
Neverachievepropriety.23

Fath.4:Attachedtopettyprofit
Means:TheRightWayisthenobscured.24

Thoughdesireforwealthandrankisperfectlynatural,aseventhemoststraitlacedConfuciansadmit,25itshouldnotoverriderighteousnessincasesofconflicting
goods.WhatdoesitprofitamantowinwealthiftheWayoftruehumanityislost?

App.5:Takingastandatthecrossroads,
Yieldsbenefitoneveryside.

Fath.5:Contendingatthecrossroads
Means:Theplacetofightisthecenter.

Thebestpolicyisnotpredisposedtowardsanyparticularline(thoughitfaithfullyfollowstheGood)goodpolicyrespondsflexiblytoeachcontingencyasitarises,
therebyachievingtheMean.26Thecrossroadsrepresentsthecentraljunctionofsomeninemajorhighways.Sincethekingcustomarilylocateshiscapitalatthe
crossroads,itsignifiestheking'scentralandcentralizingroleinhiskingdom.27Italsosuggeststhatconsensusshouldbereachedafterallargumentsregardingspecific
policyproposalshavebeensubmittedtothekinganddebatedatcourt.28Asaresultofstatewidecooperationandconsensus,theking'ssubjectsgravitatetohim.29
Theruler,then,secureshisownstrategicadvantagebybeingequallyopentoallsides.Meanwhile,hissubjectsbenefitnolessbytheprocess.30

App.6:Bicepsandforearmsasthickasshanks,31
Bloatedthighsandcalves:
Heserebodilyailmentsindeed.

Fath.6:Shanklikeupperarmsandlowerlimbs
Mean:Theytreatthesuperior32asservant.33

TheearlyHanstatesmanChiaYi(200168B.C.)describedthedisproportionatestrengthofthefeudalkingdomsvisvistheimperialdomain:

Theempiresuffersfromakindofbloatingillness,inwhichtheshinisnearlyasbigasthewaist,andthefingernearlyasbigasthethigh.34

Inotherswords,thetrunk(theemperor)isweakwhencomparedwiththesecondaryappendages(thefeudallords).Withthepowerofthefeudalkingdomsbroken
longbeforeYangHsiung'stime,thechiefthreatstothethronewereposedbychiefministers(conventionallyknownas"forearmsandthighs,"inthesamewaywe
mightsay,"righthand

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35
men")andimperialrelativesbymarriage. AdaptingthemetaphorofMasterChia,Yangwarnstheemperoraboutthedisproportionatestrengthofcertainfactionsat
court.Moregenerally,theMysteryinveighsagainstanysubordinatewhousurpshisleader'spower.Also,allsecondarygoals(e.g.,thoseforwealth,position,and
fame)shouldbeabandonedinfavoroftheprimarygoalofkeepingtotheWay.Why?InthewordsofoneHanphilosopher:

Thesmallisproperlyadjuncttothelarge....Theimportantandthelargeshouldhavethemeanstocontroltheunimportantandthesmall.36

App.7:Contendwithshieldandlanceandhelmet,
Butplacethemintheking'sheralds'service.37

Fath.7:Contendingwithshieldandlance
Means:Theyprotecttheruler'sperson.

Weaponsareproperlyemployedwhenusedforthepublicgoodtheiruseforselfishgainorforrevengeisstrictlyforbidden.Theking'sadvanceridersprotectthe
royalpersonashemakeshisprogressthroughtheempire,sotheirmartialspiritisrightlycelebrated.38TheOdespraise"theleadchariotoftheking'shost"and"the
commander...whoisapatterntoallthestates."39
App.8:Thewolffillsitsmouth
Withthearrowatitsback.

Fath.8:Thewolfcrammingitsmouth
Means:Hedoesnotturntoseetheharm.

WolvesepitomizeallthatiswickedandrapacioustothesedentaryfarmersofnorthandcentralChina.Heregreedcomesattheexpenseofwisdom.Sointentisthe
wolfupondevouringitspreythatitfailstonoticetheangryhunterorbow.(TheimageprobablycomesfromtheChineseconstellations,wheretheWoodenBowlies
directlybehindtheWolf.40Certainly,talkofgreedisalsoappropriatetotheStomachconstellationalignedwiththistetragram.)41

Themoralisclear:Greedisrisky,sinceitworksagainstone'slongterminterests.AstheHanproverbsays,"Incarryingoutearlymatters,don'tforgetthelater
ones."42Or,inthewordsofAesop,"Falseconfidenceistheforerunnerofmisfortune."43

App.9:Twotigers,teethbared.44
Whicheverholdsbacksurvives.

Fath.9:Twotigers,teethbared,
Means:Thevictorknowswhattorestrain.45

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Appraisal9representsextremeContention.Twotigersfaceoff,poisedfortheattack.Fullycognizantofthegravityofthesituation,thewilierofthetwoopponents
choosesretreat,foraviciousmaulingmeanscertaindeath.Inthis,thecunningtigerfollowsmilitarystrategy,whichadvises,"Whenpittedagainstanequal,better
retire."46Afterall,"Whichisdearer,yournameoryourlife?47
CorrelateswithHeaven'sMysteryYin
thephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.18,Undertakings1the
Wu sunenterstheStomachconstellation,
No.26.Endeavor 14thdegree
April13(p.m.)April17

HEAD:Yangch'iexertsitselfinthetask[ofcompletingthings].2Allthings,conformingtheirhearts,takecontrolof3theirownaffairs.

Twoaspectsofyangch'i,bothalludedtointheHeadtext,appearatfirstglancetobesomewhatantithetical:thesinglemindednessofyangch'i4anditsfosteringof
individualityinthemyriadthings.(TheOnefosteringtheManyisathemethatisfoundinbothConfucianandTaoistteachings.)5Thegoodleader,ofcourse,imitates
bothaspectsofyangch'i.Hisunswervingdevotiontothepublicgoodisabsolute.So,too,ishisdeterminationtoprovideeconomicsecurityandsocialmobility
sufficienttoinsurethateachsubordinatecanfulfillhisownpotential.6OnlyinthatwaycantherealmofManbecomeasrichlyvariedasthephenomenalworldof
HeavenandEarth.Thesuccessofallendeavorsultimatelyrestsonunitedeffortsdrawinguponcollectivestrengthswithproperdirection,seeminglymiraculousfeats
canbeaccomplished.
App.1:Firstendeavorsfindnofocus.
Thepettymanisuselessafterall.7

Fath.1:Undirectedfirstendeavors
Mean:Orderisnottheprovinceofthepettyman.8

Toinitiateaprojectisanactofcreation.9Inlargepart,thesuccessoftheprojectwilldependuponitssponsor'scompletededicationtoafixed

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vision.Bydefinition,however,thepettypersonlackssinglemindedness.Whateverthingpassesbeforehiseyes,hedesireswhateverambitioncrosseshismind,he
pursues.Sincesustainedeffortandasenseofdirectionaremissing,nosignificantachievementispossible.Thepettypersonmaypridehimselfonhisflexibility,butin
realityhisprioritiesareconfused.AssigningproperrelativevaluetopersonalgoalsisthefirststeptowardestablishinghumanorderfortheearlyConfucians.Small
wonder,then,thatthepettypersononlyincreasesdisorder.
App.2:Seekingforhimselfthenewandfresh,
Itsfragrancepure,refined,andrare
Suchistheconductofthenobleman.

Fath.2:Forhimself,seekingthenewandfresh
Means:Lightandglorysuffusetheself.10

ManyancientChinesetextsenjointhewouldbesageto"dailyrenewhisvirtue"11byselfassessmentandreform.Thegoodpersonisalsoonewhoseekstorenewthe
hallowedtraditionofthesagesbyapplyingtheirgeneralprinciplestothespecificsofhislife.12Throughthisprocessofcultivation,hecomestoepitomizeallthatisnew
andfresh,rareandrefined.Thiskindofmoralbrilliance,itshouldbenoted,stemsfromhardwork,notfromluckorinnategenius.Withhisdedicationtomorality,he
isnotonewho"seeksgreatblessings[only]forhimself."13Overtime,theindividual's"fragrance"enhances(i.e.,"perfumes")thequalityoflifeinhisentirecommunity.14
App.3:Ifneitherfetterednorconstrained,
Men's15mindsrotandspoil.

Fath.3:Neitherfetterednorrestrained
Means:Theirbodiesarenotintact.

TheTaoistclassicsatpointsespouseareturntoprimitivismandasublimedisdainforconventionsandculturalbaggage.TheMysterydirectlycontradictsthemon
thesepoints:Withouttherestraintsimposedbyeducationandtraininginritual,thediscriminatingmindremainstooundisciplinedtodevelopitscapacitiesfully.16When
themindmalfunctions,itsjudgmentiscloudedbeforelongthebodywillsuccumbtoavarietyofills:"Theirbodiesarenotintact."17Selfabuse,mutilatingpunishments,
evenexecutionmaybeinstoreforthefuture.

SinceAppraisal3isalignedwithWood,onecommentatorseesadescriptionofatreeinfestedwithvermin18orinsects("Itscorerotsandspoils").Ifthetreeisto
survive,theaffectedbranchesmustbeloppedoff.Byanalogy,thewouldbesageruthlesslycutsoffthatpartofhimselfwhichisliabletorot.19

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App.4:Thearrowseemstoflyitself
Withthehelp20offeathers.21
Thecanopyisbornealoft,thecartconveysit.

Fath.4:Thearrowandcanopiedchariot
Mean:TheirWayisexemplary.22

Usingstandardmetaphorsofhistime,YangHsiungsuggeststhebenefitsofproperallianceandhighposition.23Thoughthearrowappearstorise"byitself,"itcannot
flyunlessthefeathersonitscentralshaftarestrongandproperlyarranged.Similarly,thecanopy(symbolofpoliticalauthority)24willshadethechariotonlyifitis
connectedwithasturdycarriagepole.Thelessonisclear:Noman,howeverworthy,canexpecttosucceedifhefailseithertomakestaunchalliesortoposition
himselfcorrectly.Forthisreason,friendsandassociatesmustbechosenwithextremecare.25

Perhapsthereaderisalsomeanttoconsidertheroleoftheunseenwindinconnectionwithbotharrowandcanopy.Thewindsymbolizessuasiveexampleby
charismaticvirtue.26Inthatcase,thearrowshaftmightrepresenttheking'spolicythefeathers,hisofficials27andtheair,theinvisibleyettransformingeffectofkingly
virtueonthepeople.Asforthecanopy,onlythecurrentsofthewindkeepitfullyopensothatitadequatelyprotectsthosebelow.28
App.5:Allthespider'sarduouslabor
Cannotmatchthesilkworm'scloth.29

Fath.5:Thespider'sendeavor
Means:Thereisnobenefittoman.

Boththespiderandthesilkwormspinmarvelousthreadsofequalstrength,durability,andbeauty,butonlythesilkworm'sproductsareofusetomankind.Inaddition,
thespider'swebisdesignedtodestroy,whilethesilkworm'scocoonfostersitsowndevelopment.30Industry,howeveradmirable,isnotequivalenttoGoodness.Asa
passagefromtheDocumentssays:
Avoiddoingwhateverisofnobenefitifitinjuresthatwhichbenefits.
Onlythenwill[merit]becomplete.31

App.6:Whenblossomandfruitsmellsweetest,
Thatisthetimetousethembest.

Fath.6:Fragrantblossomsputtogooduse
Means:Theybenefitthepresentyear.32

Flowersandfruitswhenfullyripearepleasingtosmellandtotaste.Thatisthetimetheyshouldbeeaten.Byanalogy,thepersonoftruecul

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33
tivationgivesoffakindoffragrancebecauseheisboth"refinedandofsubstance"(apuninChineseforthebinometranslated"blossomandfruit"). Healsoshould
beputtoimmediateusebyhissuperiors.

App.7:Onceitsfragranceislost,
Thereisnoplacetogo.34

Fath.7:Losinghisfragrance
Means:Virtuetherebyfades.

Herethefragranceofselfcultivationisdestroyed.Theindividuallacksallsenseofmoraldirection,asinAppraisal1.Butsincethetimeislater,thisnowmattersmore.
Decayproceedsfromtheinnercore.35Itisequallydistressingtowatchthisinanexquisiteflowerorinahumanbeing.

App.8:YellowCenter:heescapescalamity
Becauseheisproperlyaligned.36

Fath.8:YellowCenter,avoidingcalamity,
Means:Heisattunedandthusupright.

Appraisal8occupiesthecentralpositionintheunitofAppraisals79assignedtoCalamityhence,centralityisplayedoffagainstcalamity.Yellow,ofcourse,isthe
colorassignedtothecenteritissaidtoharmonizeandbalanceitscounterparts.Forthisreason,theyellowcentersignifiesinnervirtuedirectedbytheMean,which
workstoestablishanequilibriumamongtheemotions.Calamitymaybeavoidedifwesticktothepathofmoderationandmediation,evenattheperilousendofthe
cycle.

App.9:Thetaskcomplete,hedefeatshimself.
Raindropsform,37onlytofall.

Fath.9:Thetaskcomplete,selfdefeat
Means:ThisisnotHeaven'sDecree.38

WithAppraisal9,"endeavor"reachesitsculmination.Theraincloudssymbolizefutiletasks,forassoonasindividualraindropsaccumulate,theydisperseinashower.
Whentheindividualfindsthathishardworkhasaccomplishednothing,heshouldnotblamehisfailureonHeavenoronfateoronsomeinherentflawinhumanbeings.
Clearly,thefaultlieswithinhimself.Perhapshetendstoarroganceorexcessperhapsheunwiselyignoresprevailingconditions39perhapssuccesshasgonetohis
head.Apparently,heignorestheproverb,"Whenthetaskisaccomplished,theWayofHeavenliesinretreat."40

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CorrelateswithHeaven's
MysteryYangthephaseMetal
andtheYichingHexagramno.18,
Undertakingsthesunentersthe
Shih Maneconstellation,4thdegree
No.27.Duties
April18April22(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'igreatlystimulates1andshedlightsontheduties[ofthemyriadthings].2Thingsexpandandexpand3accordingtorule,eachoneexertingitsown
strengthtothefullest.

Yangch'iwaxesevergreater,impartingstrengthandintelligencetoallthemyriadthings,sothateachfulfillsitsintendedrole.Asyangch'iistophenomenalthings,so
theruleristothemasses.Thecommonpeoplelearntheirsocialdutiesthroughthesuasiveencouragementoftheruler.Sinceasinglehexagramprovidestheprototype
forboththistetragramandtheprecedingone,Tetragrams26and27aregenerallysimilarinmessage.Thereis,however,asubtleshiftinemphasis:InEndeavor,the
focuswasonregulatingactioninDuty,themainthemeistheproperdivisionofsocialresponsibilities.4
App.1:Service,withoutservingnarrowends
Leavesnothingleftunserved.

Fath.1:Servingwithimpartialservice
Means:HeproceedsbytheWay.

MostcommentatorsreadthefirstlineofAppraisalandFathoming(literally,"Servewithoutserving")asacelebrationofwuwei("nonpurposiveactivity")inNature.In
support,theycitethefamousLaotzupassage,"TheWaydoesnotact,yetnothingisleftundone."5Still,YangHsiung'sModelSayingsstronglyobjectstowuweiin
government(whatwemightcalllaissezfaire),arguingthatwuweicanonlyworkinanalreadyperfectsociety.6Forthatreason,Iofferadifferentreading,onewhich
emphasizestheimpartialnatureofGoodness.AsConfuciussaid,thegoodmanrefusestoalignhimselfwithaparticularfactionorcauseinstead,heonlysideswiththe
Right.7Thesamelines,however,couldalsomeanthatthesuperiormandoesnottakecreditforhismerits(servingwithoutclaimingtoserve).8Or,thatthegentleman
actswithsuchmasteryofritual(inthewordsoftheChanges,heis"simple"and''easy")thatheserveswithoutseemingtoserve.9

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10
App.2:If,whenoutcomeshingeonchoice,
Herefusescounseloradvice,
Heforfeitsanytoken11ofhiswit.12

Fath.2:Seekingneithercounselnoradvice
Means:Hiscomprehensionislost.

Asingledecisioncouldswingthecourseofeventseitherwayhence,themetaphorofthepivot.Atsuchcriticaljunctures,thewisepersonconsultswidelyamong
friendsandadvisorstodevisethecorrectpolicy.TheConfucianClassicscreditthesagekingsofthegoldenpastwithcullingadvicefromawidespectrumofsubjects,
fromhumblewoodcuttersandfishermenaswellasworthyministers.Thefamous"GreatPlan,"forexample,tellstherulertoconferwithnofewerthanfourseparate
classesofadvisors:thesacredbeings(throughturtleandmilfoildivination),thechiefministers,theminorofficials,andthecommonpeople.13Afterall,"Hewholikesto
askbecomesenlarged.Hewhoonlyuseshimselfgrowssmall."14Confuciushimselfsetanexampleof''inquiringabouteverymatter."15Despitethesemodels,thepetty
personistooarrogantortooimpatienttoconsultothers,evenatacrucialturningpointinaffairs.Notsurprisingly,hisplansgowildlyawry.
App.3:Opportunitiescomeandgo,
Thegapbetweenthemfinerthanahair.

Fath.3:Timegoesandcomes,
Meaning:Hehastens,lesthefail.

Appraisal3marksthetransitionfromthoughttoaction.Bydefinition,alltransitionsshouldbe"timely"16insofarastimeisenvisionedasaseriesofdistinctmoments
separatedbyimperceptiblebreaks.Pastandfuture,afterall,aredividedbythatsingleinstantwecallthepresent,whosedurationisnogreaterthanahairiswide.The
wiseandcultivatedpersonlaysthegroundworkforswiftactionthat"seizesthemoment"whenhecarefullyanalyzesthemaincategoricalrelationsinthecosmos.As
timelyopportunityapproaches,"hehastens,lesthefail,"knowingthateitherprematureorbelatedactionmaybefataltothesuccessofhisplans.17Thispoemgivesa
newtwisttotheHanproverb:"Offbyahair'sbreadth,/Missedbyathousandmiles."18

App.4:Thoughmendowomen'swork,19
Theycannotsubstitute20insuckling.

Fath.4:Thatamandoeswomen'swork
Means:Henegateshisduty.

InearlyChina,hierarchicalrelationswerebasedchieflyonage,gender,andeducationalattainments,thoughwealth,ofcourse,playedits

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part.Anoutrageousexample,thatofmensucklingchildren,ismeanttoprovethenaturalbasisforthesociallawofstrictseparationingenderroles,andbyextension,
allaspectsofthesocialhierarchy.Here,with"mendoingwomen'swork,"humansconsciouslyoverturnthefundamentalyin/yangvaluesoperatinginthecosmos.In
consequence,thesocietyhasnohopeofattainingthatidealstatewhere"eachattainshisorherproperrole"bymaximizingtheindividual'sinnatepotential.TheTso
Commentarylamentsanycasewhere

thewomanhasherhusband'shouse,andtheman,hiswife'schamber....Anydeviationissuretoleadtoruin.21

App.5:Servingasdutydemands,22
Thekinggrants23himprovisions.24

Fath.5:Doinghisduty
Means:Hefulfillstheburdensofhisoffice.25

Appraisal5referstotheruler.Itistheruler'sprerogativeanddutytodispenserewards,punishments,andritualfoodstohissubjectsandalliesinordertomaximize
goodorderinthestate.26Aftertherulertastedthesacrificialmeatsofferedtothegods,itwascustomarytodistributeportionstoofficialsofprovenmerit.Everyritual
actrepresentsanexchange.Officialsreconfirmedtheirallegiancetotherulinghouseinreturnforreceivingthephysicalandspiritualbenefitspresumablyderivedfrom
suppingonthesacredofferings.Theruler,forhispart,musttakegreatcaretoascertainthetruemettleofhismen,lestthegodsbeinsultedandthestateberuinedby
unworthyofficials.

App.6:Thoughtheburdenisgreat,heshouldersitalone,
Besetby27unresolvedproblems.28

Fath.6:Graveresponsibilities,actingalone
Means:Howcanthisbeborne?

Thegoodandwiseleadernevermakesamajorpolicydecisionwithoutconsultinghissubordinates.Sincechangesinpolicyaffectsomanyothers,thoseinpower
shouldnottrytobeartheresponsibilityalone.Themoretheparticipantsinthedecisionmakingprocess,thefewerthestupiddecisionsthatwillbemade,forthegood
reasonthat"manyheadsarebetterthanone."Andifthebestlaidplansstillgoawry,atleastthepositivesenseofcommunityengenderedbytheconsultativeprocess
willoffsetsomeofthedistintegratingeffectsofpoliticalfailure.29
App.7:Thegrownmansupportstheorphanchild.
Theyoungboyliftsajar.

Fath.7:Thegrownmanraisingtheorphan
Means:Thechildknowswhattodo.30

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ThesocialstructureinChinaisunderpinnedbyreciprocal,yethierarchicalrelations.Thedoctrineoffilialpietystipulatesthatthechild'sobligationstoitsparentsare
nearlyabsoluteitissaidthatthechildcanneveradequatelyrepayhisparentsforthegiftoflife.Hereanoldermemberoftheclandecidestorearanorphan.This
impliesthathewillfeed,protect,andeducatetheyoungboy.Insuchacase,theorphan'sobligationsexceedeventhenormaldemandsoffilialpiety.Asifto
acknowledgehisdebt,theyoungboyraisesthejar,acceptinghisdutytofeedhisprotectorandactaswillingservant.Wheneachmemberofthefamilyacknowledges
hisdebtstotheothers,eachrespondsbymakinghisorherseparatecontributiontotheunit.Theidealruler/officialrelationisanalogous.Theruleragreestoprovide
economicsecurity,physicalprotection,andasuasiveexampleforhissubjectsinreturn,thesubordinatesofferloyaltyandtaxes.Reciprocityistheessentialrootof
Chinesehierarchy.

TheCh'ingscholarYYehbelievesthat"orphan"isamisprintfor"bow"31theelderliftsthebowastheyoungerraisesthewinejar.Again,thelessonwouldbethat
eachagehasitscharacteristicactivitiesandappropriateresponsibilities.Theelderprotectswhiletheyoungerserves.

App.8:Whenwomendomen'swork,32
Aftertenyears,they'restillunteachable.33

Fath.8:Thatawomandoesaman'swork
Means:Finallythefamilywillnotprosper.34

ThepoemreversesthesituationpresentedinAppraisal4,thoughthemoralismuchthesame:menandwomenshouldnotchangeroles,lestfamilyharmonyand
prosperitybeundermined.Ifayoungwomanweretotakethepositionoffamilyhead,shewouldbecomeunteachableintwosenses:first,shewouldfindherself
ignoringtheadvicegivenbythosewhowereconsideredtobehernaturalsuperiors(adultmalesinthefamily,includingherhusbandandfatherinlaw,andwomenof
thepreviousgeneration):second,herinitiativeswouldrepresentafundamentalchallengetothemostbasicofwhatwereheldtobe"natural"lawsbytheChinese.
Similarly,theappointedofficialshouldneverpresumetousurphisruler'sposition.

App.9:Itoffendstheearbutsetsthetoeontrack.
Thematterwillgoright.35

Fath.9:Offendedears,complianttoes
Mean:Contrarytalkmakesforobedientconduct.36

ThepoetryinChineseisvividinitssharpjuxtapositionofthreeverbsofposition.Hereweseeanindividualwho,afteroverheatingunpleasanttruthsabouthimself,
finallycorrectshisbehaviorandfollowsinthefoot

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37
stepsofthesagerulers.Displeasingtalkultimatelybringsmarkedadvantages,as"Loyalwordsoffendtheearsbutbenefitconduct." Afterall,strongmedicinemust
bebitterifitistoeffectthecure.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYin1
thephaseWaterandtheYiching
Hexagrarnno.49,Molting[andso
Renewal]thesunenterstheMane
constellation,9thdegree2theClear
Keng Brightnesssolarperiod
No.28.Change
April22(p.m.)April26

HEAD:Yangch'i,alreadyflyingup,3alterstendenciesandshiftsforms.Thingschangewithregardtotheirspiritpotencies.4

InYang'sschema,Tetragram28beginsthesecondofthreedivisionsoftheMystery,correspondingtothetriadicrealmofEarth.Earthis,ofcourse,alignedwith
centerbothinthetriadHeavenEarthManandinthefivedirectionsandPhases.AccordingtotheChanges,"WhatestablishestheWayofEarthis[theinteraction
between]weaknessandfirmness."5TheYichinggoesontoargue,"Onlythroughchangeandtransformationcanallthingscometoperfection."6

YangHsiung'sownautocommentariesgive"makingnew"asthemainthemeofChange.7PerhapsYangwasthinkingofthetheHanLustrationfestival,precursorofthe
familiarCh'ingmingfestival,whichcelebratedthispossibilityofrenewedlifeaftertheearthhasescapedtheruinousclutchesofwinter.8Thedayslengthen,vegetation
turnsverdantgreen,andmigratingbirdsreturnasharbingersofspring.

Nodoubtsuchwelcomechangesaresupportedbythegrowthofauspiciousyang.Theupwardthrustofyangch'ileadsmanythingstoriseabovetheiroldselves
(literallyandfiguratively),yetthemetamorphosisisaccomplishednaturally,withoutovertchaos,destruction,orcoercion.Traditionsaysthatthisisthetimewhen
scorpionsbecomedragonflies,fieldmiceturnintoquail,andcrow'sfeetarechangedintobutterflies.IntheworldofMan,theupwardflightoccursthroughself
cultivation.Andjustasflightdependsupontheinteractionofstructuralpatterns(inthewing)andunseencurrents(inthewind),thehumanpotentialformoral

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elevationreliesupontheinteractionofstructuralpatternsinsocietyandunseentendenciesinthespirit.

Thistetragramshowsliferesurgentandmoralliferetrievedfromevilhabits.Thoughchangeofanykindcallsforcaution,changeatthistimeopensthewayfor
generallypositivedevelopments.9
App.1:Havingevolvedindarkness,
Itisnotright.
Improprietyseemslikenature.10

Fath.1:Darklychanged,proprietiesblocked,
Means:Inyouth,11healtershiscourse.

Deepatthecoreofhisbeing,12theindividualhasneglectedtodevelopthepotentialforgoodnessthatisendowedwithhumannature.Asheaccustomshimselftoevil,
itbecomeshissecondnature.Suchabasicdistortionofhumannaturecanseemnaturalenough,especiallywhenchangesarecarriedoutgraduallyovertheyears.13As
oneHanphilosopherobserved:

Whateveriscompletedduringone'syouthseemslikethehumannaturesentbyHeaven.Whateveriscustomarycomestoseem"natural."14

Still,theimplicationsofsuchchangescouldnotbemoreprofound.ThroughhisfailuretodevelophisinnatepotentialforGoodness,thepettypersonlosestheonly
characteristicthattrulydistinguisheshimfromthebeasts.Itisespeciallyimportant,then,totakecareatthebeginningandattendtothebase.
App.2:ThetimeisSeven,thetimeisNine.
Thecarriagerollsonitsway.15

Fath.2:Timelyseventimes,timelyninetimes
Means:Withoutfail,hefaceschange.

Byconvention,both7and9asoddnumberssymbolizeyangch'i.Inaninepartcycle,theywouldcorrespondtomaturityanddecline.Theremayalsobenumber
magicatworkhere:Since2+7=9,Fire(PhaseforAppraisalnos.2and7)andMetal(Phaseforno.9)areindirectopposition,andsochangeoccurs.16Still,the
Mysteryseldomdiscussesmaturity,letaloneirrevocabledeclinethisearlyinitssequenceofAppraisals.Probably7and9merelystandforrepetitivechange.Likethe
carriagewheel,lifemovesinexorablyoninitsjourney.Themoralpersonmakessufficientpreparationtoinsurethatthetripgoesassmoothlyaspossible.Healso
adjustshisconductcontinuallyalongtheroad,thebettertoconformwitheverchangingcosmic,political,andpersonalcycles.17Then,whetherfacedwithprosperityor
materialfailure,heisablerespondappropriatelytocircumstances,andbetterabletoupholdtheconstant

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normsunderlyingphenomenalchange.Sincethesageisnotfixatedonasinglemodeofoperation,hecanexperienceendlesstransformationswithoutdamagingthe
self.Inotherwords,thesagecanalsobe"timelyseventimes,timelyninetimes.18

App.3:Whitethingsinmud
Turnblack.

Fath.3:Changingwhiteinmud
Means:Changedoesnotenlighten.

Apopularmetaphorcompareshumannatureatbirthtoundyedsilk,whichisthencoloredbytrainingandexperience.19Moralimprovementshouldworktoturnevil
intogood,blackintowhite.Here,bycontrast,materialofpristinepurityissteepedinfilth.Thissuggeststheeffectonthesoulofbadcompanions20orbadcustoms.
Thatnogoodcancomefromthisisclearlyshowninapunbywhich"black"alsomeans"calamity."21
App.4:Witheachchange,slightgain
Inuse,nothingbutprofit.

Fath.4:Inchange,slightgain
Means:Thisiswhatthepeoplelookto.22

Appraisal4markstheBeginningofGoodFortune.Severaltypesofgoodfortunemaybepredictedbytheselines.Inonereading,theincrementalpoliticalandcultural
changesinstitutedbythesagerulereventuallyleadtomarkedsocialimprovements,thoughthereformslargelygounnoticedbythesubjectpopulation.23(Certainly
YangHsiungstronglyopposedLegalistmeasuresongroundsthattheyinstitutedmassivechangesofnorealbenefittothecommonpeople.)24Or,perhapsthegood
ruler'slackofgreedletshimrestcontentwithslightpersonalgainsolongashispoliciesbenefitthecommonpeople.25

Inanotherreading,thegradualaccrualofseeminglyinconsequentialactsofcourtesyandconsiderationdevelopsthehumancharactercapableofforgingstrong
communitysothat"notausebutprofits."26

App.5:Oxenwithouthornsorhorseswiththem
Existneitherinthepastorpresent.

Fath.5:Hornlessox,horsewithhorns
Means:AchangeinHeaven'sconstants.

Amatureoxalwayshashornswhileahorseisalwayswithoutthem.SoundisputablyclearisthisdistinctionthatearlyChineseLogiciansusedthefiguresofhorseand
oxasstockexamplestodemonstrateabsolutelyseparatelogicalcategories.27Hereeternalconstantsareoverturned,whichcanonlyhavedisastrousimplicationsfor
humansociety.Withthe

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28
eternalveritiesignoredordisputed,societyentersastateofchaos,inwhichfewcanhopetorealizetheirfullpotential.
App.6:Inwater,theyrideoncarts,
Outofwater,theygobyboat.
Truekingsrightlyreversethem.29

Fath.6:Cartsandboats,inandout,
Means:Hiswayischange.30

TheChangesinitsGreatCommentarycelebratesthesageking'sinventionofvarioustools,includingcartsandboats,inimitationofsacredimagesinHeavenand
Earth.Thankstosuchinventions,mankindhasmovedfromprimitiveexistencetoadvancedformsofsociallife.Itwouldbefoolish,evendangeroustoignorethe
inspirednatureofthesages'inventionsandtrytoreinventthewheel.Bythesametoken,thoughtlesschangesincustomarylawsandinstitutionsproveworsethan
useless,evenpositivelydestructive.

Nothingisasgoodasaboatforcrossingwater,nothingasgoodasacartforcrossingland.Thoughaboatwillgetyouoverwater,ifyoutrytopushitacrossland,youmaypush
tillyourdyingdayandhardlymoveitanydistanceatall....31

Effortiswastedandculturedisrupted.Thesageruleractstorestoretheperfectharmonybetweenthehumanandnonhumanworlds.

App.7:Thoughchangetheyshould,theydon't,32
Andthuscreatetheill.33

Fath.7:Changeunchanged
Means:Theycannotimprovethemselves.34

Appraisal7correspondstotheBeginningofCalamitypresumably,somemeasureofadjustmentisneededintheselaterphasesofthecosmiccycleifthebalanceisto
bemaintained.Inthepoliticalworld,menshouldconsiderthewarningoftheConfucianmaster,TungChungshu(?179?104B.C.):"Tomakegovernmentpolicyand
thennotcarryitoutisveryserious."35AsonepassageinthefamousChroniclesofMr.Largues:
Astimeschange,itisfittingtochangethelaws.Itislikethegooddoctor.Asanillnessgoesthroughtenthousandchanges,sohisdrugsmustmaketenthousandchanges....
Theonewhomakeschangesinthelawmustmakechangesonthebasisofcontemporaryconditions.36

Thoughthetranslationfollowsthereadingfavoredbythecommentators,giventhelinguisticcompressionofthefirstline(literally,"Changenotchange"),theAppraisal
couldalsomean:

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Tochangewhatshouldnotbechanged.
Andsotocreateinfirmity.
Tochangewhatshouldnotbechanged
Means:Unabletoimproveoneself.

Inthissecondreading,thefoolishrulermeddleswithjustpoliciesorthefoolishindividualworkstochangethosequalities(likeloyaltyandgoodfaith)thatareworth
preserving.

App.8:Whenateamoffourwon'tbudge,37
Onecanalwayschangethedriver.

Fath.8:Thattheteamoffourwon'tbudge
Means:Changingthedriverwillhelp.38

Thedriverisastockmetaphorfortherulerofthestate.39Whenthecurrentrulinghousecannoteasesocietalfrictionandsolvestubbornproblems,Heaven'sMandate
maysoonbetransferredtoanewdynasticline.Notethatthepeople(inthepoem,theteamoffour)arenotblamedfortheirdisloyalty.Itisthedriverswhoare
blamedformisruleinthestate.Therulermusttakefullresponsibilityforhissubjects'welfare.40

App.9:Ifhedoesnotpersistinvirtue,41
Inthreeyears,he'llbereplaced.

Fath.9:Flaggingvirtuereplaced42
Means:Aninabilitytoendure.

Chinesetraditionrecognizestheneedforthreeyearstoeffectamajorchange.43Bytheendofthistrialperiod,weseetheindividualenteringtheclimacticfinalstages
offailureoccasionedbyhisinabilityordisinclinationtoreform.Ifhepersistsinerror,hewilllosehisauthority,possiblyevenhislife.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYang
thephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.43,BreakingThrough
[andso,Resolution]thesunentersthe
Tuan Netconstellation,3ddegree
No.29.Decisiveness
April27May1(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iisstrongwithinandfirmwithout1sothatinactingtherecanbeadecisivebreakthrough.

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Tetragram9earlierintheyearspokeofyangch'ias"strongwithinbutweakoutside."Nowthatweareinthelatterhalfofthespringseason,thebalancebetweenyin
andyangthatobtainedatthevernalequinoxhasgivenwaytotheclearsupremacyofyangch'i.Withyanginfullcommandofitspowers,italsoworksto"strengthen
whatiswithinandfirmtheoutside"ofthemyriadthings,spurringontheirdevelopment.2Allthisisinherentlyauspicious,especiallybecauseoftheperfect
correspondencebetweeninnerandouter.AstheChangestellsus,innerintegrity,strength,andsteadfastnessarepreconditionsforgrowthinthedirectionof
brilliance.3

TheAppraisalsplayuponthefullrangeofmeaningsassociatedwiththecharactersinthetitleofthistetragramandwiththecorrespondentChangeshexagramno.43.
Thetitlecharacterforthistetragrammeans"tocut"and,byextension,"todecide"or"toactresolutely.''Thesamegraphcandescribethe"incisivemind."Thegraph
usedforthehexagramtitlehastherootmeaningof"toopenapassage."Fromthisithastheextendedmeaningsof"tocutofforopen,"and"decisiveness."Italso
relatestocallstoarms,weapons,captivesofwar,andcriesofalarm,allofwhicharementionedbelow.
App.1:Hisresoluteheartdestroysanax,
Stillhekeepshissquareandchalklinehidden.

Fath.1:Thedecisiveheartdestroyingtheax
Means:Theselfisruledfromwithin.4

SincethispoemmarksanauspiciousBeginningofThought,itindicatesaheartthatdiscernsrightfromwrong,thoughitsstandardsremainhidden.5Thewillisproperly
setontheGood,asweseeinthereferencetoacarpenter'schalklineandsquare,whichbothsymbolizetheabilitytoapplyprinciplesofgoodordertothetasksat
hand.Still,theMysterydoesnotentirelyclarifytherelationofhearttoax6Inthistranslation,7theMysteryclaimsthatthecuttingedgeofthewellorderedmindisfar
morepowerfulandincisivethanthebladeoftheax.Certainly,theChinesearefondofproverbswhereanintangibleactivityeasilyvanquishesstrongobjects,for
example,"Themouthsofthemasses[i.e.,theirwaggingtongues][arecorrosiveenoughto]meltmetal."8Still,thefirstlineofAppraisalandFathomingcouldalsoread,
"Thedecisiveheart,thedestructiveax,"implyingaparallelbetweenheartandax.Doheartandaxactinconcertordotheyworkinopposition?Iftheaxstandsfor
interdictionorpunishment,theaxmaybetheexternalcounterparttotheinternalconscience.9Whentheinternalizationofritualguidelinesisincompleteforanyreason,
agoodpenalcodeandthethreatofpunishmentmaymotivatethehearttoclarifyrightfromwrong.Futurepunishmentsmaythenbeavoided.10Inotherwords,solong
asthediscerningmindpolicesitsownactivity,thebodycanavoidfutureharm.11

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12
App.2:Whendarkdecisionsbreedadversity,
Thefaultliesin13stoppinguptheears.

Fath.2:Obscuredecisionsobstructing
Means:Thecenterheart14isuncertain.

Westernphilosophyoftenassumesthatthesensesunderminethemind'sfunctioning.15PriortothecomingofBuddhism,earlyChinesephilosophy,bycontrast,
assumesthatperceptualknowledgederivedfromthefivesensesisabsolutelycrucialtothecorrectoperationoftheheart/mind.16Hereoneofthefivesensory
receptors,theear,hasbeenblocked.InearlyChinesetradition,theearisparticularlyassociatedwithmoraldevelopment.17Wheninsufficientordistortedinformation
isreceivedbythemind,itspowersofdiscriminationareseverelyhampered.Themindisthrownintoconfusionsothatitsdecisionsarefaultyoritlacksdecisiveness.It
wouldbehighlydangeroustoproceed.

Onanotherlevel,goodadvisorsactas"ears"totheruler.Thepoemmaydescribe,then,thefailureoftherulertofollowtheexcellentadviceofhiscounselors.18

App.3:Clearing19hisblockedupearsandnose20
Willhelptocurethecorruption.

Fath.3:Clearinghisobstructions
Means:Whateverplanshehaswillbenefit.21

Those"havingplans"areworthycandidatesforofficewhodesiretohavetherulerimplementtheirideas.22Therulerridshimselfofbadadvisors,23especiallythose
whowishtoblockthecareerpathsofbettercandidates.Or,heexciseshisownworstimpulses,sothatheismorereceptivetogoodcounsel.24Onceinnerandouter
corruptionhavebeencleared,allcanbenefitfromtheadvice.

App.4:Ifhewronglydecidesaboutus,
Hisundeservedwagesbringshame.25

Fath.4:Wrongdecisionsaboutus
Means:Drawinghissalaryisshameful.

Appraisal4inYangHsiung'sschemaisreservedfortheranksofofficialshereitalsocorrespondstoinauspiciousnight.Thisofficialisincapableofdevisingcorrect
policy.26Therefore,heshouldbeashamedtodrawhissalaryheshouldsubmithisresignation.AstheOdessay,"Oh,thatgentleman!/Hewouldnoteatthebreadof
idleness."27

App.5:Oncethebellyisresolved,
Thelegs28arefreetoact.29
Withthenoblemandecisive,30
Thelittleguysurvives.

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Fath.5:Setfreethroughgreatgutsyresolve
Means:Indecisiveness,orderisattained.

Appraisal5correspondstotheruler.Sincethebellyisboththecenterofthebodyanditsstorehouseofenergy,itsymbolizestheruler.Thethighsstandforhischief
ministers,thoughwewouldtalkof"righthandmen"instead.31Thelimbsdependuponthebelly,justastheministersdependupontherulerforguidancethebelly
functionsastheseatofmoralcouragewhilethethighsacttocarryoutthe"greatresolve."32SincethisAppraisalisauspicious,bellyandthighactinconcerttoinsure
thesurvivalandsecurityofthecommonmanthroughjustgovernmentpolicy33Nosubjectofthestateneedfearwrongfulimprisonment.Andsincetheruler'sown
resolutioninfluenceshissubordinatesforthegood,theythemselvesdevelopastrongmoralsense.34

App.6:Decidingnottodecide
Withyourenemiesnearby
Laterattractsthebattleax.35

Fath.6:Decidingnottodecide
Means:Crimeovertakeshisperson.

Thelargebattleaxisreservedforthedecapitationofcriminalsorenemiesitisneveremployedinpeacefulactivities,suchasagriculture.Theindividualwhofailsto
distinguishtherightcourseofactioninatimelyfashionriskshisrank,andpossiblyevenhislife,ashisfoeswillquicklyseizeuponhishesitation.Hisowndownfallthen
occurswithrelativeease,eitherindirectly(becausethecontinuedpresenceofevildoersinsocietyweakensitsveryfabric)ordirectly(becausehisenemieslauncha
campaigntowrestpowerfromhim).

App.7:Whenkengcutsthroughchia,36
Myheartissteady.37
Laterthegloryisours.38

Fath.7:Kengcuttingthroughchia
Means:Dutycutsthroughhumanfeeling.

InthecomplexsystemofYin/yangFivePhasescorrelationsthatlinkthedirections,thecalendar,andthevirtues,keng(alliedwithMetal,thewest,socialduty,and
punishments)conquerschia(alliedwithWood,theeast,humaneness,andsuasiveexample).SinceAppraisal7representsthematurephaseofthecycle(tiedtoyin
ch'i,harvests,andpunishments),kengisproperlyinascendancy.

Humanenessdescribesactsthatacknowledgewhatisdueallmenbyvirtueoftheirhumanity.Socialduty,bycontrast,referstothefulfillmentof"graded"obligations
determinedbyvariationsinsocialandkinshipranks,gender,andseniority.39Theerahaspassedwhencompassionand

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empathyisappropriateithasbeensucceededbytheuseofsomewhatsternerstandardsofjustice.TheMysteryprobablyalludestoapassageintheclassicBookof
Documents:"Whensternnessovercomeshislove,thenthingsaresurelybroughttoasuccessfulconclusion."40

App.8:Heattacksvaliantdwarfs,41
Butgraciouslypardonshighwaymen.42

Fath.8:Decisionsfavoringhighwaymen
Means:Hemakesdecisionsrecklessly.

Thecorruptorincompetentofficialoppressesthe"littleman,"whomayrunafoulofthelawthroughignorance,43whileheletstheworstoffendersgofree.Thoughthis
officialisadmittedlydecisive,hisactionssubvertthegoodsociety.

App.9:Thefinelyhoned44bladeoftheax
Isthesignofthecarpenter.45

Fath.9:Theaxsoshinybright
Means:Itisgoodforattackingchaos.

Appraisal9representstheEndorExtremeofCalamity.Thoughsocietyisalreadytosomedegreeinchaos,controlcanstillbereasserted,giventheavailabilityof
propertools.Thebladesymbolizesboththearmyandthepenalcode,sincebothentailtheuseofweapons.46Thatitishighlypolished(or,possiblycurved)is
significant,sincethatallowsittosevercleanlywithoutslipping.47Luckily,therulerisheirtovariousgoodtools,includingsocialinstitutionsandConfuciantradition,
whichwillhelprestoreorderamongmiscreantswithoutundulydisruptingthelivesoftheinnocent.However,itwouldhavebeenbettertohaveusedsuchtoolsatan
earlierstagetoforestallevil.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYinthe
phaseWoodandtheYichingHexagramno.
43,BreakingThrough[andso,Resolution]
thesunenterstheNetconstellation,7th
Yi degree
No.30.BoldResolution
May1(p.m.)May5

HEAD:Yangch'ijustnow1comesintoitsown.2Resolutely,itdarestoactsothatthingsdevelop3theirgoals.4

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Thistetragramisassociatedwitheast,withWood,andwithspringthroughitsassignedconstellation,patronPhase,andseasonoftheyear.Theconjunctionof
Wood/east/springprovessocompellingthatthelastbarrierstoyangch'i'sbeneficialactionareremoved.5Yangch'inowflourishes,withnorealimpedimentstoits
catalyzingactivities.LikeTao,itoperatesinsuchawayastoalloweachofthemyriadthingstofulfillitspotentialonitsowndistinctivepattern.

Thetetragramtitle,BoldResolution,suggestsgutsycouragethattakestheinitiative.ThisisadirectcontrasttotheusualcharacterizationofWood,whichemphasizes
slowgrowthandpliability.Whysuchasuddenburstofresolutionatthisjunctureinthespring?PerhapstheChangessuppliestheanswerwhenitargues,"A
breakthroughresultsfromsteadyincrease."6Priortothis,therehasbeenasteadyincreaseinthepowerofyangch'i.Finally,itistimeforyangandthemyriadthings
underitsprotectiontobreakthroughyin'sobstaclesinadisplayofcourage.Wood,afterall,iscoupledwiththevirtueofsteadfastresolutioninearlyChinese
tradition.7Anybreakthrough,however,dependsupontwopreconditionscoveredbythecorrespondentHexagram43:Thefirstistheneedfortruthfulcommunication
betweensuperiorandinferior.8Thesecondistheobligationoftheleaderto"dispenseemolumentstoinferiorsandrefrainfromresting[only]onhischarisma."9Both
preconditionsassociate''resolution"with"fillingup"[withinformation,withriches]hence,theimageryemployedinsomeoftheAppraisalsbelow.Theattemptsin
Tetragram30toredefinethenotionofcouragearealsonoteworthy.Onecomponentofthegraphforthetetragramtitledepictsanenragedwildboar,yettheMystery
despisesbrute,physicalcourageuninformedbymoralcourage.AsYangHsiung'sotherneoclassic,theModelSayings,emphasizes,thecourageofsageslike
Menciusfarsurpassesthatofmeremenofarms.10

App.1:Harboringwhatisawesome,11
Emptinessfillshimnonetheless.12

Fath.1:Anallconsumingloveofpower
Means:TheWayanditsPowerarelost.

Theindividual'spreoccupationwithexternaldisplaysofforceorgrandeurleadshimtoneglectthecultivationofhisinnerlifeandvirtue.13Selfimportancefillsthemind
(conventionallytermedtheVoid)withwhatisinherentlyempty.SincehefailstodevelopeitherhisinnatecapacityforGoodnessorhisconcernforthemasses,heisa
primeexampleofthewrongkindofresolution,justliketheknighterrantsofold.14Anydisparitybetweenhispublicandprivatepersonaeisinherentlydangerous,both
tohimandtosociety.

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App.2:Resoluteinmindandbelly,
Heisthemodelofstability.15

Fath.2:Resoluteinmindandbelly
Means:Heisstrongandfirmwithin.

IfmindandbodyareequallyresolveduponpursuitoftheGood,itsattainmentisassured.AsConfuciussaid,"IfwereallywantedGoodness,wewouldfindthatit
wasbyourveryside."16

App.3:Acrownofpowerfillshishead.17
Thenoblemanthinks,"Thisisnotenough."
Thepettymanthinks,"Morethanenough."

Fath.3:Flauntingpower,aswollenhead
Means:Onlyapettymanfindsthissuperior.

Thetrulymoralpersonisnotcontentwiththeexternaltrappingsofpower.Withhissingulardesireformoralcommunity,herecognizesthemagnitudeofthetask
beforehim:hemustwiselyemployhisauthoritytotransformthedailyhabitsofhissubordinates.18InthewordsofConfucius,thegoodrulerismodesthe"inspires
awe,butisnotferociousandheisproud,withoutbeinginsolent."19Thepettyman,incontrast,worshipsrankandtitle.Inhisarrogance,20heparadeshissymbolsof
authority,mistakingthemformoralauthorityitself.Lackinginnerresources,hereliesuponharshpunishmentssincetheseappearmore"impressive"thanruleby
benevolence.21Allthewhile,unlikehismoralbetters,heissupremelyconfidentthatheismorethancapableofgoverningwell.22Selfdelusionleadstothecollapseof
power.

App.4:Thenoblemanmakesatoolofspeech.23
Hiswords24aregentleyetresolute.

Fath.4:Thenobleman'stoolofspeech
Means:Thereismethodinhiswords.

Appraisal4isalignedwithMetalinChinesetradition:InthecycleofPhases,Metalcorrespondstothemouthandtongueinthebodyhence,thereferencetospeech.
TheproperbalancebetweengentilityandcourageousresolutionisanalogoustothebalanceimpliedherebetweenWood(patronphaseforthetetragram)andMetal
(patronphasefortheAppraisal).SinceAppraisal4alsocorrespondstoofficialdom,thepoemprobablydescribesthedutiesoftheadvisor:Specifically,bothhonest
criticismandloyalobediencearetobeofferedtotheleader.25NumerousHantextsinstructedtheofficialtosuithisstyleofremonstrancetothesituationatcourt26the
mosteffectivereproofs,theyargued,use"indirectspeech,"whichwarnstherulerwhilesavinghimfrompublichumiliation.YangHsiungworriedthatindirectcriticism
waseasilymis

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27 28
understoodthenitonlyencouragedtherulerinhisfollies. Thegoodadvisorshouldbe"conciliatory,butnotaccomodating."

App.5:Notworkingthefield,buteatingtheyield,
Heboldlyseeksasinecure.29

Fath.5:Nottilling,butreaping
Means:Thewageisnotmatchedbyworth.

Despiteanobviouslackofcultivation(thepunisintentional),thesubjectofthepoemassumesahighrankandsalary.Inthis,heislikethefarmerwhoexpectsto
gatherabountifulharvestwithoutplantinghisfields.30Onlyhardworkcanleadtojustrewards.Especiallyintheserviceofthestate,thegoodmanis"Intentuponthe
task,/Notbentuponthepay."31TheOdescharacterizesthelazyorincompetentmaninpowerbythefollowingcritique:
Sinceyouneithersownortill,
Howcanyoutaketheproduceof300farms?32

App.6:Resolvedtoserveasridgepoleandpillar,
Hehelpssecurehisgreatmaster'splace.33

Fath.6:Resolvedtobepillarandpole
Means:Hisstrengthbearstheburdensofstate.34

Usingastockmetaphor,thestructuralsupportsofthehouseareequatedwiththemainsupportsoftherulinghouse.Theridgepolestandsfortherulerthepillars,for
hishighofficials.Justasthestabilityofthehousedependsuponthestrengthandplacementofitsconstituentmaterials,thesecurityofthedynastichousereliesuponthe
developmentofhumanresourcescoupledwiththeplacementofgoodmeninappropriatepositionsoftrust.35
App.7:Thebigrammaybeheadstrong
Butitsbleatislessthanbold.36

Fath.7:Thestubbornresolveofaram
Means:Itsspeechisnomodel.

Despiteitssizeandstrength,theramisnotregardedasanidealrolemodel.LikethebillygoatofWesternanecdote,itappearstobeundulystubbornandill
tempered,evendownrightcontentious.37Itisundiscriminatinginitseatinghabits.38Anditsshrillscreech,whichisunlikelytowinanyadmirers,hasnostayingpoweror
depth.39Fromthiswelearnthatsizeandstrengthalonedonotconstitutetrueexcellence40one'smanneriscrucial.Themodelsages,itissaid,"gotthingsbybeing
cordial,frank,courteous,temperate,anddeferential."41Theancientsagesprovidetheonlyadequatemodelforhumanbehavior.42

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43
App.8:Boldinthefaceofcalamity,sosteady!
Thisisthebaseofanobleman'sfame.

Fath.8:Resoluteandsteadyinfacingcalamity
Means:Hisvirtue44cannotbeconcealed.

Thesuperiormancalmlyfacesadversity,"delightinginHeavenandrecognizinghisfate,"45forrealintegrityprovidesastrongsenseofsecurity.46Sincehecanmaintain
hisequanimity,chancesaregoodthathewilleventuallyfindawaytoextricatehimselffrompresentcalamity.Butshouldmisfortunecontinue,hecanatleasthopethat
humanmemoryortheannalsofhistorywilltakenoteofhisexemplarymoralcourage.47

App.9:Theboar'sresolveliesinitstusks,
Whichentice48thearcher'soutstretchedbow.

Fath.9:Theboar'sbrashnessinitstusks
Means:Thatiswhatthepettyofficer49hunts.

Appraisal7presentedacaseofphysicalcouragethatwasdistinctlyunappealing.ByAppraisal9,thesituationisfarworse:displaysofbravadonowwreak
destruction.Theboar'stusksarerusticsymbolsforbravery.Therefore,everylocalstrongmanisintentuponsecuringasetforhimself,thebettertoadvertisehisown
ferocity.50Angryfarmersmayalsotakeuparmstostoptheboarfromdestroyingtheircropsorgoringtheiranimals.Ironically,thesourceoftheboar'scourage,the
strongtusksthatmaketheboarconsideritselfinvincible,provetobeitsdownfall.Byanalogy,thepettyindividualreliesontheappurtenancesofpowertomake
himselfinvulnerabletoattackbuthisattitudeonlymakeshimmoreliabletoassault.Asheharmsothers,soheisharmed.51
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYangthe
phaseMetalandtheYichingHexagramno.
56,TravelingthesunenterstheNet1
constellation,11thdegree2
Chuang
No.31.Packing
May6May10(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iisgreatlyengagedinaffairs.Evensoyin,whichisverysmall,3makesitsbasebelow.Itispackedinreadiness,abouttodepart.4

ThesecondappraisalofthistetragrammarksthebeginningoftheSummerOnsetsolarperiod.Paradoxically,justasyangch'iseemsready

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totakeoff,welearnofyin'sfirstpreparationstoriseagain.Afterthesummersolstice,yangch'i'spower,thoughseeminglyinvincible,willstarttowaneinthefaceof
growingyinch'i,for"whateverhasexhausteditsgreatnessmustloseitshome."5Likethesage,yangch'irecognizesthecomingtrend,soitwiselybeginspreparations
foritsdeparture.6ThetetragramPacking,therefore,celebratesprovidenceandfarsightedness,ratherthantravelperse.(Onlyinmoderntimes,ofcourse,arethe
delightsoftravelcelebrated.)Ingeneral,theearlyChineseregardedthesedentarylifeasthebasisoftheirsociety.TheChanges,forexample,associateswandering
withcarelessness,lackofdiscernment,andneglectoftheallimportantsocialbonds.7

App.1:Packinginsecret,
Noneseehimgo.8

Fath.1:Packinginsecret,sothatnoonesees
Means:Themindisalreadydirectedoutward.

Appraisal1describestheBeginningofThought.Thought,incontrasttoaction,istypicallyhiddenfromsight.Thenoblepersonbeginspreparationstogooutintothe
world.Inhisheart,heissetupongoing.9Also,heknowswheretogo,sinceheanticipatesfuturetrends.Atthisearlystage,otherslargelyignorehim,10inpart
becauseheiswilliingto"hidehimself"untilheisfullyreadytoact.11(Thisisanaptportrayalofyangch'iatthistime.)

App.2:Honkinggeese12mournthecomingice.
Settingwingstothatsouthwardwind13
Theyyearnfortheirmatesintheirhearts.14

Fath.2:Griefofthewildgeese
Means:Nojoyforheartsfilledwithsorrow.15

Aswaterbirds,wildgeesecannotsurviveinbitterlycoldregions.16Therefore,atthefirsthintofwinter,theyflysouthtowarmerclimesinsearchoffood.Geeseand
ducksaresaidtobemonogamouscreatures,forwhenagoosehaslostitsmate,itisreluctanttoabandonit,evenwhenitmustdosoinordertosurvive.Thegoose
confrontsthemostdifficultofhumandilemmas:togiveupone'sdesireortogiveuplifeitself.

Atfirstreading,thesceneappearstosymbolizethefaithfulnessofdevotedmarriagepartnerscruellyseparatedbyadversityordeath.Aclassicaltreatiseonmourning
ritescitesthereluctanceofcertainbirdsandbeaststoleavetheirmatesindeathasproofofthenaturalandinevitablecharacteroffamilyfeelings.17Butherethegoose
mayhavegonetoofar,foremotionalattachmentcloudsitsjudgment.18Thewisepersonknowswhentoleaveandharborsnoregrets.19TheChangeswarnsthepetty
person:"Inwaitingtoescape,thereisaffliction.Danger."20

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21
App.3:Movingontoward hisgoal,
Happinessmaywellensue.22

Fath.3:Movingontowardhisgoal
Means:Hemeetswhatherejoicesin.23

DespiteourempathyforthewildgooseintheprecedingAppraisal,alessemotionalpersonwouldrealizethatthegooseshouldneverbedeterredfromitsproper
course.Solongasthewillisfixedonpropergoals,itwillmakeprogress.Happiness,notsorrow,willfollow.

App.4:K'unbirdsflyoutatdawn,24
Flockingtogetherupnorth.
"Yingying,"theycallbackandforth,
Andneverstopsingingtofeed.25

Fath.4:Thedawnflightofthek'un
Means:Howcantheyliveonsolittle?26

Thek'unisamythicalbirdakintotherocorphoenixofWesterntradition.(Likethephoenix,itisassociatedwiththesun,27althoughsometalesidentifyitasthepet
oftheimmortalQueenMotheroftheWest.)AccordingtoChinesemyth,thek'unisdistinguishedbyitsenormoussizeandflyingspeed.Hereaflockofk'unbirds
fliesnorth,thoughthek'un'snaturalhabitatisthesouth.28Althoughtheysinginharmony,29theyignoretheirownbasicnaturesandneedsforthisreason,theyfailto
feedthemselves.Theirinitialdifficulty,causedbylackofdirection,ismadeworseoncetheyarecontenttoremaininanuntenableposition.Theirprofoundwillfulness
isclearperhapstheyarealsotoolazytochangedirection.Itisevensadderthattheyencourageeachotherinfruitlesspursuits.30

Giventhepunon"dawn"and"court,"itistemptingtoreadinthepoemawarningagainstgreatofficial(s)(usuallyassignedtoAppraisal4)''whoflyhighatcourt,"and
thengoontobuildfactionsinthenorth.Havinglosttheirsenseofdirection,theynowareonlydedicatedtoamassinggreaterwealththroughhighersalaries:"They
neverstopfeeding"(analternatereadingforthelastline)onthestate'sresources.Suchofficialsareunreliablesupportsfortheking.31

App.5:ThewildswanpacksfortheTz'u32
Wherefoodanddrinkareplentiful.33

Fath.5:TheswanpackingfortheRiverTz'u
Means:Itfullyintendstoattainitsgoal.

Thewildswan,thethirdwaterbirdinthisseriesofAppraisals,isprovident,unlikethepreviouslymentionedgooseandk'un.Atthispropitioustime,theswanmakes
planstogototheTz'uRiver(inpresentday

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ShantungProvince),abodyoffreshwatertoolargetofreezefoodanddrinkwillbeavailablethroughoutthewinter.Soitwill"eatanddrinkinconcord,"becominga
symbolof"goodfortune."34

Thesamegraphusedfor"wildswan"means"great"aswell.Obviously,theselinesapplytothemorally"great,''whoarefarsightedenoughtoanticipatefutureneeds.35

App.6:Throughsixjunctionsandroundnineroads,
Nolimitsontheircourse,theyplytheirtrade.

Fath.6:Throughsixjunctions
Means:Itinerantmerchantsconducttheirbusiness.

AmericansoftenlabeluntrammeledfreedomandrecklessindividualityasromanticanddesirabletheFrontierMythisstillpowerfulforus.EarlyChinesetradition
wouldnothaveunderstoodthisfacileequationofphysicalmobilitywithhappinessandselffulfillmenteventhe"freeandeasywandering"advocatedbyChuangtzu
referredtotravelbythemind,notthebody.36TheConfuciansinparticularfeltthathumandevelopmentitselfdependedonsitingthedevelopingindividualfirmlywithin
anestedseriesofsocialrelationsthatwouldteachhimbasicmorallessons.Trueselfcultivationmeanslearningtorealizethefullmoralpotentialinherentineachofthe
manysocietalrolesplayedbyonepersonduringthecourseofalife."Howtrulylimitingistheprospectofbeingabletogoabsolutelyanywhere,"onecommentator
perceptivelyremarks.37Theveryrootlessnessofthemerchantprecludeshislearningtobecometrulymoral.Shouldhefeelthedesiretodogood,heisunlikelytobe
inoneplacelongenoughtosustainthatdesirethroughpractice.Shouldhedowronginhisdesireforprofit,38hiswanderingswillmakeitthatmuchharderto
apprehendandpunishhim,evenwhenthecorrectivewouldbesalutary.Intheworstcasescenario,themerchantroamshighwaysandbyways,hisrestlessnessand
lackofrestraintmatchedonlybyhisunboundeddesireforprofit.TotheConfucians,whoseethicalstandardsreflectasocietyeconomicallybasedinsedentary
agriculture,themerchant'sonly"good"istoexploitothers.

App.7:Packingwithoutapartner:
Bettertoattackthewickedunencumbered.39

Fath.7:Packingwithoutapartner
Means:Calamityisimminent.

Themeaningofthispoemisfarfromobvious.(Thecommentatorsarelittlehelp.)40Chinesetraditionassumesthatmoralityischarismatic.Alackoflikeminded
companions("nopartner")usuallysuggestsevildoing.41SincebyYangHsiung'sschemaanoddnumberedAppraisalinanoddnumberedTetragramshouldbe
auspicious,mytranslationtriesto

 Page230

wrestasomewhathappiermeaningfromthetext.Thetentativetranslationthereforeaddstheword"unencumbered."PreviousAppraisalshavecriticizedthemisguided
impulsetoflocktogether.Herethetrulygoodpersonwillbraveitaloneifitisnecessarytosavethesituation.

App.8:Theyoung,42strewnlikegrain'crossruttedpaths,43
WeepatsacrificesofferedtotheRoad.44
Withthesetheysendthemontheirway.

Fath.8:Theyoungscatteredontheroad
Means:Theydispatchthemtotheirdeaths.

YangHsiung'slanguageissomewhatunclearatpoints,butthegeneralideaisclearenough:Herepackingisassociatedwiththetearfulpreparationsforwar.The
youngestandmiddlechildrenfrommanyfamiliesgatheratthecrossroads,towitnessthesacrificetotheRoad.Astheirelderbrothers(andpossiblytheirfathers)go
off,allrealizethattheymayneverreturn.ThisAppraisalprefiguresTetragram32,whosemainthemeiswar.
App.9:Hepacksatdusk.

Fath.9:Packingatdusk
Means:Hecanstillescapetheworst.45

Appraisal9,ofcourse,correspondstoExtremeCalamity.Still,atduskthereisjustenoughlightbywhichtoexecutealastminutechangeinplans.Itispreferable,of
course,tosetoutonajourneyatdawnsoastomakeasmuchprogressaspossible.Thoughthereislittletobegainedbyalatestart(especiallyinmoral
development),atleastthisindividualescapestorelativesafety.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYin
thephaseEarthandtheYiching
Hexagramno.7,Troopsthesunenters
Chung. theTriasterconstellation1
No.32.Legion
May10(p.m.)May14

HEAD:Yangch'iexpandsto2theheights,embracingallequally3sothatthemyriadthingseverywheregrowbright.4Beautiful5andlargetheygrow,multiplyinginto
legions.

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LikeitsChangescounterpart,thistetragramplaysofftwoseparatemeaningsof"legion":"themultitudes"[i.e.,themasses]and"themilitaryunit."TheHeadtext
focusesonyangch'i'sroleinfosteringthegrowthofmanythingsandanincreaseintheirnumbers.6TheAppraisalsconsiderthemasses'roleinwarfare:smallfarmers
areconscriptedintoinfantrydivisions,onlytodieinbloodypitchedbattles.AftertheunificationoftheChineseempirein221B.C.,civilvirtuesslowlycametobe
favoredoverthemartial.Asalaterproverbgoes,"Nogoodironshouldbeusedtomakeaweaponnogoodmanshouldbeusedtomakeasoldier.''Thisprocess
wasnotmuchadvancedinWesternHan,however,assuccessfulmilitarycampaignsexpandedtheinfluenceoftheChineseempiredeepintoCentralAsia.The
Mystery,followingancientprecedent,canenvisionthejustwar,butmoreoftenthannotitdeploresthedevastationvisiteduponthecommonpeople.
App.1:Secretlythewarbegins.
Likefirethenewsspreads.7
Farmingstops.Graingoestowarhorses.8
Soon9corpseswilllitter10thefields.

Fath.1:Thebeginningofthedarkwar
Means:Oncebegun,itonlygetsworse.

Fewareabletoidentifythefactorsthatwillleadtowarinitialpreparationsforwararestatesecrets.Butoncewarflaresup,theeffectisalltooclear:Thealarmis
sounded.Thenewsspreadslikewildfire.11Farmersabandontheirfields.Theablebodiedareconscriptedintothearmy.Thoseleftbehindmayhavetofleetheir
homesinthefaceofadvancingenemytroops.Surplusgrainisfedtothewarhorses,ratherthantohumans,sofoodsuppliesdwindledangerously.Inshort,death
reignswherelifeshouldbecorpseslitterthericefields.Noendcanjustifydisruptionofthenaturalorderofthings.TheLaotzupresentsthecontrastingcase"when
theWayprevailsintheempire":"Fleetfootedhorsesarerelegatedtoploughingthefields."12

CertainHanthinkersvehementlyopposedmutilatingpunishmentsandwarsunderanycircumstances,arguingthattheperfectlygoodrulercaninduceorderwithout
everresortingtotoolsofdestruction.13Yang'sviewisnotsoextreme.LikeMencius,heprincipallyobjectstowarbecauseitdestroysthecommonpeople'semotional
andfinancialsecurity,whicharethesurestfoundationsfortheirmoralaction.

App.2:Weaponshavenoblades.14
Noarmiesaredeployed.
Eventhegentleunicorn15submits
Toserve16thegentleruler.17

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Fath.2:Thatnobladesclash
Means:Virtueconquerseveryquarter.

"Armsareinstrumentsofillomen,nottheinstrumentsofthegentleman....Onewhoexultsinthekillingofmenwillneverhavehiswayintheempire."18The
conquestofmen'sheartsbyvirtueisfarsuperiortotheconquestoftheirbodiesbywar.Thisisprovenbythemarvelousunicorn.Itssharphornmakesitcapableof
fighting,yetaccordingtomyth,itrefusestoattackotheranimals.19Theappearanceoftheunicornheraldstheriseofatruekingwhoprefersrulebycharismaticvirtue
towar,despitehisreserveofpowerandauthority.AstheLaotzusays,"Onewhoexcelsindefeatinghisenemiesdoesnotjoinissue."20
App.3:Asconscriptsloadthecarts
Asoldier21pusheswifeandchild22away.
Whileriftsinsidegrowwider.23

Fath.3:Thatsomeinthearmyloadcarts
Means:Councilsofwardrawharmwithin.24

Cartsarebeingloaded,butwedonotknowtheircontents.Aretheyfilledwithgraininpreparationforwar?Withcorpses?Orwithcapturedprisoners?25Since
Appraisal3marksthetransitionfromthoughttoaction,mostlikelybattleplanshavebeendrawnup,butnoengagementhasyetbeenfought.Whydoesthe
paterfamiliaspushhiswifeandchildaway?Perhapsthroughhimweglimpsethestate'smisguidedeagernessforwar.Perhapsweareledtoconsiderthewayinwhich
theruler("fatherandmother"tohispeople)canbringharmtohis"children"(i.e.,hissubjects)bywar.26Perhapstheactionmirrorstheriftsinsidethewarroom
betweencontendingstrategists.Abellicoseruleranddiscordamongthegeneralsisenoughtospelldefeatfortheentirestate.Hierarchicalrelationsaresubverted.
Chaosthreatens.Theportentsofdisasterareclear.27

App.4:Thetiger'sroarrousesthemtobattle.28
Theleopardrears,29itsselfishfears
Suppressed.30

Fath.4:Theawesomeroarofthetiger
Means:Swiftandsureasahawkinflight.31

TheMysterycelebratesthemartialvirtue32ofgoodleaders.Thatmuchisclear.Butanyanalysisofthepoemhingesonwhethertigerandleopardareseenasenemies
orallies.Inmytranslation,thetiger'sroarnotonlystrikesterrorintotheheartsofitsenemiesitalsoservestoalertitsalliestojointhefray.Theleopardrespondsby
leapinguptovolun

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33
teer,nowthatithasovercomeitsownselfishdesires.Truemartialspiritrequiresselfrestraintandselfsacrificeonothers'behalf. Thosewhotakeuparmsinthis
spiritfindthatnothingcanwithstandtheirsureandswiftadvance.

However,twolatercommentators,readingvariantcharacters,viewtheleopardassymbolofthepettypersonbydefinition,then,theleopardbecomesthetiger's
enemyoritsinferior.34Intheirreadings,theleopardaggressively"raisestheshaft"ofitslanceinadisplayofmerebravado.35Itwronglytrustsbrutestrengthaloneto
enforceitswill.

App.5:Pitchedbattles36tothedinofbellanddrum:37
Likebears,likedemonstheyclash.

Fath.5:Lockedincombat,clash!clash!
Means:Heiskingbybruteforcealone.

Thebadrulerreliesuponphysicalstrengthalonetoenforcehiswill.Forsakingvirtue,heandhismenarenobetterthananimals.38
App.6:Thearmyofthegreatking
Ahundersintheirears.
Itsonlyuseistosubduemen'shearts.39

Fath.6:Armieslikethunderbolts
Mean:Almightyistheirawesomestrike.

Ancientmetaphorcomparestheawesomequalityoftheking'spresencetothunder.40Thetruekingemployshiscracktroopsinordertomakemensubmittothe
Good,nottowreakdestruction.Sureinhispurpose,hemovesswiftly,stunninghisenemies,whocanonlycowerinanticipationoftheimpendingcrash.41Withsuch
moralforceathiscommand,therulerseldomneedstoresorttoarmstoenforcehiswillhismightypresencealoneactsasadeterrenttoevil.

App.7:Aconfusionofpennantsandflags,42
Shieldsandlancesindisarray43
Armywiveswithchild44bemoantheirloss.45
Wailing,theycastscathingglances
Attheking.46

Fath.7:Aconfusionofpennantsandflags
Means:Heincitesagreatresentmentinthepeople.47

Thearmyhassufferedadevastatingdefeat.Thedeadmustnowbegatheredforburial.Theblameforallthisrightlyrestswiththeruler,whoorderedhispeopleinto
war.Soresentfularetheruler'ssubjectsthatrebellionislikelytofollow.Hewhoresortstowarmayfindhimselfdestroyedbyit.

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48
App.8:Theking'sarmiesgrowweaker.
Onceheseestheirravagedstate
Nomoretumbrels49willbeseen.

Fath.8:Thedecimatedranksofhisarmy
Mean:Nolongerwilltheybloodytheirblades.

"Carriagesfullofcorpses"areasuresignoflackofmerit,accordingtotheChanges.50Thewiserulerrecognizeswhenhisarmyistooill,toopoorlyprovisioned,or
toodispiritedtocontinuethefight.Recallinghistroopsfromthefield,thegoodrulerturnshisattentiontodomesticreformsthatwillensurethesafetyandsecurityofhis
people.Thetrulygreatrulergoesonestepfurther:neveragaindoesheresorttowarfare.51

App.9:Thebattleaxbladeisbroken,52
Itshandleiscracked.
Itisrighttostop,wrongtoattack.53
Theadvancewillbebloody.

Fath.9:Bladebrokenandhandlecracked
Means:Thereisnotenoughtogoon.54

Themanwhopressesforwarddespiteinadequatetools(wheretoolsmayalsosuggestpriortraining)willmeetwithcalamity.Recklesscourage,afterall,isoflittleuse
inanygreatendeavor.55Appraisal9representstheExtremeofCalamity.Herewewitnessthefollyofcontinuedaggression.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YangthephaseWaterandtheYi
chingHexagramno.8,Holding
Mi TogetherthesunenterstheTriaster
No.33.Closeness constellation,3ddegree
May15May19(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'idrawsnear1toHeaven.Themyriadthings,buddingandflowering,2areallcloselypackedtogether,withnointerveninggaps.

Theprevioustetragramdescribesyangch'imerely"expandingtotheheights."3Nowculminatingyangbeginsto"drawneartoHeaven,"whichemphasizesitsincreased
powerandfundamentalkinshipwithHeaven.As"thetwobecomeone,"4thebondbetweenyangch'iandHeavenbe

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Figure10.
"Peekingthroughthegap."Illustrationfromarubbingonatombrelief,
excavatedfromLushan,Szechwan(4865cm.).Apparentlyawingeddivinityis
holdingtheincriptionhere.

comesafitsymbolforsuitablyintimaterelationsofallkinds,5especiallytheprimarybondswithinthefamilyandbetweenrulerandofficial.Themyriadthingsfortheir
partunconsciouslyimitatethesetightpsychicbondsbyphysicalproximity.Astheygrowlargerandmorenumerous,theycrowdagainstoneanotheruntilnospaceis
leftbetween.

Tetragram33variouslyappliestheideaof"nogap"tocosmogonicstages(whereitdescribestheundifferentiatedchaosofprimordialch'i)tospatialrelationsto
unbrokenfeelingsofgoodfellowshiptopoliticalalliancesandkinshiptiesandtoaperfect"fit"betweenperceptualknowledgeandexternalreality,betweenhuman
potentialanditsactuality."Nogap"mayalsorefertoabsolutecorrespondencebetweenascribedsocialrolesandindividualacts,another"fit"usuallyidentifiedbythe
catchword''rectificationofnames"(chengming).Inallthesecases,wherevernogapprevails,theindividual,society,andcosmosoperateinperfectharmony.6

Thegraphusedforthetetragramtitleconveys"closeness,""fineness"[ofweave,forexample],and"density."Incertaincases,thesamegraphalsomeans"close
mouthed"or"discreet."7TheChinesepresumeaconnectionbetweenthetwosetsofmeanings.Aprudentdisinclinationtotalkpromotesperfect"closeness"inthe
community.

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App.1:HeseeksaglimpseoftheGreatUnknown,
ButthereisnogapintheGate.

Fath.1:Peeringintoit,thatthereisnogap
Means:Itisshutuptightoneveryside.8

The"Gate"probablyreferstotheborderbetweenpotentialandactualexistence,betweenlifeanddeath,betweentangibleexperienceandtheineffable.9Behindour
everydayworldliestheinchoatesourcewecalltheTao,fromwhichallpatternedandparticulatemattereventuallyemerges.AndsinceAppraisalIrepresentsthe
BeginningofThought,weimagineasimilarbarrierbehindwhichhidethoughtswhichareasyetunformulatedorunrevealed.10TheTaopreferstohideitsorigins.
Similarly,thegentlepersondislikesadvertisinghisthoughts,11inpartbecause"thingsnearlycomplete,ifnothandledwithabsolutediscretion,asarulewillbeharmedin
theircompletion.12Noonehasthepowertopeereitherintopriorexistenceorintoanother'sinnermostmind,despiteastrongdesiretodoso.Still,theverymetaphor
ofthegateholdsoutthehopethateventuallywecanpassbeyondthebarriertoentertheGreatUnknown13perhapsatdeathorbyaflashofsuddenillumination.
Untilthen,weknowatleastthattheineffableTaoinformsandanimatesourpresentlife,whiletheunseenmindrulesourconduct.
App.2:Ifhefailstodrawusclose,
Our14heartsstrayfarfromhome.15

Fath.2:Notclose,notfriendly,
Means:Heturnsawayfromhisproperplace.16

Theoriginalpoemiscarefulnottospecifywhoistobeblamedforthepsychicdistancethatprevails,thoughmanycommentatorsseetheselinesasawarningtothe
rulerwhofailstoactas"fatherandmother"tohissubjects.17Thepoemalsoworksasacritiqueoftheindividualwhoserestlessambitionorsearchfornoveltycause
himtoneglectthepropercultivationofwhatisneartohand(forexample,loyalofficialsorevenhisownconscience).18Eventually,thiskindofpettypersonfinds
himselfexposed.19

App.3:Beingclosetoourparents
Helpsusgaintruehumanity.

Fath.3:Beingclosetokin
Means:Weacttopromotethegood.

AccordingtotheancientConfucians,thedevelopmentofhumaneimpulsesdependsuponthequalityofthehomeenvironment.Tothem,itisnaturalforthechildto
lovetheparents,andonlybyappropriatelyextendingthisaffectiontootherscantheindividuallearntotakepartin

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20
societyinatrulyhumanway. Giventheallimportantnatureoftheparentchildbond,theClassicofFilialPietyinsists,"Nottoloveone'skin...isaperversionof
virtue."21Shouldthefamilyforanyreasonfailtoinstillhabitsoffilialpietyanddevotioninthechild,thegrowingchildwillfinditverydifficulttocommittoclose
relationswithothers.Whatismore,itisonlytheunusuallygiftedchildwhowilllookbeyondthefamilycircletolearnthatfinebalancebetweenopenheartednessand
discriminationtheChineseidentifiedwiththemorallife.22

App.4:Threedaysclosetoputridflesh,
Andhefailstonoticethestench.23

Fath.4:Beingclosetostinkandrot
Means:Minorevilsarepervasive.24

Ordinarily,theranksmellofrottingfleshturnsthestomach,buthumanbeingsseemtohavearemarkablecapacity,givenenoughtime,toaccustomthemselvesto
anything.Therefore,thepersonwhoconsortswithevilcompanionssoon"failstonoticethestench."TheMysteryalludestoananecdoteinwhichConfuciuscompares
"livingwithabadman"to"beingwitharottencarp."25TheselinesimplicitlycriticizeTaoistdoctrine,whichassumesthatman'sabilitytoadapttouncomfortableand
unpleasantsituationsisoneproofofthenaturalequalityofallexperiences.
App.5:Intimacyunimpaired,
YouareHeaven'schosenconsort.

Fath.5:Atightfitandnorift.
Means:MeritliesinbeingclosetoHeaven.

InearlyChou,thegoodrulerwascommonlyidentifiedasHeaven'sconsort,mate,oranalogueinotherwords,thematchbetweenHeavenandrulerwasthoughtto
besoclosethattheonlysuitablemetaphorwassexual.HeretheidealleaderperfectlyconformstoHeaven'sdesigns,therebycompletingitsworkonearth.26Thoseof
meritfindtheirvirtuerecognizedbythestateandrewardedwithhighposition.27Asgreaternumbersareinfluencedbythesemodelsofperfection,harmonycomesto
prevailintheentirecommunity.28
App.6:Associatingwithgreatevil,
Hismiseriesmayincrease.

Fath.6:Beingclosetogreatevil
Means:Joiningtheerrant,hebecomesthesame.

Pastthehalfwaymarkinthecycle,Appraisal6tendstowardsdeclineunlessitisassignedtoauspiciousyangch'i.Theminorevilsassociated

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29
withbadcompanionsinAppraisal4havenowbecomegreatevilssincethealliesofthewickedquicklyareschooledinevil. Soontheassociatesareunableto
distinguishbetweenaberrantandcorrectbehavior.30

App.7:Inthenet'sfinemeshisatear
Assmallasthegillofafish.31
Greatistherulerwhopreventsitsrecurrence.32

Fath.7:Afineopening,smallasagill,
Means:Werelyontherulerforrepairs.33

Ifthesmallestriftoccursbetweenvariousgroupsinsociety,thegreatrulerfirstrepairsit,andthenhastenstopreventitsrecurrence.34

App.8:Havingfiledhisteeth,heisleftwithgums.35
Inthreeyears,hewillnolongerrule.>36

Fath.8:Teethfiled,dependingongums
Means:Theruleruprootshimself.

Theteethrelyontheirbaseinthegums,justashardyangch'irestsonsofteryin.37Butiftheteetharegrounddowntothelevelofthegums(presumablybecauseof
overaggressionorselfdestructiveimpulses),theybecomedysfunctional.Theadultlosesalltheadvantagesofmaturity,revertingtothehelplessstateofamewling
infant.Howwillheevermanagetokeephisstrengthonadietofgruel?Hislargeframeinevitablyweakens,untilthegumsandevenvitalorgansaredebilitated.38

Byanalogy,theindividualwhowearsdownhisstaunchsupporters,orastatethatweakensitsownallies,losesthelastlineofdefense.39Byextension,thestatethat
placesachildonthethroneisalsoingravedanger.40

App.9:Inthefaceofrepeateddisasters,41
Hefirstbowslow,thenhonorablydies.

Fath.9:Facedwithcalamityuponcalamity
Means:Finally,hecannotbedeprivedofhonor.42

Appraisal9isopentomanydifferentreadings.ItshoulddescribetheultimatestateofCloseness.Despiteitstalkofdeath,itisalignedwithauspiciousyangch'i.Inmy
reading,theindividualinthefaceofserialcalamitiesbowstohisfate,butremainssteadfastinhisdevotiontotheWay.

Readingthesamepassageinaslightlydifferentway("closeinrepeateddisasters"),43onecommentatorremarksthattruegentlemenremaincloseallieseveninhard
times.Thisisfortworeasons,hesays:first,eachiswillingtohumblehimselfbeforeothersandsecond,eachisequallycommittedtotheWay.

Itcouldalsobethecasethatthesubjectofthepoemisdemotedfrom

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44
officeandexecuted,despitehisloyaltyandinnocence.Thoughhislifecanbetakenawaybyanunjustauthority,hishonorisnotsoeasilysnatchedaway. Still
anotherreadingwouldhavetheindividualrecognizinghisownmoralfailings(theinnerdisastersthathaveledtovisibledisasters)shortlybeforedeath.Wisernow,the
individualhumbleshimselfandreformshisconductsothathewrestsfromlifeanhonorableend.45Finally,onecommentatorreadsthepoemasadescriptionofthe
rulerwhowillinglycondescendstohissubordinates,therebywinningtheirabsoluteloyalty.

Inthefaceofrepeateddisasters.
First,hehumbleshimself,thenlatergets
Menwillingtodieforhim.

Facedwithfrequentdisaster
Means:Tiltheend,hecannotbedeprivedofsupport?46
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYin
thephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.8,HoldingTogether
thesunenterstheTriaster
Ch'in constellation,7thdegree1theDipper
No.34.Kinship pointsSSEthemusicalnoteisF2
May19(p.m.)May23

HEAD:Yangineverydirectionishumaneandloving.Itiscompletelytrue,generous,3andtrustworthysothatthingsallfeelakinshipandareatpeace.

Bytheendofthistetragram,summerisinfullforce.Asyangch'igrowsstrongerandthedaysnoticeablylengthen,themyriadthingsbaskinitswarmth.Sincethereis
morethanenoughyangch'itofostergrowthforall,thereisnoneedforcontentionamonglivingthings.Thingsconsequentlyaredrawntoyangandtoeachotherin
theirharmoniousunion,theycometoimitatetheperfectionofyangch'i4

Thistetragram,likeitspredecessor,ispairedwithHexagram8,calledHoldingTogether.TheAppraisalssuggestthatthehabitofaccordingone'sownkinproper
treatmentisthefirst,crucialsteptowardsforming

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closebondswithallothers(whetherinfriendships,inpoliticalalliances,orinwiderfamilycircles).Ontheotherhand,astheOdessay,"Ifyoukeepyourownata
distance,/Thepeopleallactthus[toyou]!"5ThesecondstepistofollowHeaven'sexamplein"treatingthevirtuousaskin."6

App.1:Ifkinarenotclose,7theirwills
Grateliketeethinanunevenbite.

Fath.1:Thatkinarenotascloseasskin
Means:Thecenterheartisclosedoff.

UnliketheChristiantradition,Confuciantraditiondoesnotexpecttheindividualtoloveeachandeveryotherpersonashimself.Instead,Confucianismassertsthat
eachpersonowesthegreatestloyaltyanddevotiontofamilymembers(andbyanalogy,totherulerwhotrulyactsas"fatherandmother"ofthepeople).These
feelingsofresponsibilityarethentobeextended,butineverdecreasingmeasure,towidercirclesoutsidethefamilyintothevillageandkingdom.Thispoemis
perfectlyambiguousinthatitgivestwodifferent,ifrelatedmessages:(1)Unlessthehabitofrespectandloveisengenderedinthefamily,thecapacitiesofthe
innermostheart/mindprobablywillfailtodevelopsufficiently,and(2)"Ifthosetreatedaskinarenotofhisskin[i.e.,hisfamily],/Theirideasgrateliketeethinabad
bite"(analternatereadingfortheAppraisal).8Surrogatefamilyrelations,then,canneverbeanadequatesubstituteforrealkinshipties.Differingtemperamentsand
interestsinevitablyleadtowrangling,9weakeningthebondsbetweenunrelatedparties.10

App.2:Trustingtiesoffleshandblood,11
Tomeettheirgoalstheyrelyon12kin.

Fath.2:Trustingfleshandblood
Means:Noonecancomebetweenthem.13

ThisAppraisalelaboratesthemoralofAppraisal1.Thewisepersonrealizesthatatightfamilyunitprovidesthesinglebestbaseofsupportfromwhichanindividual
candevelop.Havinglearnedcertainfundamentallessonswithinthefamilycontext(includingagoodsenseofpriorities),theindividualcanthengoontomakeamark
uponsocietyatlarge.

App.3:Themulberryflyabandonsitsyoung.14
Thewaspthattakesthemon
Doesnotmeetwithdisgrace.15

Fath.3:Thattheflyignoresitsrelations
Means:Itfailsitsownbody.

TheMysteryalludestoOde196,whichsays:

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Themulberryinsecthasyoung.
Thesphexwasprearsthem.
Teachandtrainyoursons
Sotheywilltrytobegoodlikeit.16

Themulberryflyfailstoprotectitsownlarvaeadequatelyinsteadofhousingtheminasafeplace,themulberryflyshowsnoparticularfamilialaffectiontowardsits
young,leavingthemtobepreyeduponbyitsenemies.Accordingtolegend,thesphexdoesnotdevourthemulberryflylarvae.Rather,actingassurrogateparent,it
introducesthemulberrylarvaeintoitsownnest,whereovertimetheymetamorphoseintoyoungwasps.Themulberryflyshowsunusuallackofforesight,sinceits
carelessbehaviordeprivesitofdescendantstocarryonthefamilyline.17TheOde,then,seemstochastiseparentswhoselackofcaremayendintheiryoung
identifyingmorewiththeinterestsofothers.Thehavocthiscouldwreakinthefamilyshouldbeanimportantconsiderationtoanyrightthinkingindividual.Inother
writings,YangHsiungemploysthesamemetaphortoprovetherelativeimportanceofnurtureovernatureinthesocializationprocess.18
App.4:Guestsfeellikekininsharingtherites
Whenfoodanddrinkareproperlymeasured.19

Fath.4:Thatinritesguestsfeellikekin
Means:Hostandguestcometogether.

Themoralsuperiorusesritualactivitytoforgegoodrelationswithothers.Feelingsofgoodfellowshipengenderedbythefeastpromotelastingsocialties.Foodand
drink,then,becomethetools,notthegoalsofceremony,whichiscarefullydesignedtoinduceconductthatexemplifiestheMean.Ashostandguestcometogetherin
mutualesteem,thosewhoparticipateinthefeastare"fedvirtue"aswellasordinaryfood.20Thiswillinducethegodstoparticipate.21

App.5:Slightingthosewhodeservehiscare,
Hisclosestfriendsshallrunaway.

Fath.5:Slightingthosewhodeservehiscare
Means:Oneveryside,22healienatesgoodmen.

Relatives"shouldnottreateachothercoldly,"theClassicssay.23Ifamancannotbringhimselftobestowaffectionandgratitudewhereitisdue,whyshouldn'thisallies
andsubordinatesdeserthim,reasoningthat"hewhoslightsthoseheoughttotreatwellwillslightallothers,whoevertheymaybe."24Incontrast,themoralsuperior
graciouslycondescendseventothosewiththemostdistantclaimstoconsideration.25

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App.6:Caringforthosewhodeserveit,
ThenoblemangraspstheDipper.

Fath.6:Generoustothosewhodeserveit
Means:Heattractsgoodmenfromeveryside.

TheleadermaybesaidtograsptheDipperintwosenses:First,heladlesoutfoodandwinetohonorhisguestsatritualfeasts.Second,byvirtueofhissuasive
exampleheliketheDipper(theconstellationthatissymbolofkinglyrule)inthesensethat"allthelesserlightswillrevolve"aroundhimhappily.26

App.7:Howeverhighandloftyhisrank,
Heisbaseinconductingaffairs.

Fath.7:Rankhighbutconductbase
Means:Hischaracterisinadequate.

Appraisal7correspondstotheBeginningofCalamity.Wellpastthemidpointofthecycle,declinebeginstosetin.Theimmoralpublicservantnolongerfulfillshis
dutieswell.Thegrossdisparitybetweenrankandcharactermakesthisleader'spositionallthemoreprecarious.Shouldtroublearise,hewillnotbeabletosave
himself.

App.8:Driedmeatsharedwithclosekin:27
Flawlessly,thenoblemanperformshisduty
Toactastrunkofthefamilytree.28

Fath.8:Doinghisdutybykin
Means:Heclaimsnocreditforhimself.29

Familyobligationisthe"trunkofgoodness,30andthefamilyheadis"trunk"ofthefamilytree.Theidealfamilyheadiscarefultofulfillhisobligationstowardsinferiors,
dependents,andkinsmen.Onappropriateoccasions,hesendsgiftsofdriedmeattonourishindividualfamilymembers31andstrengthenthebondsbetweenthem.As
Confuciusnotes,"Whengentlemenarepunctiliousinregardtotheirownkin,thepeopleareencouragedtobehumane."32Ontheotherhand,toneglectsuch
proprietieswouldbetoriskinternaldissensionwithintheclan.AstheOdeswarn,"Lossofkindlyfeelingmayarisefromfaultsin[dispensing]driedmeat."33

App.9:Immatureyetclose:illomened.

Fath.9:Achildishintimacyuntested34
Means:Itturnsonitsveryownroots.35

Ifimmaturityisallowedtopersistsolateinthecycle,therelationsbuiltuponitarefundamentallyflawed."Immature,benightedpeopleneverlovetheRight,"asone
commentatorremarks.36Forthatreason,suchintimacycannotstandthetestoftime.

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CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YangthephaseWoodandtheYi
Hexagramno.9,SmallLevies1the
Lien sunenterstheWellconstellation,3
No.35.Gathering degree
May24May28(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iswells2hugely,fillingouttotheveryouteredges.Minuteyin3onasmallscalegathersitsforcesontheinside.4

Atthispointinhighsummer,thepositionofyangch'iseemsunassailable,yetnascentyinhasalreadybeguntogatheritsforcesbelow.Thusdoesthecosmiccycle
alternatebetweenfullandempty.Withyangch'iswellingouttotheedges,yintakesadvantageofthehollowspaceleftbehindatcentertobuildabaseofstrength.
Themyriadthingsmirrorthisactivity,sincemuch"growthontheoutsidenecessarilyleadstohollownesswithin."5Giventhedangerimpliedbythisimbalancebetween
innerandouter,themoralpersonisespeciallycarefulinhowsheproceeds.Asyinbeginstogatherforce,shefindsitmosteffectivetotakeprecautions"atthe
beginning,"beforetroubleofanykindloomslarge.

Thetetragram'stitlesuggestsagradualincreaseintheaccumulationofyinch'iinthecosmiccycle.Italsoimpliesthatyinwillbideitstime,"gatheringitsforces"untilit
ispowerfulenoughtolaunchafullscaleattackonyang.Thesamegraphmeans"savings"or"stores"(asinmoneyorharvests)and"governmentlevies"or''taxes"
stillanotherkindoftransferfromagreater"outside"toasmallerreserve"inside."Theouter/innerandbig/littleparalleldichotomieslieattheheartoftheMystery's
portrayalofbenevolentgovernment.AccordingtohallowedConfuciantradition,taxesshouldnotexceedatitheonthevalueoftheharvest.6EarlyChineserulerswere
alsotoldnottoovertaxtheirsubjectsbyrepeatedwarsandextraordinaryleviesorbyexactingcorvelaborformassiveconstructionprojects.Onceithaslostthe
supportofthecommoners,abloatedempirewillfinditself,likeyangch'iatthisjuncture,hollowatthecore.Inanycase,thebestmethodbywhichtherulercancome
tocommandvastreservesofwealthandpowerisnotthroughtaxes,butthroughkeepingthepeople'sabsoluteloyalty.Ineffect,therulerstoreshispossessionsinthe
granariesandbarnsofhissubjects.7

App.1:Smalltaxeskeptthesame,8
Helpthecommonpeoplefeelsecure
Andrectifythestate.

Fath.1:Smalltaxeskeptthesame
Means:Hiswayisfitting.

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Accordingtolegend,inthegoldenageofantiquitythehighesttaxexactedbyarulerinyearsofplentywas1/10thoftheyieldtheonlypermissiblevariationoccurred
intimesoffamine,whentaxeswerereducedorforgiven,dependingonlocalconditions.Thestateismadesecurewhenitprovidesfortheeconomicsecurityofits
people.Thegovernmentshouldneverextortunfairexactionsfromitspeopleafterall,itwasfoundedinitiallytopreventthestrongfrombullyingtheweak.9

App.2:Greedy10hoarding,bitbybit,11
Steepsusinimpropriety.

Fath.2:Blackhoarding,bitbybit,
Means:Thisisnotthewaytoglory.

Tosquirrelawaypettyprofitisonesurewayofhabituatingoneselftoevil.Minorcovetousactsmayseeminconsequentialattheoutset,buttheyresultinaslowbut
steadyerosionofone'smoralfaculties.
App.3:Seeingitissmall,heeschewsitsuse
Sothatwemayfullydevelop.

Fath.3:Seeingthesmall,hedoesnotuseit.
Meaning:Hewaitsforustogrowbig.

Ritualpreceptsforbidtheuseofyounganimalsforsacrifice.12Suchprohibitionsteachanimportantlesson(alreadyknowntohunters,fishermen,andfarmers):Young
andfragilethingsmustbepatientlyfostereduntiltheymatureenoughtobeputtouse.Onlyanidiotpullshisricesproutsoutoftheground,onthemistakennotionthat
hecantherebyhastenthegrowthprocess.13Byanalogy,thepersonwhohopestocultivatehisvirtuedoesnotprematurelytesthimself14nordoesthewiseleader
squeezethosefollowerswhocannotyetmakesignificantcontributions.15Shouldtherulerextortthelastcoinfromhissubjects,hisindigentpopulationwillnever
accumulatesufficientwealthtosupporthisexpansionistdreams.16
App.4:Ingatheringprofitandreducingpunishment,
Smallistheadvanceandgreattheretreat.

Fath.4:Gatheringprofits,reducingpunishments,
Means:Hisgovernmentisinretreat.

Chinesetraditionpresumesthatordinarypeoplewilllooktotheirrulerfortheirvalues.Here,thegovernmentgivesthemmixedmessages.Ontheonehand,toreduce
punishmentssuggeststhatgenerosityisgood.Ontheother,toraisetaxesshowsthatprofitisvaluedoverhumaneness.Isitanywonderthatthecommonpeopleare
leftinutterconfusion,andthatthisgovernmentlacksasecurefoundation?

ThesepoemsmaycriticizeEmperorWuofearlyWesternHan

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(r.14087B.C.)specifically.Tosupporthisforeignwars,EmperorWuencouragedtheinstitutionofgovernmentmonopolieswhilesellingexemptionsfrom
punishments,allovervigorousprotestsfromConfucianscholarsatcourt.Conceivably,theselinescouldalsorepresentageneralwarningtothestatenottoreduce
punishmentssolongasthecommonpeopleareengagedinthe"secondary,"commercialoccupations.Afterall,profitseekerstendtobelawbreakersaswell.17
Finally,thepoemcoulddescribethepettyman,whowillinglyrisksbreakingthelawforthesakeofminorgain.He"gathersprofits,[then]minorpunishments./Making
asmalladvancebutabigretreat./...Hisrectituderetreats."18Inallthesecases,shorttermgainsultimatelyspelldefeat.

App.5:Livestockpropagatecontentedly,19
Snowywhite20cocoonsblanketthefields.

Fath.5:Happylivestockandwhitecocoons
Mean:Thestatedoesnot"stealtheirtime."

Domesticanimals(especiallytheox)andthesilkwormaresaidtobeespeciallypleasingtothegodsofEarth,thepatronPhaseforthecentralAppraisal5.21Both
agriculture(asmen'swork)andsericulture(aswomen'swork)appearinthissceneofidyllicproductivity.Foodandclothing,thebasicnecessitiesoflife,areprovided.
What'smore,thereissilkfortheagedandforritual.Suchgoodorderresultswhenthepeoplesticktothe"basic"occupations,ratherthanthemerchantorartisan
trades.22ButtheFathomingoffersthemainreasonforthismaterialprosperity:thewiseruler,accedingtothenaturalrhythmsoftheuniverse,iscarefulnotto"stealthe
time."Inotherwords,fromspringplantingthroughtheautumnharvest,thestateshouldnotemploythecommonpeopleinwarorcorve.23

App.6:Thoughsmallandweakatfirst,24
Somethingbigbeginstogrow.25
Thepettymanfailstotakeheed.

Fath.6:Warningsaboutthesickandweak
Means:Heisoblivioustothefirstsmallsignsofchange.

The"GreatCommentary"totheChangesdefinesthegentlemanintermsofhissuperbsensitivitytothepracticalandethicalimplicationsoftheunfoldingsituation,long
beforeithasfullyevolved.26Astraditionstates,itisadvantageousto

Contemplatedifficultywhenitisstilleasy.
Manageagreataffairwhenitisstillsmall.27

Incontrast,thepettyman,inhisselfabsorption,lacksawarenessoftheobviousortheinevitable,evenwhenitliesrightunderhisnose.

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Alternately,theseversescoulddescribethecommonpeople,whodespitetheirindividualweakness,collectivelyformtheonlysecurebasisforthestate:

Pitiableandweak[arethecommonpeople]
[Yet]theymakethegreatorigin[ofthestate].
Pettymen[inpower]donottakeheed.

Warningsaboutthepitiableandweak
Mean:Theyfailtodiscernthe[powerofthe]small.28

App.7:Thehusbandpullsinthecartshafts.
Hiswifepeelswildandbitterherbs.29
Whatbenefitstheking'spaternalaunts
Doesnothingforthecommonrunofmen.30
Anaffliction.

Fath.7:Pullinginharnessandpeelingherbs
Means:Wealthiscollectedfromthem.

IntheMystery'sregularalternationofDayandNight,yinandyang,thisAppraisalshouldbelucky.Thisappearstobeanexception.Bothhusbandandwifeare
employedinlowlyjobsentailingavastexpenditureinenergyforverylittleprofit.31Inhappiercircumstances,draftanimalsreplacehumanbeingsinthetraces,andthe
mainmealisgrain,notbitterherbs.Thetinysumsextortedfromtheworkingpoorcouldneverfundthestateadequately,especiallywhentheyaresiphonedoffbythe
greatfamiliesoftherealm.

However,anauspiciousreadingispossible:Ifthecommonfolkfindwaystosurvivetheseharshandtroubledtimes,theirstrengthrepresentsagreatresourceforthe
state.Persistenceandcourageistobevalued.
App.8:Heavytaxesbringdownthestate.

Fath.8:Greatdownfallsfromgreatlevies
Mean:Suchcollectionsarewrong.

ByAppraisal8,wearealreadyintheMiddleofCalamity.Thoseinpower,rapaciousintheirdemandsfortaxes,havesecuredtheirowndownfall.Eventhemost
cynicalofrulers,ifwise,shouldrealizetheadvantageofacceptingalowerstandardoflivinginreturnforthesecurityofhisthrone.

App.9:Taxinginseason
Helpsforestall32utterruin.

Fath.9:Collectingtaxeswhentimely
Means:Howcoulddisasterbeimminent?33

 Page247

Ingoodharvestyears,thewiserulerordersasignificantproportionoftaxreceiptsreservedasahedgeagainstbadtimes.Intimesofnaturaldisasterorfamine,these
reservesareredistributedamongthecommonpeople.Heonlyleviespublicserviceduringtheslackagriculturalseasons.Andhedemandsnopaymentbeforethe
harvest.BecausehehastakenaccountofthecyclicalrhythmsofHeavenandEarth,hewillfindthatthepeoplehavemorethanenoughtosupporthimandthemselves
incomparativeluxury.AsMenciuswrote:

Solongasyoudonotinterferewiththebusyseasonsinthefields,thentherewillbemoregrainthanthepeoplecaneat....ThisisthefirststepalongtheKinglyWay....34
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYin
thephaseMetalandtheYiching
Hexagramno.1,Masculinethesun
Ch'iang enterstheWellconstellation,7th
No.36.Strength degree
May28(p.m.)June1

HEAD:Yangch'iispure1andhard,dryandfirm.2Eachandeveryoneofthemyriadthingsisstrengthened.

Strengthcanbegoodorbad,dependingonthesituation.Thefirsthintsoffuturetroubleforyangch'iappearedintheHeadtextofTetragram35.Althoughpureyang
ch'i,likeHeaven,is"stronganduntiring,"3thingsthatgrowtoostrongunderitsinfluencetendtobeoverbearingandunbending.4Also,thingsthatgrowtoo"dryand
firm"suggeststiffcorpses.5Asiftoeaseourapprehensionsaboutpresentdevelopments,thisHeadtexttreatsonlythemostpositiveeffectsofyang'suninterrupted
growthonthemyriadthings.

App.1:Tobehardheadedisnotright.6
Itmakeshimutterlyuseless.

Fath.1:Tobehardatcenter
Means:Onecannotconferwithhim.

Thepettypersontendstobestubbornandunyielding,overbearingandinflexible.Basiccooperationisnotanoption,letaloneafruitful

 Page248

Figure11.
Mt.T'ai,asacredmountainofChina.illus.fromarubbing,Chinese
RubbingsfromtheFieldMuseumno.32(11062cm.),ofunknown
date(probablyCh'ingdynasty).

 Page249
7
workingrelation.TheMasterhimselfsaid,"Itisuselesstotakecounselwiththosewhofollowadifferentway[thanritual]." Bycontrast,theidealfriendandallyis
bothflexibleanduprightforthatreason,peopleseekhisadvice.8Strengthisanecessary,butnotasufficientcauseofgreatness.

App.2:Thephoenixspreadsitswingsinflight.
Noblemenapproachthepropertime:
Noonecaneverholdthemback.

Fath.2:Aphoenixinflight
Means:Opportunitycomestothenobleman.

Atrulymoralpersonislikeaphoenix.Withregardtotheirrespectivespecies,bothareequallyrare.9Thepatternsofbotharepleasing.(Thephoenixisfamousforits
exquisiteplumageandfastidioushabits.Inhumans,ritualactsprovidethepleasingpatterns.)Bothareendowedwithunusualstrength.Intakingflight,thephoenix
spreadsitswings(hsiu)tocatchthewind(feng).Byapun,10thetrulymoralpersoncultivateshimself(hsiu)toextendhisinfluencetoothers(alsofeng).Solongas
adequatepreparationshavebeenmade,andthetimeisright,boththephoenixandthemoralpersonwillsoarfarabovetheirpeers.11

App.3:Ifpillarsareuncenteredandbeamsnothigh,
Thegreatmansionislaidlow.

Fath.3:Pillarsnotcentered
Mean:Theycannotsetthefoundationstraight.

InbothChineseandIndianconventions,theruler'schiefministerswerecalledhis"pillars"and"beams."Ahousewillbestableonlyifitspillarsandbeamsare
measuredandpositionedcorrectly.Ifwefollowthisarchitecturalmetaphor,therulinghousecanonlyremainstrongifitschiefministersareselectedandemployed
wisely.Inthestate,asinarchitecture,theeffectofthewholedependsuponthebalancebetweennumerousstructuralparts,butafirmfoundationiscrucialforboth.12

App.4:Keenofeyeandear,thereandoverthere,13
Hisattendants,leftandright,
Offerhimstaunchsupport.14

Fath.4:Perceptiveaidesallaround15
Mean:Fromeveryside,manyknightsapproach.16

Theidealmaninofficeissaidtobe"perceptiveinearandeye."17Thegoodrulermustuseallavailableevidencetojudgecandidatesforoffice.Heisboundtoselect
thosewho,likehim,arekeenofeyeandear.Thetalented,therefore,flocktocourt,wheretheycanputtheirperceptive

 Page250
18
nesstogooduseinserviceoftheking. Theirsupportstrengthenstherulinghouse.

App.5:Noblemen,whenstrong,usevirtue.
Pettymen,whenstrong,useforce.

Fath.5:Thatthepettymanisstrong
Means:Hisfaultsincreaseashegainsrank.

Giventhecharismaassociatedwithrankandriches,itmayseemdifficultatfirsttojudgeapersonofpositionorwealthimpartially.19Butthepettypersonwhohas
finagledhiswayintoofficebecomesmoreoverbearingashisarroganceandprideincrease.Incontrast,themoralsuperioruponattaininghighrankbecomeseven
moreconsciousofhisresponsibilitytoleadothersalongthepathofvirtue.20

App.6:Usingmystrengthto"overcomemyself,"21
TheskyisthelimittowhatIcando.22

Fath.6:Strengthinovercomingmyself
Means:Greatexcellencehasnolimits.23

Trueexcellencedependsupontheindividualovercominghisownselfish,biased,orarroganttendencies.24Hemayalsodecideto"overcomehisownstrength"(an
alternatereadingofthefirstAppraisalline),asherecognizesthewisdomofyieldinginmanysituations.25Paradoxically,then,strengthcomesfromconqueringthe
self.26
App.7:Metalisstrongbutfleshisweak.
Bloodflowsinthefields.

Fath.7:Strongmetalandweakflesh
Mean:Thelawscausegreatharm.

Noteventhestrongestmancanwithstandablowbyweapons.Knowingtheirreparableharmthatweaponscanwreak,thegoodleaderrunshisstateinsuchawayas
tominimizetheneedforharshpunishments.27Herebloodflowseveninthericefields,suggestingthetyrannousnatureofthisregimeanditslaws.ItistheLegalists,not
goodConfucians,whoresorttoarmstosolveproblems.LegendhasitthatthefirstLegalistmasterShangYangexecutedsomanyinthefieldthattheWeiRiverran
redwiththeirblood.28

App.8:Hestrengthenswherehefails,29
Makinganeffortwhereheisweak.

Fath.8:Strongafterfailure
Means:Heworkshardtomakehimselfstrong.

Themoralsuperiorlearnstorecognizeandreformhisfailings.Thebestwaytodothisistoimmersehimselfinthemodelofthesages.30

 Page251

App.9:HeuprootsMountT'ai,
Hesnapspillarsandbeams.
Suchmenstumbleandfall.

Fath.9:Mountainsuprootedandbeamssnapped
Mean:Intheend,he'sundonebyviolence.31

ProverbialstrongmenaresaidtobeabletopullMountT'ai(the"GreatMountain,"locatedinpresentShantungprovince)outfromitsroots,andstillgoontochop
wholebeamsintwo,likematchsticks.Unfortunately,thosewhodeveloptheirownphysicalstrengthtothisdegreeseldomdevoteequaltimetomoralselfcultivation.32
Sincetheircharacterisrelativelyunformed,theyinvitedisasteruponthemselves.33

T'aishanusuallypointstotheruler,asthatmountainsymbolizeswhatisofgreatestweightandsolidity.PerhapsYangHsiungcriticizestheevilFirstEmperorofCh'in,
whosetyrannyunderminedthedynasty.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YangthephaseWaterandthe
YichingHexagramno.1,
Ts'ui Masculinethesunentersthe
No.37.Purity Wellconstellation,11thdegree
June2June6(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iisuniformlypure,clear,andbright,sothatthingsallaredoublyilluminated1andprotectedbyitsshininglight.

Asyangch'iapproachesitsculminationatthesummersolstice,yinch'iappearsquiescent(thoughweknowfromanearlierHeadtextthatitisgatheringitsforces
quietlybelow).2Aspureyangch'ibatheseachofthemyriadthingsinitscleansingandenergizinglight,eachthingcomestoepitomizethatparticularformofbrilliance
consistentwithitsnature.3Inhumansociety,menideallyachievethelusterassociatedwithunadulteratedvirtue.4

App.1:Purewithin,5
Heisclear,withoutstain.

Fath.1:Purewithin
Means:Clear,withoutastain.

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Asiftoreiteratethesingularperfectionoftheindividual,theAppraisal'sdescriptionhasbeenrepeatedwordforwordintheFathoming.Appraisal1,tiedtotheWater
phase,suggeststhatthehumanheart/mindinitsoriginalstateatbirthispureandlimpidasWater.Asadults,wecanreturntothatoriginalpurityassoonaswewish
forGoodnessaboveallelsesincethatheartfeltwishridsourhsinofinappropriatedesire.6Sincethefirstgraphusedinthepoemhastwomeanings,"togaze"and"to
bepure,"thepoemcouldalsoberead:
Gazingwithin,hefinds
Claritywithoutcorruption.
Lookingwithin.
[Hisconscience]isclearandincorrupt.7

App.2:Taintedsecretlywhilefeigning8purity,
Heisshamedtothecenterofhisself.

Fath.2:Adarkmixpretendingtobepure
Means:Thecenterburiesitself.

InadirectcontrasttoAppraisal1,thispoemdescribesanindividualwhofeignsintegritythoughheisplaguedbydividedloyaltiesandcontradictoryimpulses.Though
othersmaybetakeninbythepretense,hisconsciencesuffersgreatly.9Heislike"awolfinsheep'sclothing."10

App.3:HeliftshiseyesuptoHeaven.
Helowershisearstothedepths.
Suchisreverence.11

Fath.3:Eyesraisedandearslowered
Means:Hispowersofperceptioninvestigatethelimits.

ThesacredcosmicpatternsofHeavenandEarthareperceptibletoMansolongashemaintainsareverentialattitudetowardsthem.12Thesepatternsmaybeadapted
tothehumanorderasneeded.TheChangesbeginsitsdescriptionofthecultureheroesofantiquity,therefore,withthefollowingpassage:
WheninearlyantiquityPaoHsiruledtheworld,helookedupandcontemplatedtheimagesintheheavens.Helookeddownandcontemplatedthemodelsonearth.He
contemplatedthemarkingsofbirdsandbeastsandtheirsuitability[toparticularenvironments]onearth.Neartohandhetookthem[patterns]fromhisownpersonfartherway,
hetookthemfrom[other]things.AndsoheinventedtheEightTrigrams[oftheChangesonthecosmicmodel]toestablishcontactwiththecharismaticpowerofthegodsandto
categorizetheactualconditionsofthemyriadthings.13

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Thelatterdayseekerafterwisdomhastwoadditionalwaysofperceivingthefundamentalcosmicpatterns.Hecan''lookup"theClassicscomposedbythesageshe
can"lookdown"byconsultingwidelywithothers,evenwiththehumblestmembersofsociety.14Oncehehascarriedouthisinvestigationsreverently,hecanestablish
fundamentaltruthsforthegoodofthehumanrace.Thenhehimselfwillbeworthyofrespect.

App.4:Thepettymanenviesthepure,
Andsolosesrankandpropriety.15

Fath.4:Thatsmallmenenvythepure
Means:TheWayisnotattained.

Thepettyman,insteadofworkinghardtoemulatethepuregoodnessofthesages,simplyenvieshismoralsuperiors.Inconsequence,hefailstoreformhimself.He
mayeventrytoimpedetheriseofgoodmen.Thoughsoonerorlaterheforfeitshisinfluence,16hismisconductimpedesthecourseoftheWay.
App.5:Puretothehidden"yellow"core:
Supremely17stable,heknowsnobounds.18

Fath.5:Pureinthehidden"yellow"mind
Means:HismodelistherectifyingEarth.19

Thephrase"hiddenyellow"appearsinTetragram1,whereitsignifiesthedeepest(hidden)recessesofthemindofthecenteredindividual(yellow=thecolorofthe
center).TheyellowcenterisassociatedwithEarth,whichepitomizestherelatedvirtuesoffairness(presumablybecauseallpointsonitssurfacelieequidistantfromits
core),ofhumility(sincetheearthiscontenttoliebelowourfeet),ofstability(sincetheearthnevermovesbeneathourfeet),20andofopenness(sincetheearthisvast).
Themanwhoexemplifiesallthesevirtuesishiddeninanothersense:thefullextentofhisbrilliancewillneverbeknownbyordinarymortals.21

App.6:Greatpuritygiveswaytoerror,
Andsothereischange.

Fath.6:Perfectpuritysucceededbyerror
Means:Thepettymanisovercome.

Astateoranindividualfailstosustainitsearliervirtue.Changeanddefeatensue.TheonlyremedyliesintheConfucianprescriptionto"conqueroneselfandreturnto
ritual."22

App.7:Inhispurity,heseeshisfaultsintime.23
Thenoblemanmovestorepairthem.

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24
Fath.7:Purebecauseoftimelyfaultfinding
Means:Heisgoodatmendingerrors.

ThoughAppraisal7correspondstotheBeginningofCalamity,theindividualherefortunatelymanagestocorrecthisfaultsbeforeitistoolate.Perhapsgoodadvisors
assisthiminreform.25

App.8:Pureevil,withoutatraceofgood.

Fath.8:Pureevil,withoutatraceofgood
Means:Finally,hecannotbehelped.

AccordingtoYangHsiung'stheoryofhumannature,humanbeingsatbirthgenerallyfallintothreetypes:theverygoodtheverybadandthevastmajority,whoare
"mixed"(partlygoodandpartlybad).AccordingtoYang,neithertheverygoodnortheverybadaremuchaffectedbyeducation.26AsConfuciusremarked,"The
verywisestandtheverystupidest[inmoralterms]aretheonlyoneswhocannotchange."27Forthetrulyevil,punitivemeasuresmaybenecessary.

App.9:Puretotheendandforevernew,28
Heispropriety29exemplified.

Fath.9:Proprietythatispuretotheend
Means:Truly,thisiscauseforcelebration.

Thetrulymoralpersonmonitorshisownconducteachdayinordertopreservehishardwonperfection.Heis"evernew"becausehereturnstohisrootsinfilialpiety
andloveoftheancients.Healsoinvokestheeternaltimelessnessofsacredrealmthroughdailyritual,whichbringstheprimordialmythicaltimeintothepresent.30His
moralexampleuntarnished,hedeservesthepraiseofall.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YinthephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.14,Great
Sheng PossessionsthesunenterstheWell
No.38.Fullness constellation,16thdegree1
June6(p.m.)June10

HEAD:Yangch'i,highandfull,fillsandstopsupeveryspacesothatthingscompletely2fulfillits3intentions.

 Page255

Withsummerinfullswing,yangch'iapproachestheheightofitspowers.Asyangfillsupeverynookandcrannyofthecosmos,itanimatesalllivingthingssothateach
becomes"repletewithvirtue."4Animalsgrowheavywithmaturitymanyareripewithchild.5Fruitsgrowheavyonthevine.IntheworldofMan,themoralperson
brimmingwithvirtueisreadyto"curbevilandfostergood."6Misfortunecomes,however,tothosebloatedbyarroganceorbyunhealthydesiresforprofitorposition.

App.1:Heprospers,butnotbytheline.7
Helosessecret8virtue.

Fath.1:Prosperousbutunprincipled
Means:Atcenter,hefailstoconquerhimself.

ThatalreadyinAppraisal1thereistalkofprosperityreflectsthefullnessofyangch'iatthistimeoftheyear.Unfortunately,theindividual,oncesoselfeffacing,tends
togrowcarelesswithprosperityselfsatisfied,heslipsfromquietvirtueintoimmodestyorevengarrulousness.9Ifheisnotcareful,sucherrorswillgrow.Forthis
reason,astheproverbsays,"Prosperityisthebeginningofdecline."10

App.2:Actsthatdonotdependonreward11
Canleadtogreatriches.12

Fath.2:Actsindependentofends
Mean:Thiswecall"MysteriousPower."

TheLaotzupraisestheTao,sayingthatit

Givesbirth,butdoesnottakepossesion.
Benefits,butdoesnotdepend.
Actsassteward,butdoesnottakecontrol.
Thisiscalled"MysteriousPower."13

TheMysterydescribesthegoodperson,whoinimitationoftheTaopursuesthemoralcoursewithoutthoughtofrewardorrecognition.14HisfocusonGoodness
shouldbeenoughtoachievegreatvirtue(onekindofriches).15Intheprocess,theindividualislikelytoalsoattainmaterialsuccess.AsConfuciusonceremarked,
"Thepersonwhoseldomgetsintotrouble...willbesureintheprocesstogethisreward."16Attheveryleast,lackinganydesiretolorditoverothers,hewill
probablymakenoenemiesashegoesthroughlife.17
App.3:Loveofprofitfillsthebreast.
Itdoesnotprofitthecommongood.

Fath.3:Loveofprofitswellingthebreast
Means:Itbuilds18privategates.

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AccordingtomostancientworksofChinesephilosophy,thecommongoodshouldtakeprecedenceoverprivatebenefitsinareasofmoralconflict.Forthisreason,
theChineselanguagehasnoexactequivalentforourmodemWesternnotionofprivacy.19Thetermtranslatedas"private"(szu)carriestheperjorativesenseof
"selfishness."Thosewholoveprofitservetheinterestsofprivate"gates''(forexample,privatepatronsorheterodoxschoolsofphilosophy),ratherthanthecommon
good,whichcallsforselflessdevotiontoduty.

App.4:Withslightprosperity,subservience20
Functionsasgatewayforgreatmen.21

Fath.4:Minorprosperity,propersubservience,
Means:Heservestheworthyandhumane.22

ThethemeofsubservienceappearsappropriatelyinAppraisal4,assignedtomembersofthebureaucracy.TheChinesegraphfor"subservience"showsafigurewith
theheadbowedlowandtheeyeturnedin.Theindividualisfitforofficeonlyafterhumility,obedience,andthepowersofselfreflectionhavebeendeveloped.Inthe
desiretodischargehisobligationstoothers,theindividualcomestodisregardhisownprosperity.23Butothers,comingtoadmirethisunselfishness,propelhimto
higherposition.Paradoxically,theindividualwhohumbleshimselfattainsstillgreatersuccess.24

App.5:Fallingtobeargoodfortunelightly,
Hepicksupillandisthenensnared.25

Fath.5:Bearinggoodfortuneandraisingill
Means:Suchisthewayofthepettyman.26

Goodandbadfortunearefrequentlyintertwined.Asgoodfortunebecomesaheavyburden,calamityis"pickedup"or"raised."Therearetwowaystoaccountfor
this:Iftheleaderparadeshisownwealthandpower,27theenvyandmaliceofallaroundhimareexcited.Orperhapstheindividualisnotuptothejobinotherwords,
"hisshouldersarenotbroadenough"tobearweightyresponsibilities.
App.6:Grantinghimglory,Heaven
Openswideallborderstohim.
In28modesty,therearerewards.29

Fath.6:ThatHeavengrantshimglory
Means:Modestyincreaseswhathehas.30

Appraisal6inanevennumberedtetragramcorrespondstotheSonofHeavenasrecipientofHeaven'smandate.Solongastherulerconforms

 Page257

toHeaven'swillwithduemodesty,therearenotheoreticallimitationsonhispowerandauthority.
App.7:Assummer'sfieryheatmountsup,
Itcallsforthwinter'sicysprings.

Fath.7:Withmountingfires,thatspringsgrowcold
Means:Calamityisnotfaraway.

Appraisal7representsatripleconjunctionofFire,itisthesecondFirelineinaFiretetragram.Appraisal7isalsotheBeginningofCalamity.Theline,then,follows
traditioninpredictingthatanexcessoffieryyangch'iatthesummersolsticemustgivewaytothewaxingpowerofdestructiveyin.31(Thecoldspringsofwinterbring
tomindtheYellowSprings,theundergroundregioninhabitedbytheshadesafterdeath.)

App.8:Hedampsdown32thefullblaze33
Ascollapseisabouttobegin.34

Fath.8:Drawingofffromthebrim
Means:Hebarelyescapesfromdanger.35

OneHanfigureofspeechcomparestheimmoralpersontoafoolasleeponalightedpileofwood.36Afireinfullblazeisdazzlinginitsbeauty,butitcanalsobe
dangerousespeciallywhenthebeautyofthefiredisguisesitsessentiallydestructivenature.37Thewiseindividualalwayswithdrawstoasafedistanceinthepresence
ofdanger.Theconsciousdecisionnotto"playwithfire"makesgoodsenseatanytime.38Here,however,theindividualsaveshimselfonlyatthelastmoment.Still,
eventhenadditionalbenefitscomefromdampingdownthefire:Thefireisputoutwithwaterfromthejar.Andsincethejarisnowlessthanfull,thewaternolonger
spillssoeasily.39

App.9:Thegreatestprosperitydoesnotsave.
CalamityissentdownfromHeaven.

Fath.9:Thatextremefullnesshasnopowertosave40
Means:Heaven'sWayisreversion.41

Lackingthewilltobegood,theindividualispreytoallthetrapsthatsuccessbringstomindandbody.Calamitystrikesattheheightofprosperity,revealingthehollow
natureofmaterialsuccess.Asalways,therootoftheproblemlieswithintheselfHeavencannotbeblamedwhenManchoosestodisobeythecosmiclaws.42

 Page258
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYang
thephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.37,FamilyMembers
Ch thesunenterstheWellconstellation,
No.39.Residence 21stdegree
June11June15(a.m.)

HEAD:Yang1onallsidesoccupiestheouterrim.2Awesomeandformidable,3itservesastheinnerandouterwallsforthingssothatallthemyriadthingsgetits
protectiveframe.4

Yangch'imovestotakeupresidenceattheoutsideofthings.Likeaframeorshelterorcitywall,itsurroundsandprotectsthings,strengtheningtheirdefensessothat
allthingsfeel"safeathome"underitsinfluence.5AstheChangesstates,"Whenthehouseissetinorder,theworldissetonafirmcourse."6Untilyingrowsstronger,
thepotentialforGoodseemsunlimited.

Atthesametime,thearchitecturalmetaphorsuggeststhatyangch'iwillsoonreachitsnaturallimits.Wallsandframesareusefulconstructions,buttheirfirmstructure
worksagainstopenendedpotential.Also,wideouterframesbydefinitionareinherentlyweakerthantheinnercore,wherestrengthcanbeconcentrated.7Asyang
ch'imovestoapositionattheouterrim,itemptiesoutfromthecoreofBeing,leavingbehindavacuumtobefilledbyyinch'i.(Comparethedescriptionofmaleas
"outer"andfemaleas"inner"intheChanges.)8Dangerliesinneglectingwhatisfundamental(orinner)whileattendingtothesecondary(orouter).

App.1:Notgivingorreceivingpraiseorblame,9
Hethuspreserveshishouse.

Fath.1:Nopraiseorblame
Means:HisWayisconstant.

Appraisal1isassociatedwiththeWaterphase,withsilence,andwiththetranquilinnermind.Onlythosewhoareselfmotivatedaresinglemindedenoughtopursue
theGood.Unconcernedwithothers'praiseorblame,10thegoodpersonfollowstheRightassiduously,actingwithequalnobilityinpublicandinprivate.Atthesame
time,hemayaptlybecalledaconformistinthathebendshiswilltotheconstantnormsenshrinedintheConfuciantradition.Preoccupiedwithhisownmoralquest,he
hasabsolutelynodesiretocriticizeothers,11sonothingmakeshimstandoutfromthecrowd.Inthisway,hepreserveshisfamilyline.12

 Page259

App.2:Thehouseholdhasnoflasks.
Thewifesupplantsherelders.13
Sheerrs,14washingtheminmud.15

Fath.2:Ahousewithoutflasks
Means:Itlacksthemeanstocarryon.

FamilyritualspreservedintheConfuciancanonaredesignedtobalancehierarchywithreciprocity,sothatbothrespectandlove,aswellasorderandintimacy,prevail
inthehome.Thishouseholdhasnoflasksforwaterandwine,soneithermundanetasks(likedrawingwaterfromthewell)16norritualdutiescanbecarriedout
properly.Worse,inutterdisregardofChinesecustom,theyoungwiferefusestodefertotheseniorwomenofherhusband'shousehold17instead,shetriestotake
overthehouseholdmanagementinavirtualusurpationofherelders'power.Misrulereignsinthefamilyevenordinaryvaluesareoverturnedasmuddywateris
mistakenforclean.

Itistemptingtoreadthegraphmeaning"flask"asamisprintforasecondcharactersignifyingtheproperseclusionandinternalorderofthewomen'squarters.18Inthat
case,theMysteryremindsusthatstrictsegregationofthesexesistherulewithinthefamily.Thisreading,however,wouldviolateYangHsiung'srhymescheme.
App.3:Withyoungandoldinproperorder,
Thesoncansustainthefather.

Fath.3:Sonscarryingtheirfathers
Means:Onlythencanthereberenewal.

ThefundamentalparadoxofChinesehierarchyisthatitsverysurvivaldependsuponadequateprovisionformobilityandchangewithinthathierarchy.Beforehis
parents'death,thefilialsonissubject(withveryfewreservations)tothewillofhisparents.Uponthedeathofhisfather,however,hesucceedstoahigherpositionas
paterfamilias.19Householdsandindividualssurviveonlywhentheytakeintoaccountbotheternalconstantsandchangingrealities.

App.4:Apigappearsintheaudiencehall,
Withapuppyfollowingitstracks.20

Fath.4:Apigintheaudiencehall
Means:Theirpresence21isunlucky.

Inanyprivateresidence,theaudiencehallasthemainpublicroomservesavarietyofimportantfunctions.Theancestraltabletsarearrangedonanaltarinthatroom,
makingonecornerofthehallakindofchapeldedicatedtothedead.Theaudiencehallalsoservesasalivingroom,

 Page260

wherefamily,friends,andguestsgatherformealsandotherritualoccasions.

TheChinesegraphfor"house"(chia)depictsapigunderaroofaswealth"onthehoof,"thepigshouldresidesomewhereinsidethefamilycompound.Butthepigis
dirtyandsmelly,despiteitslongdomestication.Suchacreaturehasnoplaceinthemostsacredroomofthehouse.Stilllessshouldthedogbethere.Though
EuropeanespeciallyEnglishtraditionhaselevatedthedogtoman'sbestfriend,inChinathedoghasremainedalowlywatchdog,whoserightfulpostisoutsidethe
maingate.22Evenworse,thedogisinhotpursuitofthepig.Oncethedogcatchesupwithit,thereissuretobeatussle.AccordingtoChinesedivinationtexts,afight
betweenadogandapigisabadomensignifyinglackofdisciplineinthehousehold,especiallyinsexualmatters.23

App.5:Ruddersandoarssteadytheride.24
Theyaregoodforrichesandstability.

Fath.5:Peaceandharmonythroughrudderandoar
Means:Therideissmoothtotheborders.

Theboatisamiraculousconveyancesinceitcombinestheconvenienceandsafetyofanearthboundresidencewiththecapacityfortravelonwater.25Thisimage,
then,emphasizesstabilityinthemidstofchange.Topandbottom,rudderandoar,workinconcert,justashigherandlowerranks26mustcooperatetocreateajust
andsafestate.Safetyintheboatdependsinequalmeasureontheinitialconstructionoftheboatandtheskillsofitscaptain.Byanalogy,thejustsocietyrequiresboth
goodinstitutionsandacapableruler.27Onceitisproperlylaunchedandpiloted,theheavyframeoftheshipglideseasilyoverthewaves,justastheshipofstate"rides
on"themasses.28Richesandsecuritycometoallwhoavailthemselvesofit.
App.6:Hewhosetshiswellandstoveapart,
Inthreeyears,onlyseeshisfamily'sback.

Fath.6:Toputoutwellandstove
Means:Inthreeyears,nofeastsareenjoyed.29

Tosetthewellandstoveapartsignifiesthedecisiontosplittheextendedfamilyhouseholdintoseparateunitsbasedonthenuclearfamilyadecisionoftenforced
upontheextendedfamilybymembersoftheyoungergeneration.30Eachtimeamemberofthenew,smallerhouseholdunitgoestoitsownseparatewellandstoveto
fetchwaterandcook,itreinforcesthegroup'srefusaltocooperate.Discordinthefamilypredictablyendsinthreerelateddisasters:First,familyelders,whousually
counselagainstasplit,areincreasinglyignoredbytherebelli

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31 32
ousyoungergeneration. Familyeldersandancestorsmayevensufferneglect(sotheyonly"seethebacks"oftheirinsubordinatefamilymembers). Second,the
initialdivisionofcommunalfamilypropertygeneratesevenmoremutualantipathy.Third,thepropertydivisionworksagainstfuturecooperationbetweenfamily
members,nomatterhowmutuallyadvantageoussuchcooperationmightbe.Asingleactofrebellionmakestheentirecommunitysuffer.

App.7:Theoldmanpullsacart.33
Theyounggirlraisesajar.
Bothbenefittheancestralhouse.

Fath.7:Anoldfellowpullingacart
Means:Onlythendotheirbodiesgrowstrong.

Theoldmanisapparentlystillvigorousenoughtopullthecartbyalargeropeloopedaroundhisarm.Theelder'sjob,asheseesit,isto"carrytheyoung,"both
physicallyandemotionally,untiltheyareoldenoughtoassumesomeresponsibilityforthemselves.Theyoungermembersofthefamilyfeelsolicitoustowardsthe
familyhead,despitehisevidentstrength.Inthisway,theydemonstratetheirwillingnesstofulfillfamilyobligations.Conscientiousinhertasks,withnomindtodally,34
theyounggirlherehastenstoraiseawineorwaterjartotheoldman'slipsinagentlegestureofgoodwill.Thelessonisclear:themajorresponsibilityforthefamilyis
giventothemaleelders,whilethosewhoareyoung,weak,orfemalerepaytheirelderswithrespectandlove.Sincethegenerationsbehavewelltowardeachother,
thefamilylineislikelytoprospertheadvantagesofatightfamilyunitbecomeobviouswheneachperformshisorherrole.

App.8:Hisstoolsupended,hisladlesinpairs:35
Hishouseholdisnogood.

Fath.8:Overturnedstools,toomanyladlesbytwice,
Mean:Familyusageisnotright.

InearlyChina,theChinesesatonmatsplacedontheground,thoughastoolwasprovidedfortheelderlyasamarkofrespect.36(ThechairwasaWesternimport
thatgainedpopularityinT'angtimes.)Anupendedstoolsignifiesdisrespectfortheaged.

Atthesuppertable,asingleladlewascommonlyreservedforthehost'susewhenservingsoupsorstews.Todoublethenumberoflargespoonsimpliesoneofthree
conditions,allundesirable:unwontedluxuryinthehousehold,37astrongchallengetotheprerogativesofthepaterfamilias,38orthedoublingofthewomeninthe
household(presumablybecauseoftheageoldcomparisonofthespoontothewomb).39Since

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allrespectandprobityhasbeenundermined,thefamilycannotcontinuestrong.
App.9:Ifthestumpproducesnewshoots,
Itskindisnotcutoff.

Fath.9:Astumpproducingnewshoots
Means:Onlythendoesitstypelastlong.

Afteratreeisfelled,newshootssproutfromthestump.Byanalogy,afterthedemiseoftheheadofthehousehold,thebirthofoneormoresonspromisesnewlifefor
thegenealogicalline.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYinthe
phaseMetalandtheYichingHexagram
no.48,TheWellthesunenterstheWell
Fa constellation,25thdegree1
No.40.LaworModel
June15(p.m.)June19

HEAD:Yangsuspendsitslawonhigh.Things[inresponse]lifttheirgazetotheirownmodelssothateachandeveryonetakeson2pattern.

Withthenexttetragramarrivesthesummersolstice,theannualculminatingpointforyangch'i,whichaccountsfortherepeatedreferencestoyang'shighposition.With
yangch'iprovidingamodelofperfection,allthingscometomeasureandadaptthemselvesaccordingtocosmiclaw.AstheOdesassureus,"Heavenproducesthe
teemingmultitudes,/Astherearethings,theremustbenormsandlaws[forthem]."3Thistetragram'stitlereferstomodelsandpatternsofanykind(evenritual
pattern),aswellastothepenalcode.4IntheearlierAppraisals,whichwewouldexpecttobemoreauspicious,thefocusisonvariousmodelshallowedinConfucian
tradition:theruler'smodelbysuasiveexample,themodelprovidedbytheConfucianClassics,thesagelymodelofthecultureheroesofantiquity.Butinthefirstyin
linepastthemidwaypoint,whenthepowerofinauspiciousyinisgrowing,theAppraisalsshifttoconsidertheplaceofpenallaw(alliedwithyinandwithMetalinHan
correlations).Ingeneral,Confucianismadmitsthatevensagesmaybeforcedtoapplythepenalcodetoparticularlyrecalcitrantcases,though

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5
suasiveexampleispreferableindealingwithmosthumans,bothbecauseitismorehumaneandbecauseitismoreeffective. Incomparingthelawtothewellof
Hexagram48,thistetragramtriestoemphasizeoneaspectofthelaw:Likethewell,thelawshouldnotchangeonlyifthelawisknowntoallandequitablyapplied
willitservethecommunityadequately.6

App.1:Themodelhebuildsisanunfitmodel.

Fath.1:Thatthemodelbuiltisnomodel
Means:Itisnotworthusing.

YangHsiung'sotherneoclassicaltext,theModelSayings,lamentsthefactthat"therearemanysuchcaseswhereamodelwhichisnotafitmodel,andapatternisnot
afitpattern."7Unsuitablemodelsproveworsethanuselessfortheindividualorsociety,fortheyconveythewrongvaluesortechniques.Oneexamplemightbethatof
anevilfather,whosetsapatternofinattentionorevenabuseforhischildren,whichisthenreplicatedinsucceedinggenerations.Anotherexamplepertainstothe
workingsofthemindsinceAppraisal1correspondstoBeginningThought.Astheselinescaution,themindthatusesthewrongmentalconstructtoviewacertain
situationwillmakeinappropriatedecisions.BoththeworldofHeavenandEarthandtheConfucianClassicsprovidesufficentmodelsofcorrectthoughtand
behavior.8Anydeparturefromthesepreordained,naturalpatternsinevitablycreatesdisorder.

App.2:Hecopiesthemodelbycentering,
Andsoheovercomes.9

Fath.2:TopatternoneselfontheMean
Means:Beingreveredbyallthemasses.10

Thecosmicmodelhasbeenreproducedinthesocialinstitutions,ritualprecepts,andpracticalinventionsofthesagekingsofantiquity,whoseconductprovidesthe
correctmodelforMan.AllthesemodelsteachtheindividualtocenterhimselfbykeepingtotheMean.11

App.3:Failuretostartwith12levelandline,
Ruinshissettingsofcompassandsquare.

Fath.3:Levelandlinenotatthestart
Means:Itistheirusethatisatfault.

AHanproverblamentstheeasewithwhichwecompoundinitialerrors:"Offbyahair'sbreadth[atthebeginning],you'llmissbyathousandmiles[intheend]."13Any
initialmiscalculation,howeverslight,ismultipliedwitheachsubsequentmeasurement.TostrayeversoslightlyfromtheWay,then,istoriskgravemoralerror.The
metaphor

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impliesthatthereisnothingwrongwiththebasematerialtheproblemariseswhentheindividualdecidesheneednotuseavailabletools.Byanalogy,thereisnothing
inherentlywrongwithhumannaturewefailtobegoodwhenwefailtousethetoolsprovidedbythesages.14

App.4:Level,line,compass,square
Noneworkagainstourapplications.

Fath.4:Level,line,compass,andsquare
Mean:Theyeachproceedfromtheself.

Aworthymaninoffice(sinceAppraisal4correspondstothebureaucracy)usesgreatcaretoensurethateachplanhedevisesisinexactconformitywiththemodels
presentedbythesagesofantiquity.Inthis,heislikethegoodcarpenterwhocontinuallycheckshisownconstructsagainstlevelandline,compassandsquare.When
suchprecautionsaretakenoveraperiodoftime,thecorrectmodelsarefullyinternalized.Thentheofficialisselfdisciplinedenoughtoruleothers.15

App.5:Thewellropeisshort,tooshort.16
Thewaterjarisfull.
Thoughthewellisdeepandwide,
Intheend,itcannotslakeourthirst.

Fath.5:Thatthejarisalreadyfull
Means:Thisisnotthewaytostudy.

ThepropersourceofalllearningistheConfucianClassics,whichareprofoundasadeepwell,andasrefreshingandvitalizingascleanwater.17Toavailhimselfofthe
Classics,however,theindividualmustadopttheproperattitudetolearning.First,theindividualmustapplyhimselftothetaskofhowbesttoplumbthedepthsin
otherwords,hehadbettermastertheuseoftherope.Second,theindividualmustdevotehisentireattentiontoConfucianism.Iftheindividualhasdrunktoodeeplyof
heterodoxtexts,therewillbenoroomleftinhismindfortheteachingsofthesages.Inotherwords,hewillbelikeajarthatisfulltothebrim.TheMysterycounters
criticismsofConfucianismbyarguingthatitsdoctrinesaresufficientforallhumanpurposes,justaswaterfromthewellissufficienttoslakeanythirst.Thetroubleis,
wepettypersonsdonotknowhowtousetheresourcesatourdisposal.18
App.6:Intheleadthread,intheguiderope
Propriety'sgloriesareshown.

Fath.6:Leadthreadandguiderope
Mean:TheGrandRuleismadecleartous.

Therulerexemplifiesforhispeopletheunderlyingprinciplesoftheintegratedcosmicandsocialfabrics(inChineseterms,theleadthread

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19 20
andtheguiderope). Oncethegoodrulerordershispersonandhisclan,heproceedstoinstitutetheGrandRule, anidealstateinwhichallhumansdevelopintheir
socialroles.Theorderlyreignredoundstohisgloryhisnamegoesdowninhistoryasasage.
App.7:Iffinenetsarecastondeeppools,
Thisdoesnotbenefitthefish.

Fath.7:Finenetsondeeppools
Mean:Tyrannicallawsspreadwider.

Inthisfirstyinlinepastthemidpointofthecycle,theMysteryturnstoconsiderthepenalcodeinsociety.Thefinenetreferstopenallawthatisunusuallyharsha
widermeshwouldallowthe"smallfish"toescape.21Thosewhogiveitanythoughtknowthatifallthefisharetaken,nonewillbeleftforlater.Themoralis,
unmitigatedseveritydestroystheverythingitintendstopreserve.Whenveryminorinfractionsofthelawarepunishedseverely,thepeoplearelesslikelytobecome
good.

App.8:Hecorrectsthoseofuswithfaults
Untilwehavenodepravity.22

Fath.8:Rightingthosefaults
Means:Hedrivesusontoperfection.

Thetruemoralsuperiorcontinuallycorrectshisinferiorsuntiltheyattainperfection.Ideally,asoneConfucianClassicsays,"Throughpunishmentstheremaycometo
benopunishments."23

App.9:Ifthewellhasnorail,
Waterspillsstraightover.24
Withnovalleyorgorge,25
Itwillendinaflood.26

Fath.9:Wellswithoutrailings
Mean:Lawsareundulyexcessive.27

Water'spropensitytoflowbeyondtheconfinesofthewelliscomparedtothepotentialofaharshpenalcodetoengulfallinitsruinousflood.Tworemediesexist:the
firstistostrictlycircumscribetheoperationofthelaw(themetaphoricalequivalenttoputtingarailingorcollararoundthewell),sothatitdoesnotwreakhavocinthe
communitythesecondistoprovideasabackupanalternateoutlettodrainawayanyexcess(anequivalenttothevalleyorgorge).28Inhumansociety,thesinglemost
importantoutletforexcessivedesiresistheritualsystem.Overrelianceonlawonlyleadstogreaterlawlessness.29

 Page266
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYang
thephaseEarthandtheYiching
Hexagramno.30,Adherence1thesun
enterstheWellconstellation,29thdegree
theDipperpointsduesouththemusicalnote
isFsharp2theSummerSolsticesolar
Ying periodbeginswithAppraisal5
No.41.Response
June20June24(a.m.)

HEAD:Yangch'iculminatesonhigh.Yinfaithfully3germinatesbelow.4Highandlowmutuallyrespond.

Tetragram41correspondswiththesummersolstice,5oneoftwo''centers"ofthelunaryear.Asiftoemphasizethisqualityofcentredness,YangHsiunghasarranged
theMysteryinsuchafashionthatTetragram41representsatripleconjunctionofcenters:6With81tetragramsashistotal,YangHsiungassignedthefirst27
tetragramstoHeaven,thesecondgroupof27toEarth,andthefinalthirdtoMan.Tetragram41isassignedtotheexactcenterofthe"EarthMystery"(Tetragrams
2854),whichitselfholdsthecenterpositioninthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan.ThistetragramisalsoassignedinthesequenceoftheFivePhasestothe
cosmicagentEarth,saidtooccupythecenterofthefourpointsofthecompass.SomuchcentrednesscannothelpbutpromotetheGood.

ThetitlecharacterResponseconveysfourrelatedmeanings:(1)torespondorreact,(2)therightorinevitableresponseinaspecificcase,(3)conformitytonatural
patternsinthecosmosandinsociety,and(4)harmoniousunion.TheAppraisals,playinguponthefullrangeoftheseassociations,generallyfocusuponthe
paradigmaticrelationsbetweenHeavenandEarth,rulerandsubject.AccordingtoYang,conformitywiththeWayisanecessarypreconditionforsuccessful
interaction.OnceManconformswiththeTao,
HeavenandEarthwillunite
Andthesweetdewwillfall.
Thepeoplewillbeequitable,
Thoughnoonesodecrees.7

EachofYang'stextsalsoreferstooneormoreoftheglossesgivenbyHanscholasticsforthetitleofthecorrespondenthexagramno.30:8(1)"adherence,"(2)
"jointure,"(3)"brilliantlight,"(4)"enlightenment,"(5)

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"dispersal/separation,"or(6)"nets"[forhuntingandfishing].Giventheauspiciousnatureofmostoftheseassociations,itshouldcomeasnosurprisethateventhe
AppraisalsassignedtoinauspiciousNightseemsomewhatlessdireintheirwarnings.Still,Yangcautionsusaboutthedangersinherentinflorescence.Atthevery
pointofyang'sculmination,thesummersolstice,thecontrarypowerofyinbeginstogrow.Byanalogy,weknowthattherootsofdecayareoftenplantedinpresent
prosperity.

Yang'scharacterizationofyinch'iiscrucialtoouranalysisofthelargercyclicpatternsatwork.Yangchoosestodescribeyin'sactivityashsin,agraphwhichcanbe
understoodinatleastthreeways:Hsinmaymean"faithfully"(i.e.,withoutfail),asinmytranslation.Theclimaxofyangch'iabove"withoutfail"spontaneously
provokesthebirthofyinch'ibelow.Thisdefinitionunderscorestheregularityandinevitabilityofcosmicresponse,athemeemphasizedbytheHeadtextofTetragram
1assignedtothewintersolstice.ButassumingthatYang'slanguageplaysoffbothTetragram1andtheChanges,wemayalsowishtoreadhsinas''expanding."9
Thosetextsremindusthatthealternatingexpansionandcontractionofyinandyangch'iprovidesthemomentumforallphenomenalchangethroughtimeandspace.
Finally,thereisthecuriousglossofferedbytheSungcommentatorSsumaKuang.10Intheabsenceofanycontext,itmaypointtocolloquialusagebywhichhsin
referstothefuseofthefirecracker.11Afuseisanexcellentmetaphorforthecatalyzingpropertiesofnascentyinch'i,foritsmodeststartwillintimeproducethemost
startlingofchanges.LikemostHanthinkers,YangHsiungsubscribedtoprevailingbeliefsaboutthesacredoriginsoflanguageforhim,moralconnectionsareoften
revealedbyhomonyms.Itistempting,then,toapplyallthreedescriptionstoyin'sactivityinreadingthefollowingtexts.
App.1:Six,astrunk,setsthepattern,
MakingFive,thebranches,wellarranged.12

Fath.1:Six,astrunk,settingpatterns
Means:Headherestotheruler.13

Thenumbersymbolismusedhereissomewhatconfusing.14Accordingtothe"GreatCommentary"totheChanges,thenumber6correspondstoyinandEarth,while
5isassignedtoyangandHeaven.15IfweassumethatYangadoptstheChangesnumerology,thenwemightreadtheselinesasproofofYang'seclecticphilosophy,
fortheymakeyinch'itheineffablefountainheadofallthevariousyangmanifestations,asinclassicalTaoistphilosophy.

TheorthodoxConfucianobjectionisgivenbytheCh'ingscholar,Ch'enPenli:

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Heaven'snumberisfiveEarth'sissix.Thetrunkisassignedtoyangthebranches,toyin.InadiscussionemployingthenumbersofHeavenandEarth,thetrunk,then,oughtto
becalled"five"andthebranches"six."Now,incontrast,[thepassage]says,"Six,thetrunk...five,thebranches...''This,then,isacaseofyinandyangmixed,[whichportends]
thereversalofthepositionsofrulerandminister.16

Unfortunately,Appraisal1inanoddnumberedtetragramisalwayscorrelatedwithauspiciousyangch'ithismakesithighlyunlikelythatYang'sversesshouldoffer
veiledcriticism.

Isuggestasimplesolution:EachAppraisalinthetetragramisassignedtooneoftheFivePhasesinsuccession.Six,then,representsthehigherOneakindofinternal
punfortheruler(ofHeavenorofEarth),asitdoeswithmanyotherHanwriters.17YangHsiungcanbesaidtotypifyHanclassicisminhispreferencefordivine
Onenessoverthatwhichisvariedormultiplicitous.18Heretheoneruler'sinfluencespreadsthroughouttheempire,transformingit.Onlytheruler,theOneManasheis
called,canaccomplishthis,sincehealoneprovidesaUnifyingvisionoftheWaytocountermultipleclaimsbasedonselfinterest.Solongastheruler'sinfluence
addressestheneedsofhispeople,theywillrespondbyofferinghimtheircompleteallegiance.Inthisway,thebranchesdependuponthetrunkinthesamewaythat
subjectsdependupontheruler.19

BecauseAppraisal1isassignedtothecosmicagentWater,anotherobservationspringstomind:ThesuperiorityoftheWayoverothertechniquesofruleislikethe
supremacyofthegreatoceantothesmallstreamscrossingtheland.20

App.2:Thecalendarlaysitoutabove,
Below,thepitchpipesareattunedtoit.
Ifnot,theunionofspheresisblocked

Fath.2:Whatissetoutaboveisharmonizedbelow.
Meaning:Otherwise,howcouldwethinkthemcorrect?21

ThecommentatorFanWangexplainsthemeaningoftheseversesinthefollowingway:

Thecalendarisusedtoregulatetheyearthepitchstandards,toharmonizethenotes.IssuedtotheHundredClans,thecommonpeopleupholdtheminordertocompletetheir
appointedtasks.Shouldtheyremainunstandardized,theyprovetobeimpediments[totheruler'scivilizinginfluence].22

Thecalendarandpitchstandardssuggestthefullrangeofinventions,culturalpatterns,andinstitutionsbestowedbythesagerulersuponhu

 Page269

mansociety.Thecalendarregulatesagriculturalandritualactivity.Musicallowsmentoexpresstheiremotionsinasociallyproductivemannerthatfullysatisfiestheir
inbornnatures.SincethecalendaristiedtomovementsinHeaven'scourseandthepitchpipesaretunedbyearthlyconfigurations,23thesagerulerclearlymodels
himselfupontheconstantpatternsofHeavenandEarth.24Eachrulerhasthesolemnresponsibilitytointerpretcosmicnormsforthebenefitofthecommonpeople
throughwiseandnaturalgovernmentpoliciesandinstitutions.Shouldheignorethatresponsibility,hedoesnotdeserve,norwillhewinthesupportofthecommon
people.25
App.3:Inlengthandinbreadth,
Heaven'sNetisvast.

Fath.3:Inlengthandbreadth
Means:Warpandwoofareproperlyplaced.

ThephraseHeavenlyNetreferstothetightlywovensocialfabric,tothecosmicfabric,andmoreparticularly,todivinejustice.26YangHsiung'swritingsare
preoccupiedwiththesociety/fabricanalogy.Bothsocietyandfabricfunctionbyholdingtogetheravarietyofdisparatestrandsinharmoniouspattern.Thesocialfabric
depends,ofcourse,onhierarchy,justastheleadropeofthenetpullsthesecondarylines.27

AccordingtotheHanDoctrineofMutualInteractionBetweenHeavenandMan,thecosmicNetalsoprovideseachindividualwithexternalchecksuponhisconduct,
whichcomeintheformofportents.WiththecombinedhelpoftheClassicsandsuchomens,themanintentuponselfreformshouldhavenotroublelearningto
conformtothedivineWay.Allpotentialforsocialandcosmicharmony,however,isravagedbythedisruptivepenalsystemmentionedinAppraisal4below.

App.4:Settingnetsandsnarestocatchus,28
Entanglinglinesstretchtothewilds.29

Fath.4:Layingtrapsforus
Means:Heisincapableofrulinghumanely.

Appraisal3,alliedwiththeWoodPhaseandthevirtueofhumaneness,emphasizedthesupportivestructureofthesocialfabricprovidedbybenevolentHeavenin
concertwiththesagekingsofold.WithAppraisal4alliedwithMetal(signifyingwarandharshlaws),Yangdenouncesthetyrannicalruler'soverrelianceupon
punishmentstoeffecthiswill.LegendsaysthatgoodKingT'angpurportedlyconstructedhuntingnetsopenonthreesidesinordertogiveeverywildanimalthe
maximumopportunitytoescape.Onthesameprinciple,hemadehislawsintentionallyeasytofollow,sothatthecommonpeoplewouldnotrunafoulofthemthrough

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30
ignorance. Confuciusinsistedthatpunishmentsalonecannoteffectgoodorder:
Governthepeoplebyregulations,keeporderamongthembychastisements,andtheywillfleefromyouandloseallselfrespect.Governthembymoralforce,keeporderamong
thembyritualandtheywillkeeptheirselfrespectandcometoyouoftheirownaccord....Ifitisreallypossibletogoverncountriesbyritualandyielding,thereisnomoretobe
said.31

Unfortunately,therulerportrayedinthisAppraisalhasdecidedtoforegorulebyhumanenesswithdisastrousresults.

Itisinterestingthatsomelatercommentatorsreadtheseversesasajustificationforharshauthoritarianrule:
[Thegoodking]leadsus[by]trapsandsnares,
Andcaststhenetovertheuncivilized.
[Fortunately,hisnet]reaches.

SuchaninterpretationisanachronisticfortheearlyHanperiod.
App.5:Thedragon,insoaringtoHeaven,
Rightly32fearsforitsscales.33

Fath.5:Thefearofthesoaringdragon34
Means:Atthepeak,itfearsafall.

Appraisal5inthetetragramrepresentstheapogeeofdevelopment,especiallywhenitiscorrelatedwithauspiciousDay.Typically,itisassignedtotheSonofHeaven.
AsinTetragram1,thedragonsymbolizestherulerforthreereasons:first,bothdragonandruleraresaidtobeformedoftheessenceofyangch'isecond,thedragon
bringsfructifyingraintothecropsbelow,justastherulershowersblessingsonhislowlysubjectsthird,thedragoninflightridesinvisiblecurrentsofwind,justasthe
ruler"rides"theintangiblesupportofthecommonpeople.Attheheightofhispowers,thegoodandwiserulercontinuallycheckspopularreactiontohispolicies,for
fearoffindinghimselfwithoutsupport.InthishefollowstheChangesinjunctiontobemindfulofdangerinthemidstofsecurity.35Themostefficientwayfortheleader
toassessthesecurityofhispositionistoexaminehisownconductinlightoftheconstantpatternsofHeavenandEarth.Oncethisselfexaminationandnecessary
correctionshavebeencompleted,theleadercancontinuetosoarunimpeded.Shouldhefailtoreformhimself,however,hewillfalllikeIcarus,duetohisown
arrogance.

App.6:Blazingheatissustained36inHeaven,
WhileicyyingerminatesinEarth.

 Page271

Fath.6:Sustainedinheaven,germinatinginearth,
Means:Yangbeginsitsretreat.

WithAppraisal6,wepassthedayofthesummersolstice.Theseversesreversethedescriptionofthegerminatingyangch'ifoundinTetragram1,whichwasassigned
tothewintersolstice.Althoughyinch'iappearstobecompletelyvanquishedbythestrengthofyang,itbeginsgatheringitsstrengthdeepintherecessesofearth
below.37Asmirrorimages,Tetragrams1and41remindusoftheabsolutecomplementarityofyinandyangch'i,whichthenprovideapatternforreciprocalrelations
amongmen.Still,wecannotcalltheseversesentirelyauspicious,sincelightandenlightenmentarenowinretreat.AsSsumaKuangwrites,"Thewayofthepettyman
waxesthatofthegentleman,declines....Thefirstsubtlehintofcautionandwarningisfullylaidoutinthis[setofverses]."

App.7:Eachdayheovercomeshisfaults.38
Goodomensincreaseinresponse.39

Fath.7:Dailystrongerwhereoncehewasweak
Means:Hehateswhateverdefeatsthegood.40

TheAppraisaldescribesthegoodperson'sdeterminationtocorrecthimself41theFathoming,hisabhorrenceofunworthymen42orevilimpulsescapableofsubverting
hisconcertedefforts.Accordingtotradition,"Ifthegentlemancandailyovercomehisfailings,thenthosewhorespondtohimwillbenumerous."43Dailyrenewalis
suretobringprosperity.44

App.8:Culminatingyangsummons45yin.
Inlessthanaday,itresponds.

Fath.8:Thatextremeyangsummonsyin
Means:Inresponse,46itemerges.

LikeAppraisal6,thispoemisdesignedtoshowthatresponsivenessdoesnotineverycasenecessarilytendtowardthegood.Onceagain,soberreferenceismadeto
thegrowthofyinch'i,whichparadoxicallybeginsjustatthepointwhenyangreachesitsapogee.Giventheinauspiciousassociationsofyin,somemightwishthatit
wereslowertorespondtoyang'scyclicactivity.Ifweapplythemetaphortohumanexistence,welearnthatanymanifestsuccesscontainstheseedsofitsown
destruction,forsuccesstendstobreedarroganceandrecklessness.Thismayexplaintheprecipitateriseandfallofdynasties,families,orindividuals.

App.9:Withaculminationofgreatlight,47
ThenoblemanrespondswithGrandDecline.

Fath.9:Theculminationofgreatlight
Means:Itwouldnotberighttostay48thisprocess.49

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Appraisal9aptlydescribesanextremeResponse.Fortunately,itcorrelatesherewithauspiciousDay.Theearliestcommentatorstendtoseeinthispoemareference
totheselflessleadercedinghisthronetoaworthydiscipleinordertoprolonganeraofsupremebrilliance(thegreatlight)beyondhisownallottedlifespan.50

DespitetheauspiciouscharacterofthisAppraisal,latercommentators(beginningwithSsumaKuang)readintotheversesafarlessrosypicture:Thegentlemanis
forcedtotenderhisresignationinthefaceofacorruptcourt.51Inthisinterpretation,thepositioncanbecalledluckyonlyinsomelimitedsense:thegentleman
remembershisdutyandperformsitgracefully.

Isuggestthatthelinesmay,infact,havenopoliticalimportatall.TheChangesincludesastrikingimage,inwhich

meneitherbeatthepotandsingorloudlybewailtheapproachofoldageintheshimmeringlightofthesettingsun.52

Humanmortalitystandsinstarkcontrasttotheregular,eternalmovementsoftheuniverse.AsthepoetCatulluswrote,"Sunsmaysetandriseagain.Forus,whenthe
shortlighthasonceset,thereremainstobesleptthesleepofoneunbrokennight."ThepettymanfeelsillusedbyTime.Thesuperiorman,incontrast,isdefinedby
hisabilitytorespondproductivelytotheentirerangeofchangingsituations.Heiswiseenoughtoaccepthisoldageandimpendingdemiseaspartofthelargereternal
pattern.Ratherthanrailingagainsttheinevitable,heusestheprecioustimethatremainstohimtobenefitsociety.Inthisway,heexemplifiespsychicequilibriumand
innerpeace.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYinthe
phaseWaterandtheYichingHexagramno.
31,InfluencethesunenterstheGhost
Ying constellation,1stdegree
No.42.GoingtoMeet
June24(p.m.)June28

HEAD:Yinch'itakesshapebelow.Thingsallturntoward[it]1towelcomeit.

ThistetragrambeginsthesecondhalfoftheMystery,whichisassignedtothelatterhalfofthecalendaryear.Inthisperiod,yinch'i

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growsstrongereveryday.IncontrastwithHeadtextsoftheprecedingfortyonetetragrams,therefore,eachHeadtextfromnowonwillopenwiththephrase"yin
ch'i."Still,asidefromthis,therearefewindicationsinthisseasonoflatesummerthatyangch'iislosingcontrol.Forawhilelonger,yangwillseemtocontinueatthe
heightofitspowers.Themyriadthings,inconsequence,mustgoagainsttheapparentprevailingtrendinordertoalignthemselveswiththisnewcosmictrendasthey
cometomaturityhence,thereferenceto"turning"towelcomeyinch'i.2

Thistetragram,likeitspredecessor,considersthethemesof"stimulus,""response,"and"mutualinfluence"itpresumesthatbysimplelawsofmutualattractionand
mutualrepulsionchangeinonepartoftheuniverseimmediatelyaltersallotherentitiesthatarecategoricallyrelatedtoit.(SeeKeyTermsoncorrelativethinking.)3
HeretheMysterymainlyfocusesuponaspectsofphysicalandpoliticalresponsiveness,whichcorrespondtotwoparadigmsofstrongsympatheticresponse:sexual
relationsbetweenhusbandandwifeandthemutualdependenceofrulerandsubject.Whilethespreadofmutualinfluenceisoftenslow,astheimageryemphasizes,
suchinfluenceiseventuallypervasive.

App.1:Meetinganother,hedoesnotrespond.4
Lackingthegood,heisperverse.5

Fath.1:Inmeetinganother,notresponding
Means:Heisnotonewhomyoushouldjoin.

Forsomereason,apreliminarymeetingbetweenpotentialpartnersfailstoinduceaclimateofmutualsympathy.Atleastoneofthepartiesmustbeatfaultsinceatrue
meetingofthemindsdependsonvirtue.6Itwouldbecounterproductive,aswellaswrong,toformanalliancewithanevilperson.Thegentlepersoniscarefultomake
friendsonlywithpeopleofhisorherownsort.

App.2:Thescalydragon,plungingto7thedepths
Inducesitseggsontheheightstoquicken.8
Thoughsomementalkindarkness,
TheHundredClansrespondtothem.

Fath.2:Transformationsbydragonsinhiding
Mean:Thecenteressenceisintegrity.

Accordingtolegend,thefemalescalydragonleavesherwateryhomeintheabysstodeposithereggsonamountainsidebeforereturningtodeepwaters.
Miraculously,attherighttimetheeggshatchspontaneously,revealingineachatiny,butfullyindividuateddragonletallwithoutdirectinterventionbytheirmother.9A
secondlegendsaysthattheeggofthescalydragonisproducedfromthematingofsnakeandpheasant.Theeggisthendrawnirresistiblytowaterypools,wherethe
eggmetamorphosesintoadragon.10BothtraditionsreflecttheChinesenotionof

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mutualinteractionbycategory,bywhichtransformationsovertimeandspacetakeplacebylawsofmutualsympathy,ratherthanNewtonianlawsofcauseandeffect.

Thedragon,ofcourse,standsforthemoralsuperior,especiallytherulertheegg,forthelessdevelopedhumanbeing.Thoughbothpartiesseemtoinhabitentirely
differentspheres,themoralsuperiormiraculouslyaffectsothers,wholearnbysuasiveinfluencetodevelopproperlyintofullhumanbeings.11

App.3:Thequintessentialstuffofthings
Travelssubtlybackandforth.12
Illomensprecedethequickestsenses.13

Fath.3:Theessence,allunseen,goesbackandforth.
Meaning:Evilomensareproofofblame.14

Sinceeachofthemyriadthingsiscomposedofnuminousch'i,15insomesenseallpartsofthecosmoscanresonatewithothersbecauseoftheirunderlyingsympathy.
Thegodsandspiritsareonlythemostexquisitelysensitive(andtherefore,reactive)membersoftheuniversesincetheirconstitutivech'iisparticularlysubtleand
concentrated("quintessential").Bydefinition,thesagehasacquiredsimilardivinepowersofperception.Omentheorytellsusthatthegods,spirits,andsagesreact
immediatelytotheslightestmoralshiftonthepartofotherhumanbeings.Evensuchswiftreactions,however,lagbehindthespontaneousproductionofportentsinthe
cosmos.Themerestinclinationtowardsevilonthepartofthoseinpower,forexample,producesseriousdislocationsinthestarryheavens.InthisAppraisal,
dedicatedtothetransitionfromthoughttoaction,weareremindedthatourinnermostthoughtssoonpromptvisiblereactions.Wemusttakespecialcare,then,notto
departfromtheWay,lestwedisordertheentirecosmicfabric.16
App.4:Fortrousers,therearealwaystops,
Andformenwitheyesshinyaspearls,
Womenwithlashescurvinglikehooks.17
Thisisrightandgood.

Fath.4:Trousersmatchedtotops
Mean:Yinstimulatesyang.

Sexualattractionisproperandnatural,solongasthepartnersaresuitablymatedwithoutit,thehumanracecouldnotcontinue.18Here,theluminouslyclearpupilsof
theman'seyesindicatehisuprightcharacter,19whilethegentlecurveofthewoman'slashessuggestsherwillingnesstorespondsexually.20Severalpointsinthepoem
shouldbenoted.Trousersandtopspointtopenisandbreasts,buttheChineseassumedthatitisthewomanwhooftenplaystheroleofsexualinitiator.

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Thencomestheplayuponpearlsandfishhooks:bothbelongtothewateryrealm,andsexualintercoursepromotestheproductionofwateryfluids.Finally,the
fishhookisusedtocatchfishandoysters,whiletheseductivecurveoftheeyelashes"hooks"aman.

App.5:Whenyellowrideshigh,21
Itobstructsthegood.

Fath.5:Thatyellow'srisebodesill
Means:Onecannotmakefriendswithit.

Yellowasthecolorassignedtothecenterisusuallyauspicious.Here,theproblemisthatyellowmountstothetopposition.(Thismayrefertotheincreasing
ascendancyofyinch'ifollowingthesummersolstice.)Yellownolongerknowsitsplace,soitscharacteristicvirtuesofselfabnegation,loyalty,andgoodfaithfail
utterly.Perhapsatrustedsubordinateintendstousurphissuperior'sposition,22fortheword"rises"alsomeans"tobully."Thosewithgreatambitionsmaketheworst
allies.

App.6:BlackHeavenmeetsYellowEarth.23
Theirideasinteract,oneupontheother.24

Fath.6:Blackandyellowmeeting
Means:Theyrespondbytype.

BlackisthecolorofHeavenyellow,thatofEarth.Theinteractionofthesetwocosmicpowersissaidtoproducetimelywindandrain,25whichallthemyriadthings
dependuponforlife.AstheChangessays:

HeavenandEarth26cometogether,andthemyriadthingsaretransformedinpristineform.Maleandfemaleblendtheiressences,andthemyriadthingsaretransformedand
engendered.27

Allsuccessfulrelationsbetweenpartnersaremodelledonthesemomentouscosmicmeetings.Sinceallthingsrespondbytype,thegoodpersoncannotattractevil
friends,anymorethanthematingcallofawarblercouldattractahawk.28
App.7:Fromadistance,heglaresinanger.
Comingnearer,heknockshimdown.
Tomeetwithafathershouldbehappy.29

Fath.7:Glaringfromafar,strikingwhennear,
Means:Hehaslosttheideaof"father."

Byrights,thebondbetweenparentandchildshouldbethemostintimateofallhumanrelations.30Hereinstead,fatherandsonareestranged,presumablybecauseof
theson'slackofvirtue.(Atrulyvirtuoussonwouldcontinuetoesteemeventheworstfather,astheancientsagekingShunissaidtohavedone.)Soseriousisthe
estrangementthatablowis

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31
struck,thoughbyChineselawachildwhostruckaparentfacedthedeathpenalty. Thisinjusticeindicatesthebitteroppositionthatprevailsbetweensuperiorand
inferioratalllevels.32

App.8:Seeingbloodpourthroughthegates,
Hekeepsitawayfromcentercourt.33

Fath.8:Seeingbloodenterthegates
Means:Byworthinessheprotectshimself.

Troubleappearsonthescene.Thewisepersonpreventsmorepervasivedisaster(theinnercourtyardsymbolizestheinmostselfandthecoreofanysocialunit)by
virtuousactionandtherelianceongoodadvisors(i.e.,byusingone'sownworthandthatofothers).34

App.9:Dampthatmeetsthefootofthebed
Seepsinto35theadjoiningroom.

Fath.9:Dampmeetingthefootofthebed
Means:Thecollapseoccurswithin.

Likedampspreadingthroughoutthehouse,contagionisnowpervasive.Sincetheproblemiswater(alignedwithyinch'i),theproblemmaywellhavearisenbecause
ofevilwomenorsubordinates.Thoughthechangehasbeengradual,bytheendofthecycleinAppraisal9,theinnerbasesofselfandsocietyaresocompletelyrotten
thatevilcannotbeeasilydestroyed.Suchruinis"total"inthatitinvolvesallparts,bothhighandlow36theimminentcollapsewillsoonengulfallmembersofsociety.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYang
thephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.44,Encounteringthe
Y sunenterstheWillowconstellation,1st
No.43.Encounters degree
June29July3(a.m.)

HEAD:Asyinch'istartstocome,yangch'istartstogo.Goingandcoming,theyencountereachotherontheway.

Shortlyafterthesummersolsticeweseeyinch'ibegintowaxinpower(thatis,it"comes"),1althoughmuchofitsactivitystillgoeslargelyunnoticed.Remember,as
earlyasTetragram31,entitled"Packing,"yangch'ihadbeenmakingpreparationstodepart.Onecommenta

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2
torattributesyang'searlierdilatoryactiontoitsincreasingenfeeblement,butnowitisforcedtoleaveunderpressurefromitsopponent,yinch'i. Onthemodelofyin
andyang,certainkindsofimbalance,ifmediatedbyritual,canleadtoproductivesituations:forexample,therulercondescendstohumblehimselfbeforehisofficials,
andthegroomabaseshimselfinwelcominghisnewbridetothehousehold.However,imbalancethatignoresritualisinherentlyunluckyhence,theAppraisaldepicts
variousencounterswithalltypesofevilmen,includingbullies,slanderers,andunfilialchildren.

App.1:Meetingthegodsindarkness3
Untilevendreamsinstruct,4
Thisisagoodsign.

Fath.1:Meetingthegodsinsecret
Means:Thoughtsattaintheproperpattern.

Appraisal1oftendescribeshiddenorformlessthoughtsthathavenotasyetbeentranslatedintoaction.Dreamsclearlyrevealthehiddenpreoccupationsoftheheart
andmind.5Formostofus,ourdreamsseemwildanddisordered,sincewefailtoperceivethefundamentalpatternsunderlyingphenomenalexistence.Butdreamsof
thetrulygoodreflectanintuitiveknowledgeofcosmicorder,leadingonetofurthercarefulconsiderationoftheWay.Asoneearlytextasks:
Canyouconcentrate?CanyouadheretotheUnityofNature?...Thinkaboutit!Thinkaboutit!Andthinkofitagain!Thentheghostsandgodswillteachit.Itisnotactually
thatthegodsandgodswillteachit,butthatitreflectstheculminatingdevelopmentoftheessentialch'i.6

TheCh'ingscholarYYehreadstheAppraisaltextdifferently:

Indarkness,tomeetthegods.
Dreamsofblindmen.
Rectitude.

OnthebasisofotherpassagesintheMystery,YYehbelievesthatthereaderisdirectedtoconsiderthespecialgiftsoftheblindmusicmastersofold.Suchmenwereregularly
favoredbythegodswithspecialcommunications,eventhough(orpossibly,because?)theylackedthenormalfacultyofsight.

App.2:Tocomeuponaconceited7child,
Whorejectsteachingsprescribedforhim.8

Fath.2:Encounteringthefractiouschild
Means:Heisanunworthyson.

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Immature,truculentandconceited,theyouthknowsnothing,yetheresistsallattemptsatinstruction.Howcanheprovehimselfworthytocarryonthefamilyname?
Themoralfoundationoftheadultisbuiltbypropermoldingofthechildwithinthefamilycircle.9
App.3:Theyneithermeetillicitly
Nordotheythinkatallofgain.10
Suchisgoodconductforknightsandladies.

Fath.3:Neithergoingnorseeking
Means:Thisistheruleforgentlefolk.

Ritualdictatesthatthegentlemancannotactashisownmatchmaker,norcanhepromotehimselfatcourt.Similarly,arealladydoesnotseekoutherownhusband.
Thisreticencestemsfromthreecauses:First,itwouldappeararroganttoputforwardforconsiderationone'sownclaimstomerit.11Second,mostadultrelationsare
strictlyruledbyhierarchiesofgender,age,andstatusselfpromotionundercutsthosenecessaryorders.Third,thetrulysuperiorpersondevoteshisorherwholeself
toGoodness,ratherthantoexternalaccomplishment.12

App.4:Utterlyexhausted,13the''opener,"14
Havingbroughttherain,isendangered.

Fath.4:Thatthe"opener"encountersrain
Means:Itturnsoutheharmshimself.15

InancientChina,intimesofdroughtitwascustomarytoforceimportantreligiousleaders(magiciansandsometimesevenkings)toexposethemselvesinacourtyard
orsquare.Thetheorywasthatthegods,takingpityontheirwretchednakedstate,wouldshowerraindownuponthem.16Itwasalsothecustomformagiciansand
shamanessestoperformraindances.Paradoxically,perhaps,theonewhoforcestheskiestoopenmayharmhimselfintheprocess:eitherthefrenzieddancingworks
sowellthatacoldshowerofrainendsingivingthedancerabadchill,orthe"opener"deludeshimselfintothinkingthatbyhisownactionshecancommandthegods.
Theopener,then,couldsymbolizetwodifferentflawedpersonalitytypes.Thefirstsecureshisowndownfallbyactingwithoutsufficientforethought.17Thesecond
mistakenlytakesundeserved,evencoincidentalsuccessasamarkofhisowninherentsuperiority.18

App.5:Outhunting,hecomesupongame.
Noneforbidhistakingit.

Fath.5:Thatthehunterchancesupongame
Means:Ittrulyisencouraging.

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Inayangtetragram,Appraisal5depictstheculminationofgoodfortune.Thehunterinadvertentlystumblesacrosshisprey.Noonewouldpreventhimfromtaking
advantageofhisgoodfortune.Byanalogy,thetrulygoodpersoninsinglemindedpursuitoftheWaymaysomehowstumbleuponhighofficeandrichesintheprocess
ofselfcultivation.Thoughthegoodpersondoesnotmakematerialsuccesshisprimarygoal,19allrightthinkingmentakepleasureincaseswherevirtueisrewarded.

App.6:Thelowly20spider,inweavingitsweb,
Comesuponawasp.
Howevergreattheprofit,
Itcannotfollowthrough.

Fath.6:Thelowlyspider'sweb
Means:Harmisnotfaraway.

Obviously,thespiderweavesitswebtocatchsmallinsects.However,awaspinthewebspellstrouble,partlybecauseofitsdisproportionatesize,21andpartly
becauseofitsstinger.Sincethespidercannotdisarmitsvictimwithoutriskinginjurytoitself,thespider'sverysuccessleadstoitspossibledestruction.Thelessonis
clear:donotbeindiscriminateinthepursuitofprofitotherwise,yourinitiallysuccessfulschemesmayhaveunwontedconsequences.

App.7:Hebrandisheshishorn,eagertodefend
Rulerandfatherfromfurtherinsult,
Thoughsuchafateisundeserved.22

Fath.7:Raisinghishorn
Means:StraightontheWayheproceeds.23

Theimageof"brandishingthehorn"comesfromthecorrespondenthexagramintheChanges:

Comingtomeetwithhishorns.Humiliation.Noblame....Atthetop,utterhumiliation.24

Appraisal7markstheBeginningofCalamity,butinthistetragramitisalignedwithauspiciousdayonceagain,wecanexpectnoblame.Righteousangerisdisplayed
inthedefenseofworthysuperiors.Thoughtheloyalsubordinatefacespossibledeath,heneverswervesfromduty.25Inthisdireprospect,wedetectthegrowing
influenceofyinch'i,associatedwithdeclineandsorrow.
App.8:Twowildoxenclashinbattle.
Theonethatlosesitshorn
Willnotconquerdeath.26

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Fath.8:Twolockedinmortalcombat
Means:Lostweaponsspellcertaindeath.

Thestrengthofthewildoxorrhinoceros(earlytextsdonotclearlydistinguishbetweenthetwo)residesinitshornthat'swhatgivesitsufficientconfidencetoengage
itsfoesinbattle.Heretwoopponents,evenlymatchedattheoutset,meetinbloodybattleuntilthelossofoneanimal'shornrendersitcompletelydefenselessinthe
fray.27Certaindeathfollowsfortheloser.Fromthiswelearnthatitisdangeroustomiscalculateeitherourstrengthorthatofanopponent.28Wearealsocautioned
againstenteringcrucialbattlesinwhichtheoutcomedependssolelyonasingleadvantageortool.

App.9:Theenemy'sblow,thoughdeflected,29
Hitslowerbychance,woundingthefoot.30

Fath.9:Fendingoffitshorn
Means:Howcanoneescapeunscathed?31

Neartheendofthecycle,apersonisluckyifhemanagestoescapetotaldestruction.Anattackaimedatthehighestlevelsisonlypartiallydeflected.32
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYinthe
phaseWoodandtheYichingHexagram
no.50,TripodthesunenterstheWillow
Tsao constellation,6thdegreetheDipperpoints
No.44.Stove SSWthemusicalnoteisG11
July3(p.m.)July7

HEAD:Thoughyin,beingmoist,wouldsprinklethem,yang,stillhot,wouldblendthem.2

Appraisal7ofthistetragramseestheendoftheSummerSolsticesolarperiod.Theinfluenceofyinch'isteadilywaxeswhilethatofyangcontinuallywanes.Still,at
thispoint,theheatofyangissointensethatitapparentlycontinuestoaffectthegrowthofthemyriadthings,despiteyin'scounterimpulses.Thestoveistheplace
whereflavorsareblended.InChineseterms,flavorsarecharacterizedascoldorhot,byanalogy

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Figure12
Atripod.IllustrationfromHsich'ingkuchien3/21a.Similarbronzetripods
arefrequentlydepictedinHanart.OnetripodcarvedontheceilingatWuliangts'e
isidentifiedbyacartoucheas,"adivinetripod,whichcookswithoutfireand
producesthefiveflavoursspontaneously."TheMotzutalksofmagicaltripods
"thatboil,thoughtheyhavenotbeenfired,thatputthemselvesinstorage,though
theyhavenotbeenlifted,thattransportthemselves,thoughtheyhavenotbeenmoved."

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withyin/yang.Thestoveserves,then,asanaptsymbolforthecharacteristicmixingofyinandyangthatnowoccurs.Thestovealsosignifiestheharmonyandmaterial
wealthassociatedwiththeextendedfamilyunit.Finally,incertainearlytexts,themasterofthestove,theknowledgeablechef,becomesametaphorforthegood
teacherandperfectruler.3ThismetaphorpresumestheChanges'sremarkthatcookinghastwomainpurposes:topreparesacrificestothegodsandtofeastworthy
officialsatcourt.4Accordingly,thistetragramexaminesthetrueking'scareofworthyofficials,thoughitomitsallexplicitreferencetostatereligion.

IntheChinesemind,thetripodandthestoveonwhichitsitsareinextricablyconnected.(ComparethetitleofthecorrespondentChangeshexagram.)Outofthe
tripodcomemarvelous,evendemonicthings,asoutofagreatprimordialsoup.5Alongwithitsancientreligioussignificance,thetripodalsorepresentstheconferralof
legitimatepoliticalauthority,asinthefamousNineCauldronsofthelegendarysagerulerY.Castbronze,ofcourse,wasaluxurygoodwhoseusewasreservedfor
thepoliticalelite.Butbronzecauldronsintheirtechnicalperfectionalsosymbolizedthefullrangeofsocialandlegalinstitutionsprovidedbythesagestoenablemany
differenttypesofpeopletocoexistsuccessfully.6Ultimately,bronzeritualvesselssuggestclosecooperationbetweentherulerandthegods,ancestors,andcommon
people,whilethethreelegsofthetripodspecificallyrecalltheinterdependenceofthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthManandtheking'sthreechiefministers.7Finally,
thecircularformsofthetripod'sloopedhandlespromiseeternitythroughcyclicalrenewalforthisreason,the"tripodmeanstakingupthenew."8Eachofthese
associationscomesintoplayintheAppraisalsbelow.

App.1:Whenthereisnofoodinthestove,9
Hebegsfromneighbors.

Fath.1:Theemptystove
Means:Hebearsanemptyreputation.

Theinterpretationofthispoemdependsuponapun:theChinesecharacterfor"food"alsomeans"substance"or"authenticnature."Sincethesolefunctionofastoveis
tocookfood,astovethatlacksfoodislikeapersonwholacksfundamentalintegrityandmerit.10ThesolefunctionofMan,afterall,istorealizehisinherentpotential
forGoodness,turninghis"uncooked''or"raw"capacitiesintoafinishedpersonofselfcultivation.Therefore,apersonwhoappearstobehumanbutlackstrue
humanityisnolessdysfunctionalthanastovewithoutfood.Thoughtheindividualmaywinmaterialwealthorhighposition,heholdsanempty,borrowedreputation.
Nohelpfromfriendsoralliescandohimanypermanentgood.Badlucksurelyfollows,asintherelatedomenofthe

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11 12
basketwithnofruitinit. Onlythepersonwhohungerstobefilledmayimproveovertime.

App.2:Thegolden13tripodisimmense,14
Itscenterbowlmatchesitssize.15
Still,theydonoteatnordotheydrink.
Truly,thereisnoharm.

Fath.2:Animmensegoldentripod
Means:Atcenter,incorruptibleandgood.16

Inantiquity,thepolishedbronzetripodwasreservedforluxuryitems,suchasmeatstewsorwarmedwine,tobeconsumedeitherbythegodsorbyhighranking
membersofthecourt.Thetripodmaybecomparedtothecharismaticvirtueofagoodpersoninthatitrepresentsaninexhaustiblestoreofriches,alwaysreadyfor
use,thatsustainsothers.Somysteriousandgreat,infact,arethetripod'spowers(andthoseofGoodness,byanalogy)thatordinaryindividualsneednotactively
resorttoittoreceivesitsbenefits.Advantagesmultiplythroughoutsocietypreciselybecausethegoodpersonconformstothewisdomoftheagesnolessperfectly
thanthebowlofthetripodconformstoitsoutershape.

Still,theexactconnotationoftheline,"Theydonotdrink,nordotheyeat,"maybedebated.Atleastweknowitcannotimplypraiseofasceticismperse,sincethatis
anideaforeigntopreBuddhistChina.17SinceAppraisal2correspondstothoseoflowranknotyetinservice,perhapsthey"donotdaretoeat"18(ofofficialsalary)
becausethetimeisstilltooearly.Accordingtothisreading,thegoodandhumbleperson,despiteenormoustalents(akintothebowl'sgreatcapacity),patiently
developshiscapacities,awaitinglateropportunitiesforactionforegoingallpresentclaimstorecognition,heishappytooffertheuseofhismanytalentstothose
above.Inthisreading,theemptybowlhintsatthegentleperson'spropensityfornurturingthevirtueof"inneremptiness."19Inanalternatereading,anincorruptible
officialofgreatcapacitychooses"nottoeat"(i.e.,acceptcourtsalary)underanevilregime.20
App.3:Thereisnofirewoodinthestove.
Thegoldenvesselissetaside.21

Fath.3:Thatthestovelackswood
Means:Whatonehascannotbeused.

HeretheMysteryplaysuponanotherpun,withasynonymforfirewoodmeaning"talent"or"capacity."22Eventhebestofrulersmustdependuponworthyofficialsto
disseminatehispoliciesamongthecommonpeople.Inthis,therulerislikethestove,whichrequiresfirewoodtofunction,nomatterhowfineitis.

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23
App.4:Eatingfoodfromthetripodsteamer,
Hegainsthestrengthtotoil.24

Fath.4:Eatingthesteamer'sfood
Means:Itisofferedtousintime.25

IncontrasttoAppraisal3,herethewiseindividualhasproperlypreparedandusedhiscookingutensils.Seedshavebeenplanted,foodharvested,andbrushwood
gatheredtomakeafire.Whenthepropertimecomestoemployhisstrength,theindividualwillnotonlyexperiencenodifficultyinsecuringhisjustdesertshewillalso
findthathehasgrownfromhisefforts,justasricedoublesortriplesinsizewhencooked.26ThemoralpersoncanexpectgoodresultswhenfollowingtheWayofthe
sages.27

App.5:Thelargetripodcanbeusedasgoblet28
Butthisisneitherpiousnordignified.

Fath.5:Thelargetripodservingasgoblet
Means:Thefeastthenlacksallmeaning.

Appraisal5describestheSonofHeaven.Inantiquity,HeavenconferredupontheemperorasetofnineGreatTripodsassymbolsoflegitimateauthority.Whenthe
SonofHeaveninturnwishedtoconferspecialfavorsuponhisvassallords,healsohadritualvesselscastincommemorationofhissubordinates'meritoriousservice.29
Thebronzetripod,then,asamarkofsupremefavorandlegitimateappointmentisreservedforthemostsacredofceremoniesitshouldnotbeusedformore
mundanepurposes30bythosewhoare"neitherpiousnordignified."Inthiscase,thoseinpowermaybebesottedwithdrink.31Certainly,theyfailtounderstandthe
criticalimportanceofmakingdistinctionsiftheymistakeatripodforagoblet,theyarelikelytomistakegreatforsmallinmoralandpoliticalmattersaswell.
App.6:TheFiveTastesareblendedproperly,
Theflavorsarebalancedandfine.
Afeastfitforthegreatman.32

Fath.6:Afeastwhereflavorsareharmonized
Means:Thisisthedutyofministers.

Thepotstandsforsocietyorthestate.TheFiveTastesareitsvariouscomponents."Greatman"isatermusedeitherfortherulerorforthenoblemeninhisservice.33
Byapun34thechiefministerofthestateactsaschefmanagerforthefeast.

Numerousclassicaltextsurgetherulertoseekoutworthycandidatesforoffice,whocanaidhiminthedifficultenterpriseofruling.Thedayto

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dayjobofcoordinatingthediversetalentsofthesegreatmenshiftedfromtheemperortotheprimeministerbylateWesternHan,asincreasingconservatismrequired
therulertodistancehimselffrommundaneadministrativeaffairs.35

App.7:Thefattenedoxisperfectlyplump
Butifcookedinanunwashedpot,
Retchingandgagging36result.

Fath.7:Afattenedox,thenretching
Means:Impurearetheirgoals.

Animalfatimpartstendernessandflavortothedish.Heretheanimalhasbeenpreparedforthefeast,butthecookignoressimpleprecautionsinitspreparation.Asa
result,sickness,ratherthansatietyandgoodhealth,follows.Sincenoflawexistsinthebasicmaterial,one'sactionsmustbeatfault.Ifone'sintentionsarebad,evena
ritualgiftwillprovokerevulsion.Extremecautionmustbeexercisedwhenofferingsareprepared,lestbodilyharmresult.

Themetaphorappliestothepoliticalsphereaswell.Rulerscansecurethehelpofworthycandidatesforofficeonlyiftheyfirstmakesufficientpreparationsinself
cultivation.37Highsalaryalonecannotinducegoodmentoputupwitharulerwhoseconductdisguststhem.38

App.8:Ifheeatswhathehasstored,39
Despiteanoutcry,noharm40isdone.

Fath.8:Eatingwhathehasstored
Means:Heislavishedwithhisruler'sfavor.

Storedgrainimpliestheprosperityandsecuritybroughtaboutbyprovidentialbehavior.Thegoodfarmerneednotwantforanythingsolongasheconsumesonlywhat
hehasearned.Similarly,thegoodofficialenjoyshisruler'sfavorbecauseofhishardwork.Thoughothers,actingoutofenvy,mayobjecttohishighrankandsalary,it
isnomorethanthegoodofficialdeserves.

Severalofthecommentatorsofferadifferentreading,however:
Hehaseatenhiscommission.
Despitehisoutcry[attheruler'sfaults],
[Theruler]doesnotthink[him]slanderous.
Eatinghiscommission
Means:Heislavishedwithhis[ruler's]favor.41

Thegoodofficial,havingtakenasalaryfromhisruler,hastenstoremonstrateagainstanyfaultsofhissuperior.Thewiserulerinreturnrecognizeshisofficial'sloyalty
andshowershimwithawardsandappointments.

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App.9:Oncethefireinthestoveisputout,
Nothingbutdisastercomestothehouse.

Fath.9:Thatthestove'sfireisextinguished
Means:Ittakesawayfromthestate.

Traditionally,whenafamilylinewasdestroyed,itsstovewasdismantled.Andwhenadynasticlinewasdestroyed,itsconquerorlaidwastetothealtarsiteswhere
burntofferingshadoncebeenmadetothepatrongodsoftheformerrulinghouse.Destructionofthestoverepresentsfinaldeathforthefamilyandstatenohopefor
revivalremains.Itisnowfartoolatetoapplytheearlier,relativelysimplesolutionof"usingfirewood"(i.e.,worthytalent)tofireupthestove.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYangthe
phaseMetalandtheYichingHexagramno.
55,AbundancethesunenterstheWillow
Ta constellation,10thdegree
No.45.Greatness
July8July12(a.m.)

HEAD:Whileyin1emptiesoutwhatisinside,2yangincreases3whatisoutside.Thingsarelikebasinsandcanopies.4

Despiteitsapparentstrengthoutside,yangch'iissteadilydrainedbyyin'sinexorableincrease.Theparticularformoftheinteractionbetweenyinandyangch'imimics,
asithappens,thearchaiccharactermeaning"tojoin" ,whichshowsacoveredvessel.Theuniverseitselfisenvisionedasacanopyorinvertedbasin,withthebroad
sweepofthelatesummerskyshelteringtheblastedearthbelow.Themyriadthingsinimitationgrowhollowinsideandoverextendedoutside.

Suchimagesmaybeimportantforseveralreasons:First,Hexagram55intheChanges,thecounterparttothistetragram,repeatedlymentionsthings(suchascurtains
andunderbrush)whichscreenoffthelight,5therebyobscuringheavenlypatterns.Thecanopyinparticular,ofcourse,isanaptsymbolforlatesummer,sinceheatand
glarepromptitsfrequentuse.Second,insofarasthemyriadthings'functioningdependsonmaintainingTaoascenter,theyarelikeacanopythatrevolvesarounda
centralfixedpoint.Third,theKait'ien("CoverHeaven")astronomical

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6
theoryoriginallyfavoredbyYangHsiungimaginedtheheavensasagiant.canopyarchedovertheearth,withthecosmicaxisashandle onceagain,thiscover
extendingoveremptinessispositionedbyitscenter.7Notsurprisingly,centralityandemptiness,then,becometwoofthemainthemesoftheAppraisals.The
sophisticatedreaderwillalsonotetheAppraisals'playonseveralcognatecharacters,allofwhichhave"small"imbeddedinthegraph.8Aswelearnfromthe
correspondentChangeshexagram,truegreatnessisdefinedintermsof"attainingaplaceatwhichoneisathome."ThegentlemanmakestheTaohishome.
App.1:Thepoolsodeepandbroad
Cradlesallsidesindarkness.9

Fath.1:Thedeep,broadpool
Means:Itenvelopsaninfinityofthings.

Appraisal1correspondstoWaterhence,themetaphorofthepool.Italsosignifiesbeginnings:onthepersonallevel,theBeginningofThought,andonthecosmic
level,theprimordialch'iofthemysteriousTaofromwhichallformsevolve.Sincethepool(themind,theTao)isinfinitelyvastanddeep,itslifegivingsubstancecan
nourishalllivingthingsitcanneverrundry.Yetitdrawsnoattentiontoitself.10

App.2:Inenlargingitsambitions11
Theselfgrindsitselfdown.12

Fath.2:Hisgrowingambitions
Means:Heisharmedbyhisthoughts.

Appraisal2describestheordinaryfellow,whoinhisegotismconsidershisownmindtobeawondrouspoolinfinitely"deepandbroad."Unfortunately,hisactual
abilitiesandrankareinadequateforhisgrandschemesheisincapableofhandlingeventhesituationathand.Forthisreason,thepettymanwearshimselfdownin
vainattemptstograsppowerorsolveproblemsonhisown.13Hewoulddobettertodevotehistimetostudyandthenapplytheancientmodelsofgoodbehaviorto
himself.AsConfuciusremarked,"Tothinkwithoutstudying[theWayoftheformerkings]isdangerous."14

Conventioncomparestheprocessofselfcultivationtothegrinding,polishing,andcarvingoffinejade,whichonlyenhancethevalueofthealreadypreciousmaterial.15
Thepettypersonwhointendstorefashionhislifeneverlearnstousetherighttoolsifhefailstoimitatetheinherentmodestyofthesages.Likethecarelessjadecutter,
hegougeshimself.Inexperienceandineptitudecanonlyharmtheself.16

App.3:Treatingthesmallasgreat
Helpsinbecominggreat.

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Fath.3:Makinggreatuseofthesmall
Means:Hetakesthesmallasthebase.

ThefirstlinesofAppraisalandFathomingreadliterally,"Greatnotgreat."Obviously,theselinesareopentointerpretation.Appraisal3marksthetransitionfrom
thoughttoaction,soprobablytheMysteryintendstoteachafamiliarlesson:bydefinitionthetrulywisepaycloseattentiontothefirstsmallsignsofchange,sinceno
onehassufficientstrengthtosinglehandedlydefeatawelldevelopedtrend.Thesagelooksatsmalldetailsoverlookedbylessermen,makingthemthesecure
foundationofhisvisionaryrule.

Thecommentatorsunanimouslypreferadifferentreading,however:

Thegreatdonotviewthemselvesasgreat.
Ithelpstouse[thisway]tobecomegreat.
Thegreatdonotviewthemselvesasgreat,
Meaning:Theyuse"keepingsmall"asthebase.

Eitherreadingispossible.(ComparewithAppraisal6below.)
App.4:Thoughfailingtogettheknifeheneeds,
Heenlargeshisgatesoutsidethecity.17
Suchfameisempty.

Fath.4:Enlarginghisgatesinsuburbs
Means:Asrealworthgoes,thenamecomes.

Position4correspondstoofficialrank.Chinesesumptuaryruleslimittheconstructionandenlargementofhighgatestothosehonoredwithhighrankbytheemperor.18
Enlargementofthegates,then,constitutespublicdisplayofenhancedstatus.Thepettymantypicallydisregardsinternalreform,concentratinginsteadonadvertising
himself.Inthis,hefailstofocusonwhatisfundamental.Thathispreoccupationsarefarfromcentralisindicatedbythegate'slocationoutinthecountry.19

Thegreatnessofanyhouseliesinitsabilitytoconcentrateitsresources.Thesharpknifesymbolizesthesharpmindabletoframegooddecisionswhichbenefitthe
community.20Theknifealsosymbolizesmoneysincecertaincoinsweremintedinitsimage.21Herethehouselackseithertheincisivethinkingorthematerialresources
itneedstoflourish.Howlongcanitsustainitself?Beforetoolong,itsreputationwillbeshowntobehollow.

App.5:ByusingtheMean,hedrawstheoutlands22
Intohisrealm,andsoisvictorious.23

Fath.5:Bringingtheminbycentering
Means:HeoverseestheNineBarbarians.

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Position5isalignedwithEarth,withthecenter,andwithhumaneness,thebindingagentforsociety.Assuch,itrepresentsthevirtueofCentrality,or"keepingtothe
Mean."Byepitomizingwhatiscentral,thetruesageeventuallygainspowerandauthorityoverallfourcornersoftheearth.24Therulerfunctionsasaxismundi
aroundwhichotherthingsrevolve.Inreturn,allpeoplesareshieldedfromharmbytheroyalpresence.

App.6:Thegreatfailbecauseofthesmall25
Themany,becauseofthefew.26

Fath.6:Thegreatfailinginthesmall
Means:Theseeminglyinsignificantbreedsdisaster.

Iftheindividualneglectswhatappeartobeonlytheinsignificantbeginningsofcontrarytrends,thoseunfortunatetendencieswilleventuallygrowtooverwhelmpresent
prosperity,muchasalargewaveoverwhelmstinyripples.Thetruesageisonthelookoutforthefirstsignsofdisruptionbytakingimmediatestepstoremedythe
situation,hecanbothadapttoandmanipulatethesituationforthebenefitoftheGood.Thisisnolesstrueintheprivateworldofthesoul27thaninthepublicworldof
thecourt.
App.7:Greatselfindulgencehasledhimastray.
Whenhelimitshiscupsofwine,
Othersmayincreasehisportion.28

Fath.7:Indulgingtoexcess,thendeprivinghimself
Means:Heisabletofaulthimself.29

Thisindividualisdrunkonwineoronselfimportance.30Tocounteracttheselfindulgencewhichcloudshisjudgment,hemuststernlytakehimselfinhand.Whenhe
curbshisownvices,heisboundtofindothershappytorewardhim.

App.8:Whentheimmensewallwithanarrowbase
Goesthreeyearswithoutrepairs,
Itcollapses.

Fath.8:Anarrowbaseforthebigwall
Means:Collapseisnotlongincoming.

Thisindividualhashighrankandconsiderablefame.Unfortunately,helackssufficientmoralcultivationtoacquithimselfhonorably.Inevitably,theindividualwholacks
astrongmoralbasecomestoruin.Tomaintainhissafetyinsuchaprecarioussituation,continualcareisneeded,justasearthenwallsmustberebuiltatregular
intervals,especiallyiftheyarelarge.31"Threeyears"means"afterthecycleiscomplete,"

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sincethreeisthecompletionnumber."Repair"referstomoralreform."Collapse"isacustomaryeuphemismfortheruler'sdemise.

App.9:AGreatEndgainedbyselfdenigration.32
Evilisdrivenbeyondtheheavens.

Fath.9:GreatEndsgainedbyabnegation
Mean:Modestyisthestuffofgreatness.

TheGreatEndmayrefereithertoagoodend(i.e.,anhonorabledeath)ortotheattainmentoflife'scentralambition.Anypersoncanachieveeitherofthesedesirable
endsonlyifheiswillingtoyieldwhenappropriate,ratherthanthrusthimselfforwardregardlessofconsequences.33Paradoxically,thegreatestgoodscometothe
personwhominimizeshisownpretensionsandclaimstounderstanding.34
CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YinthephaseWaterandtheYi
chingHexagramno.55,
Abundancethesunentersthe
K'uo Willowconstellation,15thdegree
No.46.Enlargement
July12(p.m.)July16

HEAD:Yinch'i,concealed,1gathersthemin.2Yang,stillenlarging,opensthemup.3

Despiteitsgrowingstrength,yinch'iisstilltooweaktopreventafinalburstofactivityanddevelopmentbythemyriadthings.Yangch'iinlatesummerstilloperates
withrelativefreedom,sothatthemyriadthingsenlargeuntilharvestorhibernationtime.Yinch'i,then,ispicturedasakindof"unmovedmover,"whichactstocounter
alltendenciestowardsproliferationandexpansion.Theearlycommentariesinnowayobjecttoyin'sactivities,seeingthemaspartofthenormalcyclicalprocesses,
butthelatercommentariestendtoarguetheevilsofyin.Onecommentatorsays,forexample,thatyin"hiding[itsevil,pretendsto]harmonizewithandconformto"
yang'sactivity,despiteitsintentiontosuckthestrengthfromyangatalaterpoint.4

Thecharacterusedforthetetragramtitleoriginallyreferredtotheoutercitywallsbuiltfordefensehence,theAppraisals'repeatedreferencestoarchitecturalforms.It
wastypicalinancientChinatoconstructtheoutercitywallsfirst,allowingroomforlaterpopulationgrowth.For

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thisreason,thetetragramtalksoflarge,evenbloatedformsencasingemptyspaces.Notsurprisingly,classicaltextsusethesamegraphtodescribethatindividualwho
combinesselfaggrandizementwithignorance.5Theproverbtellsusthat,"Thelargestvesselfillsmostslowly."6Thatmeans,rapidexpansionoftenunderminesinternal
solidity.Suchlessonsapplytotheselfcultivationoftheindividual,ofcourse,aswellastoissuesofstatecraft.

App.1:Heenlargesandextendsit,
Butthebasewasnotbuiltstraight.

Fath.1:Enlargingandextendingit
Means:Fromthefirst,thebaseleans.

TheclassicalDoctrineoftheMeanstipulatesafixedorderforreform:Theindividualmustfirstrectifyhimself,thenthehousehold,thenthestate,andfinallyAllunder
Heaven.7HeretheindividualenlargeshispowerbasebeforeachievingfullmasteryoftheWay.Sincehisbaseisnot"straight"(i.e.,inaccordwithTao),whatever
securityhebuildsislikelytocollapseunderpressure,justasthephysicalstructureconstructedonafaultyfoundationissuretocollapse.8
App.2:Goldpostsandjadeprops
Standlargeininnercitywalls.

Fath.2:Goldpostsandjadeprops
Means:Manyarethesupportsanduprights.9

Postsandprops10arestructuralunitsrequiredintheconstructionofthestrongtampedearthwallsusedinallmajorpublicworksprojectsinearlyChina,including
palacecomplexes.Theexcellentmaterialemployedintheirconstructioninsuresdurability,strength,andimpregnability.11Thepresenceofraregoldandjadealso
pointstothesingularimportanceofthesiteandstructure.Weshouldalsonotethereferenceheretotheinnerdefensivewalls.Primaryattentionisfocusedoninternal,
ratherthanexternalmatters.Fromthisweseethatthewisepersonintentonconstructingastrictlyuprightmorallifeisabsolutelydependentupon"golden"advicefrom
thesages,whosecollectivewisdomwillhelphimsecureandenhancehisposition.AsFanWangwrites,"Oneusesthecitywalltoguardoneself,justasoneemploys
worthies[asmodelsandasadvisors]toprotectoneself."12

App.3:Thoughenlarging,shebearsnoson.
Hebeds13abarrenwife.

Fath.3:Greatbutnotwithchild
Means:Howcanhegetdescendants?

InAppraisal3,thetransitionfromthoughttoaction,theindividualseekstoenlargehispowerbase,butlacksthemeanstobringhisplansto

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completion.Themetaphorusediseasilyunderstood:Thehusband,intentuponproducinganheir,mistakenlywedsa''stonewife,"atermwhichcanrefertoabarren
woman14orpossibly(moreliterally)toastonesculpturecarvedtocommemoratechastewives.Twolessonsaretaughthere:first,initialmiscalculationsaboutone's
capacitymayprecludefinalfruition,nomatterhowmanyattemptsaremadesecond,apparentcapacityshouldnotbeconfusedwithrealcapacity.

App.4:Enlarginghisgatesanddoors,
Heprotectshimselffromrobbersandrogues.15

Fath.4:Enlargingthegatesanddoors
Means:Heextendswhatheplansandbuilds.16

Sincetheheightofgatesanddoorsisstrictlyregulatedbysumptuarylaws,raisingtheheightimpliesasignificantimprovementinboththeresourcesandthestatusof
thehousehold.Atthesametime,anenlargedentryimpliesincreasedcontactwiththeoutsideworld.17Suchcontactcancontinueinsafetysolongasthebasic
structuralelementsofthehousearestrong.Byanalogy,solongasthegoodpersonisstronglycommittedtotheWay,heisabletorealizefutureplanswithout
endangeringhimself.18

Thegatemayalsoindicatethecapital(specifically,thepalacecomplex),whilethedoorsstandforthecommonpeople.19Meritservesaprotectivefunction,increasing
supportatcourtandamongthepopulace.20
App.5:Heaven'sgateisopenedwide,
Extendingthestepsofitshall.21
Thismaygiverisetoerror.

Fath.5:ThatHeaven'sgateisopenedwide
Means:Virtuecannotfillthesacredhall.

Heavenwishestofavorthosebelow,especiallytherulingelite,soitsgateisopenedwidetopromotefreecommunicationwiththoseonearth.Thatthestepsextend
straighttoitsformalaudiencehallsignifiestherelativeeasewithwhichtherulershouldbeabletoachievethefundamentaltaskofbridgingHeavenandManbyself
cultivation.Unfortunately,therulerherelackstherequisitevirtuetoactaspartnertoHeaven22ignoringHeaven'smanifestdesiretohelp,therulermakesnoeffortto
growinwisdomandintruth.Instead,thebadrulerviewseverynaturaladvantageandpossibleopportunityasawaytoincreasehisholdoverothers.Soonerorlater,
itwillbecomeobviousthathecannothopetomeasureupintermsofvirtue.Rulerslikethis,eventhoughtheymayhave"ascendedtothehall,"have"notenteredthe
innersanctum."23

App.6:Withplentythenorm,howloftyhisreign24
TheHundredLords25givestaunchsupport.26
Thisiswhathisvirtuebegets.27

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Fath.6:Thatallisabundanceandallislofty
Means:ThisiswhatwecalltheGreatPeace.

Thegoodrulerconsolidateshispoliticalpowerthroughtheexerciseofhischarismaticvirtue.Heprovidesmaterialabundanceforhismanysubjects(TheHundred
Lordsarehisfeudallords.)hisgraceisalsoabundantenoughtoinducetheirmoraltransformation.Heisloftyinthreerelatedsenses:First,heexemplifiesthetradition
handeddownfromthegreatsagekingsofyore.Second,hestrengthenstiesbetweenMan,thegods,andtheancestorsinHeaven.Third,heisfarsuperiortoall
othersinmoralandpoliticalterms.Suchawiseemperorissupportedbyothernoblemen(definedbyeitherbirthorvirtue).Ashispoliciestakeeffectthroughoutthe
land,theperfectsocialorderknownastheGreatPeaceisusheredin.

App.7:Outsideheishighandmighty.28
Atcenter,though,hefails.
Thenoblemanissenttothewilds,
Whilepettymenenterhischambers.

Fath.7:Thattheoutsideishighandmighty
Means:Atcenter,hehasnomenworthyofthename.

Thephrase"nomen"traditionallyreferstoadearthofloyalsupporters,ratherthanthecompleteabsenceofsubjects.Menciuswrites:

Asarule,astatewithoutlawabidingfamiliesandreliableofficials...willperish.29

Position7markstheBeginningofCalamity.Theevilkingmayappearallpowerfultoothers,buthisrulewillultimatelyfailsinceheexilesworthymenfromcourtand
surroundshimselfwithpettysycophants.Inhiscrazeddesireforincreasedpower,hehasneglectedwhatiscrucialtothemaintenanceofthatpower.Nothingcouldbe
worseforthestate.
App.8:Enlargingtheiroutside,hollowingtheirinside
Isbestfordrumsandsignalbells.30

Fath.8:Enlargingtheoutside,emptyingtheinside
Means:Onlythencanonebeheard.

YangHsiungoccasionallylikestoupsetconventionalexpectations.MostoftheAppraisalsforthistetragramwarnagainstenlargingtheexteriorwhileignoringthe
crucialfoundationoftheinterior.Butthen,justaswearetemptedtomakeahardandfastruleonthispoint,Yangremindsustomeasureallconductagainstthe
specificcaseathand.Insomeinstances,likethatoftheritualbellanddrum,theeffectivenessofanobjectdependsentirelyonthecombinationofalargeoutsidewith
anemptyinside.31Andsoweareledtoamoresubtleunderstandingoftheterms

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"greatness"and"emptiness":Greatnessimpliespower,butpowercaneitherderivefromvirtueorfrommisguidedselfaggrandizement.Emptinesscanconveyeither
receptivitytotheTaooremptyheadedunconcernfortheonetrueWay.

Sincebellsanddrumsareanecessarypartofrituallife(athome,onthebattlefield,andatcourt),theysuggestthatthegoodman'sinfluencegrowswiderthemorehe
reliesontheunseenandtheempty(i.e.,thehumbleheart).Becausebellsanddrumssetthebeat,theirrhythmsalsosignifythemoderationandselfrestraintrequiredof
thetrulymoralindividual.

App.9:Hebuildsthelargestofveryhighwalls.32
Inthreeyears,hehasnoservants.
App.9:Maximizingthesizeofthewall
Means:Intheend,nonearewillingtoserve.

Position9correspondstotheHeightofCalamity,soYangHsiungdepictsanextremesituationinwhichtherulerforfeitshisthrone.Theimageryheresuggeststhe
ruler'smultiplefailuresinknowingwhentostop.33PerhapsYangHsiungiscriticizingthemegalomaniacalconstructionprojectsfavoredbytheFirstEmperorofCh'in
andEmperorWuofHan.Perhapsthewallconstructionsignalstheruler'sunwillingnesstopreservelinesofcommunicationbetweenthethroneanditssubjects.34
(Externalsignsofpoliticalpower,afterall,arelesscrucialindeterminingthestrengthoftheempirethantheruler'sabilitytosecuretheloyaltyofhispeople.)Finally,
thehighprotectivewallsmayalertustothepovertyofthecorruptruler'sinnersoul.35TheChangeswarns,"Tobeinhighposition,yetlackthepeople'ssupport,...
thatmanwillhavecauseforregretateveryturn."36
CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YangthephaseFireandtheYi
chingHexagrarnno.59,Dispersal1
Wen thesunenterstheStarconstellation,
No.47.Pattern 4thdegree
July17July21(a.m.)

HEAD:Asyingatherstheirplainnesstoitself,yangdispersestheirpatterns."Theplainandthepatternedareinterspersed"2sothatthemyriadthingsgrowbrightand
beautiful.

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TheHeadtextexploresoneofthemostfundamentalpatternsintheChineseuniverse:yinisassociatedwiththeunadorned,hidden,innercore,whileyangistiedtothe
multiplicityofformsthatevolvefromit.Pattern(especially,therelationbetweenthesocietalpatternswecall"culture,"thebehavioralpatternswecall"conduct,"and
thecosmicpatternswecall"portents")isperhapsthesinglemostimportantpreoccupationofHanthinkers.Eventhoughtitselfisbasicallyconceivedofastheprocess
wherebyunderlying,significantpatternsareextractedfromthemanydisparatebitsofinformationfedtotheheart/mindbythesensoryorgans.3Thisprocessproduces
anevaluatingmindabletojudgepropermoraldirection.Onceeachphenomenonisassigneditscorrectcategorical(orcorrelative)value,eventsandthingsareseento
operatebyinvariablecosmicpatterns.ManyearlyChinesethinkerswereintentupondiscoveringthecosmiclawsinordertofindwaysofmanipulatingthecourseof
futureevents,buttheMysteryfocusesuponaseriesofstatementsdrawnfromtheConfucianClassicsthatrelatepatterntocultureandsagehood.

Fourpassagesaremostimportanttounderstandingthistetragram.Thefirstcharacterizesritualintermsofpattern:

Tzuhsiaaskedthemeaningofthepoem:
Ohthesweetsmiledimpling.
Thelovelyeyessoblackandwhite!
Plainsilkthatyouwouldtake
Forcolouredstuff.

TheMastersaid,"Thepaintingcomesaftertheplaingroundwork."Tzuhsiasaid,"Thenritualcomesafterwards?"TheMasterreplied,"Ah,...AtlastIhavesomeonewithwhom
IcandiscusstheOdes."4

Thesecondquotationdescribesthenoblemanasonewho(notunlikethecosmos)representsabalancebetweentheplainandthepatterned:

Whennaturalsubstanceprevailsoverornamentation,yougettheboorishnessoftherustic.Whenornamentationprevailsoversubstance,yougetthepedantryofthescribe.
Onlywhenornamentationandsubstancearedulyblendeddoyougetthetruegentleman.5

Athirdpassagecomparesthegentlemantotwomarvelousanimalsknownforbothbeautyandstrength:

[Hewhoeffects]greatchangeislikeatiger,hispatternsdistinctive....Thesuperiormanchangeslikealeopard,hismarkingsfine.Thesmallman[merely]changeshisspots.6

Thefourthdepictsthesageasonewhohasfullyinternalizedthecosmicpatternsandsoisabletoinducesocietalorderamonghisfellowmen:

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7
[Onlythesage]couldcopyit[thepatternednatureofHeaven]....Sublimearehisachievements,dazzlingthemanifestationsofhis[internal]pattern.

Thisseriesoffourquotationsrevealsakindofprogression,whichmirrorsthedevelopmentoftheindividualsoul.Achievementnecessarilybeginswithattentiontothe
"plaingroundwork,"thatis,buildingasolidbasisinintegrity.Nextcomesthepattern,for"agentlemaninhispursuitoftheWaydoesnotgetthereunlesshemanages
toexemplifyabeautifulpattern."8IfthehumanbeinggoesontofullydevelophisinnatepotentialbyimitationoftheAncients,9wehavethebrillianceofthesage,who
drawshisinspirationforculturalpatternsfromtheregularmovementsofNature.Thecourseofhumanityis,thus,to"firstcultivatetheselfandlatermakeitpervade
[theouterworld]."10

Thesequotations,however,donotprovideananswertothefundamentalquestion,"Howcanapersondistinguishtherightpatternsofthemoralsuperiorfromthe
deceptivelypleasingpatternsofthepettyindividual?"PartoftheMystery'sanswercanbegleanedfromthearrangementoftheAppraisals.Ingeneral,thevigorofthe
earlylinesisassociatedwithplainness.Asthetetragrammovestowardstheendofthecycle,ornatepatterntakesover,becomingevermorecomplicateduntilit
threatenstoobscurethebasicsubstanceentirely.Thishasimplicationsforthedevelopmentoftheheart/mind,ofcourse,butalsoforcourtpolicyaswell.11The
Appraisalssuggestthatthecourtforegoexcessiveexpenditureonfineryandpalacecarvings,bothtoconservewealthformoreimportantusesandtosetaproper
exampleforitssubjects.12
App.1:Forcollarandlapel,whyuseundyedsilk?
Foritsjadelikepurity.

Fath.1:Forcollarandlapel,whytheundyedsilk?
Meaning:Itspatternlieswithin.

Appraisal1typicallydescribestheshadowy,undevelopedinnercoreofthehumanbeing.Hereitcontraststheundyedsilkusedforinterfacingwiththefiguredsilk
preferredfortheouterclothing.Plainrawsilkisliketheunadornedsubstanceinhumannatureatbirth.Thesubtlepatternsofthesilkthatliewithintheliningmaterial
giveshapetothewhole,thoughthesurfacepatternsofdyedsilkaremuchmoreobvious.Byanalogy,thegoodpersonbuildsupontheinnatepotentialforGoodness
whenstrivingtointernalizethepatternofthesageslater,plainthoughtscanbetranslatedintothebrilliantinsigniaofculture.AstheanecdoteaboutTzuhsiashows,
justasthepaintingcomesafterthegroundwork,sodoesritualcomeaftertheproperinternalattitudeisestablished.13

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Thetraditionalcommentators,however,interpretthelinesinlightofthefollowingpassagefromthe"DoctrineoftheMean":

Overtheembroideredrobesheputsaplainsinglet,suggestingadislikeoftheobviousdisplayofpatternfoundintherobe...[Similarly,]thegentlemanworksfortheconcealment
ofhisvirtue.14

Thepoemthenwouldread:

Theembroidered15collar16iscovered
Withundyedsilkaspureasjade.
Undyedsilkonembroideredcollar
Means:Thepatternlieswithin.

Bothinterpretationsemphasizethesuperiorman'sintegrityoverexternalmarksofculture.Eitherreadingislinguisticallypossible,butthefirstprovidesabettercontrast
withAppraisal2.Also,thesecondreadingseemstopertaintoatimelaterinthecycle.
App.2:Thepatternisrichlyfigured,
Butthebasematerialisbad.

Fath.2:Embellishmentswithoutsubstance
Mean:Bothcannotbeequallyfine.

Confuciusoncesaidofalazystudent,"Rottenwoodcannotbecarvednorawallofdrydungtrowelled."17Outwardembellishmentcannothidealackofinnerquality.
Realcultivation(definedasattainingthepatternoftruehumanity)ispossibleonlywhenitdevelopsfromafirmcoreofintegrity."Embellishmentthatlackssubstance
provokesresentment,"18sodangerliesahead.ThisisadifferentpointfromthatmadebyLaotzuandChuangtzu,whosuspectembellishmentinallitsforms,preferring
theunadorned,whichtheyassociatewithspontaneousNature,tothe"artificial"productsofsociety.

App.3:Thegreaterthepattern,thesimpleritseems.
Thegreat19seemstrulyinadequate.

Fath.3:Inpatterns,plainerisgreater.20
Meaning:Ithasmorethanenoughsubstance.

Thisluckysetofversespresentsaparadoxicaltruth:Thegreatertheman,thesimplerheappearstobe.Byextension,thegreatertheinstitutionortool,themore
naturallyitappearstofunction.Forthisreason,"vastvirtueseemsinadequate."21Theaveragepersonfailstoappreciatethemiraculousnatureofeitherthesageor
sagelyinstitutions.Thisisbothbecausetheinherentmodestyofthesagepreventshimfromparadinghisachievements,andbecausethepettymindmistakenlyassumes
thatgreattasksandtalentsrequireextraordinarycomplexity.Confuciushimself

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confessedtoasimilarmisapprehensionwhenassessingthecharacterofhisbestdisciple,YenHui:

TheMastersaid,"IcantalktoYenHuiawholedaywithouthiseverdifferingfromme.Onewouldthinkhewasstupid.ButifIinquireintohisprivateconductwhenheisnotwith
me,IfindthatitfullydemonstrateswhatIhavetaughthim.No,Huiisbynomeansstupid."22

App.4:Ornatepatternsandoverembellished:
Iftigerandleopardwerepatternedthus,
ItwouldnotpleaseHeavenitwouldbebad.

Fath.4:Thatornamentobstructs
Means:Howisitworthyofpraise?23

OnepassageintheChanges(citedabove)comparesthedistinctivemarkingsofthetigerandleopardtothesuperiorpatternsofcultivationdisplayedbythetruly
nobleperson.24Iftheirboldmarkings,soeasilyseen,25wereindistinguishablefromthoseoflesserbeasts,thetigerandleopardwouldnolongerbefitanaloguestothe
superiorperson.Overlyornatepatterns,infact,recallthepettyman,whoishardlyworthyofpraise.

Thisreadingdiffersfromthatproposedbythecommentators:

Ornatepatterns,highlyembellished.
Tigerandleopardarepatternedthus.
UnlesstheytendtowardHeaven,26
Theyarenogood.

Thecommentatorsofferthefollowinganalysis:Thetigerandtheleopard,despitethevalueoftheirornamentalskins,arenotemployedinsacrificesfortworeasons:
First,onlysolidcoloranimalsareofferedtothegods,demonstratingthegod'spreferenceforplainsubstanceoverpattern.Second,bothtigerandleopardarebeasts
ofprey.SincetheancientChineseequatedmoralactionwithdeedswhichforgestrongcommunity,thetigerandleopardarehardlyfitofferingstothegods.However
beautifulandrare,merepatternalonecannotsufficetopleasethegodsorwinrenownintheworldofMan.Excessiveemphasisonsurfaceembellishmentmayinfact
createmanyproblemsforoneselfandothers.27Afterall,itisbecauseoftheirpatternsthattigerandleopardarehunteddown.28

App.5:Brightandbold:
Brilliantthepatternsthatareupheld
Whenchariotsandrobesarefullyused29

Fath.5:Whatisboldisonhigh.
Meaning:Heaven'spatternsaremostbright.

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30
IntheveryfirstchapteroftheDocuments,theancientsagekingShunbestowsuponvariousofficials"chariotsandrobesaccordingtotheirservices." Sumptuary
regulationsandliberalrewardswereconsideredimportanttoolsofgoodgovernmentinChina.Throughthem,thegovernmenthopedtoteachitssubjectstherelative
worthofvariouscontributionstosocietybymakingvirtueandduty"therootofprofitableaction,"31thecourtstrovetoencouragegoodbehavioranddiscouragethe
bad.Intheory,onceeachshiningmodelofgoodbehaviorreceivesmunificentawardsofchariotsandrobes,eventhelowesttypeofpersonmaywishtoemulatehis
goodexample.Therefore,theruleroftruecultivationemployssumptuaryregulations(onepattern)bestowedincourtceremonies(anotherpattern)toenforcecultural
values(stillanotherpattern)derivedfromHeaven(theultimatesourceofdivinepattern).32
App.6:Thepatternofwildgeeseinflight
Isnomodelforman.
Theyflyastheywishtowardtheriver.33

Fath.6:Noruletothepatternsofgeese
Means:Theygowherevertheyplease.

InChina,asintheWest,migratorybirdsarethoughttobeportents,duetotheiruncannyabilitytopredicttheonsetofcoldweather.However,thewildgooseoften
breaksrankasitfliessouth,stoppingoffatriverbanks.Thus,no"greatpattern"34marksitsbehavior.Inthisitisliketheindividualofsometalentwhosedesireslead
himtodisregardpropersocialconstraints.
App.7:Whilepheasantswinnofavor,
Chickensarelavishedwithgrain.35

Fath.7:Thatpheasantswinnosupport
Means:Itishardtofeedthoseinhiding.36

Becauseofitspatternedplumageandrichtaste,thepheasantshouldbevaluedfarabovethelowlychicken.Nevertheless,thepheasant'srefusaltobedomesticated
makesitanunreliablesourceoffoodorfeathers.37Giventhis,itishardlysurprisingthattheinherentlylessvaluablebutdomesticatedbirdisofferedthegrain.

Sinceofficialsalarywaspaidingrain,theverseisathinlyveiledcommentonpoliticallife.Thetwobirds,ofcourse,symbolizetheworthyandthemediocrecandidate
foroffice.Ifnoblemenavoidgovernmentservice,onlymediocretalentswillbeleftfortherulertoappoint.38Forthisreason,thegoodmanshouldnotregardhimself
astoopuretoacceptpatronagefromothers,norshouldheforsakethecourtinperiodsofdecline.(Wearenow,afterall,inPosition7.)39Inreturn,thewiserulerwill
rewardhimforhiscontributionstosociety.

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40
App.8:Intricatecarvingandgrainpatternedcloth
Squanderthefarmers'time.41
Withpatterns,thenchaos.

Fath.8:Patternsofintricatecarving
Mean:Theyonlywastetheirdays.

TheMysteryencapsulatesthefamousargumentmadebyanearlierConfucianmaster,ChiaYi(200168B.C.),inamemorialtothethrone:Theproductionofeachand
everysingleluxuryitemrepresentsaseverelosstothestate,sinceitdivertsnecessarymanpowerfromtheproductionofsuchbasicgoodsasgrainandplaincloth.42
App.9:Extremelycomplexpatterns:
Changedtothebolderaxandstripe.43

Fath.9:Thattheultrapatternedisexchanged
Means:Theymatchittothesubstance.44

Appraisal9asthelastpoemofthetetragramreflectsextremepatternization.Theauspiciouscharacterofthelinecorrelatedwithyangch'irequiresaretreatfrom
extremeembellishmentandareturntogreatersimplicityofpattern.Accordingly,thesacrificialrobesarepatternedwithboldfiguresrenderedindramaticcolors.This
changeinclothingsignifiesafundamentalchangeofheart.Theprivatepersonreturnstoritualasthebasisofselfcultivation.Meanwhile,highofficialsrestorethe
essentialsofgovernment,includinganemphasisonritualandagriculture.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YinthephaseWoodandtheYi
chingHexagramno.10,Stepthe
sunenterstheSpread
constellation,2ddegreethe
Li DipperpointsSSWthemusical
No.48.Ritual noteisG1
July21(p.m.)July25

HEAD:Yinisinthelowregionswhileyangisonhigh.Ifhighandlowfight[their]bodies,thingsjoininhavingritual.

TheGreatHeatsolarperiod,whenyangch'iblazesmostfiercely,openswithAppraisal3ofthistetragram.Evenso,thedeclineofyang

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2
ch'ihasalreadybegun.Yinispoisedbelowinthelowerregions,readytoadvance,whileyang,stillonhigh,preparestoleave. Thus,thetwocomplementary
configurationsofenergynowappearinadancelikecounterpointofrhythmandpattern.IntheworldofMan,thispatternofinterdependenceandcomplimentarityfinds
itsanalogyinthedelicatelybalancedritualsthatrulerelationsbetweenhostandguest.3Onthatmodel,allsignificantexchanges(forexample,theexchangeofgiftsorof
verbalcommunications)takeoncorrectritualposturesappropriatetotheirtimes.

"Ritual"(li)isthewordtheChinesegavetoanysymbolicactthatmarksasignificantinteractionbetweentwoormoreparties(forexample,betweenthegodsand
man).AccordingtoConfucius,thephysicalenactmentofritualbecomesfullycompellingonlyifitreflectsaprofoundintegrityofthespirititisthisperfectharmonyof
formandheartthatinfuseseachgesturewithdignityanddirection.Perfunctoryceremonyormechanicalgestures,eveniftheymimicritual,areunworthyofthename.4
Insofarasritualimpliesspiritualwholeness,thegraphforritualrelatestothecognategraph"body,"whichdescribescorporealcompleteness.5

ThewordforritualtakesoneverwiderassociationsundertheinfluenceoftheWarringStatesphilosopherHsntzu.6Inmanyways,itcomestoembracenotonlyall
"rulesforliving,"butalsoallcosmicinteractions.Inshort,itcomestobesynonymouswithTao.Forthisreason,theHeadtextcanspeakofthemyriadthings
participatinginritualactivityincompanywithhumanbeings.

Correctritualperformancemakesforgoodcommunityandfairgovernment.7Italsointimatestheineffablethatwouldremainotherwiseunknown,whileitprovides
numerousopportunitiesforaestheticandmoralappreciation.However,theformsofritualatleastinitiallyplacefundamentalconstraintsontheheart/mindandthe
body.Longhoursofdisciplinedstudyandintensivetrainingarerequiredifoneistotrulymasterthemandmakethem"secondnature."TheChangeshexagramaligned
withthistetragramspeaksofconditions"subjecttorestraint."8TheMysterywilldevelopthatthemebelow.
App.1:Steppingontiptoe,
Heleaveshisforebears9behind.

Fath.1:Raisinghisheels
Means:Hemakeshisownfamilyretreat.

Becauseofaphoneticidentitybetweenthetwographs,manyearlydictionariesdefineritual(li)intermsofbehavioral"steps"(alsoli).10ToreadersintheWest,
steppingontiptoeoftenindicatesextremedeference,onthepresumptionthatamincingstepminimizestheobtrusivecharacter

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ofapersonadvancing.(Ofcourse,steppingontiptoecanalsoindicateacertaindegreeoffurtiveness.)InChina,however,''steppingontiptoes"isequatedwith"high
stepping"itistheouterexpressionofinnerarrogancesincethedesiretoraisetheheelrevealsaperson'sambitionsto"forcetoahighpointwhatis[naturally]
positionedbelow."11Forthisreason,suchastepbecomes"asymboloftheusurpationofasuperior's[place]."12Here,arroganceandambitionthreatentheentire
familyhierarchy,fortheyoungsterhasforgotteneventhemostbasicfilialdutiesowedthelivingandthedead.

InancientChina,thosewholookedtowardthefuturewitheageranticipationwerealsosaidto"standontiptoe."13Somuchattentiondirectedtothefuturecanlead
onetoforgetthepast.Thatthisindividualforgetseventheancestors,fromwhomlifeitselfderives,isclearproofofselfabsorption.14AtAppraisal1,whichindicates
eitherthebeginningofacycleorverylowsocialposition,theindividualalreadycongratulateshimselfonbeingaselfmademan.Suchafundamentalmistakecanonly
spelltroubleforthefuture.Asonetextpredicts,"Hewhotiptoescannotstand."15

App.2:Withagazemostdeferential,16
Withreverentialsteps,
Onlythenisheshotthroughwithintegrity.

Fath.2:Mostdeferential,mostgrave
Means:Respectissuesfromtheheart.

TheAnalectsofConfuciusrepeatedlyidentifiesrespectasthefirst,crucialstepontheroadtomoralperfection.Inevitably,areverentialattitudetowardone's
superiorsresultsinoutwarddisplaysofvirtue.Hereinnerandoutercorrespondperfectlyeyeandstep,intentionandact,moveeasilyinritualforms.

Thepoemliterallysaysthatthenoblemanis"piercedthroughwithjujube[wood],"aphrasethatmaypuzzletheWesternreader,butnottheChinese.Nofewerthan
twentypoemsintheBooleofOdesrefertothethornyjujube,whoseredcoresymbolizesthecompassion,wisdom,tenderness,andhonestyoftheindividual.17In
latertexts,thejujubeespeciallystandsforthegoodminister,whomustbe"thorny"attimesinordertoremonstratewiththeruler,despitehisabsoluteintegrityand
loyaltytothethrone(his"redcore").18Loyaltyandtrustworthiness,then,becomethebasisofritual.19
App.3:Theportraitisperfectinform,
Butintruth,itlacksperfection.

Fath.3:Theportrait,perfectinform,
Means:Itisnottruetoitssource.20

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AsinEnglish,inChinesethewordsfor"faithful"and"true"denoteboththeaccuracywithwhichanartist'simagereproducesrealityandtheintegrityofone'sinner
psychicstate.21Apaintinghowevergoodcanneverreallycometolifeitistwodimensional,evencuriouslyflat,ratherthanmultifaceted.22Inthat,itis
fundamentallydifferentfromtherealobjectonwhichitismodeled.Onlyverystupidpeoplewouldconfusethepaintedrepresentationwiththerealthing.Noless
benightedarethosewhopresumethattheouterformsofritualconstitutethe"realthing"initstotality.Onlythosewhointendtoconveytruehumanitythroughtheforms
infuseeachritualactwithasacredcharacteritisthisinnercommitmenttoGoodness,notthemechanicalimitationofcertainprescribedgestures,thatendowstheritual
withpower.Simplygoingthroughthemotionsteachesnothing,nordoesitforgetruecommunity.23How,then,canitbeequatedwithtrueritual?AstheConfucian
Classicssay,''Insmallparticulars,hepracticesdeportmentasifthatwereallimportant.Isthatnotfarfromsayingthatheknowsritual?"24

Thisversedoesnotcriticizeimitationperse.Faithfulimitationoftheancients'intentionsliesattheheartofgoodritual.25
App.4:Thestatelydemeanorofpeacockandgoose
Helpswhenmountingthesteps.

Fath.4:Thedecorumofpeacockandwildgoose
Means:Theycanbeusedasmodels.

Boththepeacockandthewildgoosearerarebirds.Inbothspecies,theplumageofthemalesisbrilliantlycoloredinintricatepatterns.Therefore,inancienttimes,
theirbeautifulfeatherswereusedintheinsigniaofrankonceremonialcaps.Thewildgoosewasadmiredforitsuncannyabilitytoflyatthecorrecttimeinorderly
fashionthepeacock,forthestatelysweepofitsmajesticwalk.26Forallthesereasons,thetwospecieswereassociatedwithimpressiveceremony.Fromthispoem
welearnthatthewiseleader"ontherise,"ifsufficientlyschooledincorrectritualpattern,canleadhisfollowerstoaprofoundmoraltransformation.

App.5:Harboringhisrebelliousintent,
Hesmasheshisladlesinerror,27
ThenruinsthegiftofNineArrows.28

Fath.5:Rebelliouslybreakingladles
Means:Hereduceshisowndignity.29

Appraisal5correspondstotheruler.Intheritualenfeoffmentofhisvassallords,theSonofHeavenconfersuponhischiefsupportersninesymbolicgiftsofinvestiture
(thesocalledNineConferrals),30includingabundleofarrows,sacrificialwine,andceremonialclothing,allofwhichsymbolizetheruler'sabsolutetrustinhis
subordinates.Forexample,

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31
trustworthyofficialsaresaidtobe"straightasarrows"hence,thegiftofarrows. Suchimportantgiftsarepresumablyreservedforthosewho,mindfulofancient
precedentsandfamilyhonor,canbedependedupontosacrificetheirverylivestoprotecttheancestralhouse.32Afterall,theclassicstellusthat,"Thepurposeof
ritualistosecuremenintheirpositions."33

Here,thedisrespectshowntheSonofHeavenbyoneormoreenfeoffedlordsisevident.Thesubordinatewholacksvirtuerisesupinrevolt.Theoutwardsignofhis
innerrebellionishiswillfuldestructionoftheritualgiftsreceivedathisappointment.Rebellioussubordinatessoonlosetheir"dignity,"whichinarchaicusagerefersto
highrankandagenerousstipend."Thisistolosetheempirethroughinhumanity."34

App.6:Havingrankedtheminorderlikefishscales,35
Onlythendoeshegrantthemlargesse.36
Bythis,likealord,herisestoHeaven.37

Fath.6:Serriedrankslikefishscales
Mean:Nobleandbasetaketheirplaces.

Ideally,theimperialbureaucracyisatight,orderlyformationthatfunctionsasone,thoughritualstipulatesthatseparatedutiesandprerogativesbeassignedtoeach
officialgrade.Therefore,manyearlyChinesewriterscomparethebureaucracytotheoverlappingscalesofafish.38Carefulgradationsinranksupportedbyritual
prerogativesclarifyproperstandardsofconductforAllunderHeaven.Ritualpattern,byitsveryintegrityandcohesiveness,makesusurpationunthinkableand
unworkable.Themostimportanttaskofthesageruler,then,istoemployritualtomakeappropriatedistinctionsbetweenhismanysubordinates,sothateachperson
receivesarankcommensuratewithhisabilityandmerit.
App.7:Oversteppingritual:
"Onewhoknowsnofearentersfearsomesituations."

Fath.7:Fearlesslyoversteppingritual
Means:Thisiswhatothermenreject.

Ritualistherootofallproductivesocialactivity,forritualisthemosteffectivemeanstosecurethegoodwilloffamilyandfriends.Toabandonritualistoturnto"rule
bypunishments,"apolicywhichultimatelyunderminesstateorder,accordingtotheConfucians.Ontheotherhand,togobeyondritual(inotherwords,tobe
overelaborateinone'spractices)istomuddytheclearmessageritualnormallyconveys.Excessiveritualalsorepresentsanunjustburdenintermsoftimeandmoney.
Forthisreason,inthecaseofritual,"togotoofarisasbadasnottogofarenough."39Whoeverignoresdueconsiderationforothers,asexpressedinritual,can
expecttobeabandonedbythoseforwhomhehasdem

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40
onstratedcontempt.AstheDocumentssays,"Onewhoknowsnofearentersfearsomesituations."
App.8:Hiscapisfullofholes,
Hisshoesareingoodrepair.41

Fath.8:Thatthecapisfullofholes
Means:Clearlythecapmustgoontop.42

Thosewhooccupythetoppositionshavefailed,whilethosebelowstillperformtheirjobsadmirably.Despitethebetterconditionoftheshoes(i.e.,thosebelow),
shoescannotbewornatopthehead.Inotherwords,badrulerscannotbeeasilyoverthrownbygoodsubjects.43Themetaphorsuggeststhatsocialstatusandpolitical
positionaretosomeextentpredeterminedforsomefixedperiodoftimebytheMandateofHeaven.Justbecauseaninferiordemonstratesmarkedability,itdoesnot
followthathecanimmediatelychallengehissuperiors.Instead,heshouldpatientlyawaitHeaven'scommands.

ThecommentatorCh'enPenligivesaslightlydifferentreadingbaseduponvariantcharacters:

Acapofplaitedrushes44
Shoesoffinebrocade.45
Capofplaitedrushes,
Clearly,[thisman]cannotbutbesetright.46

Towearluxuriousclothingwhileinmourningrepresentstheheightofunfiliality.Howcansuchaperson,whosebasicvaluesarewrong,possiblybeentrustedwith
publicoffice?Lapsesinritualsuggestanunsuitable,evenanunseemlysituation.
App.9:Hewearsahat,buthasnohead.
Ofwhatuseishighrank47tohim?

Fath.9:Havingnohead,hewearsitstill.
Meaning:Whereishegoingtogo?

Appraisal9alwaysdescribesextremes,andsowehearofthehead.Iftherulerhasnoheadforruling,whatdoesitmatterthathewearsthecrownassymbolofhis
authority?Andiftherulerloseshisheadthroughhisownineptitude,stilllesswillthecrownorrankmatter.48

OnecommentatorfindsintheselinesaveiledattackonWangMangforhisallegedassassinationofEmperorP'inginA.D.

6.49ButSsumaKuangarguesforadifferentinterpretation.Inritual,eventheemperorlearnstohumblehimself.Onlyanevilrulerassumesthatnohigherauthority
exists.Sucharulerlearnsnothingfromtheexampleoftheancientshealsoignoresusefuladvicefromhiscontemporaries.Oblivioustothereverencethatunderlies
ritual,heindulgesallhisworst,arrogantimpulses.Ultimatedestructionfollows.

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CorrelateswithEarth'sMystery
YangthephaseMetalandtheYi
chingHexagramno.33,Retreatthe
T'ao sunenterstheSpreadconstellalion,
No.49.Flight 6thdegree
July26July30(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinch'imanifestsitsstrength.1Yangch'iplungesinto2retreat.Themyriadthingsareabouttobedestroyed.

ItmayseemprematuretopredictthedeathofthemyriadthingsimmediatelyfollowingtheGreatHeatsolarperiodoflatesummer,butthistetragramisalliedwith
Metal,the"killing"or"punishing"Phasehence,theimageryofbattle.Thetetragram'stitle,Flight,predictsaquickretreatbyyangch'iassoonasyinch'irevealsits
strength.3Inresponse,themyriadthingswillbedestroyed.Afterall,astheChangesremindsus,''Thingscannotabideforeverintheirplace."4

SincetheHeadtextcharacterizesinitialretreatasthefirstimportantsteptowardultimatedestruction,itisnotablethattheMysterytalksofflightasbothauspiciousand
inauspiciousintheAppraisals.Enforcedflightisinherentlydangerousbecauseitleavesone'sflanksexposed,butvoluntaryretreatfromaposition(as,forexample,in
certainactsofcourtesy)canactuallyproveofbenefittothesuperiorman.
App.1:Retreatingwatersastheylevel
Obliteratethetrackstheymade.5

Fath.1:Leveledbyretreatingwaters
Means:Thetracksarenotrecut.6

Appraisal1,atthebeginningofthecycle,isalliedwiththeWaterPhase.Itisthepropertyofwatertolevelthrougherosionandflooding.Thepoemmustbe
auspicious,sinceitisalliedwithDayandyangch'i.Inthistranslation,escapebecomespossibleoncethefugitiveshavefledthroughwater,whicherasesallevidenceof
theirflight.Byanalogy,selfcultivationactslikewatertocleansetheselfofalltracesofone'sformerbestialimpulses.Thesamepoemalsoworksasadescriptionof
themysteriousTao,whicherasesthepresentmomentasthefutureunfolds.WereYangHsiungmorefirmlyinthecampoftheTaoists,itwouldbetemptingtoread
theselinesascriticismofhumancivilization,whichmustbecleansedbythenaturalactionofthewaters,sothatitcanreturntothedesiredoriginalstateofblankness.7

Manycommentators,however,wouldreadthefirstlineofboth

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8
AppraisalandFathomingas,"Thelevelingof[tracksmadebyanimals]thathavefled[to]water"atthefirstsignofafire. Thepoemthendemonstratestheabilityof
thenoblemantoforeseeandquicklyrespondtodisasterbeforecompletedevastationoccurs.9

App.2:Preoccupiedwithworries,10
Hefailstonoticetheditch,
Thoughshodingoldenslippers.

Fath.2:Theverytroubledmind
Means:Righteousnessdoesnotadvance.11

NotunlikeFreud,theancientChineseinsistedthatunconsciousorinadvertentslipsrevealourinnermoststateofmind.Inthevastmajorityofcases,theyreasoned,
lucklessindividualssimplyneededtoexercisegreatercautiontoimprovetheirfate.ThemostfamousanecdoteillustratingthisisthatofmusicmasterTzuch'un,who
stubbedhistoeoneday.Tzuch'unrespondedtotheminoraccidentbyretreatingtohisbedroomforanentiremonthtoconsiderthepossibledisgracethatmightresult
fromsimilaractsofcarelessness.12

Heedlessofhisfinery,thehaplesssubjectofthispoempitchesheadlongintoadrainageditch,sullyinghisshoes.Hislapseinjudgmentseemsmoreseriouswhenwe
rememberthatgoldenshoesindicatehighrankandstatus.

ThecommentatorsFanWangandSsumaKuanginterprettheselinessomewhatdifferently,however.ToFanWang,thegoldenslipperssymbolizethepettyperson's
stubborndeterminationtoremaininofficeatallcosts,ratherthantoretireintoseclusionwhendangerisathand.Thefailuretokeepinmindtheditch,toFanWang,
signifiesthebadofficial'sadamantrefusaltosufferhardshipforthesakeofrighteousness.(Apparently,inthisversion,theofficialshiesawayfromtakingtheexpected
plungeintotheditch.)FanWangwrites,thatsuchapersonisnotwillingtogothroughtheditchhimself(analternatereadingforthesecondAppraisalline.)13

SsumaKuangagreesthatitisthiscombinationofgreatdangerandhighstakeswhichmakesthepettymanturnskittish:

Thepettyman,althoughheseesthatcalamityisabouttoarrive,issoterrifiedthathecannotusehissenseofduty[ashisguide]inmakingadecision.[Instead,]clingingtohis
favorsandsalary,hetarriesratherthanleaves.Hedoesnotrealizethattheditchliesat[hisvery]feet.Suddenly,hetopplesforward.Confuciussaid,"Havingseenone'sduty,to
failtoactistolackcourage."14Therefore,itsays,"Righteousnessdoesnotadvance."

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15
App.3:Clenchinghisthighs, whippinghishorse,
Withbanditswatchinghisdoor,
It'sbestforhimtoflee.

Fath.3:Kneeingandwhippingthehorse'srump
Means:Heseeswhat'scoming.16

Appraisal3marksthetransitionfromthoughttoaction.Thehorse'sowner,seeingrobberscasehishouse,recognizesthedangerheisin.Salutaryfeargalvanizeshim
intoaction.Fortunately,hehasameansofescape.Hefleesonhorseback,digginghiskneeintothehorse'shaunchesandwieldinghiswhiptomakethehorserun
faster.Thankstohisquickresponse,hemanagestoslipaway,thoughhisescapeisnarrow.

App.4:Thetall17treesarebuttipsattop.18
Asbirdsinflightpassoverthem,
Somestopandthenalight.19

Fath.4:Birdsinthetalltrees
Means:Wantingtostop,theydropdown.

OnepopularanecdoteofHantimestellsofaflockofbirdsinflightthatdecidetorestinwhatappearstobeaninvitinggroveoftalltrees.20Butwhenthebirdsalight
onthetrees,thefragiletreetopscannotsupporttheirweight,andtheboughsswingdownunderthem.Someplungetotheirdeaths.Othersdiewhenthetipssnap
back,stunningthebirds,whicharetheneasilypickedoffbycraftyhunters.Itisalsopossiblethatthelushforestconcealshunters'traps.21Thiscautionarytaleteaches
twomainlessons:first,wemustalllearntodistinguishexternalappearancefrominternalsubstancesecond,wemustneverbeseducedbyunsuitablebutalluring
prospectsanddesires,especiallyinmidcourse.22

SinceAppraisal4correspondstocourtofficials,thesubjectmaywellbetheking'sofficials.Perhapstheyfindtheking'ssupportlessthanadequate.23Orperhapsthe
pettyperson,ambitiousforhighrank,forgetstheinherentdangerof"livingatthetop."24

App.5:Falconsareseenmassing25inwoods,
Ottersplungeintodeepestpools.
Anattackisimminent.26

Fath.5:Thesightoffalconsandotters
Means:Tofleebadluck,hideinthedeep.

Whengreatdangerlooms,thesuperiormanknowsenoughtoretreat.27Falconsandottersoftensignifycrueltysincebothpreyonsmallercreatures.28Inthiscase,
however,evenstrongfalconsandottersscurryawayratherthanfaceimpendingdoom.29

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30
App.6:Withsomanyfieldsunploughed,
Hewastestheworkweputintofootpaths.31

Fath6:Manyfields,asyetunplowed,
Mean:Hewastesstrengthandlosesmerit.32

Theearlymentionof"manyfields"leavesthereadertoexpectgreatwealthandvastterritories,suchasmightbelongtomembersoftherulingelite.Initialpreparations
foragoodharvesthavebeenmade.Agroupofconscientiousfarmershaveconstructedraisedfootpathsbetweenfields.Thesefootpaths,whichlooklikelowdikes
flattenedatthetop,servetwomainfunctions:Watercollectsbetweenthem,facilitatingtheirrigationprocess.Theyalsoallowthefarmertotendhiscropswithout
tramplingtendershootsunderfoot.Despitethesepreparations,thefarmerinthispoemfailstohitchhisoxentoploughthefields.Fromseedsowninunploughedfields,
hecanhardlyexpectgreatprofits,evenwithhisvastholdings.33Thefields,ineffect,becomeadeadlossthevastlaboralreadyexpendedfailstofurtherproduction.

Withregardtoselfcultivation,amancannotexpecttodevelophistalentsunlessheiswillingtoharrowhissoul.34Thispoemmayalsoapplytotherulerwho,in
ignoringhardworkingadvisors(symbolizedbythefarmer'soxen),ultimatelyfailstousehiskingdom'sresourcestothefull.35Finally,twocommentatorsapparently
interprettheversesasacritiqueofcarelesshunterswhodestroythefarmer'sfieldsastheypursuesport.36

App.7:Bykeepinganeyeonthefowler'snet,
Laterthebirdcanfly.

Fath.7:Keepingtheropeinsight
Means:Itisnotquitehighenough.37

Thewiseindividualkeepsdangerinsight,sothathecaneffectanescapeifnecessary.Likethebird,thisindividualnearlyfailstoflyhighenoughtoescapeharm'sway.
Luckily,theropeisnotthrownquitehighenoughtosnarethebird.

App.8:Theneckispiercedbyanarrow38
Andthewingsareboundbyitsstring.39

Fath.8:Theneckhit,thewingsbound,
Means:Donotstruggleinvain.

Thehunterattachesastringtohisarrowbecauseithelpshimlocatehispreyafterthehit.Thestringalsoservestobindthecatch.Thebird,ifshot,maystillhave
sufficientstrengthtoflapitswings.Butonceitswingsarebound,itcanneverhopetoflyofftosafety.Asthepoemindicates,allfurtherstruggleisfutile.40

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41
App.9:It'sbesttoflee,evenoncallousedfeet
Whenbandsofthieves42surroundthecitywalls.

Fath.9:Thatthievesandknavesbesiegethewalls
Means:Whereonearthcanapersonflee?

Appraisal9,thoughalignedwithauspiciousDay,alsorepresentstheculminationofFlight.Theindividualrealizesheisunderseigesinceevilmennowsurroundhis
stronghold.Despitehisevidentpanic,hemanages,aftermuchtravail,toescapewithhislife,thoughthereisnopromiseofamoresecurefuture.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYin
thephaseEarthandtheYiching
Hexagramno.33,Retreatthesun
T'ang enterstheSpreadconstellation,11th
No.50.VastnessorWasting degree
July30(p.m.)August3

HEAD:Yinch'iincreasingly1comesyangch'iincreasinglygoes.Thingsareonthevergeofdissipation.2

Atthispointintheyearlycycle,autumnwillsoonbeuponus.Thingsmoveinexorablypastripenesstospoilage.Therangeofmeaningfoundinthetitleforthis
tetragramadmirablybridgesthetransitionfromlaudablematuritytofirstdecay,foritsassociationsarebothgoodandbad.Ontheonehand,thetitlecanmean"vast"
or"great,"especiallywithreferencetocapacity(inbothsenses).Butcloselyrelatedtovastnessistheideaof"whatiswasted."3Byaseriesofsmallextensions,the
samegraphcomestomean"toflee,''"todrift,""totossaboutaimlessly,"4"tofeelunsettled,""toexperiencelossorfailure,""toactinvain,""tosufferdecay,"5and"to
beemptiedorexhausted."Thesamegraphsignifiesthewantonanddissipated,theexaggeratedandtheunrestrained6therefore,itisusedinconnectionwithabrupt,
boastful,rude,orpreposterousactsthatdefyritual.

App.1:Wheninnerrestraints7areabsent,8
Donotact.Danger.9

Fath.1:Unrestrainedwithin
Means:Heholdstonoprinciple.

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Figure13.
Shootingarrowsatbirds.Illustrationfromarubbingofapotterytombrelief
unearthedfromPengCounty,Szechwan(26x44cm.),datedtotheEastern
Handynasty.

Appraisal1correspondstothebeginningofthecycleandtofirstthoughtshence,thefocusontheinnerworkingsofthemind.Themindoftheunprincipledindividual
willnotdirectthebodyproperly.Surelythisisdangerous.
App2:Whenadriftandinthedark,
IthelpstosetoutfortheEast.

Fath.2:Helpfordriftinginthedark10
Means:Thebrightpathisbeneficial.

Darkandlightarecontrastedhere.Afterthesunriseseachmorningfromthevast,darkpoollocatedbeneaththehorizon,themyriadthings,formerlycondemnedto
darkness,arefloodedwithbrilliantlight.Ifwewishourmindstobesimilarlyenlightened,wemustmoveinthedirectionofanequallybrightpath,theWay,as
embodiedintheConfucianClassics.

App.3:Tobeoversimpleisimproper.11
Lostisthatrhythmicsoundofjade.12

Fath.3:Thatthereisnomeasuredsoundofjade
Means:Heisnotyourhaven.13

Onewhoovervaluesrusticsimplicitycannotprovideasuremodel.forothersseekingtherefinementsofcivilizedlife.

App.4:Broadminded,withnopredilections,14
TheWayandtheRightarehislords.

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Figure14.
Shootingarrowsatbirdsandharvestingthefields.Illustrationfromapottery
tombtileunearthedfromChengdu,Szechwan(39.5x48cm.),datedtothe
EasternHanperiod(nowintheChengduMuseum).

Fath.4:Tobegreatlywithoutbias15
Means:Hesidesonlywithrighteousness.16

AfamouspassageintheConfucianAnalectssaysthatthetrulysuperiorpersonissimply"onthesideofwhatisright,"andsoiswithoutparticularpredispositions.
Similarly,the"GreatPlan"chapteroftheDocumentsidentifiesthisfairmindednesswiththeKing'sWay.18
App.5:Hesetsthedeertorunning
Whileclaspingamousetohisbreast.
Whathegainedhasnovalue.

Fath.5:Adeerontherunandamouseatthebreast
Means:Thisisnotenoughformerit.

Becauseofapun,thedeerrepresentsanypieceofgreatgoodfortune.19Attainingthethroneinearlyslangbecame"catchingthe

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20 21
deer." Awisemanalwaysforegoespettyprofitforthesakeofalargergain. Her,however,weseeafoolishperson,whowastestimeandeffortinvainpursuits,
ignoringgreatopportunities.22Ifweconsiderstudy,forexample,theonlylearningworthpursuingistheConfucianWayassociatedwiththeancientsagekings.Ifwe
considerofficialappointmentsinstead,onlyvirtuouscandidatesareworthpursuing.23Wereitnotsotragic,suchmarkedinabilitytodistinguishgoodfrombadwould
beludicrous.

App.6:Thegreatdonothoardtheirsufficiencies.24
LikeHeaven,theydispersetheirwealth.

Fath.6:Thatthegreatdonothoard
Means:Notraceofselfishnessmarkstheirfaces.25

Ingeneral,Confucianphilosophersweresuspiciousofactingaloneratherthaninconcertwithfamilyorfriends.Tomonopolizeresources,tobeindependentminded,
ortoclaimtobeaserfmademan,alltheseactsrepresentedchallengestosocietalcohesion.ThisisonereasonwhytheAnalectsholdsthat"virtueneverdwells
alone."26AccordingtotheChinesetexts,allhumanbeings,eventheemperor,mustacknowledgetheirdependenceuponothers.Theemperor,forexample,should
acknowledgehisdependenceonableministers,thecommonpeople,andhisancestors.(Position6correspondstotheancestraltemple.)Farfrombegrudgingthe
expenditureoftreasuryfundsonsuchpeople,thetrulygreatleaderrealizesthatbyrewardingeachsubjectwitharankandsalaryconsistentwithhismerits,the
emperormultiplieshiseyesandears,andatthesametimeensuresthetransmissionofhissuasiveexampledowntothelowestrungsofsociety.Thesecurityandwell
beingofsociety,then,ultimatelyrestupontheruler'swillingnesstosharehiswealthwithothers.AstheMenciussays,"Itwasbysharingtheirpleasurewiththepeople
thatthemenofantiquitywereabletoenjoythemselves."27
App.7:Shootingonearrowatthreebirdsinflight:
Thoughhesetsforthbydawn'sfirstlight,28
Atday'send,hehasnotreturned:
Lost.

Fath.7:Oneshotforthreebirds
Means:Hestrikesoutaimlessly.29

Theseversesdemonstratetheutteruselessnessofunfocusedormisguidedactivity.Thoughanentiredayhasbeenspentinfrenziedpursuitofagoal,noobviousgain
results,despitemanyopportunities.Alternately,thesamelinescandescribeahunterwholoseshimselfinthepleasuresofthechase.30Farbetter"toconcentratethe
mindandunifythewill"31inasinglemindedsearchfortheWay,sincethisholdsoutthepromiseofSuccess.

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32
App.8:Thegreataccept officialposts,
Ghostsattheshrineceasewailing.
Somegaintheirblessings.33

Fath.8:Thatthegreatacceptposts
Means:Theyrestorewhathadbeenlost.34

Themainthemeoftheversesisclear,thoughtheidentityof"thegreat"isopentoquestion.Oncegoodleaderstakeup(or,arerestoredto)office,thelocalpatron
godsceasetheirweepingandwailing,inexpectationofrenewedgoodruleandthereinstitutionofregularsacrifices.Thecommonpeoplealsoexpecttobenefitfrom
theiradministration,andso"somegaintheirblessings."Boththegodsaboveandthepeoplebelowrejoiceintheabilityofthetrulygreattorestorewhathadbeenlost.

App.9:Brightpearlsusedforbirdshot.
Eveniffleshbychanceisstruck,
Itwillnotrepaytheoutlay.35

Fath.9:Lustrouspearlsusedforshot
Means:Theexpenseisnotrecouped.

Pebbleswouldworkaswellaspearlsinshootinggamebirds.What'smore,pebbles,whencomparedwithpearls,areofrelativelylittlevalue.Therefore,thehunter
canaffordtoloseacertainnumberofpebbles,thoughhecan'taffordtoloseasinglepearl.Onceagain,thereaderisurgedtocarefullyconsiderwhichactsaretruly
worthwhile.36TheMysterysuggeststhatwhenprecioushumanlifeistobeemployed,onlytheWayrepresentsagoalsufficientlygreattoaimfor.Unfortunately,the
pettypersontypicallypursuesthevastlyinferiorgoalsoffame,fortune,andsex.
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYang
thephaseWaterandtheYiching
Hexagramno.32,Durationthesun
enterstheSpreadconstellation,15th
Ch'ang degreetheDipperpointsWSWthe
No.51.Constancy musicalnoteisGsharp1
August4August8(a.m.)

HEAD:Byyinoneknowsthesubjectbyyangoneknowsthelord.TheWayofrulerandsubjectremainsunchangedfortenthousandages.2

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TheAutumnOnsetsolarperiod,usuallyregardedasthejuncturebetweensummerandautumn,beginswithAppraisal6ofthistetragram.Here,then,wehaveanother
criticalmeetingpointbetweenyinandyang.Sincethisisthelastopportunityyangwillhaveto"lord"itoveryin,itisappropriatethatYangHsiungshoulddiscussthe
relationsoftheruler(whosecorrelateisyang)andthesubordinate(identifiedwithyin).Thatautumnfollowssummerisaninvariableruleofnature.Followingthis
immutablepattern,allsubjects,includingcourtofficials,mustfollowtheruler.Hierarchyfunctionsasthenecessarybasisforenduringandproductiverelationsasthe
Changesargues,thefourseasonskeeptotheirconstantcourseonlywhenthe"strongisaboveandtheweakbelow."3Notsurprisingly,theneedtorecognizeone's
properplaceinthehierarchyisathemeofthistetragram.Solongashierarchyispreserved,theworstcalamitiesassociatedwithyinch'imaybeavoided.Thismay
explainwhythepenalcodeassociatedwiththeautumnseasonisrepresentedinapositive,ratherthananegativelight.

App.1:Holdinguptheinklineofthegods,4
Hefollowsthesacredmodel.
UsingtheOnetopairtenthousand,
Totheend,hislightdoesnotfade.5

Fath.1:Upholdingdivinemeasure
Means:HeembodiestheformoftheOne.6

Because'itsprimalOnenessproducesthemyriadthings,theTaoinitstotalityliesessentiallybeyondmerehumancomprehension.Certainbroadpatternsofcosmic
activity,however,arediscernibletoMan.Forexample,thesuperiormantakesprimalonenessashismodelwhendealingwithothers.Singlemindedinhispursuitof
moralunderstandingandunshakeableinhisintegrity,he"holdsfasttotheOne"7Way.Applyingthesingletoolofcategoricallogictotheentireuniverse,hecomesto
graspallthemyriadthingswithinhismind,8soallencompassingishisunderstanding.Conformitywithsuchsacrednormsgainshimcharismaticpower9thatwillwork
toeffectaperfectunionofallthemyriadthingsinthecosmos.10Aboveandbelow,11innerunitybringstheunionofall.12

App.2:Little13constancywithin:
Femalechastityindanger.14

Fath.2:Innerconstantsundeveloped
Mean:Thewomenarenotupright.

"Inner"oftenreferstowomenorthewomen'squarters,sinceonlymenparticipatedin"outer"[i.e.,publicandsocial]lives.Thehusband/wiferelationwasviewedas
oneofthegreat,constantpatternsinhumanrelationships.Liketherulersubjectrelation,itpresumedahierarchical

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15
structuretemperedbymutuality.Itwasbelievedthattheentirehierarchywouldcollapse,however,ifwomenwereunchastebeforeoraftermarriage. Clearlinesof
patrilinealdescenthadtobeassuredforbothreligiousandeconomicreasons.Unfortunately,bastardmalespassedoffaslegitimateheirswouldparticipateasadultsin
sacrificestoancestorsinthepatrilinealline.Sincetraditioninsistedthattheancestorswouldacceptnosacrificesfromthoseofdifferentsurnames,theprosperityofthe
clanmightbejeopardizedforgenerationsbyasingleillicitliaison.Furthermore,femaleinfidelitydemonstratedafundamentallyrebelliousattitudetowardhusbands,to
whomwomenowedtheirloyalty.Suchacavalierattitudecouldultimatelyinfecttherestofsociety.Sincewomenwhowerelessthan"upright"underminedthe
"eternallycorrect"socialstructure,femalesexualandpoliticalintriguewasasourceofconsiderableconcerntostrictConfucianscholars.
App.3:Thesunmakesitsvirtueconstant
eclipsingforthreeyears.

Fath.3:Thesun,makingitsvirtueconstant,
Means:TheWayoftheRulershinesforth.16

Appraisal1comparedthetrulygoodpersontoasunthatneversets.Appraisal3presentsavariationonthisastronomicalmotif.InHanomenliterature,eclipsesofthe
sunandmoonwerethoughttopresagedisorderintheapartmentsofthekingandqueenrespectively.17Oftenthesolareclipseportendedusurpationoftheroyal
power(yang)byministersorconsorts(bothofwhomwereyin).Infolktradition,"three"standsfor"many."Ifnoeclipseoccursformanyyearsinsuccession,thesun's
uninterruptedlightwillshinebrilliantlyonallbelow.Thecharismaticruler,byanalogy,enlightensothers,withnofearthathewillbeeclipsedsincehehasmadehis
virtueconstant.18
App.4:Themoonisinconstant.
Shesometimesstraysfromhercourse.19

Fath.4:Theinconstantmoon
Means:Theministererrsinhiscourse.

Themoonsymbolizestheministerforseveralreasons:First,themoon'slightentirelydependsuponthesunforitsbrightness,justastheminister'sauthorityderives
entirelyfromhisruler.Second,themoonshineslessbrightlythanthesun,justastheministerislessgloriousthanhisruler.Third,themoon,eventothenakedeye,
appearstowobbleoccasionallyinitscourse.20TheChinesetookthisirregularmotionofthemoontomeanthatanevilministerwaversinhisloyaltytothethrone.21
Oneearlyastrologicaltextpredicts:

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Whenthestateiscontrolledbyministers...themovement[ofthemoon]inclinessometimestowardthesouthandsometimestowardthenorth.Irregularmotionofthe
moon,whetherfastorslow,indicatesexcessivepowerheldbyrelativesoftheempress.22

App.5:Whetherup,down,orsidewaysinhiscourse,23
HetakesHeavenandEarthashisconstants.

Fath.5:Hisvertical,hishorizontal
Means:Theorderofruler.andofficialisconstant.

TheearlycommentatorFanWangsays,"HeavenisverticalEarth,horizontal.Thisistheconstantway."Manmovinginhorizontalandverticaldirectionssuggeststhe
fundamentalinterconnectednessofthethreerealmsofHeavenEarthMan.24Elaboratepatternsinthenightskyandgeologicalconfigurationsarestudiedbythesage
intentupondevisingmodelsforhumanculture25thesagehopestorecreateinhumansocietythatmarvelousinterdependencethatprovessoproductiveinthe
phenomenalworld.PatternsinHeavenandEarth,then,suggestthenormforrulerandofficial.

App.6:HavingreachedSeven,hetendstowardNine.26
Weaknessstirsinwhatwasoncefirm.
Hecannotovercometheruleforhim.

Fath.6:GettingSevenandbecomingNine
Means:Abundanceisleftasheridestodecay.

WhythistalkofSevenandNineinAppraisal6,whichmarksthetransitionfrombeneficialActiontoCalamity?27Beneficialyangch'iissaidtoculminatebythe
seventhposition,andtodeclinebytheninth.Yin,ofcourse,is"weak"whileyangistraditionallycharacterizedas"firm."Giventheongoingcyclesoftheconstant,yet
everchangingTao,whoevergraspsatgoodluck("abundance")findsbadlucklaterinthecycle.Onlythewiseindividualwhoknowswhentostopislikelytomaintain
hispresentposition.Hecontentedlycultivateshisvirtuewhileregardingmaterialsuccesswithanunmovedmind.28

App.7:Backandforth,foreveritflows.
Thosemostconstant,comingtogether,29
Cancarryoninpropriety.

Fath.7:Everflowing,backandforth,
Means:HetakestheRighttoconfrontthewrong.30

InthisauspiciousAppraisalalignedwithDay,theflowingwatercallstomindthedesirablequalitiesoffloodlikech'i31associatedwithintegrity,apoweratoncegentle
andinexorableinitseffect.Atthesametime,

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theflowsuggeststhepassageoftime. Whengoodmencometogether,earlyerrorsgivewaytorectitude.
App.8:Constantillnessnotseenasill:
Blameiscomplete,yetuncondemned.

Fath.8:Chronicillnessnotseenassuch
Means:Heisunabletocurehimself.

Theindividual'spersistentevildoingislikenedtoachronicillness.Theindividualwhohasgrownaccustomedtomoralorphysicaldiseaseforgetswhathealthwaslike.
Nocureispossibleiftheindividualfailstoseehimselfassick.33AstheLaotzuadvises:
Onemustbesickofillness
Ifoneistorecoverfromillness.34

App.9:Seeinghisillnessasillness,
Magicianhealerswillnotfail.

Fath.9:Seeingtheillnessforwhatitis
Means:Hecanserveashisowndoctor.

IncontrasttoAppraisal8,thisindividualdoesnotglossovertheseriousnatureofhischroniclapses.Oncehehasdiagnosedhimselfcorrectly,hecancertainlyeffecta
cure.GoodadvisorsandtheConfucianClassics,afterall,existtohelpintheprocessofhealingthesoul.35
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYin
thephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.60,Regulationthesun
enterstheWingconstellation,2d
Tu degree
No.52.Measure
August8(p.m.)August12

HEAD:Yinch'idaily1leapsup.Yangch'idailyyieldsground.2Leapingandmoreleaping,recedingandmorereceding,3eachattainsitspropermeasure.

Atthispointoftheyear,yinch'ileapsintoprominenceaboveground,whileyanghastensitsretreat.Ineffect,yin'srapidadvancehasstoppedtheprogressofyang
ch'i.4Sincewaxingandwaningoccurinpropermeasure,thecontinuationoftheeternalcycleisassured.

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Figure15.
Tampingearth(hangt'u)inordertoprovideasecurefoundationfor
majorpublicbuildings.IllustrationfromErhya2/6b.

ThistetragramanditsalliedChangeshexagram(Regulation)applaud"stoppinginanappropriateplace,""recognizingone'splace,""remainingcentral,"and''accepting
thesuperior'spositionabove."5InChinesepoliticaltheory(ConfucianorLegalist),"measure"referstotheinstitutionsbywhichtherulermaintainsgoodorderand
unifieshisempire.Bytradition,fixingstandardizedweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthelandwasviewedasthefirststepintheestablishmentofstandardizedmorality.
Asseenbelow,thesuccessfulconstructionofacity(especiallythecapital)wasalsoseenasproofoftheking'sabilitytocorrectlyappraisesituationsinaccordance
withnaturalandhumanrequirements.Thecapitalrecreatesonahumanscalethesignificantfeaturesofthecosmosthebettertoconveytothepopulacetheking's
charismaticswayoverthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan.Therefore,thewelldesignedcapitalillustratesthetrueking'scapacitytotakethepropermeasurenot
onlyofmankind,butalsooftheuniverse.6

App.1:Heconsistentlyfails7
TomeasurebytheMean.

Fath.1:Thatmeasuresatcenteronlyfail
Means:Therecanbenosuccess.

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Themeasuresatcenterpointtotheindividualconscience,whichusestheMeanasitsstandard.Assoonastheconsciencefailstodistinguishrightfromwrong,the
individualcannotpossiblyattainfullGoodness.Forthisreason,theclassicsadviseustoconductourinternalmeasurementswithextremecare:

Beliketheforester,whowhenhehasadjustedthespring,goestoexaminetheendofthearrowtoseewhetheritisplacedaccordingtorule,andonlythenletsitgo.8

App.2:Likewaters9thatdonotrecede,
Thecentermeasureishidden.

Fath.2:Watersnotreceding
Mean:Onlythencanthereberectitude.

Heretheindividualconscienceislikenedtoastreamwhosestrongyetreliableflowbringshealthandrefreshmenttoallwhotakeadvantageofit.Thatthewellspringis
hiddenfarawayintheinnerrecessesonlytestifiestothedepthandpurityofitssource.Inmoraldevelopment,thepersonintentuponimprovinghimselfthrough
assiduousstudyoftheclassics*10willdiscoverthathisunseenconscienceneverfailshim,andthatblessingswillwashdownonhiminonecontinousflow.
App.3:Eachsmallmeasure,
Slightlymoreoffthanthelast:
Stepstowardgreatdisaster.11

Fath.3:Smallerrorsinmeasurement12
Mean:Greatcalculationsareoverturned.

AninitialmiscalculationeventuallyleadstodisastrousdeparturesfromtheWay.AsanoftquotedHanproverbhasit:

Offbyahair'sbreadth[inthebeginning],
Missedbyathousandmiles[intheend].13

Therefore,even"asmalloversightleadstomajordamage."14SinceAppraisal3marksthetransitionfromthoughttoaction,thisisatimelywarning.
App.4:Postanduprighthelpinbuildingwalls.

Fath.4:Thebenefitsofpostandupright
Means:Thesebenefitthebuilding.15

InancientChinesearchitecture,sturdypostsanduprightsareusedfirsttocompressandmold,thentosupportthetampedearthusedinmajorconstructionworks,
includingpalacecomplexes.Wallsserveseveralcrucialfunctions.Theyprotecttheinhabitantsfromtheelementsand

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fromintruders.Byenclosingspacetheyprovideafocusforthecommunity,therebystrengtheningthebondsbetweenmen.Inteachingmenhowtomakecrucial
divisionsofspace,theyalsosignalthecivilizedneedforlesstangibledemarcationslikehierarchy.Securecitywalls,therefore,maketheentirestatesecure.

Ifthewallstandsforthestate,thesturdypostsanduprightsrepresenttheministerialadvisorstotheking.Theyhelptherulerbothtobearthecrushingweightofhis
responsibilitiesandtoconstructwisepolicies.Justasthewisebuilderchecksthathehasenoughmaterialforconstruction,thegoodrulermakessurethathehasan
adequateprovisionofgoodadvisors.16Ifthewallisasymbolforcivilizationasawhole,postsanduprightsstandforritual.17
App.5:Ifthepostsdonotactasposts,
Itspellsdisasterforbuilding.

Fath.5:Thatpostsarenotposts
Means:Therecanbenosecurity.

Appraisal5correspondstotheSonofHeaven.Onceagain,theruler'spostsarehiscloseadvisors,drawnfromhischiefministersandcloserelations.Iftheirtalents18
areinadequatetothetask,theentirerulinghousewillcollapse(literallyandfiguratively),inpartbecausetheexampleoftherulingeliteisimitatedbyalltheking's
subjects.Aserrorsmultiplythroughoutthekingdom,itspeaceandsecurityaredestroyed.Forthisreason,thewiseruleriscarefultoselectthebestpossiblematerial
forgovernmentservice.19

App.6:Examinegreatmeasuresagainandagain.20
Inheaven,theimagesarerevealed.
Elicitthemodelsfromthem.

Fath.6:Greatmeasurementstakenwithgreatcare
Mean:Theimagesdrawndownarereliableguides.

Thesagesaresaidtoapplycosmicstandardstohumanpredicaments.21Intheheavens,thegreatestofallmeasuresistheBigDipper,22symboloftherulinghouseand
focusoftheentirenightskyofconstellationsandplanets.Heavendisplaysthisimagetosuggestthenaturalcharacterofhierarchicalpatterns.Withthesetoguidehimin
thedark,mancanbuildcorrectsocialrelations.AstheChangesdescribesthesages:

Lookingupward,theycontemplatedtheimagesintheHeavens.Lookingdownward,theyexaminedtheEarth'spatterns....Fromtheheavenstherehangimagesthatreveal[the
correctmodelsformankind].Thesagesimitatethem.23

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Withoutsuchguides,thefragileseedsofmoralityinnateineachpersoncanneverdevelopalongthelinesofHeaven'smanifestintentionsfortheworld.

App.7:Todrawguidelineswithoutmeasuring24
Bringsdowntheinstantridicule25ofghosts.

Fath.7:Unmeasuredguidelines
Mean:Thosewithkeensight26onlylaugh.

Thosewhofaileithertotakethepropermeasureofasituationortoapplytheguidelinesofthesagestoaproblemdeserveblame.Ghostsrepresenttheshadowyspirit
world.Withtheirspecialinsightintohumanaffairs,theyareabletodiscernsuchfailuresmorequicklythanordinaryindividuals.Asallperceptivepersonswithdraw
theirsupportfromtheindividualwhorefusestoreform,disastersurelyfollows.

App.8:Redfromthestone27cannotbepriedapart.
Equallyingrainedistheknight'sintegrity.28

Fath.8:Theindeliblenatureofthestone'sred
Means:Covenantsarepossiblewithhim.29

Likecertainmedievalscholastics,theearlyChineseLogicianswereintriguedbytherelationoftheseparateattributesofathing(forexample,thecolorofastone)to
theessentialnatureofthething.PlayingoffthelanguageoftheLogicians,theMysteryusesthisfamiliarvocabularytoimplythepriorityofcertainConfucianvalues.If
rednessisanintegralpartofthestone,goodcharacterequallydefinestheessentialnatureoftheidealshihinoffice.30Stoneisknownforitsfirmnessanddurability,
twodesirablequalitiesincandidatesforoffice.Thecolorredoftensignifiesgoodfaithandloyalty.31(ThemostfamousredstoneinChina,ofcourse,wascinnabar,a
chemicalbasefortheproductionoftheelixirofimmortality.PerhapstheMysteryremindsusthatgoodcharactercanwinuslastingfame,whichisatypeof
immortality.)32

App.9:Whenerror33comesfromrepeatedfaults,34
Tenyears35istooshorttorestoretruemeasure.

Fath.9:Thosecumulativemistakes
Mean:Constructiveactionisprecluded.36

Appraisal9signifiesactionthatcomestoolateinthecycle.37Asfaultsarecompoundedovertime,thepersonisledeverfurtherfromtheTrue'Path.TheChanges
saysofsuchasituation:

Hemissesthereturn.Misfortune.Therewillbedisaster....Fortenyears,itwillnotbepossibletogoforwardagain...Suchistheoppositiontothewayofthenobleman.38

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CorrelateswithEarth's
MysteryYangthephaseWoodand
theYichingHexagramno.32,

Duration1thesunenterstheWing
Yung
constellation,6thdegree
No.53.Eternity
August13August17(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinseizesbyforceofarms.Yangendowsbycivilmeans.2TheWaycanbemadetolastforever.

InHanthinking,yinch'iisalliedwithpunishmentsandwar,whileyangisassociatedwiththegentlerruleofsuasiveexamplethatgraduallyhabituateslessercreatures
tothenormsofcivilization.Sinceautumnhasbegun,theHeadreferstothekillingpowerofyinch'iassociatedwiththeharvest.(Untilnow,thewarmthofyanghas
promotedonlygrowthandrenewal.)AstheHeadtextmakesplain,cosmicbalancerequiresbothyangandyinch'i,spring/summerandautumn/winter,suasive
exampleandpunishments,giveandtake.CertainConfuciansofaparticularlyidealisticstamphadbeenknowntodisputethisideatheyarguedinsteadthatthegood
ruler'sexampleovertimeobviatestheneedforanypunishmentsbythesageruler.3

AnequallysignificantaspectofTetragram53istheidentificationof"eternalrules"that"make[things]endure"4withtraditionalhierarchyinthefamilyandstate.The
AppraisalsthereforediscusspatrilinealsuccessionandthesocalledThreeGuideLinesofrulersubject,fatherchild,andhusbandwife.Thesehierarchiesaresaidto
beeternalinatleasttwosenses:first,theyarearemodeleduponpreordainedcosmicpatternsthatoperatethroughoutalltimesecond,adherencetothesenorms
createsanorderlysocietythatcanattainlastingpeace.

App.1:Nottodemotetheheirorfaulthisclaim,5
Choosingtheeldestsonistheconstantrule.6

Fath.1:Neitherdeposingnorfaulting
Means:Topreserveforevertheancestralline.

IncommonerfamiliesinancientChina,theprinciplewasequalinheritanceamongthesons.Attheimperialcourt,however,oneimportantcontroversyfocusedonthe
bestwaytodecidetheapppointmentoftheheirapparent.ManyConfucianscholarsarguedthattheeldestson,regardlessofhismother'sstatusinthehierarchyofthe
backpalace,shouldinheritthetitleandresponsibilitiesofhisfatherhismother'seventualelevationtotherankofempresswouldnaturallybearranged"onaccount

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7
oftheson." However,otherscholars,equallyeminent,definedtheeldestsonquitedifferently.Forthem,onlytheeldestsonoftheprincipalwifecouldbecomethe
legitimateheir,regardlessofhisagerelativetootherroyalsons.Onlyafewscholarsarguedthatthemostmeritoriousoftheroyalsonsshouldbeappointedheir,in
imitationofpracticesattributedtotheGoldenAgeofthepast.8

YangHsiung'stalkoftheeldestsonclearlyopposestheprincipleofimperialsuccessionbasedonmerit.Theabsenceofstrictguidelinesforthesuccessionledto
competitionbetweenbrothersduringtheruler'slifetimeoftenitledtochaosafterhisdeath,whenrivalfactionsputforwarddifferentcandidatesforthethrone.Merit
is,afterall,intheeyesofthebeholder.Rulesforsuccessionshouldalwaysadheretoageasthechiefcriterion,lesttheentireroyalcourtbeplaguedbyinternal
disputes.9Thisnaturallyimpliesthefather'sresponsibilitytoseetoitthathiseldestsonissowellschooledinthemoralandpracticalartsthattherecanbenoreal
objectiontohisinstallationasheir.Onlyinthiswaycanthedirectpatrilineallinefromtheancestorsbepreservedanditsmultiplefunctions(religious,social,and
economic)becarriedout.

TheversesoffercriticismofthelateWesternHancourt'sinepthandlingofvarioussuccessioncrises.WhenEmperorP'ingdiedinA.D.5,forexample,theappointment
ofhissuccessorsparkedconsiderablecontroversy.Onthepretextthattheselectionofanoldercandidatewouldconfusegenerationallines,WangMangallegedly
chosetheyoungestpossiblecandidateitwasrumoredthatWangintendedtobuildasecurepowerbaseduringthelongregencyneededforainfantemperor.10
App.2:Helongstodemotetheheirandfaulthisclaim.
Foreverlostarepropriety'sblessings.

Fath.2:Longingwithintodemoteorfindfault
Means:Howcanthelinebemadetolast?

Here,YangHsiungcriticizesthebenightedfamilyheadwhodisinheritstheeldestson,therebyoverturningthenaturalpreordainedorderofsuccession.Withsucha
negativeexample,howcantheroyalhousebeexpectedtomaintainitspowerforlong?11

App.3:EternalishisWay.
Ablamelessstateisachieved.12

Fath.3:EternalishisWay,
Meaning:Truly,thiscanbepreserved.

TheAnalectsinsists,"ItisnottheWaywhichmakeshumanbeingsgreat,buthumanbeingswhomaketheWaygreat."13Heretheindividualhasdedicatedhimselfto
absoluteconformitywiththeWay.Becauseheis

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good,heavoidsunluckyblame(theenmityofhisfellowmen).ThroughhissteadyaccumulationofvirtuehehimselfpartakesoftheeternalnatureoftheTao.Worldly
success,however,isbynomeansassured.14

App.4:Thesuccessionorderissetaside.
Tofavorsecondarywives15
Meanseternallossforrightfulmasters.

Fath.4:Thattheorderofsonsisdisordered
Means:Thisisnowaytomakeiteternal.

Thedisruptionofthenaturalorderofsuccessionunderminesthefundamentalprinciplesembodiedinsacredritual.Thoughafavoritemaypersuadetherulertoname
hersonasheir,suchanunlawfulappointmentspellslastingtroublefortheentirefamily.

Allextantcommentariesreadthelinessomewhatdifferently:

Theorderofsonsisdisordered.
Whentheguestgoesfirst,thehostislostforever.
Theorderofsonsisdisordered,
Meaning:Thisisnotthemethod[toinsure]eternity.

Inthisreading,disorderinsidethefamilyfindsitsparallelindiscourteousrelationsbetweenguestandhost.Afterall,theconventionsareequallyignoredwhentheguest
takestheleadinaceremonyandwhenayoungersonclaimsthetitleofheir.

App.5:TheThreeGuideLinesattainCenterPerfection.16
Heavenmakesitsgoodfortuneeternal.

Fath.5:EternalthroughtheThreeGuideLines17
Means:TheirWaylastsforever.

AtleastsincethetimeofTungChungshu(176?104?B.C.),theterm"ThreeGuideLines"hasbeenusedtosignifytheallimportantsocialrelationsbetween
ruler/subject,father/child,andhusband/wife,whichintheorybalancerightsandresponsibilitiestothemutualbenefitofallparties.18Thefundamentalimportanceof
thesethreesocialrelationsissuggestedintwoways:first,theircollectivenameidentifiesthemaswhatgivesshapetothesocialfabricsecond,therelationsaretreated
hereinAppraisal5,thecentralpositionofthetetragram.ThroughrepeatedritualactsthewiserulerpromotesthevaluesembodiedintheGuideLines.Bythetimeall
havelearnedtoemulatehisexample,therulerhimselfhasreachedthatstateofgodlikeperfectioncalledchungchi("CenterPerfection"),sothathehenceforth
functionsasaxismundifortheentireuniverse.19Harmonyandgoodfortunewillprevail,withmutualobligationssupportedbyritualbehavior.

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20
App.6:Thegreatpresumegoodfortuneeternal.
Returningtoanemptycourt,heenters
Thegreatdarknesshebroughtonhimself.21

Fath.6:Ingreatness,thinkinggoodfortuneeternal
Means:Goodfortuneturnstoruin.

Likeitsprototype,theBookofChanges,theMysterycautionsallfortunatepeopletoproceedwithgreatcare,lesttheybringabouttheirowndownfallbyarrogant
behavior.Thereisonlyonesurewayforthegreattoextendtheirgoodfortuneandprotectthemselvesagainstruin:thatwayistopileupmorevirtuethroughritual
observances(theonlysecurekindof'goodfortune).22Thoselessfortunatewillthenrespondwithloveandrespect,ratherthanwithhateandfear.Thesubjectofthese
versesforgetsthissimplelesson.Thusheistotallyunpreparedforthecalamitythathehasbroughtuponhimself.23Thathiscourtyard(hismind?hisphysicalhome?)is
emptysuggeststhathedeservestohavenoloyaladherents.24Hislifeisalsoemptyinthatitlackslastingachievements.Hadheonlyupheldtheeternalstandards
embodiedintheThreeGuideLines,ignominiousdefeatcouldhavebeenavoided.

App.7:Bytheoldtreenewsproutsgrow,
Whicheternallytwineitshollows.25

Fath.7:Thatanoldtreegrowsthe"time"
Means:Eternalisitsbody.

Appraisal7,wellpastthehalfwaymark,depictsanoldtreewellpastitsprime.Fortunately,theAppraisalcorrespondstoauspiciousDay,sowecanexpectsome
kindofrestoration.Eithernewsproutsspringfromoldwood,asmanycommentatorsassume,orthegreentendrilsofthe"timeplant"26windroundtheoldwood,
bindingitshollowstogether,andextendingitslifespan.Thesupportoftheyounggivestheoldanewleaseonlife.27

App.8:Permanentlapsesleadtoillfortune,28
Bringingruindownonone'sheirs.

Fath.8:Persistinginerror
Means:Hisdecree29iscutbyhalf.

RepeatedlythepettymanleavesthepathofGoodness.Hispersistenterrorscanonlyleadtoruin,sincenolastinggoodfortunecancomefromabandoningtheWayof
theancients.Repeatedevilacts,however,notonlyaffectthepresentlifeofthewickedindividual,buttheyalsodamagethelivesofhisdescendants.Besides
transmittingabadexampletojuniormembersofthefamily,parentalmisbehaviordepletestheportionofvitallifeforceavailabletodescendantsintheirpatrimony.30
Thusthesinsof

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thefatherarelikelytobevisiteduponthesons,accordingtotheChinesenotionofcollectiveresponsibility.
App.9:Always,attheend,conformtothebeginning.

Fath.9:Endsthatalwaysconformtobeginnings
Mean:Heprolongsjoyandtrueease.31

Appraisal9markstheendofthecycle,yet,inaseemingparadox,theMysterywritesofthejoysassociatedwithnewbeginnings.Thetrulymoralpersonfeelsakind
ofinnerstrengthandvitalityakintothatofyouth,evenwhenfacinghisownend.32Thisstrength,ofcourse,comesfromcontinualeffortsatselfimprovement.Hetakes
caretoacttofollowtheancientinjunction:

Youshouldmakeyourvirtueevernew.Atthelast,asatfirst,havethisasyouroneobject:dailyselfrenewal.33

AshetakescaretoorienthimselfbytheWay,itselftheoriginofallthings,hereturnstothebeginning,evenattheend.34
CorrelateswithEarth'sMysteryYinthe
phaseMetalandtheYichingHexagram
no.13,FellowshipwithMenthesun
K'un enterstheWingconstellation,11thdegree
No.54.Unity
August17(p.m.)August21

HEAD:Yinisabouttodividethem,butyangstillunifiesthem.TheWayofUnityexalts1sympatheticunion.2

Ingeneral,itisthephysicalch'ithatallowsthemultiplepropertiesofathingtocohereitisalsoch'ithatcontainsthepropertiesthatdifferentiateonethingfrom
another.TheMysterycreditsyangch'iwiththenurturingimpulsetokeepthingsintact,whichcountersthedisintegratingimpulsesidentifiedwithyinch'i.3Atthispoint
intheannualcycle,justpriortotheAutumnEquinox,yinandyangarealmostinbalance.4Akindofstasishasbeenachieved,whichmakesforcohesion,atleast
temporarily.Sinceunitybydefinitionisentirelygood,accordingtotheMystery,theAppraisalsmustdepartfromtheirusualformatdesignedtoillustratebothgood
andbadconnotationsofthetermemployedforthetetragram'stitle.

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5
Yangch'iepitomizesundifferentiatedloveinthecosmos. Likeagoodruler,yangfostersastrongsenseofcommunityinfragmentedthingsasitrespondstotheir
needs,forginganeffectivewhole.Specifically,intherealmofMan,theAppraisalssuggestthatthreemainfactorscontributetounity:(1)theelite'sempathyforthosein
trouble,6(2)anecessaryconsensusonmorality,and(3)anequitablegovernmentpolicyinthepublicinterest.Onceachieved,unitybecomesthesinglemostimportant
factorinstabilizingdynasticrule.7Withatruemeetingofallminds,unityandgoodfellowshipcanreignsupreme.

App.1:Unitedwiththeblack,
Hedoesnotknowthewhite.

Fath.1:Atonewiththeblack
Means:Heisnotfittobecalled"human."

ForthegoodConfucian,itisthepotentialtobeGoodthatdistinguishesthehumanbeingfromthebeast.8Thispotentialdevelopswhenthepowersofdiscrimination
basictotheheart/mindarehabituallyemployed.Mostcommentators,therefore,applytheselinestobenightedindividualswhofailtodistinguishgood(=thewhite,the
pure,andknowledge)frombad(=theblack,theimpure,andstupidity),9evenwhenconfrontedwithglaringexamples.Inembracingthewicked,suchindividualslose
anyvestigeoftruehumanity.TheModelSayingsidentifies"followingritualandduty"astheidealpracticeforthosewhowishtoavoidbeastliness.10

Thecontrastbetweenblackandwhite,however,neednotonlyrefertomorality.11Thelinesfunctionequallywellascriticalcommentsonpredeterminedviewsor
onesidedness.12Onlyanopenmindedperson"whoseesaquestionfromallsides"13isfittobecalled"human."

App.2:Whiteandblackintermingle.14
Threebirds,onebeak,sametail.

Fath.2:Forthreebirds,onebeak
Means:Thereisnoharmintheirhearts.

Confuciussaid:

Thenobleman,thoughinharmony[withothers],doesnot[necessarily]agree[withthem].15

Thatwhiteandblackcoexistmeansthatthegentlemancanliveamonglessermortalswithoutbeingsulliedhimself.16Moralsuperiorsmayalsosometimesfindit
expedienttojoinwithlessermenindefenseoflifeandproperty.(Intermsofthemetaphor,theymayusethesamebeak.)Thisreading,unfortunately,doeslittleto
explainthefinallineoftheFathoming.17

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18
However,onecommentatorimaginesabettersocietyinwhich,''[Their]formsmaydifferbut[their]heart'sdesiresarethesame." Butifsocialharmonyisnottobe
undercutbysuchvariety,thoseinthegroupmustbelievethattheyshareacommonfoundationandgoals(here,acommonbeakandtail).19Thissharingstrengthens
thecommunalbondsbetweenmen,sothattheyflocktogetherasnaturallyasbirds.20
App.3:Unitedwiththewhite,
Lostfromnotbeingblack.21
Nopointofconnection.22
Foronetail,threebeaks.

Fath.3:Joiningthewhite,notwiththeblack
Means:Neitherfeelskintotheother.

Asthecommentatorsoffernoconvincingexplanationfortheselines,mytranslationisnecessarilytentative.Foronesingleend(thetail),therearenumerous
approaches(thebeak).Apparently,nosinglemeetingpointcanbefoundbetweenvariousgroupsinopposition.Suchuncompromisingattitudesnaturallyprecludethe
formationofrealcommunity.

Inanalternatereading,theindividualwhoinitiallyjoinswiththewhitecomestocongratulatehimselfonsimplynotbeing"black,"andsomakesnorealeffortto
improvehimself.Insofarasheremainsuncultivated,hiseffortswillbescattered.

App.4:Birdstrusttheirneststothethickets.23
Mentrusttheirfatestojustregimes.

Fath.4:Birdsentrustingtheirnests
Mean:Wherethereisjustice,therearenopoor.

Goodgovernmentactinginthepublicinterestunifiesthecommunity.Suchgovernmentsacttoprotecttheirfragilesubjectsfromeconomicills,justasthesturdythicket
servestoprotectfragilebirdnestsfromtheelements.Inreturnforthissupport,thecommonpeoplegivetheirallegiancetotheruler.24

App.5:Thehubisnohub25
Withspokesunevenlyspaced.
Manyhairlinecracksruinthejade.

Fath.5:Hubswithspokesunevenlyspaced
Mean:Howcouldtheyeverbeevenenough?

Asluxuryitems,bothcarriagesandjadeobjectsarereservedformembersoftherulingelite.Appraisal5usuallyreferstotheSonofHeavenascenterofthestate.
Thecarriagewheelisaparticularlyaptsymbolforstateunity,sinceitcanonlyfunctionwellifmanydifferentparts(thespokes)cometogetherinasinglefocus.26The
rulerislikethe

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27
wheelhubinthatallhissubjectsmustrevolvearoundhimitishe,inturn,whogivesshapetotheirefforts. Theruler'spersoncanprovideafocusforhissubjects'
manytalents,however,onlytothedegreethattherulerisevenhandedinhistreatment.28Shouldtherulerdistributehisfavorsunfairly,thestatewillbreakdown.29In
effect,thisbreakdownwillresultfromthemanyriftsbetweenrulerandindividualsubject,eachseeminglyunimportantatthetime.Theanalogyistothenumerous
hairlinecracksthatmaranotherwisevaluablepieceofjade.30
App.6:Uniformmeasuresforwellandmarket
Writingmadestandard,andalsothecarts.

Fath.6:Uniformmeasuresatwellandmarket
Mean:Allshareasingleorder.31

Wellsandmarkets,writingandcarts,arefourinstitutionscreatedbythesagesaccordingtodivinecosmicpatterns.Thewellandmarketbothexemplifythe
interdependenceofvariousgroupsinagoodsociety,sincetheseareplaceswherevillagerstendtocongregate.Inanorderedsociety,farmers(thewell)and
merchants(themarket)meettoexchangebasiccommodities.

Thesagekingsaresaidtohaveperfectedmaterialculturebyaseriesofotherinventions,includingthewritingsystemandthecart.Aftertheirinventions,wiserulersof
latertimesmandatedasinglewritingsystemandastandardizedsystemofweightsandmeasures(whichregulatedeventhelengthofcartaxlessothatroadsandwheel
rutswouldbeofuniformwidth).32Cultureislikelytoadvanceonlyifthewritingsystemisunifiedeconomicandculturalexchangearelikelytoflourishonlyif
transportationimprovesandcardinalvirtueslikehonestywillprevailonlyifasinglepricingstructureisintroduced.Thoughsuchreformsrepresentmajorchangesin
governmentpolicy,thecommonpeopledonotregardthesechangesasunwelcomeinterferenceintheirlivesinstead,theyfindthemnatural.33Thusistheideal
communityfostered.
App.7:Offontheside,coversdon'tcover,
Norcantheyshieldhim34fromeveningrain.35

Fath7:Thatcanopiesaskewdonotcover
Means:Thedispositionisnotequal.

Virtueactslikeacanopytoshieldonefromcalamity.Onesidedprejudice,however,leavestheindividualopentodisaster.Forthisreason,thewiserulerprotects
himselfandhispeoplebyhisequitabletreatment.

Severalcommentatorsdisagreewiththisreading.Forthem,boththecanopyandtherainsignifytheruler.Liketheruler,thecanopysheltersthosebelowlikethe
ruler'sfavors,therainshowersdown.Here,however,thecanopyprovidesinadequateshelter.Similarly,theeveningrains

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36
areinsomeway"tooinadequate"tosavethecropsfromdestruction(AnalternateinterpretationofLine2wouldbe,"Theeveningrainsdonotsave.") Allthese
failingssuggesttheruler'sstinginessindispensinggiftsandappointments.Neitherreadingbodeswellforthehealthofthebodypolitic.
App.8:Hejoinsindangeranddisaster,
Thendefeatsthem,makingitsafe.

Fath.8:Safetyfromdangeranddisaster
Means:Throughoutheextendshumankindness.

Paradoxically,whoeveriswillingtoriskhislifetohelpotherswillfindthatthisinsureshisownsafety.Becauseofhisrealconcernforhisfellowman,hesnatchesmoral
victoryfromdangeranddefeat.Atthesametime,thegoodmancanbetrustedtoreturngoodforevil,sohisenemiesaredissuadedfromcausingfurtherharm.

App.9:Unitingwithdeath,
Heleavestobanditsallthatisleft.37

Fath.9:Joiningwithdeath
Means:Givinguponhisheavensentperson.38

ThoughtheMysterydoesnottellushismotives,itmakesitperfectlyclearthatthisindividualhasthrownawayhislife.Perhapssuicideistheonlycourseopentohim,
eitherbecausehehasacteddespicablyorbecausehehasvaluedhisownlifesolittlethatheputhimselfinperil.39Hadheonlyactedmoreprudently,hemaynever
haveneededtowastethepreciousgiftoflife,endowedbyHeavenandbestowedbyhisparents.40
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYang
thephaseMetalandtheYiching
Hexagramno.41,Decreasethesunenters
theWingconstellation,15thdegreethe
Chien DipperpointsWSWthemusicalnoteisA
No.55.Diminishment flat1
August22August26(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinch'iwaxesyangch'iwanes.Yinprospersyangdeclines.Themyriadthingsbythis[process]aremadevery,verysmall.

 Page332

ThistetragramopensthethirdandfinalphaseinthetriadicMysteryofHeavenEarthMan.Notsurprisingly,inviewofman'smanyimperfections,thisfinalphaseof
theMysterygenerallymarkstheleastauspiciousofthethreephases.ManyoftheversesbelongingtoTetragrams5481assignedtoManspecificallyaddress
individualhumanresponsibilityinthefaceofcontrarytrendsandanunhappyfate.

Itisautumn.Thedeclineofthemyriadthingsisincreasinglyevident.Inthemidstofgrowingtroubles,thewisepersondoeswelltorememberthatthereis"atimefor
decrease...andatimeforincrease.Indecreasingandinincreasing,...onemustgowiththetime."2Selfrestraint,perseveranceintheGood,and"adecreasein
faults"areadvisedbytheChanges.3Onlybysuchmethodscanonehopetoescapethedownwardcourseassociatedwiththeend(whethertheendbetheendofthe
annualcycle,theendofalifespan,ortheendofaproject).

App.1:Goodatdiminishing,andsoundiminished.
Amysterydeepanddark.4

Fath.1:Thatgooddiminishingdoesnotdiminish
Means:Constantlyheemptieshimself.5

Appraisal1correspondstofirstthoughts,theWaterphase,andtothelowestsocialrank.Individualsshouldimitatewater,whosenatureitistoseeklowplaces.By
shunningthelimelightandcleansingtheselfofegotisticalimpulses,theindividualcanavoidthecalamitiesthatresultfromarroganceandnotoriety.Paradoxically,such
decreasebringsonlyincreaseintheend.AstheLaotzuwrites:
Hedoesnotshowhimself
Andsoisconspicuous.
Hedoesnotconsiderhimselfright
Andsoisillustrious.
Hedoesnotbrag
Andsohasmerit.
Hedoesnotboast
Andsoendures.6

App.2:Aheartdiminishedwillstrikeitself
Soastopunish7hisownperson.

Fath.2:Thataheartreducedinflictstheself
Means:Heconfinesitatcenter.

Evilactsthatignoretheconsciencediminishtheheart.Asthemoralwillisweakenedovertime,thebody'sphysicalstoreofch'iisgraduallydepleted.Oncehidden
innerweaknessesaffecttheentirebody,thedamagetheyhavewroughtbecomesobvioustoall.8Then"whattrulyisinsidetakesformontheoutside."9Thoughthe
pettymantriestoattributehis

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10
failingpowerstoaninnateincapacityforGood,thetruthisthathehimselfhasstuntedhisowndevelopmentbyhamperinghisconscience.

App.3:Decreasinghisdecorum11
Helpstobringlighttothesteps.

Fath.3:Decreasingceremony
Means:Hewishestorestrainhimself.12

Inmostcases,decorumandceremonyhavepositiveconnotationsinancientChina,butheretheMysterycallsforadecreaseinpompandceremony.Thesteps
symbolizeadvancementintheofficialbureaucracy.Therefore,theversesmaydecrythoseinhighpositionwhouseelaborateceremonysimplytodistancethemselves
fromthosebelow.13Or,theymaywarnthosewhowanttoadvancefurtheragainstexcessivepompanddisplay.Formembersoftherulingelite,adesireforless
formality(theinitialactofserfrestraint)mayleadeventuallytoevengreaterandmorewidespreadselfrestraint,as"higherups"acceptthefrankremonstrancesof
thosebelow.Iftheyrespondbyworkingtoreformthemselves,theiradvanceintheWay(andoften,incidentally,intheircareers)proceedsquickly.

Occasionally,thegraphtranslatedas"ceremony"means"canons"or''rules."Itisconceivable,then,thatYangHsiungmakesasecondargument:lawsshouldbe
promulgatedonlywhentheydemonstrablykeepthepopulationfromcommittingevilactions.Whenlawsarekepttoaminimum,menwillworktorestrainthemselves.
Thiswillleadtosocialorderandthegloryofthedynastichouse.

App.4:Goodorderdiminished14
Reduceshisposition.

Fath.4:Decreasingorder
Means:Thisisnowaytocontrolthemasses.

Statecontrolisjustifiedinsofarasitrelievesthemassesfromcripplinginsecurities(suchasthosepromptedbycrimeornaturaldisasters).Ifthegovernmentcannot
insuregoodorder,itnolongerdeservesthesupportofthemasses.15Herethepettymaninhighofficecanneithercontroldisordernorholdontohisownposition.
How,then,couldhehopetotransformthemassesthroughthesuasiveforceofhismoralexample?

App.5:Decrease:theprovengoodofYellowEarth.
Whenthelowreceivesfromthehigh:truepeace.

Fath.5:DecreaseasYellow'svirtue
Means:Thesubordinate'sWayisnowproper.16

Appraisal5,ofcourse,correspondstotheSonofHeaven.Yellow(orgold)isthecoloridentifiedwithdesirablecentralityandwithEarth.The

 Page334

goodkingactsasthecenterforhiskingdomprovidedthathedistributeshisfavorsfairlyamonghissubjects,ineffectdownplayinghisownelevatedposition.Inthis,
hemimicsEarth'sownpropensitytolevelitself.Inreturnforhishumility,hewinsthemaximumcooperationfromthosebelow.17Thismakesforpeaceandsocial
order.

App.6:Obscuringwhatwasclear,18
Heamassesbutneverreduces,
Ungivingasastone.

App.6:Obscuring,ungiving
Means:Hisfavorsdonotbringbalance.19

Thewiserulerdistributesjustrewardstothosebelow,withseveralaimsinmind:(1)hewishestofocusattentiononexamplesofmodelconduct,(2)hewishesto
"sharehispleasures"withthecommonpeople,and(3)hewishestoteachthemthevirtuesofcooperation.20Thestupidrulerconfusesthemereaccumulationofland
andgoodswiththeaccumulationofcharismaticauthority.21Suchanindividual,intentonlyonaddingtohiscoffers,failstoreducetaxesorbestowbountiesonthe
subjectpopulation.22Sincethestingyrulerfailstoteachhispeoplethebenefitsofgenerosity,they,notunreasonably,feeltheyowehimnomoreloyaltythantheydoa
stone.

App.7:Decreasinghisinfirmities,23
Andsodiminishinghiscares,
Thedangerthusisstayed.

Fath.7:Decreasinghisinfirmities
Means:Hebringsnodangeronhimself.

IntheChanges,thephrase"decreasinghisinfirmities"signifiesthenobleman'sreformationofhisfaults.24Throughcontinualreform,theindividualisbroughttothe
statewherehishealth(moral,mental,andperhapsphysical)improves.Nowinhisprime,theindividualisstrongenoughtowithstanddifficultythus,heavoidsdanger.

App.8:Itsflowingoutinfloods25
Bringslosstolife'sroot.

Fath.8:Flowing,everflowing
Means:Thelivingrootisdestroyed.

Inlivingplants,vigorousgrowthdependsuponstrong,healthyroots.Ifthesapgushesoutfromtheplant,thedeathoftheplantinevitablyfollows.Byanalogy,inthe
individualconscience,therootsofmoralactionmustbenourishedbyrepeatednobleacts.Ifviolenceisdonetotheconscience,itissoondestroyed.26

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App.9:Decreaseattheend
HelpsinascendingWestMountain
AndoverseeingGreatRiver.

Fath.9:Ascentbydecreaseattheend
Means:Trulythiscanbedone.

Climbingmoutainstooverseegreatriversis"usingthetalltooverseewhatislow."27WestMountainissaidtobethesiteoftheChouroyalfamily'sancestraltombs
assuch,itrepresentstheirgreatpatrimonyofcharismaticvirtue.28Inpopulartradition,WestMountainisalsosaidtobethesacredabodeoftheimmortalsundertheir
QueenMother.29Finally,WestMountainisthehometowhichthesundailyreturnsafteritsinksbelowthehorizon.Themountain,therefore,linksimmortalitywith
constantvirtue,especiallyatthistimeofcompletion.TheGreatRiverisapparentlynolesssacred.TheChangesliteraturecallsitaplace"beneficialtocross."30
Perhapsitistheriverthatseparateslifefromdeathperhapsitreferstothewatersthatliebelowthesurfaceoftheearth.31

Inseveralworks,YangHsiungexplicitlydeniesthepossibilityofimmortality.32Thegoodperson,inacknowledgingthelargercyclesoperatingintheuniverse,comes
tocalmlyaccepthisownimpendingdeath,trustingthathisvirtuemaysecurehimakindofimmortality.33
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYinthe
phaseFireandtheYichingHexagramno.
12,Obstructionthesunentersthe
Chin Axletreeconstellation,3ddegree
No.56.ClosedMouth
August26(p.m.)August30

HEAD:Yindoesnottransformityangdoesnotbestowit.1Themyriadthingsareeach2closedshut.

Theclosedmouthcansymbolizemanydifferenttypesofclosedness,includingtheunwillingnesstoengageinorderlysocialintercourse,ortheinabilitytospeakoreat.
Morepositively,itmayrefertoreservoirsofanykind(forexample,thoseofch'i,blood,orwater).SincetheMysteryequateshumanachievementwithmaking
contact,closedentitiesaregenerallyregardedasunlucky.InthenaturalworldofHeavenandEarth,thenormalprocessofgrowthdependsuponthecominglingofyin

 Page336

andyang.Themyriadthingsseemallbutdeadatthispointintheyear,thoughweknowthattheminimalpresenceofgenerativeyangch'iheldinreserve(itself"closed
shut")guaranteestheircontinuedexistence.Notsurprisingly,then,thetetragramemphasizestheinherentdangersoftoomuchseparateness.Turningtotheworldof
Man,traditiondescribesthenoblemanas"silent,butnotclosemouthed."3Afterall,solongasunityisthechiefideal,communicationisitsnecessaryvehicle.Only
whendisorderreignswillthemoralsuperiorsometimesneedtoturnawayfromothersand"fallbackuponhisinnerworthinordertoescapedifficulties,"hopingthat
obstructionwillfinallyreverttogoodfortune.4

App.1:Closemouthedandungiving,5
Thehusbandtakesthewife'splace.6

Fath.1:Closemouthed,ungiving
Means:Thisiswhatmenfindabhorrent.

Thereisprobablybothasexualandasocialmetaphorhere.AccordingtoHannotionsofsexuality."Theman[hasintercourse]inordertomakethewoman'sch'i
arrivetohimselfthewoman,inordertoexpelillness."7Thecompletionofthesexualact,whichrequiredthecominglingofdistinctfluidsfrombothmaleandfemale,
wasknowntoregulatethebloodcirculationandtorelaxthenervoussystem,withtheaddedbenefitthatchildrenmightbeproduced.Herethemalefailstotobestow
hisyangfluidsonafemalepartner.8(Possiblyheisimpotent,withtheresultthatnofluidsareexchanged.Possiblyhehoardshisseminalfluids,therebyweakeninghis
femalepartner.9Possiblyheisonlyinterestedintakingmalepartnersintohisbed.)Suchan"ungivingmale"becomeslikeawomaninthesensethathispenileopening
(one"mouth")doesnomoretoreleaseyangch'iintothevagina(thefemale"mouth")thanthatofafemalewould.Thisdeparturefromproperconjugalrolesrecallsthe
overturnednormsofthewinterseason,whenyinseemstodominatewhileyangshrinksback.

Thesesamelinesequallydescribeamanwhoprefersseclusionwithinthehome(traditionally,thewoman'splace)tofulfillinghismasculineresponsibilitiesaspublic
representativeofthehousehold.10AstheChangeswrites,"Nottoventureoutsidethegateandcourtyardisunlucky."11Failuretoupholdone'snaturalsocietalroleis
abhorrenttoothers,becauseitisanoffenseagainstthehumanorder.

App.2:Theblood,ifclosedOff,12
Nourishesdrybones.

Fath.2:Theclosedsystemofblood
Means:Theemaciatedbodygrowsfatonitsown.

Onceagain,thelinesrefertoancientChinesemedicalconceptsthatrecognizethelifegivingpropertiesofblood.Iftheindividualbyvarious

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techniquescanlearntodirectinternalbloodcirculation,hecanrestorevigortohisentiresystem,ratherthansuccumbtotheprogressivedesiccationofthebones,
body,andspiritassociatedwitholdage.Ineffect,theindividuallearnshowto"keeptheselfwholeandnourishoneself."13Byanalogy,themoralsuperiorlearnsto
revitalizehisspiritthroughmasteryoftheConfucianWay.Asthe"GreatLearning"says,"Richesenrichthehousevirtueenrichesone'sperson."14

App.3:Hisdemeanorisstandoffish,15
Hestammersatthemouth.16
Closedoff,hehasnowords.

Fath.3:Disengagedfromothers17
Means:TheWayofManisslighted.

Humanbeingshaveanunusualfacilitytocreateameaningfulcommunitythroughthevehicleofspeech.Theindividualdescribedhererefusestousethatgift.Though
Hanreclusesclaimedthattheyservedhighergoalsthanmeresocialcohesion,insofarastheirconductundercuttheverybasisofsociety,itwaslessthanhuman.18

App.4:Shuttinguphisstoresofgrain,
Hedefiescustombyfailingtosave19
Eventheoldandmembersofhisclan.

Fath.4:Closingoffhisgrain
Means:Theycannotlooktoeachotherwithhope.

AccordingtoYang'sschema,thissetofversesshouldbeauspicious.Therefore,someinterpretationsoftheAppraisaldepictaprovidentialheadofthehouseholdwho
prudentlydecidestoreservestoresofgrainforthosedeservingofspecialconsideration:theagedandfellowclanmembers.For"nottorelievewouldnotbe
customary,asitwouldaffecttheagedevenoftheclan"(analternatereadingofthesecondandthirdlineoftheAppraisal).Unfortunately,theFathominglinethen
makesnosense.

Anothercommentatorappearstoarguethattheversesdescribethegoodrulerwhopunishes("puttinginbonds")20evenhiscloserelativesiftheydonotconformto
custom.Theirpleasforspecialtreatmentarejustlyignoredsinceresponsibilitytothestateproperlyoverridesfamilyconsiderations.21Atleastthisexplanationhasthe
meritofexplainingtheFathoming.

Mytranslationoffersaninternallyconsistent,thoughinauspiciousreading.22SeethefollowingAppraisalforanothertreatmentofthemiser.
App.5:KeepingneithertocenternorMean,
Heharvestsrottenvermin.23

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Fath.5:Neithercenterednormoderate
Means:Hisclosemouthednessiswrong.

Theevilmancommitsoneoftwoerrors(bothindicatedbyYang'sambiguousphrasing).Eitherhehoardsgrainsolongthatallhefindsinhisstorehousearetherotted
corpsesoftheratswhofeastedonhisstoresofgrain.Or,inhisinveteratestinginess,themiserhimselfbecomesa"rat."Whoeverhoardshisresources,infact,turns
outtobehisownworstenemy.24HehasforgottenthatthesolepurposeofaccumulationistopermitthelaterdispersalofgrainandgoodstopromotetheGood.By
contrast,"thoughthesuperiormanaccumulates,heisalsoabletodisperse."25
App.6:Thespringatitssource,fulltooverflowing,
Isheldinreserveonthehillinthepark.26
App.6:Theclosingoffofthesourceofthespring27
Means:Itcannotbecriticized.

Appraisal6correspondstotheWaterphasehence,thespringisusedasmetaphor.TheswellingwatersindicatetheabundantforceofWater.Waterislikethe"ever
flowingch'i"thatendowsthebodywithphysicalandmoralstrength.Thesourceofthech'i'sflowistheconscience,whichkeepstothehighmoralground.28Thehill
specificallydescribedisahighmounddepressedattopsothatitformsanaturalreservoir.Justasdeepwatersmaycollectuntiltheyareneeded,thegoodconscience
quietlygathersstrength,awaitingthetimewhenitwillbeputtouse.29Inthiscase,tobeclosedatthemouthispraiseworthy.

App.7:Ifclosedoffinthelimbs,30
TheYellowFleshdecays.

Fath.7:Blockedinthefourlimbs
Means:Bonesandfleshareharmed.

Appraisal7representsdecay.Thecoloryellowalwaysreferstowhatiscentral,suggestingthemarrow,theinnermostmuscles,orpossiblythevitalorgans.31Ifthe
circulatingch'iandbloodareheldupintheappendages,32thecenterbodycannotbenourishedadequately.Ifthismetaphorisappliedtothebodypolitic,all
resourcesofthestatearesiphonedoffbysecondaryfigures,sothatthepeople'swelfareisneglected.33Ifthemetaphorappliestofamilyrelations,lesserfiguresgrab
muchneededresourcesforthemselves.34

App.8:Blockedandconfrontingcalamity,
Heoffersanoxtoexpiateblame.

Fath.8:Blockedandfacingcalamity
Means:Thegreatexpenseisjustified.

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Thewisemanwhomeetswithcalamitytakesimmediatestepstoremedythesituation.First,heacknowledgeshisfaults,thenhetriestomakereparationforhiscrimes.
Finally,hereverentlymakessacrificestothegods,sparingnoexpense,inordertoexpiatehissins.Generosity,reverence,andritualcancounterthemiserable"closed
mouthedness"associatedwithmiserlyspirits.35
App.9:Closedskiesdonotrain.
Driedmeatisdriedoutmore.36

Fath.9:Blockedandnorain
Means:Whatcanonehopefor?

Rainsignifiesabalancebetweenyinandyang.37Ifadroughtlastsforweeksonend,aseriouscosmicimbalanceexists.Sincefructifyingrainfallsymbolizestheruler's
graceandfavors,droughtindicatesthatthe"king'sfavorshavedriedup,sothatpeopleandthingsareexhausted."38Oncehissubjectsnolongerlooktohimwithhope
andlove,theirconductismarkedbyincreasingdesperation.39
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYang
thephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.12,Obstructionthesun
Shou enterstheAxletreeconstellation,6th
No.57.Guardedness degree
August31September4(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinguardsthedooryangguardsthegate.Nothingsmakecontact.

Yinguardswhatisrelativelyinsideyangtakescareofwhatiscomparativelyoutside.Thus,yinmaybesaidtokeepwatchoverearth,whileyangwatchesHeaven.1
Sinceyinandyangareeachattheirseparatestations,apparentlydefendingtheirownterritories,therecanbenomutualcontact.Withthemarvelouscapacityfor
interactionlosttothemyriadthings,nothingcangerminateorgrow.

App.1:Shutthedoublewindows
Toguardfirstpossessions.

Fath.1:Shuttingthedoublewindows
Means:Heisgoodatkeepingwhathehas.

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Figure16.
Thetilthammer(sometimescalledthetreadle)usedinpoundingrice.
IllustrationfromSants'aituh'ui,anencyclopediaof1609,"Utensils"
section,11/39b.

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SinceAppraisal1referstotheBeginningofThought,the"doublewindows"mostlikelyrefertotheeyesandearsasprimaryvehiclesforsensorycontactwiththe
outsideworld.Ingeneral,Hanphilosophydoesnotcelebratedenialofthesensesforitsownsake.Atthesametime,manytextsrecognizethatsensationseeking
detersonefromreverentattentiontosocialduty.Drivenbydesire,aperson"isagitated,withhisthoughtshelterskelter."2Oneclassicaltextsays:

Thepeopleareborngood.Itisbecauseof[desiresfor]externalthingsthattheychange.3

Ifthisisso,thentopreserveMan'soriginalpotentialforGoodness,theindividualmustlearntolessendesire.4Thegoodmankeepsunnecessarydistractionsatbay,
thebettertodedicatehimselftopursuitoftheWay.

Threecommentatorsreadthepoemquitedifferently.Thewindowsstandforwaystoviewtheworldoutside.Thatthewindowsaredoublesuggests"factionalism
amongfriends."5Thusthegoodofficial,ifheistoremainprincipled,mustavoidviewingtheworldthroughthebiasesofhisfaction.6
App.2:Toblindlypreservetheself
Isnotasgoodas"maintainingtheOne."7

Fath.2:Blindlybentonselfpreservation
Means:Atcenter,helacksawaytosustainhimself.8

InConfucianterms,toabandonmoralconsiderationsinordertosaveone'sownpersondemonstratesakindofblindness.Paradoxically,inthedesiretosavehimself,
theindividuallosesallsenseofself.Heknowsthathisprincipleswillbethrowntothewindsassoonasrealorimagineddangerappears.Theindividualwoulddo
betterinmoralandpracticaltermstokeepasteadycourseofaction,inwhichhe"firmlygraspstheOne"9bysinglemindeddevotiontotheOneWay.
App.3:Neitherlosingnorgaining,
Hecomesandgoesinsilence.

Fath.3:Neitherlosingnorgaining
Means:Hemaintainshisoriginalstate.

TheChangesassociates"neitherlosingnorgaining"withgoodorder.10Thenoblemandisregardsmaterialgainorloss,praiseorblame,sinceheonlycaresforthe
Way.11ThisinsuresthathemaintainshisoriginalpotentialforGoodnessendowedbyHeaven.

App.4:Imagesofsnarlingdogs12onguard.

Fath.4:Guardedbyamakebelievedog
Means:Integrity13hasnothingtorelyupon.14

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Toscareawaythieves,Handynastybuildingswerefrequentlydecoratedwithpaintedorsculptedimagesofguarddogs.(Doorknockers,forexample,weremadein
thisshape.)Suchmodelsproveineffectivesinceeventhestupidestofrobberscaneasilytellthedifferencebetweenanimageofadogandtherealthing.Thepoem
mocksthosewhobelievethatotherscannotseebehindtheirpublicmaskstotheirtrueintentionsandcharacter.15Thepoemmayalsomockthosewhorelyonfalse
friendsasallies.

App.5:Guardingcenterbyharmony16
Incovenantswithmarquises,
Heistriedandtrue.17

Fath.5:Holdingthecenterbyharmony
Means:Thefeudallordsturntohim.

Appraisal5representstheSonofHeavenandcenter.AccordingtoHanreadingsofthe"GreatPlan"chapteroftheDocuments,theemperorholdsfasttotheWayof
CentralityandHarmonythroughritualaction.Ashiswordcanbetrusted,thefeudallordswillacknowledgehissovereigntythroughvariouscovenants.
App.6:Thecarriagerestsontheblock.
Thejadetabletanddiscgatherdust.

Fath.6:Thecarriageontheblock
Means:Hefailstocontacthisneighbors.

Thecarriagesymbolizescontactthroughtrade,war,anddiplomacy.Thejadetabletandroundpidiscareassociatedwithbothstatesacrificeandhighoffice.Though
thetwomostimportantaffairsofstatearesacrificeandwar,18herethestateneglectsitsfunctions.Nomeetingsareheldnotokensofgoodfaithareexchanged.Ritual
obligations(bothpublicandprivate)areignored.Sincetherulernolongerextendshiscivilizinginfluencetoothers,neighboringfiefsnolongerbenefitfromhis
proximity.WhileLaotzucelebratesstatesthatexpressnointerestintheirneighbors,19theMysteryequateslackofcontactwithcalamity.

App.7:Themanyyanggreatly20defend
Themaleoffspring'spropriety.

Fath.7:Thedefensebyvariousyang
Means:Heguardsproprietyandgoodfaith.

Thecommentatorsofferlittlehelphere.Itseemsthattheactivenatureofmaleyang(asopposedtothequiescentnatureofyin)leadsittodefend(whileyintendsto
thwart.)21TheHeadtexttalksofyangguardingthegate.ImagesofguardedpassagewaysappearalsoinAppraisals1and4.Asthemaleheirmovesoutintothe
publicworld,hisproper

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sphere,hisactsofvirtuewillsummonthevitality,strength,andcreativityofyangch'iinitsmanyaspectstoprotecthim.
App.8:Themortarlacksapestle.
Histreadleisraised.22
Theskycloudsoverbutnorainfalls:
Glaringsunandblazingheat.

Fath.8:Tobewithoutapestle
Means:Whathepreservesispoverty.

Thebasictoolstosecurealivelihoodarelacking:eventhemortarlacksapestle.What'smore,eventhetoolsathandareusedimproperly:thetreadleisraisedrather
thanrammeddown.Attheveryleast,theindividualisconfused.Perhapsheisalsolazy.SuchapersoncanexpectnohelpfromHeaven.WithoutHeaven'shelp,a
droughtwillblastthecrops,sothatonlypovertyispreserved.

App.9:Joiningthewhitehairedintheirprinciples,23
Herejectstheyoungwiththeircoalblackhair.
Heisnotindanger.

Fath.9:Joiningtheagedinhavingprinciples
Means:Theoldexcel24thenew.

InChina,menofexperiencetendtobevaluedoverstrappingyouths.OnechapteroftheDocumentshasawiserulersaying:
HenceforthIshalltakeadvicefromtheagedandthenbefreefromerror.Thosewhitehairedofficerswhosephysicalstrengthisfailing,Iwouldratherhave.Thosedashingbrave
officers,whoarefaultlessinshootingandcharioteering,Iwouldrathernothave.25
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YinthephaseMetalandtheYiching
Hexagramno.57,ThePenetrating
thesunenterstheAxletree
constellation,11thdegreetheDipper
Hsi pointsduewestthemusicalnoteisA1
No.58.ClosingIn
September4(p.m.)September8

HEAD:Yinasitcomesmovesagainstchangeyangasitgoesadaptstotransformation.2Things,retreating,descendbelowtogathertogether.

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Atthistimeoftheyear,yinwaxeswhileyangwanes.Sinceyinch'irisesfrombelow(contrarytotheactionofitsalliedPhaseWater,whichflowsdownward),itmay
besaidtogoagainstnaturalchange.3Itcanalsobesaidtomoveagainstchangeinsofarasitharmsotherthings.4Yangch'inowdescendsfromonhigh,another
actioninoppositiontothecharacteristicactivityofitsalliedphase,Fire,whosenatureistoriseup.Still,yangmaybesaidtoadapttotransformation,eitherbecauseit
continuestofostergrowthor,asseemsmorelikely,becauseitaccedestoyin'stemporaryrule.5

OneofYangHsiung'sautocommentariestakes''entering"asaglossforthetetragram'stitle.6Somereadthetitleas"joining."7Astheharvestisgatheredin,thingsshut
down,afterwhichtheyhibernateorwithdrawintotheirshells.Afterclosingin,then,alljointogetherinenteringastateofrest8

App.1:Wildlytheyclash9inthedark,
Closingontheirgoals.10
Thoughtheywishtowanderfreely,11
Heavendoesnotfosterthem.12

Fath.1:Thrashinginthedark
Means:Heavenisnotyetwiththem.

Appraisal1usuallydescribesfirstthought.Herevariousconflictingdesiresandambitionscontendfordominanceinthehiddenrecessesofthemind.Withtheindividual
confused,personalgoalsaresomehowconstrained,sothatthepersonishamperedfromseeingselfcultivationastheonlygoalworthyofhisefforts.Justwhenthe
seasoncallsfor"gatheringin"(i.e.,conservingratherthanexpendingvaluableresources),themindwastesitselfonundirectedactivity.Heavenfrownsuponthe
individual'slackofdirectionandrestraint.13SuchprofoundignoranceofHeaven'spatternsdoesnotaugurwell.Onlymindswithaunifiedvisioninaccordwithcosmic
lawscanhopetosucceed.
App.2:Closinginatthedarkcenter,
Heaimsforwhatistriedandtrue.14

Fath.2:Intothedarkcenter
Means:Hecorrectstheself.15

Theindividualmaximizeshisowncharismaticforcebyfocusingonhis"darkcenter,"thehiddenconscience,wellspringofallgoodactionthatreflectsthedarkcenterof
phenomenalexistence,theTao.OncehisthoughtsfocusontheWay,succeedingactionswillnotgoastray,justasacarefulaiminarcheryinsuresanaccurateshot.
ThisdirecteddevotiontotheRightcontrastswiththeaimlessactivitydescribedinAppraisal1.

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App.3:Allintentoneating,gobblegobble.

Fath.3:Intentongobbling
Means:Profitforhimislikearitualdance.16

Appraisal3describesthepersonwhois"advancing."Theindividual'sdesiresandambitionsareinsatiable,asindicatedbyhishastygobblingofthefoodputbefore
him.Asonecommentatorremarks,"[Thisis]animageofonewhowillgoabsolutelyanywhere[inavidpursuitofprofit].17Incontrast,thetruegentlepersonwho
eagerlyfollowstherituals"nevergoesoneatinguntilheissated"fromritualhelearnsusefulselfrestraint.18
App.4:Closingitswings
Helpsittorise.

Fath.4:Closinginonwhatmakeshimrise19
Means:Thisistheaidoftruefriends.

InChinese,asinEnglish,"raising"or"risingup"isassociatedwithelevationinofficialranknolessthanwithphysicalmovements.Thegraphfor"wings"iscognatewith
thatfor"protection"or"support''20forthisreason,itoftenappearsinthetitlesfortheking'sofficers.Chinesetraditionsuspectstheselfmademan,arguingthataman
oftruevirtueattractsworthyfriendstosupportandprotecthim.21Thewingsfoldedin,therefore,symbolizethegoodman'srisetopowerthroughtheconcertedefforts
oftruefriends.

App.5:Hedrawsinhisbelly
Toavoid22thegrain.23

Fath.5:Collapsingthebelly
Means:Thisisnowaytobuildareputation.24

ThebellyiscommonlyidentifiedinChinesephilosophyastheseatofthephysicalappetitesforfoodandsex.Theselinesprobablymockthebenightedindividualwho
denieshimselfvarioushumanpleasuresinthevainhopeofattainingimmortalitythroughastrictregimen.25Noenduringreputationcanbegainedbyeitherasceticismor
eremitismsincebothdefytheritualnorms.

App.6:Agolden26heartandvastwings
DrawintoHeaven.

Fath.6:Thegoldenheartandvastwings
Means:Theyhelptogetsupport.

Thegoldenheart,ofcourse,referstotheheart/mindofonewhoexemplifiesgoodfaith,thevirtueassociatedwithYellowandCenter.Thevastwingssuggestunusual
strengththatmaybeemployedtoshieldothers

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27
fromharm.Iftheheartreferstotheking,thewingsarehisworthyofficials. Itisequallypossible,however,thatperfectvirtueandgreatstrengtharehereconjoined
inasingleindividual,whoseeffortswillbeblessed.

App.7:Drawninthearrow'sstring28
Ah,howpitiable!

Fath.7:Grieffromthestringdrawnin
Means:Heiscaughtinthenetofharm.29

Thehuntertiesastringtohisarrowforthreegoodreasons:first,thefallenpreyisthenmoreeasilylocatedbythehuntersecond,thearrowisthenpreservedforfuture
useandthird,thestringcomesinhandywhenthehuntergoestopinbackthepitifulwingsthatstillstruggletofly.Thebirdshotdowninmidflightiseffortlesslypulled
towardsthearcher,whoeasilybindsitswings,makingescapeimpossible.Byanalogy,thepersoninmidcareeriseasilyfelledbyacalculatingenemy,whorendershis
preyutterlyhelpless.
App.8:Heshakesoffthenet,
Breakingitsmeshes:
Aclosecall.

Fath.8:Shakingnetsandcuttingcords
Means:Indanger,hemanagestogoon.30

Thoughthehunter'spreyisalreadyensnared,itmanagestostrugglefree.Suchanarrowescapemuststrikethevictim'sheartwithfear.Iftheindividualisthereby
inspiredtoreformhisbehavior,initialcalamitycanendingoodfortune.
App.9:Hebrandisheshishorn,
Usingitonlytoattack31hiskin.

Fath.9:Brandishingitshorn
Means:Heexterminateshisownkind.32

Provocativeactsoftenbringdowndestructionnotonlyupononeself,butuponone'srelatives.33ThiswasespeciallytrueinancientChina,wherethelawassumed
collectiveresponsibilityforallseriouscrimes.Theviolentcriminalmayfindhisentireclanexterminatedandhisancestorsforeverdeprivedofsacrifices.Inthisway,evil
personsdrawdisasterintotheirownhomes.

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CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseEarthandtheYi
chingHexagramno.45,Gathering
Chu TogetherthesunenterstheAxletree
No.59.Massing constellation,15thdegree1
September9(p.m.)September13

HEAD:Yinch'iisgatheringandamassing.Yangdoesnotprohibitorprevent[anything],sothingstogetherpeak2intheiraccumulation.

Atthistimeoftheyear,themyriadthingsbegintomasstogether,eitherbecausetheyarestoredtogetherafterharvestorbecausetheyhuddletogetherinthefaceof
harshwinter.Inthis,theyfollowthemodelofnowdominantyinch'i,whichistiedtocontraction,ratherthanexpansion.3Interestingly,YangHsiungassociatesmassing
withghostsandspirits,althoughinotherpassagesofhisworksYangHsiungexplicitlystatesthathedoubtstheirexistence.4Mostlikely,heisfollowingthetraditionof
thecorrelateChangeshexagram,whichisfilledwithtalkofghostsandancestralspirits.5TheChangesshowsthewiserulerofferingsacrificestothespiritsgatheredat
theancestraltemple,sothathemaypreparefor"theunforeseen"6andforestallconfusion.Unityofmindandwillisnolessimportantinreligiouspracticethaninthe
conductofwar.

App.1:Ghostsandgodsusetheformless,7
Sonuminousarethey.8

Fath.1:Ghostsandgods,formlessandnuminous,
Mean:Theirformsareunseen.

Appraisal1isalignedwithWater,whosesourceandpowerareinvisible.Alsohiddenatthistimeofyeararethemyriadthings,astheyburrowdown,retreat,ordie.
Withall"thingsrevertingtotheirbase,"thediscussionnaturallyshiftstotheghostsandgods,whoseoperationsarebydefinitionunseen,thoughtheresultsoftheir
operationsaremanifesttoall9Apparently,theperfectefficacyofghostsandspiritsdependsuponthisunseenquality,forparadoxically"Whateverhasformhaslimits..
."10Forthisreason,thesuperiormanchoosestooperateasmuchaspossiblebehindthescenestoeffecthiswill.
App.2:Atthebanquettheygather,
Titter,titter.

Fath.2:Laughteratbanquetgatherings
Means:Intheirpleasure,theygotoexcess.11

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Figure17.
AHandynastybanquet.Notethattheguestsareseatedonthefloor.Chairs,
whichwereimportedfromtheWest,becamepopularonlyintheT'angdynasty
(618906).IllustrationfromrubbingoftombreliefexcavatedfromCh'engtu,
Szechwan,Tingchiayaotien(4642cm).

Theordinarypersonwantstomeetwithbooncompanionsinthepursuitofpleasure.Ignoringtheconstraintsofritual,heeasilylapsesintovacuouslaughterand
appallingexcess.Itcouldalsobethathismediocritypromptstheridiculeofothers.12

App.3:Herevereshisownelders
Asgatewaytothemanyghosts.13

Fath.3:Torevereone'sownelders
Means:Theghostsawaitrespect.

FortheancientChinese,pietytowardslivinganddeadforebearswasthefoundationofallmorality.14Familyfeelingshouldinformtheritual

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actsothattheindividualisnaturallyschooledintheproperlyreverentialattitude,anattitudethatcouldbeextendedtootherauthorityfigures.Manyalsoregarded
ancestorworshipasaprerequisiteforgoodfortune,sinceaman'sancestorscouldintercedeonhisbehalfinthespiritworld,therebysecuringthefavorofthegodsin
heaven.HeretheMysteryshowstheagedtobeonestepawayfromtheancestorsasinglebarrier(thegateofdeath)separatesthelivingfromthedead.Membersof
thehouseholdshouldtreattheirelderswithrespect,then,forbothpracticalandmoralreasons.15

App.4:Leadingsheeptoshowtothethicketgod,16
Extendingtheleftthigh,tabletinhand.17
Bothareuncouth.

Fath.4:Leadingsheepstothickets
Means:Thisishardlyworthglorifying.18

TheFathomingoffersseverecriticism,butthecommentatorscannotagreeonthespecificnatureoftherituallapsescitedhere.Apparently,therightthigh,ratherthan
theleft,shouldbeextendedwhenbowingtotheemperorduringaformalaudience.19Butitislessclearwhatiswrongwith"leadingthesheep."SsumaKuang
believesthatitisinappropriatetoofferthesacrificeofasheeptothegodofthesoil,representedbyathicketoftrees.Perhapsanoxshouldhavebeenslaughtered,
ratherthanthelowlysheep.20Amoderncommentator,ChengKengwang,findsanadditionalflawintheproceedings:Nobloodsacrificeisofferedthegodsareonly
"shown"asheep.21Inanycase,whenmistakesmartherituals,theyareofnousetomanorthegodsnogoodcancomefromthem.22

App.5:Withyuherbsinthetripod'sblood23
Goodtiesforninedegreesofkin,24
Onlythendoesrealtrustexist.

Fath.5:Theyuinthetripod
Means:Thereistrust25intheking'sdecree.

Appraisal5correspondstotheSonofHeaven,whomixesanherbalinfusioninthetripodwiththebloodymeatsasanofferingtotheancestors.26Thisceremony
concludesthepactbetweenmembersoftheking'sclan,whopartakeofhischarismaticauthorityastheysharethesacrificialmeats.27Throughasingleritualact,then,
theentirepoliticalstructureiscementedandtheking'spowerextended.

App.6:Fearinghisghosts,honoringtheir
rites,Wantonactscausebenightedness.
Byexcess,hewillberuined.28

 Page350

Fath.6:Recklessactsinfearingghosts
Means:Hegoesbeyondwhatisrightforhim.29

ManyHanthinkersexplicitlydenouncethepopularfearofghosts,arguingthatexcessivesacrificesandweirdcultsbothdepletehouseholdfundsanddisorderhuman
relations.30AstheTsoCommentarywrites:

Whenacountryisabouttorise,itlistenstoitsworthymen.Whenthecountryisabouttofall,itlistenstothespirits.31

Similarly,theRecordofRitualwarnsthat"excessivesacrificesbringnogoodfortune."32Thosewhomerelyfeartheunknownshowlittleinclinationtoembracethe
sacredcosmicnorms.Theysplurgeonsacrifices,presumptuouslyapplyforhelpfromgodsabovetheirownstation,andneglecttheirregularduties.Allsuchactivities
wouldanger,ratherthansatisfytheinhabitantsoftheotherworld.Realloveandhonorinjectanelementofsolemnrestraintintotheritualprocess.Inactuality,these
cowardscheatthedeadoutofthetruedevotionthatistheirdue.

App.7:Dulyreverent,theygatheratthehillsidegrave.

Fath.7:Reverentlygatheringatthehillsidegrave
Means:Ritualisnotforsaken.

Thegravesitedonahillisregardedasespeciallyfavorablebygeomanticspecialists,whoseeinthegraveasymbolbothofindividualdeathandfamilycontinuity.Here
sacrificestothedeadancestorsproceedwiththeutmostreverence.Asonetreatsthedead,soisonelikelytotreatthelivingmembersofone'sfamilyand,by
extension,otherfiguresofauthority.Wemayexpectgoodfortunetoresult.

App.8:Owlsandpigeons33intheforest
Scareoff34manyotherbirds.

Fath.8:Owlsandpigeonsintheforest
Mean:Thisisfrighteningtomany.

TheChineseconsidertheowlandthepigeon"robberbirds"35sincetheyfeeduponsmallerbirds,fledglings,andeggspurloinedfromnests.Defenselessbirdsofother
speciesareafraidtoentertheforest,lesttheybekilled.Byanalogy,intheworldofMantheviciousorviolentindividual(especiallytheslanderer)maycause
widespreadpanic.36

App.9:Sniveldrippingcollectsatthenose.
Thefamilygathers37together.

Fath.9:Sniveldrippingandcollectingatnoses
Means:Atimelyfateiscutoff.

AccordingtoYang'sownschema,theselinesshouldbeauspicioustheyshouldalsoconveyanextremeexampleof"massing."Forthis

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reason,FanWangattemptsatortuousexplicationofthemetaphors.Itismorenatural,however,toreadthisasadescriptionofmournersgatheredforafuneral.Death
itselfgivesanextremeexampleofMassingindeath,thebodycollapses,pullinginonitself.Thelinesareauspiciousonlyin,sofarasdeathritualsbringthekinship
communitytogether.38
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YinthephaseWaterandtheYiching
Hexagramno.26,Great
Chi Provisioning1thesunentersthe
No.60.Accumulation Hornconstellation,3ddegree
September13(p.m.)September17

HEAD:Yinisabouttolargelyclosethings.Yangisstillslightlyopeningthings.2Mountains,valleys,wetlands,andmarshes,tothemthemyriadthingsreturn.

Creaturesreturntotheirnestsorlairsinpreparationfortheapproachofwinter.IntheworldofMan,itisnowtimeforhumanstoconsidertheircenter,3their
conscience.Asthedaysdarkenandinauspiciousyinch'iaccumulates,thepsychicjourney"home"(i.e.,toone'sconscience)becomesatleastasimportantasany
physicalretreat.Periodicreturnstotheinnerselfarenecessaryfortheproperfunctioningofeachandeverylivingthing.Atthesametime,continuousaccumulationthat
knowsnoretrenchmenttendstobefraughtwithdanger.(Thesingleexceptionisprovidedbyvirtue,thesteadyacquisitionofwhichpromotesphysicalsafetyand
psychicsecurity.)Agoodexampleisprovidedbytheheedlessaccumulationofvariousluxuryitemslikejadeandsilk.Notonlyaresuchluxurieseasilylosttothieves
orrobberstheirverypossessionmaythreatenthesoul.Moreisnotnecessarilybetter,then,despitetheLegalists'tendencytolinkthedevelopmentofcharismatic
powerwiththeaccretionofphysicalch'iandtheaccumulationofmaterialgoods.4

App.1:Accumulatingevil5inthedark
Createsthebasisforwhatwillbeclear.6

Fath.1:Darklyhoardingevil
Means:Puttingoneselfinthewrongfromthefirst.

Thoughthepettypersonrepeatedlydoeswronginsecret,theilleffectsofhiscrimeswillsoonbecomeobvioustoall.7

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Figure18.
IllustrationfromarubbingofapotterytombreliefexcavatedfromChengdu,
Szechwan(4049cm.),nowintheChengduMuseum.Whiletheillustrated
carriageisenclosedonthreesides,acarriage"withears"hastwolargeside
panels,butnoneinback.These"ears"shieldtheoccupantsofthecarriagefrom
curiouseyes.Insofarastheycreateavisualseparation,theyasserttheoccupants'
privilegedstatus.InanidealConfucianworld,suchprivilegeisreservedforthose
ofspecialmeritandvirtue.Agoodexampleofacarriage"withears''maybefound
atWuliangts'e(Shangtungprovince)inthescenewherethesageConfuciusmeets
thesageLaotzu.SeeEdouardChavannes,MissionarcheologiquedanslaChine
septentrionale(Paris,1913),vol.2,plate71,no.137.

App.2:Accumulatingtheuseless
Andsocomingtogreatuse:
Suchisthestoutheart8ofthenobleman.

Fath.2:Amassingtheuseless
Means:Hecannotbecircumscribed.

EarlyTaoisttextsextolthe"usefulnessofbeinguseless."Accordingtotheirarguments,onlythetrulyuselesscanavoidrelentlessexploitationbyothers.TheMystery,
however,subtlyshiftstheconnotationsofthephrasesothatthepoemmeanssomethinglike:

 Page353
9
Accumulating[virtue,though]itisunused.
Andsotocometobeofgreatuse:
Suchisthestoutheartofthenobleman.
Accumulatingthe[temporarily]unused
Means:Itcannotbecircumscribed[sogreatisit].10

Unlikethepettyperson,themorallysuperiorpersonaccumulateswisdomandexperiencelongbeforehisappointment(i.e.,whensuchknowledgeisapparently
useless),tobetterservehisrulerandthecommonpeopleinthefuture.
App.3:Collectingstoneshedoesnoteat
Wasteshiseffortsandstrength.

Fath.3:Pilingstonesthatnonewilleat
Means:Nothingcanbeharvested.

Thewiseindividualmakessurethathisenergiesareexpendedtosecurecertainbenefit.Itonlymakessense,then,forhimtoinvesthistimeandeffortinwaysthatare
mostlikelytobringasurereturn.Onlytheaccumulationofmeritcarrieswithitaninevitablereward.Acquisitionforitsownsakeprofitstheindividualnothing.

App.4:Pilingupgood,thenobleman
Gainsacarriagewith"ears."

Fath.4:Nobilityamassinggood
Means:Andsohecomestoprosper.11

Thesuperiormangrowsgraduallyinwisdomandtruthuntilhisreputationforvirtueinsuresanappointmenttopublicofficeunderagoodking.12Thecarriagewith
"ears"(i.e.,sidepanels)indicateshighrankandimperialfavorthepanelsremindusthatvirtueactslikeascreeninsofarasitprotectstheindividualfromcorruption.13

App.5:Whenstoresarenotfull,
Theftbringsnogain.14

Fath.5:Fullstoresandrobbersinfullsupply
Means:Asitturnsout,itharmstheself.15

Appraisal5correspondstotheSonofHeaven,sothefailureofcentralgovernmentislikelytobethesubjecthere.Becauseofpuns,however,therearenofewerthan
threerelatedwaystounderstandtheselines.Thefirstreadingcriticizesthebadrulerwhoexploitshissubjectsthroughtaxationandcorvelabor,neverunderstanding
thathisinterestsareidenticalwiththoseofthecommonpeople:"[Thecommonpeople's]storesarenotfull./,[Yettheruler]stealswhatisinshortsupply."16Asecond
readingadvisestherulertosharehiswealthwiththe

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17
commonpeopletoforestallallattemptsatusurpation,for"whenstoresarenotfull,/Stealingisnogain." Athirdreadingemphasizesthattherulingelite'sobsession
withmaterialgoodsnotonlydepletesthetreasury,butalsoattractsthievestocourt:"When[theruler's]storesarenotfull,robbersarefew./....Whenstoresarefull,
robbersaremany."18ThesagemasterConfuciusoncetoldalocalrulerthatthebestwaytoridhimselfofburglarswastoexcisehisownthievingtendencies:"Ifonly
youyourselfwerefreefromdesire,theywouldnotstealevenifyoupaidthemto."19Asthebadrulersoonlearns,"Toomuchstored/Endsinimmenseloss."20Onlythe
ruler'slackofcupiditysetsapropersuasiveexampleforhissubjects.21

App.6:Greatandfullhegrandlydisperses,22
Soingettingmen,hehasnopeer.23

Fath.6:Great,full,grand,andgiving
Means:Heistheonetowhomallmencome.24

Hanscholarsdefinedthekingas"hetowhommengravitate."25Havingaccumulatedsufficientcharismaticpower,thetruekingdispersesgoodsandfavorstoworthy
subjects,bothtoimprovethecaliberofhisbureaucracyandtoincitethecommonpeopletovirtue:
Thehumane[ruler]employshiswealthtodistinguishhimself.Theinhumane[ruler]employshispersontoaccumulatewealth....Virtueistherootwealthissecondary.If[the
ruler]makestherootasecondarygoal,hewillonlycompetewiththepeopleandpromotethievery.26

App.7:Howgrandthedisplay27
Withjadeandsilkarrayed!
Desirescutloose28onlysummon29thieves.

Fath.7:"Howgrandhisdisplay!"
Means:Thievesitattracts.

NumerousWarringStatesandHanthinkersinveighedagainstlavishdisplayofanykind(eveninthecaseoffuneralrites),reasoningthatanyconspicuousdisplayof
wealthprovokesgreedandviolence.30
App.8:Thoughhepilesupgood,
Thehouriscalamitous,
Onlybecauseofhisforebears'crimes.31

Fath.8:Accumulatedgoodandcalamitoustimes
Means:Itisnothisfault.

TheChinesewerehardpressedtoprovideareasonableexplanationforcasesinwhichthegoodindividualmeetswithabadfate.TheMystery

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fallsbackupononestandardsolutiontotheproblemofevil:thefamilyiscollectivelyresponsibleforindividualfate.Afterall,astheChangessays:
Thehousethataccumulatesgoodissuretohaveasurplusofblessingsthehousethataccumulatesevilissuretohaveasurplusofills.Whenasubordinateassassinateshis
rulerorasonhisfather,itisnotamatterofasingleday'sornight'sevents.Therootcausesbuildupgradually.32

App.9:Pettymen'saccumulatedwrongs
Arebroughthometotheirprogeny.

Fath.9:Pilingupevilinthepetty
Means:Theyarepervertedbycalamity.33

Appraisal9representsExtremeCalamity.Surelyevilisextremewhenitblightsnotonlytheindividual'sownlife,butalsothelivesofhisdescendantsaswell.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysterYang
thephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.45,"Ornamental"1thesun
enterstheHornconstellation,7thdegree
theDipperpointsduewestthemusical
Shih noteisA2theAutumnEquinoxsolar
No.61.Embellishment periodbeginswithAppraisal6
September18September22(a.m.)

HEAD:Yiniswhitewhileyangisblack.Separatelytheyperformtheirrespectivetasks.3Whethergoingoutorenteringin,theyaremostembellished.4

Thistetragrammarkstheautumnequinox,whenyinandyang,equallystrong,areinexactoppositiontooneanother.TheMysteryconveysthisstarkcontrastthrough
thecolorsblackandwhite.GiventheHansystemofcorrespondences,wherewinter(asatimeofextremeyin)issymbolizedbyblackwhileautumn(atimewhenyang
isrelativelygreater)iswhite,thecommentatorsclearlyfeeltheneedforsomeexplicationof

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Yang'scolorsymbolism.ThelateEasternHanexegeteSungChung(d.A.D.219)reasonsthatyinnowbeginstocomeoutintotheclearlightofday,whileyangretreats
belowintoshadowyrealmstherefore,yiniswhiteandyangisblack.HisnearcontemporaryLuChi(d.ca.A.D.250)adds,"Yinch'irulesthewesthence,thetalkof
white[thecolorassociatedwiththewestinFivePhasesthought].Yangretreatstothenorthhence,itissaidtobeblack...."Athirdcommentatorsuggeststhatwhite
referstowhatisseennowandblacktowhatishidden.5Afinalexegesisisgivenbyalatecommentator,whosuggeststhatinthistimeofyin'sdominance,yangch'i
attemptstotakeontheprotectivecolorationofyin.

Itisalsopossiblethattheblackandwhitecolorschemeisusedtorecalltheelaboratepatterningofcertaincourtrobesusedinantiqueceremonies.Ornamentationin
generalfulfilledanimportantfunctioninancientChinesesociety.Strictlyregulatedbysumptuarylaws,ornamentationwasthoughttopromotegoodordersinceitdrew
attentiontothesecuresocialstatusofthosesingledoutasmoralexemplars.6

App.1:Speakingbynotspeaking,7
Hedoesnotusespeech.

Fath.1:Speakingbynotspeaking
Means:Beingsilent,heistobetrusted.

Inonesense,weregardspeechasacharacteristicornamentofhumanexistence.Ontheotherhand,earlyChinesephilosophersemphasizedtheimpossibilityof
capturinginwordstheineffablenatureofTaoorHeaven.Thetruesage,then,modelshimselfuponHeaven,which"doesnotspeak"butrevealsitselfindeeds.8
Confuciantextsinparticulartendtobewaryofspeechforanadditionalreason:Grandwordsringespeciallyfalsewhentheydonottranslateintobravedeeds.9The
wisepersondoesnotboastofhistalents,brayabouthisaccomplishments,orpromisemorethanhecancarryout.10

App.2:Theornamentlackssubstance.11
Withpatternputfirst,faultyrobesfollow.12

Fath.2:Withoutsubstance,emphasizingpattern
Means:Helosesallpropriety.13

NumerousdebatesappearinearlyChinesephilosophyabouttheproperbalancebetweenornamentationandsubstance.(SeeNo.47,page296.)ClassicalTaoist
thinkersoftenarguedthattheplainandtherusticmostnearlyapproachthe"natural"Way,14butthinkersassociatedwiththeConfucianschooltendedtoequatethe
Waywithschematizedpatterns,includingritualactivity.TrueConfucians,however,alsoinsistedthatornamentationshouldnotprevailoversubstance,sincethatwould
be

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15 16
topreferthesecondaryoverthefundamental asConfuciustaught,"thepatterncomesaftertheplaingroundwork." Toillustratethisprinciple,theMystery
employsclothingasavisiblesignofinnercharacter.17

App.3:Stickingoutyellow18tongues
Andgraspinggoldenbrushes
Helprevealthemenofwisdom.

Fath.3:Thebenefitsoftongueandbrush19
Mean:Theyhelpusseethemenwhoknow.

Itiseasytoestimatethetruemoralworthofapersonbywhathesaysinpersonoronpaper.For,
Speechisthemusicoftheheart.Writingisthepaintingoftheheart.
Oncethemusicalnotesandpaintingstakeform,the[difference
between]thenobleandthepettypersonisapparent.20

Herespeechandwriting"expressthebeautywithin,"21asagoldenyellowsignifieswhatisgood,central,andinaccordwiththeMean.

App.4:Sharptongues22toadyforprofit.23
Thisisasuresignofmerchants.

Fath.4:Thesuresignoftoadies
Means:Thisisprofittobusiness.

LoveofprofitofteninterfereswithpursuitoftheRight.24Merchantssucceedbestwhentheyusesmoothbut"twisty"speechthatflattersthecustomer.Thewouldbe
sage,however,findsthemerchant'sglibdisregardfortruthabhorrent.
App.5:Humblewordsarelikewater,
AndtruetoHeaven'sFemale.25

Fath.5:Aflowofhumblewords
Means:Heisabletoemptyhimself.

Therulerisadvisedtoactlikeafemale.Inotherwords,heshouldcondescendtohissubordinatesandhumblyasktheiradvice.Amodeststancemayindeedsecure
greatness.

App.6:Pointlessspeech,whensuppressed,
Stillgoesflyingoff.
Thegreatmanshakesthewind.

Fath.6:Speechthatrunson
Means:Suppressed,itrisesupagain.

AChineseproverbsays,"Noteamoffourhorsescanovertakeawordonceithasflownout."Ironically,theemptyspeechofthepettymanoften"flies"betterthanthe
weightierspeechesgivenbyatrulynobleper

 Page358

son.Butintheselinesweseethevirtuouspersonabouttoblasttheidleprattlerfromthescene.

App.7:Talkofcurrentaffairsistaboo.26
Finesubtletyinphrasing,though,
Showssuspectpointstothoseonhigh.27

Fath.7:Timeswhenoneshouldnotspeak28
Mean:Howelsecanitbeclarified?29

Theremaybetimeswhentheloyalsubjectisforcedtospeakonforbiddentopics.Sincethisislikelytoirritatethemediocreruler(letalonethebadruler),thewise
advisortakesspecialcareinhisphrasingsothatheconveysallhispointssuccessfullywithoutdrawingtheruler'siredownuponhimself.(Interestinglyenough,thetext
leavesopenwhethersubtlephrasingreferstoallusiveindirectionorjustfinelycraftedrhetoric.)30

App.8:Thecicadacriesyungyung,31
Asbloodspurtsfromitsmouth.

Fath.8:Theshrillcryofthecicada
Means:Themouthwoundsitself.

Howeverloyaltheremonstrant,hewouldbeunwisetoharpupontheruler'sfaultsortoadoptashrilltoneofvoiceinhisaccusations.Otherwise,hisvoicemaysoon
cometoseemnolessirritatingthanthedinofthecicadas.Whentheangryrulermovestopunishhim,hewilllearnthatthemouthcanharmitself.

App.9:Thewhitetonguethatlabored32
Isdrawnbacktoitsroots
Whennoblemenarenottrusted.

Fath.9:Aplaintonguethatpresseson
Means:Integritycanbeprolonged.33

Twocommentatorsassumethatthewhite(i.e.,"clear"and"honest")tonguebelongstothetrulygoodperson,whoinbettertimeswouldhastentoofferloyaladvice.In
abenightedage,however,suchapersoncheckshistonguesinceremonstrance,howeverloyal,wouldproveuseless.AstheChangessays,"Whenwhatissaidisnot
believed,thosewhovaluetalkareconfounded."34

However,therearetwootherpossibleexplanationsforthepoem.Perhapsthewhitetonguesymbolizesslander,sincewhiteisthecolorassignedtotheMetalPhase
andmetalslashesmercilessly.Orperhapsthetongueiswhitebecauseitistoo"bare"(i.e.,obvious)initsspeech.35Thenthepoemwouldread:

The"white"tonguethatgoesonandon
Ispushedbacktoitsroot

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Whennoblemendonotbelieve[awordofit].
Thewhitetonguebelaboring
Means:Truly,itcanbeseenas[too]long.

Inthisreading,thesuperiorwisdomofthemoralmanpreventshimfrombeingtakeninbyothers'speeches.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYin
thephaseWoodandtheYiching
Hexagramno.57,LayingtheOffering1
Yi thesunenterstheHornconstellation,
No.62.Doubt 12thdegree
September22(p.m.)September26

HEAD:Yinandyanggrindagainstoneother.Thingsallwither,2thendisperse.3Someseemtoberight,someseemtobewrong.4

Bymidautumn,openhostilitybetweenyinandyangch'ibringsonthewitheringanddecayofthemyriadthings,despitethebeautiesoffallmentionedintheprevious
tetragram.5Allofcreationattheautumnequinoxisevenlydividedbetweenyinandyang,nightandday,rightandwrong6thisconfusingsituationmaywellaccountfor
increasingdoubt.Yin'scyclicalrisetoprominenceseemstoundercutthetrueandnaturalstateofthings,inwhichyangshouldtakethelead7thisalsoleadstodoubt.
Andfinally,thereisthedoubtexpressedbyyin:Thoughitnowholdssway,yinch'iissuspiciousaboutyang'sfuturecourse.Willitcontinuetocowerinsubmissionor
doesitonlyawaitafutureopportunitytoundermineyin'sdominion?8

App.1:Indoubtandconfusion,9
Heloseswhatistriedandstraight.10

Fath.1:TolosetheRightinperplexity
Means:Howcoulditbesettledinhismind?

Ifitistofunctionproperly,themindmustbecalm.Theindividualbesetwithdoubtsaboutthepropercourseofactioncanneverhopetoacteffectively.Alldoubtscan
beresolved,however,byapplyingtheWayofthesagekingstopresentdayproblems.

App.2:Indoubt,returntotheself.11
Intruth,itisnodistance.12

 Page360

Fath.2:Intimesofdoubt,reversingtheself
Means:Returntowhatisclearandstill.

Thissetofversesadvisesthoseindoubtto"returntotheself"inthreerelatedstages:(1)torecoverone'sinherentgoodnessbyaprocessof(2)selfexaminationthat
endsinadecision(3)toreverseone'spreviouscourseofaction.Bythisactofwill,theindividualconsciouslyrejoinsthelargercosmicTao,whichis"clearandstill."13
Hismind,reflectingtheTao,becomesperfectlylucidandunmoved(meaningbothunflappableandunbiased).Forthisreason,oneearlyphilosopher,Mencius,defines
"supremecourage"intermsofthisabilityto"returntotheself."14
App.3:Doubtsovercomeclarity.
Hesuffersmountingdistress.15
Inhisheartitadvances.16

Fath.3:Doubtsstrongerthanclarity
Mean:Thecenterheartgrowsdim.

Anearlierclarityoftheheart/mindsuccumbstodoubt.Asaresult,theconscienceweakens.17
App.4:Incasesofdoubt,examinetheold
Tomeetthetriedandtrue.

Fath.4:Incasesofdoubt,toexaminetheold
Means:Firstask.

Chinesetraditionemphasizestheunassumingnatureofthetruegentleperson.Confuciushimself,thoughanexpertonritualmatters,wasalwayscarefulto"askfor
information"fromlocalelders18andotherpotentialinstructors.19Becausesuchbehaviorobviatesunnecessarymistakes,"hewholikestoaskisblessedasarule."20

App.5:Mistakenhopesthatorpiment21
Holdsgoldatcenter.

Fath.5:Doubtsaboutthecenter22
Means:Crooksstealfromtheupright.

Orpiment(arsenictrisulfide,alsocalledpigmentofgold)isayellowcrystalofpearlylustre23frequentlyfoundingoldandsilvermines.Thoughsomewhatlikegoldin
appearance,itspropertiesarequitedifferent.Goldisharderthanorpiment.Goldalsohasnocleavage,unlikeorpiment,whichhasperfectcleavageinonedirection.
Goldisinsolubleinacids(exceptforaquaregia)whileorpimentissolubleinsulphuricacidorpotassiumnitrate.Thankstoearlyalchemicalexperiments,muchofthis
wasknowntotheearlyChinese.24Anylearnedperson,then,wholookedbeyondthesurfacewouldbeexpectedtoseethedifferencebe

 Page361

tweenrealgoldanditsimitator.Thoseoflittlediscernment,however,mistakethebasefortheprecious.SinceAppraisal5describestheleader,itisevidentlythe
ruler'sfailuretodistinguishgoodfromevilmenthatisparticularlydecried.25(Morepointedly,thispoemmaycriticizemembersoftheelite,includingmanyemperors,
whofavoredalchemistsandimmortalityseekersoversoberscholars.)
App.6:Honestoathsarefittobeheard.
Incasesofdoubt,theypreservethetruth.26

Fath.6:Properoathsworthhearing
Mean:Theyaredecreesofenlightenedkings.27

Aswrittenorverbalcompacts,oathsprovideastandardbywhichalldoubtsmayberesolvedtothesatisfactionofthepartiesconcerned.28Wiserulerslearnearlyto
becarefulinhowtheyframetheirwords.AwellknownstoryrecordedintheGardenofSayingsspeakstothis:KingCh'engofChou(tradit.r.11151079)asa
childwasoutplayingwithafriend.Injest,hecutaleaffromapawlowniatree,thenannounced,"Iusethistoenfeoffyou."Later,whenthestorywasreportedtothe
regent,theregentinsistedthattheking'swordmustbekepttherefore,theking'splaymatewasdulyawardedafief.29

App.7:"Arethereghostlysouls30
Thatsighandsough?"31
Thearrowshotatcrowsintrees32
Strikesatthefoxinitslair.
Tooverturntheeyeandearbringsdanger.33

Fath.7:Doubtsaboutghostlysouls
Mean:Truly,theycannotbebelieved.

Imaginealateautumnevening.(Afterall,thetetragramisalliedwithautumnthisAppraisal,withnight.)Willo'thewispsdancebythewindrustlesthetreesand
whistlesthroughcaves,makingweirdkeeningsounds.34Perhapstheanxioushuntermistakesthesoundofwoodlandcreaturesforaghost.Frightenedbytheprospect
ofahaunting,hetakesuphisweaponstokillthephantoms,sincetheyportendevil.35Hemaybesorattledthatheconfusesthefoxandcrow,thoughthesize,
coloration,andhabitatofthetwoanimalsarecompletelydifferent.36Inanycase,heshootsbysound,ratherthanbysight.Withboththeeyeandearfooled,themind
cannolongerbesureofwhatisrealandwhatisnot.Withonestroke,YangHsiungneatlysuggestsboththeunreliabilityofsenseperceptionandthedangerof
preconceivednotions.37

App.8:Confoundedbydoubts,yet38
Soablearetheclientshemeets
Thatthreeyearshence,he'sstillnottired.

 Page362

Fath.8:Confoundingdoubtsbyreceivingguests
Means:Thisisverymuchworthourrespect.

Thewiseleadermakeseveryefforttoresolvehisdoubtsbyseekingexpertswhocanenlightenhim.Havingfoundgoodcounselors,heisdelightedtotalkwiththem
andtaketheiradvice.Thehostwhorecognizesthevalueofwiseguestsorclientsmeritsourrespect.

App.9:Inthefinalappraisal,39doubtwithouttrust.
Drawingthebow,thedeerpresumedthereisnot.

Fath.9:Finaldoubtsbutnofaith
Means:Heneverhaswhatittakesforfame.

Byapun,to''aimatthedeer"meansto"aimforgoodluck"orevenforimperialoffice.40Effortsarewastedwhenthegoalismisplaced.Anatmosphereofsuspicion
anddoubtcanneverleadtoasecurereputation.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseMetalandtheYiching
Hexagramno.20,Contemplationthe
Shih sunenterstheGulletconstellation,4th
No.63.Watch degree
September27October1(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinformsthecorporealsoulwhileyangformsitsdyingcounterpart.1Alltheexternalformsandappearancesofthingscanbeobserved.

Aftertheautumnequinox,yinch'ishowsitstruecorporealformittakesthelead,whileyang,nowrelativelylesspowerful,retreatsquietly.2Yin'srobustappearance
contrastswithyang'spresentfrailty.3Thoughallthingsappearintheirmatureform,soon,followingyang,theywillbecomehollowshellsoftheirformerselvesanddie.
Underthedimhalflightcastbyamidautumnmoonwreathedinclouds,"rovingsoulsacttomakechanges."4

App.1:Keepinghislightwithin,
Hedoesnotuseitsbrilliance.

Fath.1:Keepinghislightwithin
Means:Hiseyespeerintothedepths.

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5
Thenoblemanisbydefinitionengagedinacontinualprocessofselfexamination. Hedoesnotfocushisinnerlightonothers'foibleshepreferstocorrecthisown.
Asaresultofthisprocess,heachievesastateoffullenlightenment.Onceenlightened,hedoesnotadvertisehisachievement6heiscontenttohidehisinnerlight,
especiallyinatroubledageorwhenadisplayoftalentwouldbepremature.7Butthankstohispowersofselfperception,heneednotseekforthesometimesfeeble
outsidelightprovidedbyothers'opinions.8

App.2:Thenoblemanlookstotheinside.
Thepettymanlookstotheoutside.

Fath.2:Thepettymanwatchingexternals
Means:Heisincapableofseeingtheheart.

Twoimportantdifferencesbetweennobleandpettypeoplearesuggestedhere.First,whenmistakesaremade,themoralpersonfirstexamineshisownhearttoseeif
hehasfailedthepettyman,incontrast,blamesothersforhisfailure.9Second,injudgingothers,themoralpersonlooksbeyondsurfaceappearancestotheinner
heart,whilethepettyman,likeShakespeare'sPolonius,focusesonoutwardappearance.10
App.3:Makinghisvirtueseen,

Heisfittosupport11
Therealmoftheking.

Fath.3:Supportswhosevirtuesarerevealed
Mean:Onlythencanperfectionexist.

Appraisal3representscompletedthoughtabouttobetranslatedintoactionitalsosymbolizesadvancement.Innervirtue,havingbeenperfected,12isnowproperly
revealedtoone'ssuperiors,sothatitcanbeusedforthebenefitoftherealm.13

App.4:Hepowdershisforeheadandcheeks.14
Itrainsonhisdyedbeard:15
Asightutterlylackingincharm.

Fath.4:Powderedheadswithrainedonbeards
Mean:Onecannotbeartolook.

Palepowderwashesdownthisman'sface,possiblybecauseofarainshower,16turninghisbeardwhite,thecolorofoldage,death,andmourning.Perhapstheblack
fromhisdyedbeardalsoruns,sothathesoonbecomesahideoussight.Byanalogy,thepettymanattendsonlytotheexternals(the"powdering"andthe"dyeing").As
soonashemeetswithevenaminormishap,heisshowninhistruecolors.Nowonderothersturnawayfromhimindisgust.

 Page364

App.5:Luanandfengingreatnumbers,
Theirvirtueisdazzling.

Fath.5:Manymagicalbirdsinpairs
Mean:Virtue'slightisdazzlingbright.

Theluanandfeng(maleandfemaleofthesamespeciesofmarvelousbirds),likethephoenixinWesternculture,aresaidtopossessextraordinarypowers.Highly
discriminatingintheirhabits,thesebirdsalight"onlywherethelightofvirtueshines."17Theirbeautydazzlesthebeholder,demonstratingthecompellingaspectof
charismaticvirtue.Suchauspiciousomensoccuringreatnumbersonlyatthecourtofanenlightenedrulertowhomgoodadvisorsflock.

App.6:Aplaincartwithacanopy
Ofkingfisherfeathers
Justtoseeitharmspropriety.

Fath.6:Aleatheredcoverforacartthat'splain
Means:Thereisonlyloveofexternals.

AccordingtoChinesesumptuaryregulations,thecommonerrodeinanundecoratedcarriage,whilegreatofficials,whopresumablyexemplifiedthehighestvirtue,rode
alonginacarriagedecoratedwithacanopyconstructedfromthebrilliantbluegreenfeathersofthekingfisherbird.Theownerofthiscartiscommon,evenbaseat
heart,buthepretendstovirtueandhighrank.
App.7:Lookingtohisflaws,
Hefindsnotaint.

Fath.7:Seeingtohisflaws
Means:Hecancorrecthimself.

Thegoodpersonattendstohisowncultivation.

App.8:Kingfishersinflight
Havetheirwingsensnared.18

Thefursoffoxandsable

Robtheirveryselvesoflife.
Fath.8:Kingfisher,fox,andsable
Mean:Whatislovedmakesforblame.

Werethekingfisher'sfeatherslessbrilliantlycolored,nonetswouldbesettotrapit.Werethefursofthefoxandsablelesswarmandlustrous,notrapswouldbelaid
tocatchthem.Itis,paradoxically,ourloveforthemthatendangersthem.

App.9:Theraysofthesettingsun
Floodtheeasternskywithlight.19
Bythiswewatchitsbeginning.

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Fath.9:Thatthesinkingsunsetstheeastalight
Means:Attheend,lookbacktobeginnings.

Appraisal9markstheendofthecycle.Asduskfalls,theeasternskyisfloodedwithlightcastbackbythesettingsun.Thiswarmlightatsunsetprefiguresthebrilliant
rayscastbytherisingsunonanewday.Agoodendpointstothenewbeginning.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYinthe
phaseWaterandtheYichingHexagram
no.20,Contemplation1thesunentersthe
Ch'en Gulletconstellation,7thdegree2
No.64.Sinking
October1(p.m.)October5

HEAD:Yinisheldtothebosomof3yang,andyangisheldtothebosomofyin.TheirwillsaresetupontheMysteriousPalace.

Theverb"toholdtothebosom"conveysasenseoftheinextricablebondsbetweenyinandyangch'i,whosepatternsofdevelopmentaremutuallydependent.Atthis
pointinlateautumn,yinandyang"havegonetheirseparatewaysforalongtime."4Attheautumnequinoxtheirpowerswereevenlybalancednoweachfeelstheloss
oftheother.BothanticipatetheireventualreunionattheMysteryPalace,thelocationwhereyangisbornandyinachievesitsmaximumeffect.5

ThetitleofTetragram64apparentlyrefersto"sinkingthegaze"tolookbelow.6Liketheprecedingtetragram,Tetragram64initsAppraisalsmakesreferenceto
variousbirds,butthistimetheyareominousbirdsofprey,whoseactionssymbolizetheincreasingdepradationsofinauspiciousyinch'iuponhelplessyang.

App.1:Inclininganeartothewomen'srooms,
Hedoesnothearthegood.7

Fath.1:Immersinghimselfinbackrooms
Means:Heloseswhatembodiesvirtue.

SomeearlyChinesethinkersassumedthatwomenwereinferiorinvirtue.Othersexplainedwomen'ssupposedpropensityforgossip,intrigue,andtrivialpursuitsasthe
inevitableresultoftheirconfinementwithinthewomen'squarters.However,therewasanabsoluteneedforchastewomentoprovideanheirtocarryonthereligious
andeconomicactivites

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8
ofthefamily.Tothisend,theritesstipulatedthestrictsegregationofthesexesexceptintheconjugalbedchamber. Givenwomen'sgeneralexclusionfrompublic
affairs,themanwhopreferredto"inclineanear"tothewomen'sward(byeavesdropping,engagingthewomeninidlechatter,orparticipatinginfemininepursuits)
couldneverhopetolearnenoughaboutpublicaffairs.Atbest,hewouldremainasillinformedorweakasawoman.9Atworst,hisoverindulgenceintheseyin
activitiesmightleadtopoorhealth,insanity,orevendeath.Forthisreason,theRecordofRitualinsiststhat"whatissaidwithinthewomen'squartersshallnotbecome
knownoutsidewhatissaidamongmenoutsideshallnotbedivulgedtothewomen."10

App.2:Sinkinghisgaze
Toseehimselfbetter
Iswiserthantheskew11
Ofoneblindinoneeye.

Fath.2:Adeeplypenetratinglook
Means:Hegetstobeuprightandfine.

Thegoodpersonexamineshisconsciencedaily.Incontrast,thepettypersononlyperceivesthefaultsofothersandfailstoseehisown.Inthisheislikeahalfblind
manwholooksaskanceatothers.12

App.3:Hesinksintobeauty,
Losingthetriedandstraight.

Fath.3:Immersedinbeauty
Means:Thismakesusdeafandblind.

Tosinkintobeautyistobehopelesslyenthralledbybeautifulwomenandsensuousmusic.AsLaotzuwrites:

TheFiveColorsmakepeopleblindintheeye.
TheFiveNotesmakepeopledeafintheear.13

Withthemindbesottedwithsensorydelights,notimeorenergyremainsforthe"triedandstraight"WaytransmittedfromtheAncients.AdherencetotheTao
eventuallyyieldsmorereliablepleasuresfortheindividual.Tobeoblivioustothegreatermoralgoodmakesusineffectdeafandblindtoitsadvantages.

App.4:Thewanch'ulowersitsgaze,
Eatingthebitterbamboo,asisright.

Fath.4:Afledglingphoenixdropsdowntolook.
Meaning:Thisisthewayitselectsitsfood.

Thesingularpurityofthemythicalwanch'uisproveninChinesetraditionbyitsunerringtasteforthefinest.Itissaid:

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14
InthesouththereisabirdcalledtheWanch'u,whichalightsonlyontherarestoftrees,eatsnothingbutthefruitoftheLien,anddrinksonlyfromspringsofsweetwater.

Themoralpersonisequallychoosywhenitcomestoselectingwhoandwhatwillsustainhim.

App.5:Eagleandhawksoarhigh
Butsinktheirbellieslow.
Theyprefernewhatchedthings,15
Disdaininggoodricegruel.16

Fath.5:Thateagleandhawksoarhigh
Means:Theyfastenonrottenstuff.

Theeagleandhawkareamongthemostmajesticofbirds.Duetothepowerandsizeoftheirwings,theyeasilysoarhighaboveordinarybirds.Inthis,theyarelike
thepersonambitiousforhighposition.Unfortunately,highpositionisnoguaranteeofrightconduct.Incertaincases,apropensityfor"highflying"iscoupledwitha
viciousorperversenature.Theeagleandhawkprefercarriontothericegruelfedtodomesticatedfowl.Theyarelikeevilleaderswhousetheirpositionstoadvance
theequallycorruptortostealfromthecommonpeople.17

App.6:Heviewseachkernelasapile,18
Clearonprofitandrightforking.19

Fath.6:Seeingthekernelasapile
Means:HisWayisclear.

Thevirtuouspersonconsiderseachkernel(andbyanalogy,everyminoreventorinsignificantperson)asathingofenormousimportance.Thegoodruler,therefore,
weighseachandeverythingheexactsfromhispeoplewiththeutmostseriousness.Anoverlyindulgentattitude,bycontrast,wouldcertainlyleadtogreattroubles.

App.7:Likenets,likesnares,20
Redfleshspellsdangerforkitesandowls.21

Fath.7:Netsandsnares,bloodyflesh,
Mean:Theyeatwhatisunclean.

Netsandsnaresarebaitedwithredmeattocatchevilbirdsofprey.Greedovercomesgoodsensewhenthelureofbloodyfleshovercomesthebirds'survival
instincts.Themoralis,thecompulsiontosatisfyone'sworstdesiresisinitselfadeadlytrap.

App.8:Hehopes22togethismedicine
Tohelpincorrectivecampaigns.

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Fath.8:Lookingforhismedicine
Means:Thisisgoodforcampaignmarches.

Thepunitivecampaignandthemarchsymbolizetheindividual'scrusadeformoralrighteousness.Theindividualdecidestocurehisownillnessesfirst,thebetterto
improvehisdefensesagainstthemanyevilsoutside.

App.9:Bloodstained,23thehardsteel24
Sinksintotheforehead.
Firstamaster,butlatermined.

Fath.9:Bloodysteelsunkinthehead
Means:Intheend,defeatedbygreed.

Bloodhasthedualassociationsofdesireanddeath.Theruthlessindividualeventuallyisundonebyhisowngreedforpower.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.54,TheMarrying
Nei MaidenthesunenterstheBase
No.65.Inner constellation,4thdegree1
October6October10(a.m.)

HEAD:Yin,leavingitsinside,goestostayontheoutside.Yang,leavingitsoutside,goestostayontheinside.Themyriadthingscometocompletion.

WithAppraisalno.3,theColdDewsolarperiodbegins.Asyinch'icompletelyfillsHeavenandEarth,andyangreturnsbelow,2transitionbecomesanappropriate
themeforthetetragram.Inparticular,thistetragramfocusesononetransitionpoint,marriage,whichparallelsyin'scurrentpositionasitexperiencestheonsetoffull
maturity.Marriage,astheChangestellsus,issimultaneouslyendandbeginning,transitoryyeteternal.3Ritualsoftenacknowledgetheconfusionofsuchtransitional
timesbyreversingsomeaspectsofcustomaryorder.InboththebetrothalandnuptialceremoniesofancientChina,forexample,whenthebrideisintroducedtothe
groom'shouse,shefindsherfuturehusbandgivingprecedencetoher.4Inallhumanrelations(whosebasicmodelishusband

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andwife),thereisaneedforsuchperiodicreversalsifonewishestoestablishgreatharmonyandproductivity.

ThereversalsbeginintheHeadtext,whichshowsyinch'i(usuallyassociatedwithwhatishiddenorinside)movingintoanoutside(i.e.,visible)position,while
exhaustedyangch'iretreatstosomeplaceoutofsight.Themyriadthingsnowapproachcompletion,inwhichfullmaturityleadstodeathorhibernation.Withyinnow
clearlydominant,thetetragramconsiderstherightfulplaceofwomen,alignedwithyinandtheinner(orprivate)worlds,contrastingitwithmen'souter(orpublic)
selves.

App.1:Carefulaboutconsorts:5
Tobechasteatfirst
Makesforlaterpeace.

Fath.1:Carefulabouthisconsorts
Means:Hebeginswithwomenofprovenworth.6

Alongwithfilialpiety,femalechastitywasoneofthemainsupportsofthepatriarchalsysteminChina,sinceasingleactofinfidelitycouldconfusethedirectlineof
patrilinealdescenteverafter.Allorderrequiresselfrestraintexercisedintheinterestsofthelargercommunitytherefore,goodorderinthehouseholdisanimportant
firststeptowardorderinthecommunity,andeventowardcosmicorder.7Forthesereasons,awomanchasteinbothmindandspiritisneededforthe"inner
apartments"ifharmonyistoprevailaftermarriage.Ifcareistakenatthestartofanymarriage,theendislikelytobegood.8
App.2:Depravedishiswife.
HeputsherawayfromthatYellowCouch.

Fath.2:Depravityintheinnerchambers
Means:Heisfarfromatpeaceinhismind.9

TheYellowCouchusuallyreferstotheimperialcouch,althoughitmaysimplybeaflowerytermfortheconjugalbedintheinnerapartments.10Butyellow,ofcourse,
alsosignifiesthecentralvirtuesofmoderationandhumility,whilethecouchsymbolizeseaseandharmony,11aswellasconjugallove.Theprincipalwifeignoresproper
conjugalrelations,whicharetoberuledbymoderation,andwallowsindepravity.(PerhapsthetexthintsattheoccultartspopularinHantimestosuppressrivalsin
loveortosecureanheir.Itisalsopossiblethatthewomanhereislicentiousorjealous.12Ineithercase,sheisruledbyherpassions.)Lestherbehaviorinfectthe
entirehousehold,thehusbandshunsher,therebyinsuringpeaceinthehousehold.Thehusbandisacutelyawareofthedistancebetweenthepresentrealityandthe
idealfamilysituation.

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13
App.3:Despiteyourcourtesy, shegrieves
Thatsheapproaches14ourwesternsteps.

Fath.3:Yourdecorumandhersorrow
Mean:Thisishowitfeelstoreplaceamother.

IntheancientChinesemarriageceremony,thefuturemotherinlawdescendsthewesternstepstoindicatethatshewillsoongivewaytotheyoungergeneration.The
bridethenmountsthestepsoftheancestralhalltoshowthatsheandherprogenywillultimatelyreplacetheoldergeneration.15Thoughtfulnewlywedscannotbutfeel
somesorrowattheimplicationsoftheirmarriageceremony.Thejoyfulprospectofnewchildrentocontinuetheancestrallineisoffsetbyanacuteawarenessofthe
increasingageandapproachingdeathofthepresentfamilyheads.Marriagetypifiestimesoftransition,whichareusuallymarkedbymingledjoyandsorrow.16
App.4:Lovingthepetty,lovingtheperils,
Losingevenhiscloakofhemp.17
Danger.

Fath.4:Preferringthepettyandperilous
Means:Thisisnotworthglorifying.

Warmclothesareoneofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.Aswinterapproaches,thewisepersonisprovidentenoughtopreparesufficientfoodandclothingtosustainhis
familyovertime.Incontrast,thepettyperson,havingflirtedwithdanger,loseseverysinglepossession,eventhecoarsestofcloaks.(Isthereahintofasexual
adventurehere?)Suchimprovidencewillsurelyruintheentirefamily.
App.5:Thedragonlowersitselftothemud.
Noblemenprofitintakingonwives18
Whenmeetingbycustomasequals.19

Fath.5:Adragondescendstothemud.
Meaning:Yanggoesbelowyin.

Thedragon,ofcourse,mayrefertothedragonruler,theSonofHeavenwhoflieshighabovethecommonrunofmen.Butthedragonisalsoasymbolofthevirile
maleattheheightofhispowers.Aswinter(alignedwithyinandthefemale)drawsnear,thesoaringdragonissaidtoburrowintothemud.Clearly,aconcertedeffort
toleveldifferencesisrequiredforharmoniousunionandmutualbenefit.20Thisistruenotonlyformalefemalerelationsbutforthosebetweenleaderand
subordinate.21

App.6:Atduskinmidflight,
Hedrawsinhiswings.22

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Thoughhewantsthepalacefull,
Hewillnotseehiswoman.23

Fath.6:Intheyellowdusk,drawinginhiswings
Means:Heisunabletorestrainhimself.

Thewingedcreature(possiblyadragon?)suggestsany"highflyer"ofpowerandambition.Inthehalflightofdusk,24histhoughtsturntowardshome.Sexualdesire
fillshisbreasthewisheshishomewerefulloflusciousbeauties.25Butitisthisverypreoccupationwithsex,ironicallyenough,thatpreventshimfromfindingasuitable
matewithwhomhecouldfindtruesatisfaction.

App.7:Acrumblingwallgrowsfoxtailshoots.
Whengrizzledheads26bringhomeyoungwives,
Theirwivesaresoonwithchild.27

Fath.7:Thatacrumblingwallgrowsfoxtailshoots
Means:Thisisasign28offelicitousthings.29

TheChangesepitomizesgreatprosperityby"anoldfellowtakingayoungwomantowife."30Appraisal7typicallymarkstheonsetofoldage,buthereafruitful
marriagebrightensprospectsforthefuture.

App.8:Inside,nottosubdueone'swife
Layswastetohomeandeventhestate:
Wadingthroughdepthsunfathomablydeep.

Fath.8:Womeninsidewhoareuncontrolled
Mean:Thesearecalamitiesforthestate.

Thewife,whois"inner,"shouldsubmittoherhusband,whois"outer."Ifthewifeinsistsontakingherpleasureswhereshechooses,inutterdefianceofherhusband
andhersacredduty,herpromiscuityspellsruinforthefamilyline,whethersheisacommoneroramemberoftheroyalline.Toallowhertoproduceillegitimate
children31isaselfdestructiveimpulse,likewadingintoadeepbodyofwater.ThispoemrecallsafamouscoupletfromtheOdes:

DisorderdoesnotcomedownfromHeaven.
Itisproducedbythewoman.32

App.9:Rainfallsontotheland.
Itcannotstop,itcannotexceed.

Fath.9:Rainfallingdownontheland
Means:Favorcomesingoodlymeasure.

ThefertilityoftheloesssoilintheCentralPlainregionofChinadependsuponabundantrainfall.Inconsequence,thepouringraincomestosymbolizealltypesof
favorsbestowed,includingtheking'sbenefactions

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tohissubjectsandthehusband'sgiftofsementohisconjugalpartner.Hererain(=graceandfavor,evensemen)showersdownfromaboveuponayinfigure(Earth
=yinwomenrelativetomenandsubordinatesrelativetotheirleader.)Graceinpropermeasureimpartsnewlife.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YinthephaseWood1andtheYi
chingHexagramno.25,Nothingto
Ch' LookForwardTo2thesunentersthe
No.66.Departure Baseconstellation,9thdegree
October10(p.m.)October14

HEAD:Yangtakesleavefromitsyin.Yintakesleavefromitsyang.Allthingsaredisappointedandperturbed[withnosenseofbelongingtoeither].3

Intheprevioustetragram,yinandyangquittheirusualbases.Now,inthistetragram,theyabandontheirpartnership.Nochanceremainsforharmoniousunion.The
myriadthingsfeeldespair,fortheyareleftwithoutasenseofbelongingordirection.ThetetragramiscorrelatedwithaChangeshexagram,whosetitlewasinterpreted
byHanConfucianstomean''nohope"or"noexpectations,"andwhosethemewasthelossthataccruesfrom"recklessbehavior."Thistetragram'sassignmentto
Woodunderscoresthecontrastbetweenthepresentdesiccatedconditionofallthingsandtheirformerluxuriance.Giventheunfavorabletrendsofthetime,thewise
personaccountsitgoodifheisabletoextricatehimselffromcompletedisaster.
App.1:HeleavesthisNumenPool
Todwellinthatwitheredgarden.

Fath.1:QuittingthisNumenPool
Means:Hedoesnotproceedwithmodesty.

Appraisal1correspondstoWaterhence,thereferencetorestorativewaters.TheexactmeaningofthetermNumenPoolisnotcertain.KingWenofChou
constructedinhisdomainanumberofsiteswith"numen"inthetitle(forexample,theNumenTerraceandNumenPark).4TheNumenPoolmaybelongtoasage
whosecharismareflectsadeep,eveninexhaustiblesourceofwisdomandgrace.Mostlikely,however,thepoolissimplyanepithetfortheinnermostheartmind,that
marvelousreservoir

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5
ofthoughtandtheconscience.Thewitheredgarden,apparentlyonhighground, presentsastrikingcontrast.Thegardenlacksmoisture(asymbolforfecundityand
grace),soitprovidesnothingtothecommunity.Byanalogy,thepettyman,everintentonclimbinghighinthesocialandpoliticalworlds,failstocultivatethosevirtues,
inparticularhumility,thatwouldyieldgoodfruit.

App.2:Heleavesthatwitheredgarden
TodwellbelowintheNumenPool.

Fath.2:DwellingintheNumenPoolbelow
Means:Suchisthelightofhumility'sWay.

Appraisal2clearlyreversestheprecedingverses.Humilityandawellkeptconscienceprovidethebestpreparationforfutureglories.

App.3:Raisinghighhisstep
Ingoingtothehall,
Heissomewhatexposed.

Fath.3:Highstepsandexposure
Mean:Heproceedswantonly.

FortheancientChinese,asforFreud,physicalgesturesindicateinnerstatesofmind."Highstepping,"forexample,betokensoverweeningpoliticalambition.6Thefinal
Appraisallinethengivesacompoundterm,whichcanbeconstruedeitheras"Thereisdew"oras"Thereis[something]revealed.''7Ifdewsoaksthehem,weknow
thattheindividualhastakeninsufficientcareofhisperson.8However,dewmayalsosoaktheroad,signifyingthatthepathtopowerisaslipperyone.9Inanycase,the
wickedindividualnowfindshisevilintentionsexposedtoothers.
App.4:Quittingasson,
Hebecomesafather.
Quittingassubject,
Hebecomesaruler.

Fath.4:Leavingassontobecomethefather
Means:Itisnotwhathehadhopedfor.

Inthistentativetranslation,10thelinesillustratetheunsought,butappropriatechangesinstatusthatinevitablyoccurwithincreasedmaturity.11Suchchangesparallel
yang'stemporaryabdicationtoyinatthisseasonoftheyear.However,theSungcommentatorSsumaKuangreadstheAppraisalas,"Leavingthesontogotothe
father,Leavingthesubjecttogototheruler."Tohim,thissuggestsaproperunderstandingofandacquiescenceinhierarchicalorder.Suchmodelbehavioris
rewarded,heargues,"beyondhiswildestdreams"(analternatereadingforthefinalFathomingline).

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App.5:Hikinguphisskirt
Hegoestothecourt,
Wherewildgrassesgrow.12

Fath.5:Hoistinghisrobeswheregrassesgrow
Means:They,fortheirpart,shouldalsobefeared.

Appraisal5playsuponAppraisal3.Onceagain,thesubjectoftheversesraisessomething(here,thehemofhisrobe).13Butonceheisoutinthecourtyard,he
discoverswildgrassesandbramblesthatthreatentosnaghisrobesorhisflesh.Thecourtyard(andthecourt)shouldbemoreorderlytheindividual(ahighofficial,
judgingfromhislongrobes)shouldhavetakengreatercare.Perhapshehasbeenexiledtothewastelandsbecauseofdepravedbehavior?14Byanyreading,this
imagespellsdisaster.

App.6:Hefreely15leaveshisachievementsbehind.
Heavenwillgranthimitsname.

Fath.6:Willingtoleavehissuccessbehind
Means:Hedeclinestooccupyaposition.

TheTaoistsageLaotzuequatesHeaven'sWaywith"retreatingwhenthetaskisaccomplished."16Chinesetraditioningeneralpraiseswisemenwhoreadilygiveup
theirpositionsoncetheirobjectiveshavebeenachieved.ThebestexamplewasprovidedbytheillustriousDukeofChou(tradit.11thC.B.C.),whosteppeddownas
regentoncehisyoungcharge,KingCh'eng,17wasmatureenoughtotakeuphisresponsibilities.Thetextscelebratethose"withoutpridefulpresumption"or
''contentiousdesire"18forreputation.History(or"Heaven")willrewardthem.
App.7:Havinglefthisvirtueandpropriety,
Eventhreedeathsdonotclearhisname.

Fath.7:Departingfromvirtueandpropriety
Means:Intheend,hediesanuglydeath.

Thenumberthreesignifies"many"deaths.19Heredeathcomesfirsttovirtue,andthentoone'spersonandreputation.Theevilthatmendolivesoninpopularmemory
andhistoricalrecord.

App.8:Themoonisacrescentonhigh
AndFireisaboutto20descend.21
Hecannotusethemtomove
Forinmovement,liesfault.

Fath.8:CrescentmoonandhangingFire
Means:Hefearstosufferblame.

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22
Thecrescentmoonappearsinthefinalthirdofthelunarmonth.TheFireStar(Antares,thecentralstaroftheChineseHeartconstellation), issuspendedjustabove
thehorizoninthetenthmonth,neartheendoftheyear.Bothindicators,then,pointtotheendofthephaseandtheinevitabledyingofthelight.Thepropertimefor
initiativeshasalreadypassed.Thewiseindividualavoidsallprecipitateaction,lesthefallintoerrorthenoblemanwaitsforHeaventoimprovethesituation,knowing
thathehimselfispowerless.
App.9:Heseeksmewithnosuccess
Sincemyturntothenorthwest.

Fath.9:Seeking,butnotgettingme
Means:Howcanitlastlong?

Weakyangch'imakesaturnnorthwest,thedirectionofyin'smaximumactivity.Butthenorthwestisalsothedirectionofyang'srebirth,accordingtotradition.This
suggeststhatofthemanychangesbroughtaboutbythecycle,somemayusherinwelcomeevents.Yin'sdomination,forexample,seemsabsolutenow,butitwillnot
last.Soonnascentyangwillreappear,givinghopetoall.23
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseMetalandtheYiching
Hexagramno.36,TheLightInjured1
Hui thesunenterstheBaseconstellation,
No.67.Darkening 13thdegree
October15October19(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinascendstoyang['susualposition]yangdescendstoyin['s].Thingsallarelosinglight.

TheChangeshexagramcorrelatedwiththistetragramsetsthetonefortheHeadandAppraisals:

"Darkening"means"damage,""injury.''...Expansionwillcertainlyencounterresistanceandinjury....2

TheImagetextattachedtothesamehexagramtellsusthattheprimarytechniquethenoblemanusestodealwithsuchsituationsisto"veilhis

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3
light"(i.e.,hidehissuperiority)inordertoliveouthisdaysunharmedamongthebenighted.

Inthenaturalworld,thereremainsonlythegloomycrepuscularlightofwinter.Themyriadthings,whichdependedonyangch'ifortheirlightandvitality,areindecline
nowthatyangretreatsfarbelowearth.4

App.1:Togetherinthedark,5healonesees.
Seclusionisproper.6

Fath.1:Incommondark,theonlyonetosee
Means:Atcenter,heissingularlybrilliant.

Inabenightedage,7whenallseemequallyinthedarkregardingmoralvalues,enlightenmentisstillpossiblefortheindividualintentuponGoodness.However,the
humanepersonwhoisoutofstepwithhisneighborsmaychoosetotemporarilyhidehislight,inordertopreservehimselfinatimeofchaos.Onlyaninnerlightshines
forthinallitsbrilliance.8Afterall,inAppraisal1,itisstilltooearlyforactionthatmayreformtheworld.9
App.2:Blindlyforgingahead,hemeetsobstructions.

Fath.2:Blindlymarchingintoobstacles10
Means:Clearly,hedoesnotseetheWay.11

Therashindividualforgesahead,oblivioustoallthedifficultiesthatlieahead.Butinreality,heisnobetterabletoseetheonetrueWaythana"blindmantappinghis
canetofindtheroad."12OnlystudyoftheAncientscanprovidesufficientguidanceforlife,yetthisindividualclaimstoknowitall.

Byaseriesofpuns,thesamelinesdescribethetopsyturvysituationinwhichtheblindmusicmastersofoldtaughtrecalcitrantrulershow"tosee"basicmoraltruths:

Theblindfightagainstwrong.
ItisthesightedwhodonotseetheWay.

App.3:Yinproceedswhileyangfollows:
Goodformakingwhatisnotbadluck.

Fath.3:Yinproceedingwithyangfollowing
Means:Themattermustgooutside.13

Appraisal3marksthetransitionfromthoughttoaction.Normally,yanginitiatesactivitiestowhichyinresponds.However,bythistimeoftheyear,theircharacteristic
activitieshavebeenreversed.Incertaincircumstances,thepriorityofyinisnowaccountedgood.Forexample,agoodwomanmayleadherhusbandtovirtue.14In
anothercase,thecon

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science(=yin,becauseitisinner)motivatestheindividual'saction(=yang,becauseitisouter).Inallsuchcases,appropriateinternalchangewillhaveitsexternal
effect.15

App.4:Confusinghiscategories,16
Helosesthegoldencasket.

Fath.4:Dimaboutcategories
Means:Lawsandinstitutionsdecline.

InearlyChinesethought,categoricalthinkingprovidesthekeytoalllogic.Ifasuitableanalogytothesagerulers'preceptscanbefound,thencomplicatedmoral
issuescanbeuntangledwithease.Thewiseindividual,therefore,closelyguardsthe"goldencasket,"17thepreciousstrongboxwhereimportantrecordsandstate
documentsarekept.18Butwoetotheindividualwho"confusesthecategories,"whoreasons,inotherwords,byimproperanalogy.Suchmuddleheadedthought
undermineslegal,institutional,andethicalsystems,whoseveryexistencerequiresabodyofprecedents.

App.5:Withthesunatnoon19
Andthemoonquitefull,
ThenoblemandimshimselfSoasnottoenterextremes.

Fath.5:Thenoonsunandthefullmoon
Mean:Bright,hefearsextermination.

Appraisal5,midpointofthetetragramcycle,correspondstothesunathighnoonandthemooninmidmonth.(SuchbrilliantlightmayrecalltheSonofHeaven,usually
assignedtothisPosition.)Buttheforcesofdarknesswillsoonprevail.Thenoblemanattheheightofhispowersshouldconsider"hidinghislight"inordertopreserve
himselfasthecyclebeginsitsdownturn.HeshouldtakeforhismodeltheancientsageChitzu,whoreignedmadnessratherthanservetheevillastkingofShang.20By
reclusion,eitherphysicalorpsychic,themoralsuperiorcanevadethedeclinethattypicallyfollowsgreatflorescence.Onewhoistruly"brilliant"wouldneverendanger
theselfbypressingforfurthergrowthoradvantageatthewrongtime.

App.6:TheDarkBirdisfilledwithworry
Asthelightslipsdownintohiding.

Fath.6:TheDarkBirdfilledwithgrief
Means:Heisabouttodescendtothedark.

TheDarkBirdusuallyreferstoeithertheswalloworthecrane,migratorybirdsthoughtto"worry"atwinter'sapproach.21Here,however,giventhewordplayson
lightandenlightenment,darknessand

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22
moralbenightedness, theDarkBirdmayrefertotheblackcrow,symbolofthesun.Asthesun'slightrecedes,thenoblemanisfilledwithsorrow.Nature's
darkeninghasbroughttomindtheincreasingnumberofsoulswhohaveleftthelighttoslipintothedark.23

App.7:Indarkestnight,24alightisraised.
Somefollowitandgoforth.

Fath.7:Raisingalightatdarkestnight
Means:Virtuewillsoongoforth.25

Thegentleman"raisesalight"forhisfellowmen,eitherbytheforceofhisexampleorbyrecommendingworthycandidatesforoffice.Some,followinghislead,
embarkonthepathofVirtue,sothatenlightenmenteventuallyspreadsthroughouttheland.26

ThemodernscholarYYehreadsthepoemdifferently,sothatitdepictstheabilityofeventheimperfectindividualtoleadotherstotheGood:

Squinting,27hemakesoutthelight.
Some,followinghim,goforth.

App.8:Seeingwhatisnothistruth28
Harmshisownfighteye.29
Itdestroysthestateandruinshishouse.

Fath.8:Thatseeingwrongharmstheeye
Means:Bythis,thestateislost.

Thisrulerfailstodiscernthedifferencebetweentrueandfalse.Actingonfalseassumptions("seeingwhatisunreal"),hisjudgmentishampered.Perhapshealsoinjures
hischiefadvisors,whowouldhaveactedashis"right"eyes,therebybringingruintothestateandroyalhouse.30

App.9:Inthelastdarkdays,31seeingdimnessforitself32
Helpshimstaytrueinanunenlightenedage.33

Fath.9:Thebenefitsofdimminginthelastdarkdays
Mean:Itisnousetobebrilliantalone.34

LikeChitzu,35who"veiledhislight"(byfeigningmadness)inordertoescapeexecutionbythelastevilruleroftheShangdynasty,thegentlemanfacedwithinsoluble
difficultiesinabenightedageattheendofadynasticcyclerecognizeshisowninabilitytoinduceanimmediateimprovement36oneenlightenedpersoncannotlightthe
wholeworld.37Ratherthandrawattentiontohimself,whichmightprovedangerous,hebideshistime,cultivatinghisvirtue,untilsuchtimeashecanactmore
effectively.Seeingdimnessforwhatitis,then,mayleadtogreaterenlightenment.

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CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYin
thephaseEarthandtheYiching
Hexagramno.36,TheLightInjured
thesunenterstheChamber
constellation,3ddegreetheDipper
Meng pointsWNWthemusicalnoteisA
No.68.Dimming sharp1
October19(p.m.)October23

HEAD:Yinmarchestothesouth.Yangmarchestothenorth.Thingsloselightandproperorientation.2Notaonebutgrowsincreasinglydim.

Thistetragramisthetwinofthepreviousone,sinceitispairedwiththesameChangeshexagramtherefore,theimagesofdarkeninganddamagecontinue.3Yinand
yangch'ihavereversedtheirusualorientation,withyininthesouthandyanginthenorth.ConfusionreignsastheWinterDewsolarperiodyieldstoFrostfall.All
sentientbeingsgrowdimandfeebleasthelightfails.Humanheartsasaresultbecomeignorantoforinsensibletothevalueoftradition.Allthingsenterthatdreamlike
statewhererealityandillusionareconfused.4
App.1:Thebellydim,heglimpsesHeaven,
Butfailstoseeitsborders.

Fath.1:Dimbelliedandskyglimpsing
Means:Helacksallabilitytosee.

The"belly"referstotheseatoftheemotions(elsewherelocatedintheheartmind).5Withitspowersofperceptionclouded,6theselfcannothopetoimaginethefull
rangeofmarvelousreality.Evenabriefglimpseofthedivinecannotsupportfullillumination.Ignoranceandinsensitivitycontinuetoreign.

App.2:Lucidatheart,heglimpsesHeaven,
Seeingclearitsveryroots.

Fath.2:Brightbelliedandskyglimpsing
Means:Atcenter,exceptionalbrilliance.

ThisAppraisalreversesthemessageofthepreviousAppraisal,predictingthemostprofoundinsight.7

App.3:Blindmasters:someteacharchery
Butfailtohittheirtarget.

Fath.3:Instructionbytheblind
Means:Theylackthemeanstodiscriminate.

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Appraisal3marksthetransitionfromthoughttoaction.Lackingsufficientclarityhimself,howcanateacherenlightenhispupils?AsthephilosopherMenciuswrote:

Menofworthusetheirlighttoenlighten.Nowadayssomewouldusetheirbenightedstatetoenlighten.8
App.4:WithRightashismirror,hedoesnotgoastray.
Toothers,heisonetorelyon.

Fath.4:TheRightreflectingtrue
Means:Integritycanbetrusted.

Whoevertakestheworthymanasmodel9providescontemporarieswithaperfect"mirror"ofgoodconduct.

App.5:Turninghisbackonwhatisbright,
Goingagainstthelight,
Hehitsenvelopingdarkness.

Fath.5:Againstthebright,againstthelight
Means:Thisiswhatothersturnagainst.10

Appraisal5,correspondingtotheSonofHeaven,isrulerofthetetragram.Thearrogantrulerrefusestotakeadvicefromworthysupporters,forhebelieveshimself
sufficientlyenlightened.11Itwillnotbelongbeforehissubjectsrevolt.

App.6:Fromthedarkgoingtothelight,12
Reluctanttodazzleandcharm.13

Fath.6:Thedimlightofday
Means:Thecenterisnotblindedbylight.14

Inabenightedage,thenoblepersonhideshislight,sincetheworldisunusedtosuchbrilliance.15ThecommentatorWangYa,however,offersacompletelydifferent
readingofthepoem:

Fromthedark,goingtolight
Hedoesnotthinkitrighttoflickerorbeweak.
Fromthedark,goingtolight
Means:Thecenterdoesnotobscurethelight.

Bythisreading,thenoblemaniscarefulnottobeliketheweakflickerofasmallcandle.Togiveoutinsufficientlightwillonlyprovemisleadingtoothers.

App.7:Dimmingthegood,16
Theybringtolightwhattheyabhor.17

Fath.7:Evilinobscuringthegood18
Means:Hisunenlightenedstateisalltooclear.

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Appraisal7reflectsthefailureofwilltodogood.Theindividual'sevilpropensitiesgrowincreasinglyobviousovertime.
App.8:Duskisatimethatbenefitsthemoon.
Asmallgoodomen,buttoosoonforstars.

Fath.8:Thatduskfavorsthemoon
Means:Stillthereissomethingtobehopedfor.

Thedimlightofduskasweneartheendofthecyclesetsthestageforthemoon.Sometimesoon,thestarswillcomeout.Althoughthedarkagemightprofitmost
fromthegreatlightprovidedbythesages,alesserlightcanstilldosomegood.19

App.9:Drawnoutsighsatthetime
Donotsecurethegood.
Themalebreaksahairpin.
Thewifechangesherluck.

Fath.9:Notcapturingtheirgood
Means:Thehusbanddies,hiswifesighs.

Deathis,afterall,theextremecaseofdimnessandinsensibility.Whenahusbanddies,hishairpinsarebrokentosignifythathewillnolongerbeusingthem.His
widowchangesherhairornamentstodonmourning,showingallthatherluckhaschangedfortheworse.(Byapun,"luck"and"hairornaments"areread
interchangeablyinthefourthlineoftheAppraisal.)20
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYang
thephaseWaterandtheYiching
Hexagramno.47,Hemmedinthesun
Ch'iung enterstheHeartconstellation,2ddegree
No.69.Exhaustion
October24October28(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinch'ifillsthecaveswhileyanglosesitsplace.Themyriadthingsareexhaustedandagitated.1

Thetetragramtitlecandescribeavarietyofsituationswheretheindividualfacesasymbolicoractualdeadend,includingtheabsoluteexhaustionofone'sphysical
powersandutterimpoverishment.Notsurprisingly,thetetragram,likeitscorrelateChangeshexagram,isgenerallyinauspi

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ciousintone,withgloomypredictionsof"perplexity,""distrust,""losingone'sway,''physicaldangers,andpsychicdiscomforts.However,thesamecharactermaybe
giventhemorepositivemeaningof"reachingtheculmination."Toreachmoralperfectionistheaimofthewouldbesagenobilityofcharacter,inturn,insuresthat
ultimatevictorycanbesnatchedfromtemporarydefeat.AstheChangestellsus,onlythenobleperson"iscapableofbeinginstraitswithoutlosingthepowerto
succeed"2becauseintimesofcrisisheispromptedtoundertakeathoroughgoingreform.Consequently,thevirtuousindividualnotonlysurvivespresentdifficulties,
butevenprospersassoonasthetimesturnmorefavorable.

TheHeadtextcontainsaninternalpun.3Themyriadthingsarenotonlyagitatedandexhaustedbecausetheyhavelosttheirmaster,yangch'i,4theyhavealso"runout
ofplaces"wheretheycanhide.TheAppraisaltextsfocusonexamplesofthosewhohavenohaventowhichtheycanescape.Occasionally,evenmeritorious
individualsfindthemselvescaughtupinwidercyclesofinauspiciousfate.
App.1:Heseeshislimitsaslimits,
Sopeopleembracehimascenter.5

Fath.1:Recognizinghisownlimits
Means:Emotionsdwellatthecenter.

ThefirstlinesoftheAppraisalandFathomingtalkliterallyof"seeinghisextremityasextremity."Oneinterpretationforthelines(reflectedinthistranslation)presumes
thatthetrulysuperiorhumanbeingexertsallhischarismaticpowerstoattract,thenutilizetalentedsupporters,whoregardhimas"center."6Givenhissuasiveinfluence,
thepeopleimitatehim,lettingtheiremotionsalsobecentered.7

Twootherinterpretationsforthesamelinesareequallypossible,however,givensuchawiderangeofmeaningfortheword"extremity."Onealternativehasthenoble
man"seeingthelimitsofhisdesperatestraits."Themoralsuperiorfacespresentcalamitywithperfectequanimity,8inpartbecausenomisfortuneexiststhatcandetera
trulydeterminedwouldbesagefromachievingmoralperfection.AstheAnalectssays,"Thesuperiormancanwithstandextremehardships.Itisonlythesmallman
who,whenfacedwiththem,issweptoffhisfeet."9Oncetheindividualapproachestheperfectionofthesage,hethenemployssuasiveexampletorouseothersto
redirecttheirattentiontothecorevaluesthatconstitutetheGoodinConfuciantradition.

Inyetanotherreading,thepersonofvirtue"pushestotheveryextremeshisownlimits"sothathedailyimprovesinvirtue.10Eventually,havingrealizedthefullhuman
potentialforsagehood,hebecomesamuchbelovedmodelforthecommonpeople.

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App.2:Failingtoseehislimitsaslimits,
Thepeoplecometorejecthimascenter.11

Fath.2:Unawareofhislimits
Means:Deceitcanbemadetoflourish.

Thisverseisthemirroroppositeoftheprecedingone.AswithAppraisal1,therearethreepossiblereadings:(1)theevilindividualfailstoseekguidancesincehedoes
notrecognizehisownlimits(2)theweakperson'sgoodintentionsarejettisonedinthefaceofcalamityand(3)thepettymanfailstopushhispotentialforhumanityto
itsnaturallimits.Theresultofanyoneofthesethreefailuresisthesame.Thepeoplewill"rejecthimascenter."

App.3:Howeverdesperate,histhoughtsapprehend.

Fath.3:Apprehensionindesperatestraits
Means:Atutorresidesintheheart.

"Apprehending"forproponentsoftheConfucianschoolrefersto"apprehendingthe[Confucian]Way,"whiletrue"desperation"ismeasuredintermsofdistancefrom
theWay.12Whenasuperiorpersonfacesacrisis,theinnerresourcesoftheheart/mindwillseehimthrough.Suchresourceshavebeendevelopedbyapriorintensive
studyofvariousclassicalprecedents,ratherthanby"exhaustive[analytical]thinking.''13
App.4:Thesoilisnotsweet.
Treeswitherandlosetheirleaves.14

Fath.4:Adisharmoniousearth
Means:Afflictionextendstothecommonpeople.

Whentheearth,symbolofallthatnourishes,failstosupportluxuriantgrowth,thecommonpeoplefindthemselveswithoutsufficientfoodtoeat.Soonfamineandits
attendantdiseasesappear.Wiseleadersworkhardtoremedythissituation,for"ifthecommonpeoplehavenotenoughfortheirneeds,therulercannotexpectto
haveenoughforhisneeds."15

App.5:Thestewhasnoricecakes.16
Hisbellyrumblesk'ank'an,emptyasadrum,
Yethedoesnotlosehismodel.

Fath.5:Cookeddisheswithoutrice
Mean:Evenso,hedoesnotlosetheRight.

Appraisal5astherulerofthetetragramdepictstheperfectmodelofuprightbehaviorinpoverty.Thisindividualissopoorthathecannotaffordtosupplementhis
meagerstewofgreenswithnourishinggrains.17Nevertheless,hemanagestoperfectlyembodytheancientmodelsofproperbehavior.InthisheislikeYenHui,the
favoritediscipleofConfucius,ofwhomtheMasterremarked:

 Page384

IncomparableindeedwasHui.Ahandfulofricetoeat,agourdfulofwatertodrink,livinginameanstreetotherswouldhavefounditunendurablydepressing,buttoHui's
cheerfulnessitmadenodifferenceatall!...HuiwascapableofoccupyinghiswholemindforthreemonthsonendwithnothoughtbutthatofGoodness.18

App.6:Themountainshavenogame.
Theriversboastnofish.
Troublesattacktheperson.

Fath.6:Mountainswithoutbeasts
Mean:Troubletothecommonpeople.

InearlyChinesetradition,theproductsofthemountainsandriversarereservedforthecommonpeople,whousethemtosupplementtheirmeagerdietsandincomes.
Evilrulersoftenclaimedtheseareasastheirownproperty,causingaseverereductioninthepeople'sstandardofliving.Undersuchconditions,"Whilesomemencan
getenoughtoeat,/Fewmencaneattheirfill."19Suchexploitationofthepeopleislikelytobackfire.20

Itisalsopossiblethatthecommonpeoplehavewrecklesslymisusedavailablenaturalresourcesontheirowninitiative,theyhaveburntthehillsidestoflushoutallthe
gameanddrainedthelakestocatchallthefish.Despitethemagnitudeoftheinitialcatch,suchwastefulexploitationoflimitedresourcesdestroysallfuturefood
sources.21
App.7:Thoughhestraightenshisstep,
Helandsin22prison.
Inthreeyears,heseesapardon.23

Fath.7:Rightinghisfoot
Means:Thedangergetshimpeace.

Appraisal7ordinarilyrepresentsthelossofone'sambition,buthereitcorrespondstoluckyDay.Thesubjectofthepoemmodifieshisconductinaccordancewiththe
Right.Thoughheisthrownintoprison,hiscasewillbereviewedandhewillbepardoned.Thesuperiormancalmlyawaitsbettertimes,knowingthatultimatelyhewill
bevindicated.
App.8:Hetrudgesthroughfrostandsnow,
Withhisneckboundtohisknees.

Fath.8:Boundnecktoknee
Means:Afterall,lifeisnotworthliving.

Frostandsnowsymbolizedangerofallsortssincetheyaredifficulttonegotiateinthebestoftimes.Now,boundnecktoknee,thispersonfacesadditional
impediments.Evenifhesurvivesthisordeal,thepainwillbesogreatthatlifewillhardlybeworthliving.

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App.9:Jadecircletsaresmashedandtabletsbroken.
Inmortarandstove,frogsbreed.
CalamitiesfromHeavenareloadedon.24

Fath.9:Circletsandtablets,brokenandsmashed,
Mean:Chancedoesnotfavorhim.25

Thecircletandtabletofjadearesignsofenfeoffmentbestowedbyrulersontheirvassallords.Wantondestructionoftheseinsigniasuggestsaviolentbreachinthe
contractualrelationsbindingsuperiorandinferior.Aspoliticalupheavalplungesallintochaos,entirecommunitiesarelaidwaste,despitethevirtuesofsome.Withthe
populationdecimated,theunusedmortarsandstovesareinhabitedbyfrogs.26Littleseparatesthepitifulsurvivorsfromwildanimals,sincenofoodpreparationis
possible.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYin
thephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.23,SplittingApartthe
Ke sunenterstheTailconstellation,2d
No.70.Severance degree
October28(p.m.)NovemberI

HEAD:Yinch'icutsawayatthings.Yang'sformishung1andkilled.2Inseven[timesseven]days,itwillnearlybesevered.

Thistetragram,likethecorrespondinghexagramintheChanges,equatesutterruinwithseveredrelations:"Splittingapartmeansruin."3Inthephenomenalworld,yin
andyangch'iareopenlyantagonistic.Withsome49(77)daysleftuntilthewintersolstice,whenyangch'iwillseemtodieunderyin'spower,theutterextinctionof
yangseemsarealpossibility.Afterall,thedestructionofHunt'un,symboloftheprimevalchaos,issaidtohaverequiredonlysevendays.4Howeverbloodthirstyyin's
actionmayappear,itultimately(andparadoxically)provokesastrongeryangch'i.Thoseoftrueunderstandingrecognize"thealternationofincreaseanddecrease"as
thecourseofHeaven.5Theythereforelooktopatchupseriousbreachesandestrangements.Onegoodwayisforsuperiors"togivegenerouslytothosebelow,''as
theChangessuggests.6

App.1:Cuttingoffhisearsandeyes
Affectshismindandbelly.
Danger.

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Fath.1:Cuttingoffearsandeyes
Means:Thecenterhasnooutlet.

Theearsandeyessupplytheinnerorganswithperceptualevidence,therebyinsuringtheproperfunctioningandprotectionofthecenter.Theindividualwhoisdeaf
andblind(eitherliterallyormetaphorically),findsitdifficulttosustaintheself,letaloneprosper.Dangerliesahead.

Thislessonmaybeappliedtoaffairsatcourt.Sincetherulerseldomleavestheconfinesofhispalace,hedependsuponotherstogatherinformationforhim.Loyal
advisorsmaybelikenedtotheruler'searsandeyes.Shouldtherulerpunishthosewhotellhimthetruestateofaffairs,hewillhavedestroyedtheonetoolwithwhich
hecancorrectcurrentpolicy.Inconsequence,histhronewillbeendangered.7

App.2:Cuttingoffhiswartsandwens
Helpstomakehimincorrupt.

Fath.2:Cuttingoffwartsandtumors
Means:Whatisloathesomecannotgrowbig.

Wartsandtumorssymbolizecorruptdeedspromptedbygreed.8Whenillnesspollutesthebody,theonlyhopeofacuremaylieinlancingtheinfectedareas.Though
hardlypleasant,thebenefitofsuchdecisiveactionisevident:thefleshisnolongerplaguedbyfesteringcorruption.Byanalogy,thewiseindividualhealshimselfby
swiftlyexcisingallimpurities.Theruler,forhispart,expelsevilofficialsfromcourt.
App.3:Cuttingthenosetofeedthemouth,
Heloseswhatletshimbreathe.

Fath.3:CuttingthenoseandlosingtheMaster
Means:Thelossbringsnoglory.

Ingreatstupidity,thisindividualfeedsoneorgan(inChinese,one"Master")toanother,forgettingthatbothareneededifthebodyistoprosper.Consideringthelack
ofmeatonthenose,theactisparticularlyabsurd.Importantlessonsmaybedrawnfromthis.Perhapsthe"nose"(i.e.,aloyalministerwhosmellsouttrouble)is
"sacrificed"totheunprincipledruler.9Or,astwocommentatorssuggest,perhaps''thoseabovearehurtinordertofeedthosebelow."10
App.4:Thebutcherhacksmeatinevenpieces.

Fath.4:Thebutcher'sevenhacking
Means:Perfectioncanexist.11

Thegoodbutcherhacksthemeatevenlyandeasilyoffthebones.Inthisheislikethechiefminister,whosejobitistofairlyapportiongovernmentpositionsamong
suitablecandidates.12Confuciusremarkedofthis

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13
weightytask,"Idonotfear[thatthestate]hasfew[resources],butIfearunjustdistribution."

App.5:Cuttingoffhisthighsandarms,
Helosestheuseofhishorsesinshafts.14

Fath.5:Cuttingoffhisthighsandarms
Means:Gonearethegreatofficials.

Thighandforearmtypicallysymbolizetheruler'schiefministers"horsesinshafts"probablystandsforthecommonpeople.ThepoemtellsusthattheSonofHeaven
cannothopetoextendhisinfluencethroughouttherealmifheseversgoodrelationswithhischiefministers.

App.6:Thoughhecutsit,thereisnowound.
Itsatisfiesallonallfoursides.

Fath.6:Cuttingwithoutharm
Means:TheWaycanbedivided.

Withmostentities,acutordivisionnecessarilyentailsawound.ThecaseoftheTao,however,isstartlinglydifferent.Onecanapportioncourtesyandcaretoall,
withoutfearofthesupplyeverrunningout.Paradoxically,themoregenerousthegift,themorethegiverreceives.
App.7:Violetrainbows,carnelianclouds
Likefriends15encirclethesun.
Hisafflictionisnotexcised.

Fath.7:Violetrainbowsandcarnelianclouds
Mean:Hedoesnotknowtocutthem.

Spectacularrainbowsandbrightlycoloredclouds,foralltheirapparentbeauty,leadtheeyeawayfromthesun.16Ifbrilliantbutcunningadvisorssurroundtheleader,
theymaytrytocompetewithhimforattentionorpreventhislightfromreachingthecommonpeople.Relationswithsuchadvisorsshouldbesevered.

App.8:Cuttingouttheborers,
Hegetsatourheart'sdisease.17

Fath.8:Cuttingouttheparasites
Means:Thisisgoodforthestate.

Theparasiteorborerstandsforindividualswhosebeliefsandactionsunderminethehealthystate.MasterHanFeiincludedConfuciansinthiscategory,sincegood
Confuciansplaceloyaltytothefamilyoverloyaltytothestate.18YangHsiungturnsthemetaphoraround,attackingadherentsofheterodoxteachings,includingthe
Legalists.Whenthestateisridofsuchparasites,itwillflourishonceagain.

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App.9:Cuttingthefleshtogetatthebones,
Thecrownisdrownedinblood.

Fath.9:Tocutthefleshanddrowninblood
Means:Heisunabletokeephimselfwhole.

ThefinalAppraisaldepictstheharmthatcomesfromtoomuchdeepcutting.Asmuscleandbloodvesselsaresevered,lossofbloodanditsattendantriskofinfection
makedeathalmostcertain.Appliedtothestate,themetaphorsuggeststhattheruler'scruelexploitationofhissubjectswillendinhisowndeath.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseWoodandtheYi
chingHexagramno.52,Stopping1
Chih thesunenterstheTailconstellation,
No.71Stoppage 6thdegree
November2November6(a.m.)

HEAD:Yin,enlarged,stopsthingsabove,andyangforitspartstopsthingsbelow.2Aboveandbelow,togethertheystopeverything.

TheWinterOnsetsolarperiodbeginswiththelastAppraisalofthistetragram.Aseventeenthcenturycommentatordescribescosmictrendsinthisway:
Atthistime,theFrostfallsolarperiodisalreadypast.Hibernatinginsectsallhunkerdown.Themagpieshaveenteredtheoceanstobecomeoysters.Whateverfatthereisin
thingshasturnedtoyinwiththeshrinkingandsplittingalreadycomplete,thereisnoway[foryinch'i]torequisitionmore.Therefore,[yin]quitsitstyrannicalandbullyingrule
above,andtemporarilystopstocalculate[thesituation].Yanglikewisestopsbelowinfearofyin'sawesomemajesty,afraidofits[yin's]destructive[action].Therefore,it[yang]
hidesitsshadowintheMysteryPalace[farbelowtheearth'ssurface,]notdaringtocomeoutagain,hopinginthiswaytoavoidfurtherparingofits[resources].3

Inessence,yinandyangarecutofffromeachother,thoughgoodfortunedependsupontheirsuccessfulinteraction.4Themyriadthingsasaresultare"eachstoppedin
theirtracks,sothattheydonotproceed"ob

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Figure19
Kupoisonbeingexpelledbyanexorcistfromavictim.Illustrationfrom
Wuliangts'e(EasternHan),leftchamber,no.4.

structedbyyin'sgrowthabove,theywouldretreattoyangbelow.5TheChangescharacterizeshumanrelationsinmuchthesamelanguage:

Thoseaboveandbelowareinoppositionandhavenothingincommon....Thesuperiormandoesnotpermithisthoughtstogobeyondhissituation.6

Withbothcosmosandsocietyonthevergeofanabsolutesplit,thewisepersonfocuseshisorherentireattentionuponpresentdangersand"knowswhentostop"
takingtheinitative.7Notsurprisingly,boththistetragramanditscorrespondenthexagramtendtofocusonthenegativeaspectsofstoppage.

App.1:Stoppingatthestoppingplace,
Thereisinnerlightandnoblame.

Fath.1:Stoppingattherightplace
Means:Wisdomenoughforenlightenment.

Appraisal1correspondstoWaterinthecycleoftheFivePhases.Thecultivatedmind,undistractedbyinappropriateorexcessivedesires,reflectsvirtuewiththe
samedegreeofaccuracyasastillpoolofwater.Asthe"GreatLearning"teachesus:

 Page390

Knowwhentostopandthenyoucanbequiescent.Bequiescentandthenyoucanbeatpeace.Beatpeaceandthenyoucanthink.Thinkandthenyoucanachieveeverything.8

App.2:Brakingthecart,hewaits
Forthehorsetocometoahalt.

Fath.2:Thecarriagebraked,hewaits.9
Meaning:Hecannotuseittogoforward.

Appraisal2correspondstothemiddlestageofthethoughtprocessandtothestatusof"commoners."Whenexternalconstraintsareapplied,allmovementslowly
grindstoahalt.Someonewithhalfbakedplansorinsufficientwisdom10nowfindshimselfunabletoproceed.Atsomelatertime,itmaybesafetocontinuethe
journey.11

App.3:Closinghisgatesanddoors,
Bythishestopsk umadness.12

Fath.3:Closinghisgatesanddoors
Means:Hepreventswhateverisnotright.

Kuindicatesavarietyofvirulentpoisonsassociatedwithsexualindulgenceandblackmagic.Thepictographshowsthreeinsects,worms,orreptilesinabowl,a
possiblereferencetothestandardrecipeforconcoctingthepoison:Leaveseveralpoisonousinsectsorreptilesinacoveredjaruntilonehasdevouredalltheothers,
thenextracttheconcentratedpoisonofthesurvivor.Thepoemurgesthereadertoclosehismindtoalldangerousimpulses,delusions,andheterodoxarguments,allof
whichpoisontheperceptions.13Lewdandsuperstitiousmenshouldalsobeshunned.14
App.4:Theystopatsaplings
Toseektheirluxuriantfruits.15

Fath.4:Stoppingbyyoungtrees
Means:Theirsisafruitlesssearch.

Appraisal4markstheinitialtransitionfromthoughttoactionformthoughttpactionHowever,someprematurelylookforperfectionandcompletion.16Shouldfurther
cultivationofthetree(i.e.,theheart/mind)bediscontinued,thetreemayneverbearfruituponmaturitybyanalogy,thepettymanrushestowardsanambitiousgoal,
suchashighoffice,beforeheisready.17

App.5:Pillarskeepthehouseinplace.18
Canopiesshieldthecarriage.
Hubsbalancethespacebetween.

Fath.5:Pillars,canopies,andhub
Mean:Theyhonorthecenter.

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Humancivilizationdependsuponanumberofinventionsthatexemplifythetwinprinciplesof"notmoving"(i.e.,stability)andcentrality.Thepillars,positionedat
regularintervals,beartheweightofthehome.Thecanopy,ifproperlycentered,shelterstheentirecarriagefromtheelements.Finally,thehubkeepsspokesandaxles
inplacewhilethewheelsmove.Likewise,thegoodrulerknowsenoughtopromotestabilitywithcentrality.Hesteadiesthestatelikeapillarhesheltersthecommon
peoplelikeacanopyhefunctionsasthehubofhiskingdom.Healonehastheabilitytocoordinatehissubjects'activitiessothattheireffortsconvergeproductively.19

App.6:Squarewheelsandangular20axles
Makeforbumpyridesinthecart.

Fath.6:Squarewheelsandbumpyroads
Mean:Ateveryturn,hejoltshimself.

TheearlyChinesebelievedthatthesagesofoldinventedcertainfundamentaltoolslikecartsandroadstofacilitatethedevelopmentofhumancivilization.Ifsuchtools
arewronglyfashioned,clearlytheirmostbasicfunctions,letalonetheirdivineoriginsincosmicpatterns,arenolongerunderstood.Justliketheillmadecartlurching
along,societymuddlesalonguncomfortablyandwithoutstability.SmoothprogressintheWaybecomesimpossible.

App.7:Whenthecarthasitswheelstiedon,21
Thehorsewearsoutitshooves.22
Tostopisgood.

Fath.7:Cartstiedandhorsestired
Mean:Toproceedcanbedifficult.23

Normally,Appraisal7,thoughalignedwithDefeat,isluckyinanoddnumberedtetragrambecauseitisalignedwithauspiciousDay.Here,however,thecartisworse
thanuseless.Eitheritisinsuchpoorrepairthatitswheelshavetobetiedonorelseitswheelsare"tiedup"(i.e.,clogged)bydebrisandmudfromtheroadortangled
ropes.Compoundingthedifficulty,thecartisdrawnbyanoldnagwhosehoovesarewornthin.Thewiseperson,recognizingthenatureoftheproblem,stopsto
makemajorrepairs.

App.8:Goodbowsreturnsodothebad.
Goodmountsareheadstrongsoarethebad.
Snapthebowstring,smashthecart,
Forthiswillneverstop.24

Fath.8:Bowsthatreturnandheadstronghorses
Mean:Intheend,theyareunusable.

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Thebowandhorsesymbolizeman'sdevelopedcapacities,sincealongcourseoftrainingprecedesskilleduseofthesetools.Evenaftertraining,thetoolsmayprove
unusable.Forexample,eventhebestwoodenbow,becauseofitssensitivitytomoistureandheat,mayloseitspropertension.25Similarly,aspiritedhorseattimes
seemsunruly.Clearly,poorlymadebowsandunbrokenhorsesareevenlessuseable.26Toemploysuchtoolseventemporarilymayendindisaster.27Byanalogy,a
person'smettlemustbefullytrainedandtestedifproperuseistobemadeofhim.28Andevenagoodperson,improperlyemployed,willmakemistakes.29

App.9:Brokenonatreestump,30
Andsnaggedonknifesharpstones,
Itstops.

Fath.9:Brokenontrees,snaggedonstones
Means:Thisiswherethenoblemanstops.

As"successivecalamitiesbefallthejourney,thenobleman,recognizingthehopelessnessofhissituation,"knowsenoughtostop."
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YinthephaseMetalandtheYi
chingHexagramno.52,Stopping1
Chien thesunenterstheTail
No.72.Hardness constellation,10thdegree
November6(p.m.)November10

HEAD:Yin'sformiscoveredwithcallouseswhileyanglosesitsmainthread.Thingscompeteinhardeningthemselves.

TheassignmentofthistetragramtothepatronphaseMetalmayaccountforthetetragram'stitle.Thehardnessofmetalmaybereinforcedbythemountainsmentioned
inthecorrespondentChangeshexagram.2Inanycase,asyinch'ibuildsatoughoutercasing,yanggrowscorrespondinglyweakeruntilitlosesthemainfunctionofits
existence(literally,"itsmainthread"),itspropensityfornurturing.Inimitationofyinch'i,themyriadthingsbegintocompetewitheachotherforscarceresourcesunder
winter'sharshconditions.Theironlyhopeofsurvivalliesinhardeningthemselves.Inthehumanrealm,asinthenaturalworldofHeavenandEarth,bothadvantages
anddisadvantagesaccruefromthistendencytohardness.AstaunchdefenseoftheGood,ofcourse,iscorn

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mendable,butstubbornnessinpursuitoflessergoalsislikelytoleadtofailure.
App.1:Themassivestonessohardinside
Donotchangeforthegood.

Fath.1:Thatmassivestonesarehardinside
Means:Theycannotbetransformed.

Appraisal1correspondstotheBeginningofThought.Anobdurate,massivestonesymbolizesastubborninabilitytorethinkdecisionsbeforeembarkingupona
disastrouscourseofaction.AsConfuciusremarked,"Itisonlythevery...stupidestwhodonotchange."3

App.2:Firmandwhite,thejadeform
Changesinsideforthebetter.

Fath.2:Firmandwhite,thejadeform
Means:Changesarerightlymade.

InthisAppraisalassignedtotheMiddleofThought,YangHsiungclearlyreferstoaChangespassagedepictingtheheart/mindofthenoblemanas"jadelike"and
"firmasarock."4Howeverfinethebasicstuffofhumanity,itcanalwaysbeimproved,likejade,throughpolishing.Firmnessmustbeoffsetbyflexibilityandmutability
ifselfcultivationistooccur.

App.3:Firmnessisnotpervasive.5
Somethingleaksatitscenter.

Fath.3:Firmnessnotpervasive
Means:Itcannotmaintainuniformity.

Inthecalendaryear,wenowfacethefirstseverefreezes,thoughtheicemaynotyethavefrozenfirmonrivers.Justasitistreacheroustowalkoversoftorthinice,it
isdangeroustobe"mushy"or"soft"atcenter(thatis,towaverinone'sconvictions).Typically,thepettypersonhasbothgoodandevilimpulses.Whilehemayinitiate
agoodact,helackstheinnerstrengthtocarryitthroughtocompletion.Asthoughtyieldstoaction,thereaderisremindedofthehazardsofweaknessand
inconsistency.6

App.4:Smallbees,busybusy,
Swarmattheirhive7
Tomakeitfirmnotbig.

Fath.4:Smallbees,busybusy,
Mean:Thebeessecuretheirbase.

AsinWesternculture,inChinabeessymbolizeproductivecommunity.Thebaseofthehivestandsforvirtueitschamber,forthestate.Justasworkerbeesfollowthe
directionofthequeen,hardworkingmembers

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ofthecommunitymanagetobuildafirmbasisforproductivelifeaftertheirrulerhelpsthemrealizeanimportantlesson:contrarytothetheoriesoftheLegalists,true
securitydoesnotdependuponthesizeofthecommunitybutuponitsdedicationtoacommonpurposeintheGood.8
App.5:Thehiveisbig,theswarmissmall
Andsoithangsempty.

Fath.5:Abighiveandasmallswarm
Means:Thestateisemptyandhollow.

Appraisal5istherulerofthetetragramhence,itsreferencetopoliticsandtheSonofHeaven.TheLegalistleader,preoccupiedwithaggrandizinghispositionand
enlarginghisterritory,neglectstobuilduphis"base"invirtue.Asaresult,therearefewreliablealliesinhisinnercircle.Soontheempirecollapsesduetothelackof
goodmen.9
App.6:Theswarmisfine,sofine,
SuspendedovertheNineProvinces.

Fath.6:Thetinyswarmsuspended
Means:Thepeoplearethusatpeace.

Theprofessionalbeekeeper,knowingthatbeesaredocilejustaftertheswarmalights,picksthattimetohandlethem.Byanalogy,theskillfulrulerchoosestheright
timetoeffectchangesoastoretainhissubjects'allegiance.Inthisway,hisinfluenceisgreatlyextended.10

App.7:Thehardhead11smacksintothehill.

Fath.7:Ahardheadpittedagainstahill
Means:Heknowsnotwherehe'sgoing.

Thebullheadedindividualwhofailstoascertainthepropermoralcourserunsheadlongintodisaster.12Ironically,hisverystrengthofpurposeprovestobehisultimate
undoing.Blindtothefactthathecouldeasilycircumventmanyobstaclesbychangingdirection,hestubbornlypersistsinerroruntilitdestroyshim.Tomiscalculate
one'sownstrengthistantamounttosuicide.13

App.8:Confidentandfirmincalamity,14
Heusesonlythehsiehchih'ssigns.15

Fath.8:Secureandstrongincalamity
Means:Heusesthestraightpath.16

InChinesemyth,thehsiehchihresemblesanoxwithonehorn.Legendcreditsitwithanuncannyabilitytodistinguishrightfromwrong.Therefore,inancientlegal
trialsitwaspurportedlyemployedtodeterminetheguiltyparties.17Thegoodpersonuseshisconscienceandthe

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ClassicstodeterminetheRight,neverwaveringinhispursuitofit,evenincalamity.SuchsteadfastservicetotheGoodcontrastsfavorablywiththebullheadedness
depictedinAppraisal7.

App.9:Thebeesburningtheirhive18
Bringruintotheirforebears.

Fath.9:Beesburningtheirhive
Means:Whattheyrelyuponisruined.

Here,attheendofthecycle,supremelyarrogantindividualsdestroytheirowncommunity.WhiletheChangeslikensthisto"birdsburningtheirownnest,"19the
Mysterycomparesittobeesburningtheirownhive.Allthathasbeenbuiltovergenerationsisnowlostinageneralconflagration.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseWaterandtheYi
chingHexagramno.63,After
Chien CompletionthesunenterstheTail
No.73.Completion constellation,15thdegree
November11November15(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinch'iispurerightnow.1Yangisstoredinanuminous[region].2Things,beingrescued,completetheirforms.

Atthispointinthecalendar,yangch'ihascompletelydisappearedfromsight.Itnowisstoredawaybelowthesurfaceoftheearth,thoughitsvitalitycannotbe
completelyextinguished.Fromfarbelowitprovidesenoughlifegivingimpulsetorescuethemyriadthingsfromutterextinction.Pureyinforitspartrepresents"pure"
cold.3Thetetragramtitle,Completion,then,referstonofewerthanthreeseparatephenomena:(1)thefullnessofwintrycoldbroughtaboutbythecomplete
separationofyinfromyangch'i4(2)thevariousaccomplishmentsthatperfectthesocialorderand(3)theimminentclosureofthecycleofeightyonetetragrams.It
isappropriatethatallthreephenomenaareassignedtotherealmofMan,for"itisHeaventhatgeneratesallthemyriadthings.AndthenitisEarththatnourishesthem.
Butitisthesages[i.e.,Manparexcellence]whobringthemtofulfillment."5

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App.1:Completionseemsobstructed,
Itsuse,thoughunending,ishidden.

Fath.1:Completionlikeanobstruction
Means:Thusitremainsundefeated.

TheLaotzuwrites,''Greatcompletionseemsdeficient,/Yetitsuseisnotspoiled."6TheTaoneverdrawsattentiontoitsownoperations,yetnothing.remainsundone.
Byanalogy,thenoblemanneverparadeshistalentsandvirtues.Consequently,noonecreditshimwitheffectinggreatreforms.Tosome,hemayevenseem
uncultivatedorlaxinhisbehavior.Theadvantageofthisisthathedoesnotinspireenvyordislike.Asaresultofhismodesty,heisneverharmed.7

App.2:Tenuousachievementsandconstantchange:
Beforeitisdone,hegrowslax.8

Fath.2:Tenuousachievements,continualchange,
Mean:Hecannotkeepupwithhimself.

Repeatedchangetendstodisastersinceitbewildersmostpeople.HanphilosophersprovedthispointbythedramaticexampleoftheFirstEmperorofCh'in(d.208
B.C.).Bycontrast,theclassicdescriptionoftheancientsagekingsshowsthempreferringsubtleadjustments,incrementalchange,andnaturalinducementstoovert
change:

They[thesages]broughtcontinuitytotheirchanges,sothatthepeopledidnotgrowweary....[Only]whenonechangehadrunitsfullcoursedidtheyeffectanother.9

App.3:Hecompletestheleapbydrawingback.
Completingtheflight,heisnotcaught.

Fath.3:Completingleapsbydrawingback
Means:Incompletion,virtueisstrong.10

Position3byYang'sschemacorrelateswithadvancementinrankorstatus.Heretheindividualknowsenoughtorealizethathemustcurbhisdesiresforelusivegoals.
Paradoxically,hemakestremendousprogresspreciselybyshrinkingbackwithhumility.Heisultimatelyraisedhigh,thoughhehasneverpursuedwealthorfame.As
theoldproverbhasit,"Contractthefootbeforeyouleap.Foldinthewingsbeforeyoufly."

App.4:Onthevergeofcompletion,
Heboastsandisthusdefeated.

Fath.4:Braggingwhennearlydone
Means:AchievingtheWayisimpaired.

Theunwiseindividualprematurelybragsabouthisaccomplishments.SuchconducthampersfullattainmentoftheWay.

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11
App.5:Ifhiscenteriscomplete,
Healoneoverseesall.
Suchisgreatness.

Fath.5:Singularoversightbyacentercomplete
Means:Hecantakethecenterposition.

Position5correspondstotheSonofHeavenandistherulerofthetetragram.Here,YangHsiungadaptsthelanguageofLegalismonstrategicadvantagetoexpressa
profoundlyConfucianmessage:Ideally,theemperorisatcenter(thatis,inhisinnermostself)amodelofperfection,sincehehasAllunderHeaveninhiscare.

App.6:Incompletion,soconceitedandmeanishe
Thatcompletiononlygarnerscalamity.

Fath.6:Arroganceincompleting
Means:Hefailstoemploymodesty.12

Position6ispastthehalfwaypointofthetetragram.PairedwithinauspiciousNight,hereitportendsoverweeningarrogancecoupledwithhighposition,acombination
thatcanonlyendintheindividual'sdownfall.13

App.7:Perfectionmarred,herepairs.

Fath.7:Repairingdefects
Means:Surelyitishardtocarryon.

Position7correspondstothelossofambitionortodefeat.Here,however,itcorrespondstoauspiciousDay.Eventhoughhisachievementsareplaguedbyflawsand
faults,thesuperiormanworkshardtocorrectthem,despitethelatehour.Forthatreason,thedefectscannotpersist.
App.8:Thetimeisperfectbutheisnot.
Heavenrainsdownnogoodomens.14

Fath.8:Thetimebeingperfectwhileheisnot
Means:Hefailstostrikeitonhisown.

Position8representstheinauspiciousendofthecycle.Whenhumanbeingsdonotavailthemselvesofopportunitiesforimprovement,disasterissuretofollow.
Heavenrainscalamitydownupontheunrighteous.

App.9:Withcompletion,exhaustion15
Entersdefeat:Destructioncomplete.
Thenoblemandoesnotcomplete.16
App.9:Incompleting,exhaustedanddestroyed
Means:Thenoblemanbythisachieveshisends.

Duetothecyclicalnatureofthings,completionultimatelyentailsdefeat.Thesuperiorman,realizingthis,regardshimselfalwaysasin

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17
completeandimperfect.Byfocusingupondailyrenewalandselfimprovement,hemaintainsgoodfortuneandhighrank.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YinthephaseFireandtheYiching
Hexagramno.21,BitingThrough
Chih thesunenterstheWinnower
No.74.Closure constellation,1stdegree
November15(p.m.)November19

HEAD:Ascontactbetweenyinandyangfalters,1eachclosesinonitselfsothatitbecomesasingleentity.2Theirillfortunecausesthemyriadthingstoweep.

Thetetragramtitle,whichisagraphicpunapparentlyinventedbyYangHsiung,shows"adoortightlyshut,"aperfectsymbolofcontactthatiscompletely"blocked
off."3Asyinflourishes,yangdeclines.Withthisreversaloftheirconventionalvalues,yinandyangfalterintheirnewroles,thenfinallyretreatintoseparatespheres.
Thisradicalseparationmeansruinforthemyriadthings,whosecontinuedexistencedependsupontheirunion,asTetragram16,entitledContact,showsus.

App.1:Roundpegandsquaresocket:4
Insideisabadfit.

Fath.1:Circleandsquare,pegandsocket,
Mean:Inside,theymisseachother.

Theselinesgiveaclassicexampleofalackofcorrespondence:theroundpeginasquarehole.SinceAppraisal1isassignedtotheBeginningofThought,itis
appropriatetoapplythemtothethoughtprocesses,whichareviewedassuccessiveattemptstofitexternaleventsintotheirpropercategoricalslots.Obviously,the
heart/mindfailstofunctionhere.Thisfailureinturnprecludesthepossibilityoftruecommunityamongmen,sincethatmustbebasedonsharedmoralperceptions.

App.2:Closewithnointerveninggap<.

Fath.2:Closewithnogap
Means:Thetwoareasone.

Truesagelinessdependsupontheabilitytoperfectlymatchexternaleventswithinternalmoralcategories.Rightthinking,then,isakindof

 Page399

psychicuniononwhichtrueunionisbased.TheultimatepowerofsuchunionsissuggestedbytheChanges,whichsays:
Whentwopersonsareofoneheart
Theyaresharpenoughtocutmetal.5

App.3:Thedragonstealsinto6another'slair.
Itslightisthenlosttothehouse.

Fath.3:Thedragonslippingintothewrongcave
Means:Itfailsinitsconstantrules.

Yangch'i(alignedwiththedragon,theeast,andspring)retreatsbelowground,thoughthedragongenerallyprefersitsnaturalhabitatonhighmountainpeaks
wreathedinrainclouds.Eventhemarvelousdragoncanonlyflourishintheproperenvironment.Shoulditstealintothewrongtypeofcave,itnotonlyendangersitself
butitalsodeprivesitsdependentsofitsbeneficentpower.Byanalogy,thepromisingindividualwhoacceptsanunsuitablepositionrisksdisgracetohimselfandharm
tothecommunity.SinceAppraisal3correspondsto"Advance,"YangHsiung'swarningistimely.
App.4:Toimmersethenoseinfragrantfats
Isgoodforbeautyandpropriety.

Fath.4:Theproprietyofimmersingthenose
Means:Hesinksinwhatisfragrant.7

Becausefattymeats,fragrantfromcooking,nourishourbodies,thecorrespondenthexagramcallsitagoodomento"sinkourteethinthetendermeatuntilthenose
disappears."8Thegoodpersonalsoexudesafragrance(anoble"reputation")thatsustainswhiledullingthecravingforlesssavorythings.9Asthoughtturnstoactionin
Appraisal4,weshouldconsiderhowbesttoimmerseourselvesinthemodelofthesages.

App.5:Gnawingbones,hebreakshisteeth
Enoughtofillacrock.

Fath.5:Gnawingbonesandbreakingteeth
Mean:Hegreatlycovetsprofit.

WithAppraisal5therulerofthetetragram,thepettypersoninhighpositioniswillingtoinflictanysortofviolenceuponothersinhisruthlesspursuitofprofit.Inthis,
heislikethevoraciousdinerwhochewseventhebones,lestthesmallestmorselescapehim.Byhisrapaciousdemandsfortaxes,hemayevenhaveinflictedfamine,
orworsecannibalism,uponhissubjects.Beforelong,theevilconsequencesofunrestrainedgreedbecomeevident.Brokenteethwill"fillthecrock,"apossible
referencetofuneraryurns.10Harminflicteduponothersthroughgreedsoon

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11
comesbacktohauntusitislike"bitingthroughdriedmeattogetpoison."

App.6:Lappingupsweat12
Togainitsglossysmoothness.13

Fath.6:Lappingupsweat,slurpslurp,
Means:TheWayisworthbeingrelished.

Bythesweatofone'sbrowonesecuresgreatgoodfortune.Oddlyenough,theprofusesweatingthataccompanieshardworkdoesnotundulytiretheperson,but
insteadlubricatesthejoints,massagingthemwithpreciousoils.Inthisway,sustainedeffortdevotedtotheGoodultimatelyprovidesrefreshmentandrelief.14

App.7:Despitethebreach,forcingafit:15
What'sjoinedatfirst,latersplits.

Fath.7:Forcingtheirfaultstogether
Means:Theirunionfallsapart.

WhenthepanelsofatraditionalChinesegateareunevenlyhung,thegatewillnotshuttightunlessthepanelsareforcedintoplaceeverytime.Soonerorlater,that
forcingwillruinthepanels.Byanalogy,defectsina.union,initiallyglossedover,willresurface,causinganirreparablebreak.
App.8:Herepairsthebreaks,
Andcoverstheflaws.
Suchapersonisdazzlingandstrong.

Fath.8:Repairingbreaksandcoveringflaws
Means:Heisstillcapableofimprovement.

Solongastheindividualdedicateshimselftothetaskofselfcultivation,evenatAppraisal8itisnottoolatetoreform.Theversesalsoworkasadescriptionofthe
faithfulfriendwhoencouragesimprovement.16
App.9:Asyinandyangstarttotransform,
Theychangetoredandwhite.

Fath.9:Yinturningredasyangturnswhite17
Means:Reachingtheirlimits,theythenreverse.

Thoughtheexactsignificanceofthiscolorchangeislosttous,theversesprobablyuseanapparentanomalyinthetraditionalcorrelationsofcolormagictosuggestan
unhealthydisjunctioninconventionalvalues.18InChina,thecolorwhiteisalwaysusedformourningwhiletheredofthenewbornbabeisasignofhealth,perfect
potential,andvirility.Also,thesamesystemthatcorrelateswinterandyinwithsnowywhitetiessummertored,toheat,andtoyangch'i.Thus,assummeryieldsto
winter,redpalestowhiteaswinterreignssupreme,whatisfundamentallywhiteglowswithruddyhealth.19Withnormalvaluesreversed,anewcycleis

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20
abouttobegin.(Thismayevenhintatachangeinthedynasticmandate.) Suchdramaticdisjunctionsandmetamorphosesareinherentlydangerous.Thewiseman
takeswarning.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseWoodandtheYi
chingHexagramno.28,Great
Errorthesunentersthe
Winnowerconstellation,6th
Shih degreetheDipperpointsNNW
No.75.Failure themusicalNoteisB
November20November24(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinonagrandscaleactslikeabandit.Yangcannotgainanything.Thingssinkintotheunfathomable.

WiththistetragramwemovepasttheWinterOnsetsolarperiodintofullwinter,whenyangcannolongerresisttherepeatedonslaughtsofyinch'i.Inthisunequal
stragglebetweenyinandyang,themyriadthingswillsuffergreatly,sinkingintodeclineanddeathuntilgreaterbalanceisrestoredinthecycle.Inhumanlife,the
sufferingoccasionedbytheinternalstrugglebetweengoodandevilcanbemitigatedbyareturntobalanceandthereformofone'sconduct.
App.1:StabbingattheVoid,
Plungingintheblade.

Fath.1:StabbingtheVoid,sinkingtheblade
Means:Deeplyhepondershisownfirstsigns.1

InthisAppraisalalignedwiththeBeginningofThought,theVoidreferstothemind.Thenoblemanexamineshisinnermostthoughts,intentupondestroyinganytraces
ofevil,howeversmall.Inanalternatereading,theVoidsymbolizestheemptinessandvanityofcertaingoals.Anyonewho"takesastab"atsuchgoalsfindsthemas
ephemeralastheair.Becausesuchmisdirectedactivityoftenendsintragedy,thewisemanhopestoexciseanysignofthepettywithinhimself.2

App.2:Paltryvirtuebreedssmallfailures.3

Fath.2:Failuresfrompaltryvirtue
Mean:Heknowstoolittletofearfirstsigns.4

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Appraisal2,alignedwithlowposition,coincidesherewithinauspiciousNight.Thepettypersonthinkshisownpaltryvirtuesufficientforsuccess.Persistinginhis
errors,heneveracquiressufficientpowertorealizehisgoals.Minorerrorsmultiplyintomajordisasters.5

App.3:Persistent6andcompliant,
Anxious7andattentive,8
Inhisheart,headvances.9

Fath.3:Persistentandcompliant
Means:Heisabletoreformhimself.

Appraisal3,correlatedwithadvancement,describesthebestattitudeforthosewhointendtoprogress:Eachindividualmustpersistincomplyingwiththedictatesof
theconscience.
App.4:Trustinghisfaults,hedoesnoteat,
So,likethesun,hesinksfromsight.

Fath.4:Trustingfaultsandunemployed
Means:Heforfeitssalarydueuprightmen.10

Position4correspondstohighofficialsorthearistocracy.Duetomisplacedtrustinhimselforothers,someoneinhighstandingfails,losingrankandsalary("Hedoes
noteat.").
App.5:Theyellowhairedandgaptoothed
Taketoprotectingthecenter.
Bythem,thenoblemaniscleansedoffaults.

Fath.5:Theagedtakingcenter
Means:Faultsaretherebycleansed.

Therulerascenterofthecommunityisassistedinhisreformsbyagedadvisorswhoexemplifywisdomandexperience(the"yellowhairedandgaptoothed"men
mentionedintheOdes).11
App.6:Fillinghisgranarybutneglectinghisfields,
Heeatstheirfruitswithouttendingtheirroots.

Fath.6:Afullgranarybutneglectedfields
Means:Heisunabletocultivatethebase.

Appraisal6,pastthemidpointofthetetragram,isalsopairedwithinauspiciousNight.Thepettyperson,whoonlyconsiderspresentbenefits,makesnoprovisionfor
thefuture.Inhisshortsightedness,heignorestherootofallhappiness,virtueincommunity.

App.7:Sickmenasaruletakemedicine
Whileshamanspourlibations.

Fath.7:Medicineforthesick,libationsforshamans,
Mean:Calamitycanbeturnedaround.

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ThoughAppraisal7generallydescribesloss,hereitcorrespondstoauspiciousDay.Plaguedbyphysicalormoralimpairment,theindividualapplieseveryknowncure
inhisattempttoimprove.Suchpersistenceisrewardedwithareturntogoodhealth.

App.8:Thehencriesatdawn.
Thefemalesportsahorn
Andfishinhabittrees.

Fath.8:Thehencallingatdawn
Means:Whatisrightforthemisreversed.

Theconstantlawsofthephenomenalworldhavebeenoverturned.ErraticbehaviorintheanimalworldreflectsdisorderintherealmofMan.Thecrowingofahen,for
example,portendssubversionofthefamilybyitswickedfemales.12

App.9:Withdaysandmonthspassing,
Hechangesatdeath'sdoor.13

Fath.9:Changingatdeath'sdoor
Means:Heisstillnottoofaraway.

Althoughtheindividualdoesnotreformuntildeath'sdoor,hestillisaccountedavirtuousperson.14
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YinthephaseMetalandtheYi
chingHexagramno.28,Great
Ch ErrorthesunenterstheWinnower
No.76.Aggravation constellation,11thdegree
November24(p.m.)November28

HEAD:Yin,comingtoanend,weepscopiouslythatinyangitlacksaseparate1partner.Suchistheaggravationofparting.2

Evenasyin'sswaycomestoanend,yangisstillbereftofpower.Withnoclearforceincharge,thecosmicorderapproacheschaoshence,thetetragramtitle,which
conveysasenseof"aggravation,""scarcity,"''extremity,"and"intensity."

App.1:Bonesbind3hisflesh.
Darkness.

 Page404

Fath.1:Bonesbindinghisflesh
Mean:Thethiefwithinisatwork.

Typically,bonessupportthefleshthatbindsthebonestogether.Here,thedramaticreversaloftheirusualrolessuggeststhedegreetowhichinternaldislocationsaffect
externalsituations.

App.2:Aneclipse4withbloodflowing
Isbothbadomenandgood.

Fath.2:Aneclipsewithbloodflowingout
Means:Thenoblemaninsideseesharm.5

Theword"eclipse"comesfromtheGreekfor"abandonment,"whichcapturesthesenseofforebodingfeltbymanyatthesun'svanishing.Likeotherancientpeoples,
theearlyChinesefearedthatthesunormoonwouldultimatelybedevouredbytotaldarknessduringaneclipse.Inlunareclipses,themoonmayturnbloodred.Here
bloodappearstopourforth,compoundingtheinauspiciouscharacteroftheevent.Suchadireomencouldonlyportendthemostdramaticofevils,forexample,the
usurpationoftheimperialthrone.Still,thenobleman,recognizingthefearfulimplicationsoftheeclipse,promptlyresolvesuponreform.Inthatway,abadomencan
inspireachangeforthegood.Goodmenevenlongforsuchsigns.Accordingtopopulartradition,whendisastersandprodigiesceasedtoappearintheCh'ustate,
KingChuang(r.836826B.C.)wasfarfromdelighted."AmInotdoomed?''heaskedhiscourtiers.ThinkingthatanangryHeavenhadabandoneditsattemptsto
warnhimagainsterror,KingChuangrespondedwithanambitiousprogramofreform.6
App.3:Winemakesforlossofvirtue.
Ghostsspyonhishouse.

Fath.3:Winecausingvirtue'sloss
Means:Hecannottakechargeofhimself.7

BoththeOdesandtheDocumentsspecificallycondemnintoxication,attributingtoita"lossofvirtue"inthepeopleandtheirleaders.8Althoughwineinitiallywas
createdtobringmentogetherinritualacts,9drunkenmisconducteasilybreakscommunitiesapart.Thatghostsarepresentsuggestsboththebefuddledmindsof
drunkenfoolsandimminentcalamity.

App.4:Eatingintimesofscarcity:
Parentsareurgedtotakesecondhelpings.10
Suchiscompliantbehavior.

Fath.4:Compliantthoughfoodisscarce
Means:Hetakesasalarysothathemaycomply.

 Page405

Appraisal4usuallyreferstothebureaucracy.Thesuperiorman,evermindfulofhisobligationtosupporthisparentsintheiroldage,acceptsalessthanidealposition
sothathisparentsmayeattheirfillevenwhenfoodisscarce.OnepopulartalefromtheHandynastyconcernsacertainparagonoffilialpietynamedTungYung:

TungYungwasfromapoorfamily
Hiselderslefthimnoproperty.
Hetookaloantoprovideforhisfather.
Helaboredforothersthathemightservehimsweetsandmeat.11

Asimilarstorypraisesthefilialnatureofayoungchildwho,"wheneverhehadsomedelicacy,wouldnevereatithimself,butwouldfirstofferittohisfather."12

App.5:Outintothewilds,
Hesurveystheruins.
Atigerthereisherdingpigs.
Hehoistshispantlegstohisjacket.13

Fath.5:Inthewilds,seeingruin
Means:Noplaceislefttosethisfoot.

Unfortunately,Position5asrulerofthetetragramisalignedwithinauspiciousNight.Themoralsuperiorwitnessestotaldisorder.Arapaciouselite(the"tiger")takes
chargeofdefenselesssubordinates(the"pigs").Knowingthatthereisnoplaceforanhonestleaderatcourt,thegoodmanhikesuphisclothesinordertoquicklyflee
thescene.

App.6:TheFourStatesprosper.14
Heistheirhome.15

Fath.6:ThattheStatesfillhisrealm16
Means:Theyseekasafehome.

Inallfourdirections,thestateslooktothecharismaticleadertoprotectthem.Theyseekajuststate,wheretheycanprosperunderhisdirection.Theirattractionto
himseemsasnaturalasriversrunningtothesea.17
App.7:Howvigorous!howprosperous!
Yethecarriesthefaceofcalamity.

Fath.7:Vigorousandflourishing
Means:Hewearsclearmarksofcalamity.

Theinnerdecay(moralorphysical)ofoneinhighpositionorintheprimeoflifeisfirstbetrayedbyfacialexpression.Thoughsuperficiallyhealthy,asthecycle
approachesitsextremeposition,theindividualisliabletocalamity.AsLaotzuwrites,even"thehardandstrong"canbe"comradesofdeath."18

 Page406

App.8:Aflasksecuredbyawellrope
Isagoodomenandfine.

Fath.8:Securingtheflask
Means:Hisdutiesarepressing.

Thewaterflaskissecuredbyastrongrope,sothebenefitsoffresh,cleanwater(asymbolforthecleansingheart/mind)arereadilyavailablewithoutfearofloss.
(ComparethesameimageinTetragram40.)Theflaskstandsforthenobleperson,whoisusefultotheextentthatheisrestrainedbythemodeloftheancients.

App.9:Likethesea,flocksflying19
CoveroverHeaven'sBarge.20

Fath.9:Flocksfloodingthesky
Mean:Theendisunspeakablybad.21

Attheclimaxofthecycle,flocksofbirdsseemtofloodthesky,obscuringtheusualbrillianceofHeaven'sBarge(theChinesenamefortheMilkyWay).Asone
commentatorwrites,"Thisisanimageofrain."Thattheinferior(i.e.,therain)hidesthelightofthegreater(theMilkyWay)portendsultimatecalamity,withinferiors
usurpingtheplaceoftheirsuperiors.

Surelythepoemalsoalludestothefamouslegendabouttheannualrenunion(ontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonth)oftheOxherdandWeaverGirl,twostar
crosseddivinitieswholeavetheirhomesintheVegaandAltairconstellationstomeetonabridgeofmagpiesintheclearlightoftheautumnsky.SincetheMilkyWay
isintimatelyconnectedwiththerivers,seas,andlakesofearth,includingitscircumambientocean,thisimagemaywellportendgreatfloods.22
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseEarthandtheYi
chingHexagramno.2,TheRe
Hsn ceptivethesunenterstheDipper
No.77.Compliance constellation,3ddegree
November29December3(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinch'igreatlyconforms.1Undifferentiatedliketheprimevalchaosandinfiniteinscope,2therearenonewhoseeitsroot.

 Page407
3
Yinch'i,nearingtheendofitsdominantphase,returnstoprimevalchaos. Sinceitlacksallboundariesanddistinguishingfeatures(incontrasttoyangch'i,whichis
characterizedbyedgesandsharpdefinition),yin'shiddensourcemaynotbelocatedwithanyCertainty.4Concernednotwithheroicactsbutwiththerepetitive
aspectsofthecycle,especiallybirthanddeath,yinislargelyinvisible,evenasitslabors.5Nevertheless,yinhasthepowertoenvelopallthingsinitswomb.Atthis
time,humansareurgedtoimitateyinch'ibyadoptingfeminineormotherlyvirtues,6includingdevotion,thecapacitytonurture,modestyandforebearance,
compliance,and'receptivity,whicharesaidto"bringsublimesuccess,furtheringthroughperseverance."7AccordingtotheChanges:

Takingtheleadbringsconfusion,becauseoneloseshisWay.Followingwithdevotionthusdoesoneattainhispermanentplace.8

Quietcompliancewiththerulesofsocietyandthelawsofnaturetendstoproducegoodfortuneintheend.Forthisreason,thewiseperson,inimitationofpureyin
andEarth,choosesnottoadvertisehisownmeritinstead,heworkstobringothers'achievementtocompletion.Inkeepingwithsuchprescriptions,thistetragram
advocatestheslowaccumulationofgoodactsbydevotiontotheWay.
App.1:Yellow,thespiritofEarth,
Isprofound:agoodomen.
Suchiscompliance.

Fath.1:Yellow,numinous,profound,andtrue9
Means:Throughcomplianceitcorrects.

BlackandyellowincombinationoftenrefertothecomplementarypowersofHeavenandEarthorofyangandyinrespectively,asintetragram1.10Here,however,
thepoemtalksonlyofyellowandwhatisprofound(ordark).Yellowprobablysignifiesthepropensityoftheheart/mind,thehumancenter,tofollowtheMeanand
respondwithfairnessandreceptivity,whiletheprofound(yu)maysymbolizethegoodperson'sinnatemodesty.Theattainmentofsuchvirtuesinveststheindividual
withdivinepowers.

App.2:Bearingthechild11
Istheworkofwomen.12
Ifsheisnotstill,itwillnotlive.

Fath.2:Amiscarriage
Means:Shecouldnotkeeppureandstill.

IntraditionalChina,thewoman'sprimaryresponsibilitywastobearmalechildrentocontinueherhusband'sancestralline.Itwashersolemnduty,then,tokeepherself
fromphysicalharmwhilepregnant.Ideally,

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13
shealsoexposesherselftopositiveinfluences,suchassoothingmusicandtheproperbooks,sothattheembryomightbeeducatedinthewomb. Unfortunately,the
motherinAppraisal2exposedherselftomentalorphysicaldisturbances.Theresultsarepredictablyawful.Thismetaphor,ofcourse,appliestoanyprojectthatis
"stillborn"duetoitspromoters'recklessbehavior.

App.3:Truewomengiveconstantcare
Andsoprotecttheirroots.

Fath.3:Truewomengiveconstantcare.
Meaning:Theydonotforgetthebase.

Appraisal3isalignedwithWood,whosecharacteristicvirtueisallencompassingbenevolence.14Amother'sabilitytonurtureherdependentsselflesslyisastrong
forceworthimitating.Bypracticingthisvirtue,malescaneasilysecurethepsychosocialbaseofindividual,family,orstate.15
App.4:Thoughboastingofhisdeeds,
HeislessheroicthanEarth.

Fath.4:Boastingofhisdeeds
Means:Hebragsofgoodacts.

Earthfostersallthemyriadthingswithoutrequiringgratitudeinreturn.Similarly,thetruegentlemancaresforlessermortalswithoutinsistingthattheyacknowledgehis
superiority.16Incontrast,thepettymanseekstodrawattentiontohismerits.Thereinlieshisdownfall.17

App.5:Thespiritsack18holdsallinitsembrace,
Itsvirtueispreciousasgold.19

Fath.5:Thegreatembraceofthecosmicsack
Means:Itdoesnotdareaggrandizeitself.

Appraisal5asrulerofthetetragramoutlinesidealbehaviorfortheSonofHeaven.Byreceptivitytowardothers'suggestions,ratherthanbycoercion,theemperor
induceshissubjectstocontributetheirtalentstohisgovernment.20Ultimately,togoverneffectivelyhemustdrawtogethertheideasofmanyloyaladvisors,sothathis
ownthinkingcomestoresembleasackfilledwithmarvels.Indoingthis,hecomestomeasureandtoreflectthefullcomplexityofthecosmos.21

App.6:Thesackfailstohold,
Leakingtheprecioustools.

Fath.6:Asacklosingitshold
Means:Thesubjects'mouthsspillforth.

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Thebasicvirtueattributedtoyin,Earth,andwomanissilentdevotion.ButhereAppraisal6,pastthemidpointofthetetragram,ispairedwithinauspiciousNight,
makinganevilomen.Pettymeninsubordinatepositionscannotbetrustedtoremainloyaltotheirmaster.(This,ofcourse,maywellbeduetotheirleader's
inadequacies.)Rumorandadviceareofferedtorivalpowersfor"asdisorderdevelops,wordsarethefirststeps."22

App.7:Tobesquare23andfirminopposingcompliance
Helpsthesubordinateprovehismettle.24

Fath.7:Squareandfirminopposingcompliance
Means:Hepreservescorrectprinciples.

Thegoodsubordinateiswillingtoriskhissuperior'sanger,lestimportantprinciplesbeabandoned.Whenhissuperiorcommitstosomewrongcourse,theloyal
followerbravelypointsouttheerrorofhisways.Sincethewiseleadervalueshisadvisors'outspokenness,heencouragesthemtodemonstratetheirworthinthisway.
App.8:Compliant,hedefiestheRight.
HefailstoprotecttheDecree25

Fath.8:Complyingwithwhatiswrong
Means:HelacksthemeanstounitewiththeOne.

CompliancewiththerulesofconductlaiddownbythesagekingsofantiquityinconformitywithHeavencanunifytheheartsofmen.Toacquiesceinwhatisevil
ultimatelyweakenscommunityandundercutstheWay.
App.9:Complyingwithduty,heforgetslife,
RelyinginsteadonHeaven'sgoodomen.

Fath.9:Complyingwithdutyandforgettinglife
Means:ReceiptoftheDecreeiscertain.

Theverseplaysuponvariousassociationsfortheword"Decree,"ineluding"life"(givenbyone'sparents),"fate"(sentbyHeaven),andpolitical
"appointment''(mandatedbytheruler).Takentogether,thesethreedecreeslargelydetermineindividualdestiny.Inrecognitionoftheheavydebtowedtothosewho
havegivenhimphysicalandsociallife,thesuperiorindividualwillinglyperformsallthedutiesassociatedwiththesedecrees,evenatthecostofhisownlife.When"the
noblemanlaysdownhislifetofollowhiswill,"26hemayexpectinreturnareward,perhapsimmortalfameorillustriousdescendants.

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CorrelateswithHuman'sMysteryYin
thephaseWaterandtheYiching
Hexagramno.64,NotyetComplete
Chiang thesunenterstheDipperconstellation,
No.78.OntheVerge 9thdegree
December3(p.m.)December7

HEAD:Yinch'icompletes1thingstotheupperregions.Yang,extending,isabouttoreturntobeginthematthelowerregions.2

Momentouschangesareabouttooccurinthephenomenalworld.Yinch'i,whichhasnearlyeffectedthecompletionofthemyriadthings,willsoondepart.Yangison
thevergeofreturningtoitsinitialpositionatthebeginningofthecycle.Suchreversalsarethekeytorenewal,butgiventhepotentialdangerinherentintimesofgreat
transition,3thenoblemantakesparticularcaretopersevereinthecourseofmoderation.AstheLaotzusays:

Thepeoplealwaysruintheirenterpriseswhentheyareonthevergeofsuccess.Beascarefulattheendasatthebeginning.4

App.1:Almostoffonadeviantcourse:
Initialdanger.

Fath.1:Abouttoembarkonevil
Means:Perilpredominates.

InthisAppraisalcorrespondingtotheBeginningofThought,theindividualisabouttosetoffonamistakencoursewhichultimatelywillendangerhim.
App.2:Almostwithoutablemish:
Initialpurity.5

Fath.2:Almostwithoutblemish
Means:Easeiswhatsucceeds.6

Heretheindividualinlowpositionhasnearlypurifiedhimselfoffaults.Thisfacilitateslatersuccess.
App.3:Withfurnaceandwheelnotright,
Itwouldbegoodtostop.

Fath.3:Thatfurnaceandpotter'swheelarewrong
Means:Totransformtheinsideisharmful.

InearlyChinathefurnaceandthepotter'swheelsignifythecosmologicalprocesseswherebyundifferentiatedstuffisfashionedintothe

 Page411
7
fullyarticulatedphenomenaofHeavenEarthMan. Appliedtocreativethought,theysuggesttheprocessesbywhichrawsensoryinformationisfittedintoproper
legal,social,andethicalcategories.Here,however,fundamentalflawsinthebasictoolsleadtothemisuseofcreativity.Likeagoodworkman,themanofvirtuemust
becarefultokeephistools(includinghisadvisorsandreasoningmethods)ingoodworkingorderifhehopestobuilduponthemodelofthesages.

App.4:Abouttofly,hegetshiswings,
WhichhelpinrisingtoHeaven.

Fath.4:Preparedtoflyonnewgotwings
Means:Theirsupportisstrong.

Likeafledglingthathasjustdiscoveredtheuseofitsnewlygrownfeathers,thegoodpersonontheroadtoadvancementfindshowusefulgoodadvisorscanbe.
Withoutsuchsupport,allattemptsto"flyhigh"provefutile.
App.5:Thegreatsparrow,abouttofly,
Plucksoutitsshaftfeathers.
Despiteawealthofdown,itcannotproceed.

Fath.5:Greatsparrowspluckingshafts
Mean:Thereitisnotenoughtorelyupon.

Appraisal5astherulerofthetetragramdescribestheSonofHeaventhroughapopularpun:"greatsparrow"alsomeans"greatemoluments"(andbyimplication,high
rank).8Iftherulerofhighestrankoffendshisstrongestallies(the"shaftfeathers"),hemayfinditimpossibletocontinuedespitethesupportofthemasses(the
"down").9

App.6:Thesunslipsdown10inallitsglory.
Thenoblemanwillsoondeclineandfall.

Fath.6:Thattheblazingsunslipsdown
Means:Selfgeneratedlightisgreat.

Position6ispastthehalfwaypointofthetetragram.Thesun,stillblazingwithafternoonheat,beginsitsdecline.Thesunstandsforthesuperiorindividual,especially
theruler,whosecharismaticlightisshedonlessermortals.Butinwhatsensecanthenoblemanbesaidtobeonthevergeofdecline?Threeanswersarepossible:In
thefirstreading,thesuperiorman,recognizingdeath'sinevitability,workshardtoenlightenothersbeforehisown"light"isextinguishedinthesecond,henoblyde
dinesapostinacknowledgementofhisfailingpowersandinthethird,hecondescends(i.e.,"goesdown")tomeetwithinferiors,likethesettingsunasitsinksbelow
thehorizon.11

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12
App.7:Hurryingtheboatorrocking thecart,
Harmfuleffectsarenotfaraway.13

Fath.7:Hurriedboatandrockedcart
Means:Heisnotfarfromharm.

Boatsandcartsaretwoofthemanytoolsinventedbythesagestoenhancehumanexistence.Aswithallhumaninventions,theirproperuseimpliesacertaintradeoff.
Cartandboatareunwieldy,yettheycarrygreatloadsoverlongdistances.Improperuseofsuchtoolsdestroystheiradvantages.14
App.8:Asmallchildinadeepabyss:
Theadultmentakeout15theirboats.

Fath.8:Adultsoutinboats
Mean:Theywouldsaveadrowningage.

Ayoungchildwhohasventuredtoofaroutintodeepwaterwillsurelydrownunlessrescued.Luckily,wiseadultsknowhowtoemploythetoolsathandtosavehim.
Byanalogy,theworthyleaderintentuponsavingthecommonpeopleinabenightedagemustusethepropertools(forexample,studyoftheConfucianClassics,ritual
conformity,andgoodgovernment).
App.9:Redsilkwormsclingtodrymulberries.
Theircocoonswillnotturngoldenyellow.

Fath.9:Notyellowonaccountofthedry
Means:Thesilkworms'workismined.

Silkwormsturnredwhentheyareoldordiseased.16Thesilkworms'problemiscompoundedbecausetheyhaveattachedthemselvestodryandleaflessbranches.
(SincethisisAppraisal9,perhapsitistoolateintheseasonformulberryleaves?)Suchascantdietcannotproducehealthycocoonsofaverageweightandvalue,let
alonethehighlyprizedsilkygoldenthreadsusedbyconnoisseursinritualactivities.17Similarly,thepotentialforhumanproductivityisruinedwhenbadtimingand
misdirectedactivityarecombinedwiththewrongenvironment.18

 Page413
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseFireandtheYi
chingHexagramno.39,Difficulty
Nan WalkingthesunenterstheDipper
No.79.Difficulties constellation,13thdegree
December8December12(a.m.)

HEAD:Yinch'imakesdifficultiesonallsides.1Waterfreezes,theearthcracks.Yangdrownsintheabyss.

AttheendofthecalendaryearmarkedbytheGreatSnowsolarperiod,themyriadthingskeenlyfeelthecrueltyofwintryyinch'iasitculminates.Yangch'i,buried
deepbelowtheearth'ssurfaceinthewaterynetherworld,issoquietthatitseemsdead,eventhoughitwillnotbelongbeforeyangch'ibeginstoreassertitself.After
all,returnorreversalisthemovementoftheTao.2

App.1:TroubledamIindeep,darkplaces.

Fath.1:ThatIamtroubledindeep,darkplaces
Means:Itsformisnotyetseen.3

AttheBeginningofThought,theinnerself,miredindoubtandconfusion,strugglestoreachthetruelightofunderstandingbeforeitsbenightedideas"takeform"in
action.Inthisitimitatesyangch'iinwinter,strugglingtoescapeitsconfinementbelowearthsothatthemyriadthingscan"takeform."4

App.2:Assolidicethawstoslush,5
Acrazedhorseescapesthewhip.6

Fath.2:Thatacrazedhorseescapesthewhip
Means:Arecklessdisregardforlife.

Avoidinghismaster'swhip,thecrazedhorsedecidestoescapeacrossthefrozenriver.However,theicehasjustbeguntomelt.Assoonastheattemptismade,the
horsewillplungeheadlongintothewatertoitsdeath.Miscalculationcombinedwithheedlessnessbringsdisaster,notfreedom.7

App.3:Acenterfirmandhard
Troublesthe"inconstant."

Fath.3:Acenterfirmandfixed
Means:Finally,noneareoverturned.

 Page414

Onceagain,thecenterreferstotheindividual'sheart/mind,theseatofboththeemotionsandtheintellect.SolongasthehsinisfirmlyfixedupontheGood,theperson
hasnodifficultyrepudiatingevilimpulsescontrarytoHeaven'snorms.
App.4:Wheneggsbreakagainststone,
Theundevelopeddie.8

Fath.4:Rottingembryosfrombrokeneggs
Mean:Thedifficultiesofthepettyman.

Theeggrepresentsperfectpotential.Inthecaseofhumans,thisappliestothedevelopmentoftheinnatecapacityforGoodness.Tworeadingsthenfollow:Inthefirst,
thepettymaninthefaceofdifficultiesbreaksaseasilyasaneggshellagainstastone.9Inasecondreading,thepettymanislikeastoneandthegoodpersonislikean
egg.Outofpower,thevirtuousindividualcannotsurvivetheviciousslanderleveledbyopponents.10
App.5:Nogapbetweentroubles:
Nomatterhowgreat,hewillnotsuccumb.11

Fath.5:Thattroublesfindnogap
Means:Atcenterallistightlyblocked.

InbothAppraisalandFathoming,thefirstlineisambiguous.Eitherdifficultiescomeinrapidsuccessionwithnogap(i.e.,interval)separatingthem,orpersonaltrials
leavetheindividuallargelyunaffected,sincenogapexistsintheintegratedselftoallowevilanentre.12Astherulerofthetetragram,Appraisal5remindsusthat
troublescannotreallydefeatwhoeverrulesbytheconscience,nomatterhowoftencalamitiesplaguethisJoblikefigure.

App.6:Thegreatcarriagelumberson.13
Above,itisblockedbymountains
Below,itrunsintorivers.

Fath.6:Thegreatcarriagelumberingon
Means:Aboveandbelow,brakesareapplied.

Appraisal6,pastthemidwaypointofthetetragram,ispairedherewithinauspiciousNightandsoitportendsill.Theindividualwhoshouldersheavyburdens,likethe
greatcart,meetswithrepeateddelaysandnumerousobstacles.Justastheverysizeoftheconveyanceprovesanaddedencumbrance,ironicallyenough,highrankor
statusmaymakemaneuveringmoredifficult.

App.7:Extractingstonesisdifficult.14
Hisstrengthfades,stillhepersists.15

 Page415

Fath.7:Wrestingstonesfree
Means:Hetakesadvantageofthetime.

Appraisal7correspondingtolossisherealignedwithauspiciousDay.Clearingafieldofstonesistoughworkevenwhenthestonesaresmooth.16Buttheindividual
whointendstoperseverewillfindhistaskmucheasierifhewaitsuntilrainorathawhassoftenedtheground.Sucharethebenefitsofactingattherighttime.
(ComparethismessagewithAppraisal4ofTetragram3.)

App.8:Crashingagainststones,snappingtreesintwo,
Hemerelybreakshishorn.

Fath.8:Stonecrashingandtreesnapping
Mean:Thisisnowaytorule.

Toovercomeobstacles,thisindividualusesbrutestrengthratherthancharismaticvirtuecoupledwithacalculatingintelligence.Naturally,heisboundtofail.

App.9:Leadingthehsiehchih17touseitshorns18
Offendersarefinallysetstraight.19

Fath.9:Makingthehsiehchihbutt
Means:Bythisintheendhestraightensthem.

Whenthetrueidentityofanoffenderisunknown,Heavenmayhelprightthinkingmentodeterminethecriminal.Whilethemarveloushsiehchihonlyappearedinthe
courtsofthesagekingsofantiquity(seeTetragram72),inthemodernagethereexistequallyinfallibleguidestoconduct,includingtheclassicsofConfucianismand
theritualssanctifiedbytradition.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YinthephaseWoodandtheYi
chingHexagramno.39,Difficulty
Ch'in WalkingthesunenterstheDipper
No.80.Laboring constellation,18thdegree
December12(p.m.)December16

HEAD:Yinfreezesfirmasitisterrifiedofbeingwoundedontheoutside.Tenuousyanglodgesindarkness,exertingitsstrengthontheinside.

 Page416

Wearenearlynowatthewintersolstice,thepointatwhichyangwillstarttowaxandyintowane.Yinhasalreadyrendereditselfimmobile,nowthatthemyriadthings
arefrozenbeingimmobile,itisparticularlyvulnerabletoattack.Meanwhile,wedetectthefirsthintsofyang'slatentstrengthgatheringitsforceinthesecretrecesses
oftheEarth.

App.1:Diligence1ofmind
Obstructspropriety.

Fath.1:Diligentbutwrong
Means:Thecenterisnotupright.

AttheBeginningofThought,theheart/mindissetuponwrongdoing.Undersuchcircumstances,theverydiligenceofthehsinisallthemorefrightening.

App.2:Laboringfromasenseofduty,2
Andtirelessindiligence,3
Thenoblemanhashiscenter.

Fath.2:Laboringoutofobligation
Means:Diligenceisseatedinemotion.4

Bydefinition,theindividual"hasa[moral]center"onceheacknowledgeshisobligationstoanestedhierarchyofsocialrelations,extendingfromparentstomentorsto
patronstothestate.Throughritualconductdesignedtoexpresshisloveandrespectforthosewhohavehelpedhim,theindividualbecomesfullyhuman.5

App.3:Babes6with"bridles"and"horns"7
Insistentlyweepk uk u8
Ifunsupportedbyswaddling.

Fath.3:Babieswith"bridles"and"horns"
Mean:Theywillnotgettolive.

"Bridles"and"horns"arethenamesgiventothecharacteristichairstylesoncegivenfemaleandmalebabiesinimperialChinababygirlssportedtwosmallbraids(the
bridles)whiletheboys'hairwasdressedinasingleponytailwornatthetop,calledthehorn.9Newbornsbawlincessantlyuntiltheyarewrappedsecurelyinswaddling
clothes.Justasachildcannotsurvivetoadulthoodwithoutthelovingcareofparents,ourfragileconsciencecanonlydevelopunderthewatchfuleyeofmoral
superiors.

App.4:Diligentinexertinghisstrength,
Doublinghisefforts,heforgetstoeat.
Thegreatmanhasthisability.

 Page417

Fath.4:Indiligentlabor,forgettingtoeat
Means:Suchisthevirtueofgreatmen.

Intetragramsassignedtotheendofthelunaryear,theindividualisofteninstructedtopersevereingoodconduct,eveninthefaceofcalamity.Herethegoodperson
redoubleshiseffortssothatnothingcanstophisimprovements.ThesageConfuciuswasdescribedbytheAnalectsincomparablelanguage:

Thisisthecharacteroftheman:sointentuponenlighteningtheeagerthatheforgetshishunger,andsohappyindoingso,thatheforgetsthebitternessofhislot,anddoesnot
realizethatoldageisathand.10

App.5:Goingforth,11hestumblesandstumbles.12
Illfortuneisnearandgoodfaraway.

Fath.5:Thathestumblesingoingforth
Means:Hekeepshisdistancefromgoodfortune.

Asrulerofthetetragram,theselinesdescribetheindividualwhoispreventedfromachievinghisgoalbyrepeatedmissteps.Hadhemadesufficientpreparationsto
advance,hecouldhaveproceededwithconfidence.13

App.6:Withlaborcomessuccess
NearlyuptoHeaven.

Fath.6:Successthroughlabor
Means:ThisisthehelpthatHeavengrants.

HeavenaidsthesuperiorindividualwhohascultivatedhisoriginalendowmenttosuchanextentthathisvirtuenearlyequalsthatofHeaven.
App.7:Workinghardtodragitalong,
Ifnotbythenose,thenbythetail,
Hewearies.14

Fath.7:Thewearyworkofleading
Means:Hiswayiscontrary.

Theoxherdleadshisdraftanimaleitherbyaropestrungfromtheanimal'snostrilsorbyitstail.Duetoitsdiscomfort,theox,increasinglyangry,resistsalleffortstobe
led.Theoxherdfailstoreachhisgoal,then,notbecausehisstrengthisinsufficient,butbecausehelackstherequisiteskillandempathy.Thewayhehasadoptedis
contrarytobothreasonandconvention.

App.8:Helaborsatabreakneckpace,15
Withaheartatease.16
Crashingthroughthickets,hedoesnotretreat.

 Page418

Fath.8:Workingdiligently
Means:Hesacrificeshimselfforthestate.

Theindividualforegoescomfort,perhapsevensacrificeshislife,inservicetothestate.ThisdescriptionrecallsthatofthesagerulerY,whoissaidtohavespenteight
yearsselflesslylaboringforthebenefitofthecommonpeopleoftheCentralKingdomsatthetimeofthegreatflood.17AccordingtoYangHsiung,thetruegentleman
isonewho"loveswhatisgoodforothers,butforgetswhatisinhisowninterest."18
App.9:Sodiligent,sodiligent!
Holdingthecart,heentersdeeppools.
Bearingtheboat,heclimbsupmountains.

Fath.9:Howdiligent,howdiligent!
Means:Suchhardworkbringsnogain.

Withoutabasicunderstandingofthetoolsofcivilization,theindividualcannothopetogainsuccessthroughdiligence.Misguidedlaborsonlyendinutterwearinessas
Appraisal9depictstheheightoffolly.
CorrelateswithHuman'sMystery
YangthephaseMetalandtheYi
chingHexagramno.27,Providing
Yang Nourishment1thesunentersthe
No.81.Fostering Dipperconstellation,22nddegree
December17December21(a.m.)

HEAD:Yin,likeabowstretchedtaut,2bulgesouttothefurthestreaches.Yangbathes3themyriadthings[initsenergizingsolution],turningthemredinthenether
regions.

Together,HeavenandEarthprovidephysicalnourishmentforallthemyriadthings,endowingthemwithlife.Asthewintersolsticeapproaches,yangch'ifromits
unseenbasebelowbeginstoimbuetherootsofallthemyriadthingswithrenewedvitality,signifiedbythecolorred.Onthismodel,thegoodpersonprovidesspiritual
refreshmentforlessermortals.Wheninhighposition,hetakesparticularpleasureinsustainingworthieswhileprovidingforthephysicalneedsofall.4Sustenanceand
supportsoughtinthewrongplaces,however,onlyincreasesdanger.

 Page419

App.1:Storetheheartinadeeppool
Toimproves5itsmarvelousroots.

Fath.1:Storingtheheartinadeeppool
Means:Divinityisnotoutside.

ThefirstAppraisalisalignedwiththeWaterphase,whichmayhavepromptedthereferencetoapoolofgreatdepth.6Thepoolsignifiesthe''unmovedmind"ofinfinite
capacity,whichaccuratelyreflectsrealitywhenfunctioningproperly.Also,appropriateactioninlaterAppraisalsmustdrawupondepthsofknowledgeandmoral
courage.Thenoblepersonnurturessuchdivineaspectswithin(therootsofGoodness),ratherthanlookingoutsideforgoodluck.Inthisway,hedoesnotgoastrayin
histhoughtsandactions.7

App.2:Silently,hefostersperversion,
Harboringimproprietyatthestart.8

Fath.2:Insilencepromotingevil
Means:Thecenterheartisdefeated.

InanobviouscontrasttoAppraisal1,Appraisal2depictsthewickedpropensitiesofthosewhofailtonourishtherootsofGoodnessinherentinhumannature.Even
beforetakingaction(whenstillsilent),theinbornconscienceissilenced.

App.3:Manureandmulchenrichthehill,
Nourishingitsrootsandstems.

Fath.3:Fertilizingthehill
Means:Atcenter,thegloryisgreat.

Thecenter,ofcourse,referstothehumanheart/mind,theseatofboththeemotionsandtheintellect.Justasthegrowthofvegetationdependsuponrepeated
applicationsoffertilizer,fullhumandevelopmentreliesuponcontinuedexposuretothenurturingqualitiesofritual.Otherwise,thefragilehumanpropensityfor
Goodnessisstunted.

App.4:Swallowsfeedeverywhere9
Fortheyintendtosteal.10
Thisisgoodforseizingbusiness.11

Fath.4:Swallowsfeedinghereandthere
Mean:Thewillisfixedongain.12

Theswallowsswoopdowntofeed.Despitetheirinsatiableappetites,theyappeartohavenofixedgoalastheysnatchothers'foodawayfromthem.13Inthis,theyare
likegreedyindividualswhofailtopursueasinglegoodwithsufficientdedication.Adoptingthephilosophythat"moreis

 Page420
14
better,"theyarelikecrassmerchantswhocarelessforcommunitythanfortheirownprofit.

App.5:Withaheartofgoldinthebelly,
Evenoldwhitebonesgrowflesh.15
Virtuefostered16isnotoverturned.17

Fath.5:Agoldenheartinthebelly
Means:ThehighestvirtueisHeavenly.18

TheheartisgoldenyellowbecauseitkeepstotheMeanyellow,afterall,isthecolorassignedtothecenter.Thevirtuecorrelatedwiththecenterisgoodfaith,
withoutwhichtruecommunityfalters.Here,thevirtuethatfosterssustainsthenobleman,perhapstheSonofHeavenhimself,untilheexperiencesrenewedlife(inthe
metaphor,drybonesgrowingflesh)andafundamentalkinshipwiththecosmicnorms.

App.6:Inquicksuccession,19inasingleday,
Threebloodsacrifices,auguriesfromsacredoxen.
Fattenedanimalsbringnobenefit:20

Fath.6:Repeatedsacrifices
Mean:Fatisofnobenefittotheself.21

AccordingtoYang'ssystemofcorrelations,Appraisal6correspondstotheancestraltemplehence,thereferencestosacrificesandHeavensentomens.Theblood
sacrificesassociatedwithheterodoxcultsareofferedrepeatedly,whichsuggeststheuneasystateofmindexperiencedbysuperstitiouspetitionerstothegods.22
Frequentcontactwiththegodsisitselfamistake:scarcehumanresourcesarewastedandtheexperienceofthesacredischeapened.Also,theclaimsofcultleaders
areatbestpresumptuousandatworstalie.Forthesereasons,theofferingdesignedtopleasethegods,thefattenedox,doesnotaugurwell.Itwouldbebetterto
followtheritualpreceptsstrictly.

Severalcommentators,apingthestyleofChuangtzu,considerthisallfromtheviewpointofthesacrificialox,whichcomestorealizethatithasbeenfattenedonlyfor
thekill.23

App.7:Asmallboyleadsanelephant.
Awomanropesafiercebeast.
Noblemencarefortheafflicted.

Fath.7:Leadinganelephant,caringforthesick
Means:Theyhavenointrinsicconnection.

Thesmallboysymbolizeswhatisweakestthewoman,whatismostgentle.Giventheseattributes,thesetwopeopleareclearlyunfitfortheirdangerousjobs.24Inthis
theyarelikethepettymanwhodoesnotmeasurehisstrengthorwhoisunfitforhisresponsibilities.25Insuchcases,it

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26
isalwayslefttothesuperiorman,whopursuesadifferentvision, toresolveensuingproblems.

Anotherinterpretationcomparesthesmallboytonascentyangch'i,whichsubtlyleadsthemyriadthingstofulfillment.Inthatcase,thewomanmustsignify"oldyin,"
whichstillreliesonforce.Thenoblemanchoosesneithercourseofactionrigidly,butflexiblyandappropriatelyrespondstoeachsituation.27

App.8:Thefishboneisnotdislodged.
Itspoisonousillnessspreads.
Ghostsriseuponthetomb.

Fath.8:Anoutbreakofillnessfromfishbones
Means:Hereturnstothegravemound.

Ifthefishboneisnotquicklydislodgedfromthethroat,lifegivingbreathcannotreachthevitalorgans.Illnessanddeathfollow,withdeathenvisionedasareturn
(kuei)toaghostly(kuei)state.28Ironically,thesubjectofthisverseonlyintendedtonourishhimself.
App.9:Likethefixedstars,liketheYear,
Returnandcontinueatthestart.

Fath.9:ThestarsandtheYearStar
Mean:Attheend,theyfosterbeginnings.29

Inthefinaltextofthefinaltetragram,withtheendofthelunaryear,wehavecomefullcircle.YangHsiungthereforeremindsusoftheconstantcyclesthatruleour
lives,especiallytheimpressiverevolvingpatternsofthenightsky.Justastheheavenlybodieskeeptotheirorbits,renewalultimatelydependsuponourwillingnessto
adheretosocietalnorms.

<><><><><><><><><><><><>

Toprovideforaleapyear,YangsuppliedtwoadditionalintercalaryLeaplines,whichtogetheraccountfor3/4ofanadditionalday.

"DEFICIT"(or"ODD")30
FreezingiceascendstoRedHeaven,
Swelt'ringheatenterstheMysterySpring.
ThefreezemountingRedHeaven
Means:Yinmakesabeginning.

RedHeavenreferstothepointwhereyangismaximized,presumablyinthehighestheavensMysterySpring,toyinmaximizedinthedeepestrecessesoftheearth.
Freezingcoldandblazingheatrepresentyinandyangrespectivelyintheiressentialforms.Yinandyangalternateastheydescribetheircyclicalpaththroughthecourse
oftheyear.

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"SURPLUS"(OR"EVEN"):
Thatoneisemptyandoneoverfull
Isastateproducedbyunevenness.
Uneven,unevenforemptyandfull
Means:Thereissuccessionwithoutanend.

Asthedayspassonebyone,timemarchesinexorablyoninaninfinitesuccessionofseparatedays.Theannualdiscrepancybetweenthesolarandthelunarcalendars
appearstoaccountfortheregularalternationbetweensurplusanddeficiencyinaworldruledfundamentallybyconstantnorms.Ifalldistinctionswereleveled,change
wouldbecomeimpossible.

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AutocommentariesoftheT'aihsuanching

PolarOppositionsoftheMystery
Hsuanch'ung

[Thissectioniscomparabletothe"SequenceoftheHexagrams"(Hskua)sectionoftheChangesTenWings.]

IfitisCenter(no.1),thenyangbegins.
IfitisResponse(no.41),thenyinisborn.

WithFullCircle(no.2),areturntovirtue.
WithGoingtoMeet(no.42),acounterturntowardspunishment.1

WithMired(no.3),greatwoe.
WithEncounters(no.43),smalldesire.

WithBarrier(no.4),isolation,2but
WithStove(no.44),neighbors.

KeepingSmall(no.5)meanstheminute[firstsigns].
Greatness(no.45)meansbattening.

WithContrariety(no.6),internalcontradiction.
Enlargement(no.46)meansexternalopposition.

WithAscent(no.7),comingupagainstplainness.3
WithPattern(no.47),increasingartifice.4

Opposition(no.8)meansrecklessness.
Ritual(no.48)means"squareness"[thecorrespondencebetweenwordanddeed].5

IfitisBranchingOut(no.9),itcomes,but
IfitisFlight(no.49),itflees.

 Page424

WithDefectiveness(no.10),selfishnessandcrookedness.
WithVastness(no.50),fairmindednessanddesirelessness

Divergence(no.11)meansmistakes,but
Constancy(no.51)isgood.

WithYouthfulness(no.12),tohavelittle,but
WithMeasure(no.52),tohavenolack.

WithIncrease(no.13),thebeginningofflorescence,but
WithEternal(no.53),whatlaststotheveryend.

WithPenetration(no.14),"graspingtheone,"6but
WithUnity(no.54),the"GrandAccord."7

WithReach(no.15),daily8increasingitskind.
WithDiminishment(no.55),dailydepletingitstype.

Contact(no.16)meansmutualcompliance.
ClosedMouth(no.56)meansnocontact.

WithHoldingBack(no.17),tohavefears.
Guardedness(no.57)meanstobeimpregnable.

AstoWaiting(no.18),itexits.9
AstoClosingin(no.58),itenters.

Following(no.19)meansdispersing,but
Massing(no.59)meansassembling.

WithAdvance(no.20),manyplans.
WithAccumulation(no.60),muchwealth.

Release(no.21)meansapushforward.
Embellishment(no.61)meansadecline.

WhatResistance(no.22)approvesisrightwhile
WhatDoubt(no.62)abhorsiswrong.

WithEase(no.23),aleveling,but
WithWatch(no.63),acollapse.10

WithJoy(no.24),raisinghigh,but
WithSinking(no.64),hidingbelow.

Contention(no.25)meanstheshihareimpartial.11
Inner(no.65)meansthewomenarepartial.12

IfitisEndeavor(no.26),thenjoy,but
IfitisDeparture(no.66),thensorrow.

 Page425

WithDuties(no.27),esteemforactivity.
WithDarkening(no.67),esteemforrest.

WithChange(no.28),alterationsbutsharingsmiles.
WithDimming(no.68),overalongtime,increasingtroubles.

WithDecisiveness(no.29),numerousaffairs,but
WithExhaustion(no.69),notasinglehappiness.

WithBoldResolution(no.30),daringbut
WithSeverance(no.70),weakening.

WithPacking(no.31),amovehome,13but
WithStoppage(no.71),afailuretoproceed.

WithLegion(no.32),gentlesoftness,14but
WithHardness(no.72),coldfirmness.

WithCloseness(no.33),nopossiblegap,but
WithCompletion(no.73),nopossiblechange.

WithKinship(no.34),drawingclosetogoodness,but
WithClosure(no.74),closingout15feelingsofobligation.

AstoGathering(no.35),itissuccess.
WithFailure(no.75),lossoffortune.

WithStrength(no.36),untiringgood.
WithAggravation(no.76),unendingevil.

Purity(no.37)meanstheWayoftheruler.
Compliance(no.77)meansthesubject'spreservation.

Fullness(no.38)meanstheprimeoflife,but
OntheVerge(no.78)meansoldage.

WithResidence(no.39),attainingtorank,but
WithDifficulties(no.79),meetingwithdemotion.

Law(no.40)meanstofacilitateunionwithAllunderHeaven.
Laboring(no.80)meanstolackachievementdespitestrenousefforts.

Fostering(no.81)receivesalltherest.
Thenoblemanfostersgoodluck.
Thatmeansthepettymanfostersill.

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InterplayofOppositesintheMystery
Hsants'o

[Thissectioniscomparabletothe"InterplayofOpposites"(Tsakua)sectionoftheChangesTenWings.]
WithCenter(no.1),itbegins.
WithFullCircle(no.2),itwheelsback.1

WithDefectiveness(no.10),thecrooked.
WithBoldResolution(no.30),thestraight.2

ThewaysofPurity(no.37)andPattern(no.47).
Somearesimpleandsomearecomplex.3

AstoStrength(no.36),itisthesolidlybuilt.
AstoWaiting(no.18),itistheweak.

AstoAccumulation(no.60),itisthemany,but
AstoKeepingSmall(no.5),itisthefew.

AstoWatch(no.63),itistheapparent.
AstoDarkening(no.67),itistheindistinct.

WithYouthfulness(no.12),havingnoknowledge,but
WithFullness(no.38),havingasurplus.

WithDeparture(no.66),leavingtheold,but
WithOntheVerge(no.78),comingtoanewstart.

AstoGreatness(no.45),itistheoutside,but
AstoClosingIn(no.58),itistheinside.

AstoBranchingOut(no.9),itistheadvance.
AstoHoldingBack(no.17),itistheretreat.4

WithJoy(no.24),calmandcomposure.
WithLaboring(no.80),hustleandbustle.5

WithReach(no.15),thoughtsthatcomprehend.
WithExhaustion(no.69),thoughtsthatconfound.

WithOpposition(no.8),atcourt,but
WithInner(no.65),onthe[sleeping]mat.6

WithDivergence(no.11),selfloathing.
WithEmbellishment(no.61),selflove.

 Page427

WithResistance(no.22),intolerance,but
WithUnity(no.54),magnanimity.

WithIncrease(no.13),dailyadditions,but
WithDiminishment(no.55),dailyreductions.

WithCompliance(no.77),ordersupheld,but
WithContrariety(no.6),mutualopposition.

AstoRelease(no.21),itissoftness,7but
AstoHardness(no.72),itisleatherytoughness.

WithEase(no.23),thelevelandsmooth,but
WithDifficulties(no.79),thegoingupanddown.8

WithDecisiveness(no.29),manydecisions,but
WithDoubt(no.62),somehesitation.

WithFlight(no.49),thereiswhatoneavoids.
WithContention(no.25),thereiswhatonehastenstowards.

WithAdvance(no.20),thedesiretoproceed.
WithStoppage(no.71),thedesireforconstraints.

WithEnlargement(no.46),nobounds.9
WithEndeavor(no.26),noduplicity.10

AstoResponse(no.41),itisthepresent,but
AstoMeasure(no.52),itisthepast.

WithGoingtoMeet(no.42),oneknowswhatpreceded.
WithEternal(no.53),oneseesthelaterissue.

AstoFollowing(no.19),itisdraggedalong.
AstoGuardedness(no.57),itissecured.

WithMired(no.3),pluckedoutfromcalamity.
WithAggravation(no.76),lackinganypardons.

WithVastness(no.50),theinfinitelygreat,but
WithBarrier(no.4),theburiedandblocked.

WithChange(no.28),creatingthenew.
WithConstancy(no.51),cleavingtotheold.

WithFailure(no.75),greatloss.
WithGathering(no.35),smallgain.

WithStove(no.44),loveofprofit.
WithLaw(no.40),abhorrenceofthecruel.

 Page428

AstoRitual(no.48),itisthecapital,but
AstoResidence(no.39),itisthehome.

WithMassing(no.59),affairsemptying.
WithLegion(no.32),affairsfilling.

AstoClosure(no.74),bothareshutoff,11but
AstoCloseness(no.33),all12usetheOne.

WithAscent(no.7),highambitions.
WithSinking(no.64),lowambitions.

WithContact(no.16),manyfriends.
WithClosedMouth(no.56),fewallies.13

WithPenetration(no.14),asharpadvance.
WithDimming(no.68),animpededwalk.

WithKinship(no.34),attachmentbetween[even]distant[relatives].
WithSeverance(no.70),offensetoone'sown[fleshand]blood.

WithEncounters(no.43),comingupondifficulties.
WithPacking(no.31),awaitingthepropertime.

WithDuties(no.27),toexhaustoneself.
WithFostering(no.81),toincreaseoneself.

AstoResistance(no.22),itiscontradiction,but
AstoUnity(no.54),itisconforming.

WithIncrease(no.13),tohavegains,but
WithDiminishment(no.55),tohavelosses.

WhatwetermCompletion(no.73)isenduringachievementsthatcannotbechanged.

EvolutionoftheMystery
Hsanli

[Traditionally,thisessayiscomparedwiththe"AppendedTexts"(Hsitz'u)commentarytotheChanges.ThemainideaofitsfirstsectionisthattheMystery
isboththeentiresumofstufffromwhichallelsederivesandthefashionerofthatstuffintotheindividualtypesofexistence.NotethatthetermMystery
referssimultaneouslytotworelatedphenomena:thebookofthatnamecomposedbyYangHsiungandthecosmicTaoinitsmysteriousoperations.]

 Page429
1 2 3
TheMysteryofwhichwespeakinhiddenplacesunfolds themyriadspecies, withoutrevealingaformofitsown.Itfashionsthestuff ofEmptinessand
Formlessness,4givingbirthtotheregulations.5TiedtothegodsinHeavenandthespiritsonEarth,itfixesthemodels.6Itpervadesandassimilatespastandpresent,
originatingthecategories.Itunfoldsandinterspersesyinandyang,generatingthech'i.Nowsevered,nowconjoined7[throughtheinteractionofyinandyangch'ithe
variousaspectsof]HeavenandEarthareindeedfullyprovided!Astheheavensandthesunturnintheircircuits[movinginoppositedirections],8hardandsoft
[day/night,yang/yin]indeedmakecontact.Eachreturns[withinthecourseofasingleyear]toitsplace,sothatitisindeedafixedrulethatonceended,[thecycle]
begins[again].9Nowgivinglifeandnowgivingdeath,humannatureandtheDecreeareindeedilluminated[throughtheoperationsoftheMystery].

[ThemainideaofthefollowingsectionisthattheMysterymakesHeavenandEarthappropriatepatternsforMan.Thesectionendswithreferencesto
binaryopposition.]

Lookinguptocontemplatethe[starry]images,lookingdowntoview[earthly]conditions,10[thesage]examineshumannatureandcomestoknowtheDecree.He
seekstheoriginofbeginningsandseesthefinaloutcome.11TheThreeReigns12sharethesamestandardthickandthin13intersecteachother.Round[Heaven]asa
rulewobblesunsteadily.14Square[Earth]asaruleconserves.15Exhalation[yangch'i]asarulemakesthebodiesflowout.Inhalation[yinch'i]asarulecongeals
forms.Forthisreason,whatenclosesHeavenwecallspacesandwhatopensspacesoutwecalltimes.16

Thesunandmooncomeandgosothatnowitiswinterandnowitissummer.Asarule,thepitchpipescompletethings,whilethecalendararrangestheseasons.The
pitchpipesandcalendarmeetintheirpaths.Thesageusestheminplanning.Dayheregardsasgood.Nightheregardsasbad.Nowitisday,nowitisnight,asyinand
yangseparatelyseekout[theirrespectiverealms].17Thewayofnightisextremeyin.Thewayofdayisextremeyang.Forfemaleandmale,therearenumerous
orientations,18sothereevolve[fromthese]goodluckandbad.Thenthewaysofrulerandsubject,offatherandson,andofhusbandandwifearedistinguished
logically.

Forthisreason,thesunmoveseastwardwhiletheheavensmovewestward.Theheavensandthesuncrosspaths.19Yinandyangalternateintheircircuits.Deathand
lifeareintertwined.20Onlythendothemyriadthingsbecomeinseparablybound.21Therefore,theMysteryiswhatseeks

 Page430
22
totakethecorrespondentpartsofAllunderHeaven andstringthemtogether.Itstitchesthemtogetheraccordingtotheircategory.Itprognosticatesaboutthem
accordingtotheirnorms.ItclarifiestheverydimmestpartsofAllunderHeaven.23ItilluminatesthemostobscurepartsofAllunderHeaven.Whatelsebutthe
Mystery[candoallthis]!

[ThefollowingsectionspeaksoftheunfathomableprofundityofboththeTaoandYangHsiung'sneoclassicalimitationofit.]

Now,asweknow,theMysteryhidesitspositionandconcealsitsboundaries.Itstoresitsgreatexpansedeepandobscures24itsbase.Itthrustsasideitsownmerit
andmakesasecretofitsmotiveforce.25Therefore,theMystery,itselfsurpassing,reallyshowsmanhowfarawayheis.Itselfvast,itreallyenlarges[theopportunities]
formantobegreat.Itselfunfathomablydeep,itreallyincitesmantoprofundities.Itselfinfinite,itreallycutsmanofffrominsignificance.26Theonethatsilentlygathers
alltogether,thatistheMystery.Theonewhowithgrandgestures27woulddisperseit,28thatisMan.

Knockon29itsgate.
Openitsdoor.
Rapitsknocker.

Onlylaterwilltheresponsecome.Howmuchlesslikelyis[aresponse]forthosewhodootherwise?30

Goodis''whatpeoplelikeandhavetoolittleof."31Evilis"whatpeopledislikeandhaveasurplusof."Ifthenoblemandailystrengthenswhatisdeficientinhim[i.e.,
thegood],andeliminateswhathepossessesinsurplus[i.e.,theevil],thentheWayoftheMysteryisnearlyapproximatedindeed!Lookingup,heseesitlocatedinthe
higherregions.Lookingdown,hespiesitlocatedinthelowerregions.Standingontiptoes[ineageranticipation],hewatchesforittobelocatedinfront.Abandoning
[it],heforgets32thatitislocatedinback.Evenifhewouldgoagainstit,hecannot,foritistheMysterythatsilentlybyrulemakeseachattainitsproperplace.

[Thefollowingsectionspeaksoftheman'srelationtotheMystery.Allhumanvirtuesaredefinedwithreferencetoit.]

Therefore,theMysteryofwhichwespeakistheultimateinutility.Toseeandtoknowitiswisdom.Toregarditwithloveishumaneness.Toberesoluteindeciding
topracticeitiscourage.Torulewithoutdistinction,33broadlyapplyingit,isfairmindedness.Tobeabletouseittocorrelatethingsiscomprehension.Tohaveno
bondsorimpedimentsissageliness.

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34 35
TobetimelyornotistheDecree. Whatisemptyofform andthepathofthemyriadthings,thatwecalltheWay.Continuousdevelopmentwithoutabrupt
change,36sothattheinternalorderofAllunderHeavenisattained,thatwecallCharismaticPower.Whatorderslivingthings37andunitesthemanysothatthereisall
embracinglove,thatwecallhumaneness.38Whatarrangesmatches39andmeasureswhatfits,40thatwecalltheRight.GraspingtheWayanditsPower,humaneness
andtheRight,andthenapplyingthem,thatwecalltheTask.WhatilluminatesHeaven'sachievementsandenlightensthemyriadthings,thatwecallyang[ch'i].Whatis
dark,withoutform,andofunfathomabledepth,thatwecallyin[ch'i].

Yangknowsyang,butdoesnotknowyin.Yinknowsyin,butdoesnotknowyang.Toknowyin,toknowyang,toknowstopping,toknowproceeding,toknow
darkness,toknowlightwhatelsebuttheMystery[canknowallthis]?41

Aswhatsuspendsthem,itisthebalance.Aswhatlevelsthem,itisthesteelyardbeam.Thepolluteditpurifies.Theprecipitous42itlevels.Anydeparturefrom[true]
conditionsitinvariablyexposesasfalse.Anydeparturefromfalsityitinvariablyrevealsastrue.Whenevertrueandfalsepushagainstoneanother,43thewaysofthe
nobleandmeanmanbecomerelativelyclear.44TheMysteryofwhichwespeakusesscalestomeasure.
Theelevateditlowers.
Thelowitraises.
Theabundantittakesfrom.
Thedepleteditgivesto.
Thebrightittonesdown.45
Thedoubtfulitclarifies.46

Touseitascompassisthought.Toestablishitisduty.Toexplainitis[true]disputation.Tocompleteit.isgoodfaith.47

NowHeavenopenlyshowsmenthegods.AndEarthgrandly48showsmenthespirits.49HeavenandEarthhavetheirappointedplaces.Thegodsandthespiritsmake
thech'icommunicate.Thereisone,thereistwo,thereisthree.50Witheachpositionadifferentgeneration,51[theMystery]makesthecircuitoftheNineDistricts,52so
thatendandbeginningareinterconnectedandinterdependent[inaseamlesscycle],sothataboveandbelowmakeaperfectcircle.53Examinethepatternsofthe
DragonandTiger.54ContemplatethelinesoftheBirdandTurtle.55Plottheirrevolutions56withregardtotheSevenRegulators,57andtiethemtotheCulmen58ofthe
GrandInception.59Bythiscomprehend60thesystemoftheJasperTemplate61andstraightenthebaselineoftheJadeLevel.62Asforthegrindingofcircleandsquare
[HeavenandEarth]againstone

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63
another,themutualoppositionbetweenhardandsoft[yinandyang]:Byrule,abundanceenters declineandwhatendsisbornagain.Thereisfillingupandemptying
out.Itflowsorstopsthereisnoconstancy.

[ThefollowingsectiondescribesthewayinwhicheachmajorpatternofhumansocietyderivesfromnaturalphenomenaintherealmofHeavenand
Earth.]

NowHeavenandEarthareplacedtherefore,thenobleandbaseareranked.64Thefourseasonsproceed[inorder]therefore,thesoninheritsfromthefather.The
pitchpipesandcalendararesetforththerefore,relationsbetweenrulerandsubjectareorderly.Constancyandchangeareinterspersedtherefore,theHundred
Affairsarehewn.Simplicityandembellishmenttakeshapetherefore,whatexistsandwhatdoesnotismadeclear.Goodluckandillappeartherefore,goodandevil
arerevealed.Emptinessandfullnesspropeloneanothertherefore,themyriadthingsareinextricablyconnected.65

Ifyangfailstoculminate,thenyinfailstogerminate.Ifyinfailstoculminate,thenyangfailstosprout.Extremecoldgivesbirthtoheat.Extremeheatgivesbirthtocold.
Thewayofexpansioninducescontraction.Thewayofcontractioninducesexpansion.Initsactivemode,[theMystery]dailycreateswhatit[theworld]lacksand
favorswhatitrenews.Initsquiescentmode,[theMystery]dailydepleteswhatit[theworld]hasanddiminisheswhatithascompleted.Therefore,weinferitbythe
waterclockwefurthertestitbythegnomon.Backandforthisitssequencetwistingandturningisitspath.66Bythemweseetheinvisibleform.Bythemwedrawout
theelusivethread.67Throughitwebecomepartofthecontinuumofthemyriadcategoriesofthings.68

Whenabove,itissuspendedfromtheheavens.Whenbelow,itissubmergedintheabyss.Sofineisitthatitentersasinglebladeofgrass.Sovastisitthatit
encompasseswholeregions.ItsWayistowanderinobscurityandtoladleoutthefull.Itpreserveswhatshouldbepreservedanddestroyswhatshouldbedestroyed.
Itkeepshiddenwhatshouldbehiddenandmanifestswhatshouldbemanifested.Itcausesthebeginningtobegin.Itcausestheendtoend.

WhoeverapproachestheMysterywillfindtheMysteryforitspartapproachinghim.WhoeverdistanceshimselffromtheMysterywillfindtheMysteryforitspart
keepingitsdistancefromhim.ItislikeHeaveninitsvastness.Itisintheeast,inthesouth,inthewest,inthenorth.Lookupandthereisnoplacewhereitisnot.But
themomentsomeonebendsdown,thenitisnolongerseen.HowcouldHeavenpossiblyleaveMan?ItisManwholeavesofhisownaccord.

Whatevercomesafterthewintersolsticeandmidnightisanimageof"approachingtheMystery."Itadvancesbutithasnotyetculminated.It

 Page433

goesforwardbutithasnotyetarrived.Itisemptybutithasnotyet[begunto]fill.Therefore,wecallit"approachingtheMystery."Whatevercomesafterthesummer
solsticeandmiddayisanimageof"distancingtheMystery."Oncetheadvanceculminates,itretreats.Oncetheforwardmovementends,itgoesback.Onceitis
alreadyfull,itisdepleted.Therefore,wecallit''distancingtheMystery."

Assoonasthesunturnssouth.69themyriadthingsdie.70Assoonasthesunturnsnorth,71themyriadthingsareborn.AssoonastheDipperpointsnorth[thatis,to
thezodiacalsectionssignifyingnorthnorthwestandnorth],themyriadthingsemptyout.AssoonastheDipperpointssouth[thatis,tothezodiacalsectionssouth
southwestandsouth],themyriadthingsfillup.Thesuninitssouthwardpathproceedstowardstheright[thatis,fromthewest],thenreturnsinaleftwardpath.72The
Dipperinitssouthwardpathproceedstowardstheleft,thenreturnsinarightwardpath.73Sometimesgoingleft,sometimesgoingrightsometimesdying,sometimes
living.Thegodsandthenuminous74unitetheirplans.75OnlythenareHeavenandEarthaligned,sothatHeavenisdivineandEarthnuminous.

IlluminationoftheMystery
Hsanying

[Thisessayalsocorrespondstothe"AppendedTexts"commentarytotheChanges.Theopeningparagraphdescribestheoriginofthecosmos,tyingthe
MysterytexttothemysteriousTao.SucceedingparagraphsoutlinethemostimportantconstantfeaturesoftheMystery,asitoperatesbothinthistextand
intheuniverseoutsidethetext.Finally,referenceismadetocertainorganizingprinciplesofhumansociety.]

WhenHeavenandEarthweresevered,1spacesandtimes2broadenedoutandleveled.3TheHeavenlyOrigin[midnightonthefirstdayofthewintersolsticeinachia
tzuyear]4wasspannedandpaced5thecycleofsunandmoonwascomputed.Completingthe[annual]revolutionisthecalendricalcycle6groupingthesocialorders
arethevariousranks.7Sometimesthereisconjunction,andsometimesseparationsometimesasurplus,andsmetimesadeficit[whenthesolarandlunaryearsare
aligned].Therefore,Isay:"GreatindeedareHeavenandEarth,whichengulfalldevelopment!Asinanet,[all]iscloakedintheMystery.Theendandthebeginning,
thedarkandthelight,theTables8andAppraisals[correspondto]HeavenlygodsandEarthlyspirits.Asgreatyangridesonyin,themyriadthingsareheldtogether.
MakingacircuitoftheNineEmptyPositions,9calamityandgoodfortuneareentangledinthenet."10

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Altogethertherearetwelvebeginnings[oneforeachmonthofthecalendaryear].Withregardtothemanyorders[ofexistence],onedrawsouttheendthreads.11
Andsothereexists1,2,and3,whichacttocatch[themanyorders]asinnetsandsnares.12TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

TheFivePhasesoftheVastBasearesetoutrepeatedly[in]theNinePositions.Aboveandbelowtheycleavetooneanother[insuccessivecycles,withthevarious]
categoriesresidingintheirmidst.TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

HeavenisroundandEarthissquare.TheCulmen[thePolestar]isplantedintheexactcenter[ofthecosmos]themovements[ofthestarsaroundit]arefixedbythe
calendar.13Timeridesonthetwelve[zodiacalsectionsofthesky].14ThustheSevenRegulators[ofsun,moon,andfivevisibleplanets]areestablished.15Theartsof
theMysteryilluminateit.

TheDipper,movingwiththeheavens,advances[towardthewest].16Thesun,goingagainst[thewestwardspinof]theheavens,retreats.Somemovewithitandsome
goagainstit.ThustheFiveRecorders[theYearstar,moon,sun,stars,andcalendricalcalculations]areestablished.17TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

Oneplacesthedialtohaveitgiveoffashadow.Onedrains18theclepsydratofigurethequarterhourmarks.[From]duskanddawn,oneempiricallyestablishesthe
center[positionofthecircumpolarstarsatnoon].Thosewhocreate[humaninstitutions]areforewarnedby[theinformationsuchinstrumentsprovide].Theartsofthe
Mysteryilluminateit.

Thebambooof[Musicmaster]Linglun[i.e.,thepitchpipe]isusedtomakeatube.Ashhousedwithin[bambootubes]isusedtomakea"watch"device.Byitare
measuredtheHundredNorms.19OncetheHundredNormsareinplace,thelegionsofpeople20arenolongerinerror.TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

Easttowestisthewoof.Southtonorthisthewarp.Whenwarpandwoofareinterwoven,thedeviantandtheuprightaredistinguishedbyit,whilegoodluckandill
takeformthroughit.TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

Drillingawellsupplieswaterdrillingforfireigniteswood.[AddtoWater,Fire,andWood]molten21MetalandmouldedEarthtocorrectlyapportiontheFive
ExcellentMaterials[i.e.,theFivePhases].ThestuffoftheFiveExcellentMaterialsisusedtoendowtheHundredCorporealBodies.TheartsoftheMystery
illuminateit.

Oddnumbersareusedtoenumerateyang[ch'i].Evennumbersareusedtoenumerateyin.OddandevenextendedandexpandedareusedtocalculateAllunder
Heaven.TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

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22
TheSixBeginningsmakethemalepitchpipes.TheSixIntermediaries makethefemalepitchpipes.Oncethepitchpipes,maleandfemale,aretunedtooneanother,
thetwelveareusedtoproduceharmonies,andtonumberthesolarconjunctions.23TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

Region,Province,Department,andFamily[yield]eightyoneplaces[i.e.,tetragrams].Theseare[further]delineatedaslower,center,anduppertosignify[allwithin]
thefourseas.TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

Thereare1Ruler,3Dukes,9Ministers,27Councilors,and81chiefKnights.Thefewbyrulecontrolthemanywhatlacksvisibleform[i.e.,theMystery]24byrule
controlswhathasform.TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

[Thefollowingtwoparagraphsareextremelyimportant.InthemYangHsiungrefutestheclassicTaoistutopianvision,whichcelebratesthegoldenageof
antiquityasacarefreetimeforthehumanracepriortothedevelopmentofthediscriminatingmind.YangHsiungcountersthisvisionbyanother,inwhich
theancientsagekingFuHsicreatesdivinationsothatManmightfinallylearnbothtodiscriminateandtoseeconnections.Throughtheproperuseof
sacredtoolslikedivination,Mancanhopetopartakeofdivinity.]

Inantiquity,humanswereneithershakenbyfear25norworried.26Theyweresluggishintheirthinking.Theydidnotdivineeitherbymilfoilstalksorbyturtlesogood
luckandillseepedintooneanother[i.e.,wereindistinguishable].Itwasthenthatthesage[FuHsi]createdmilfoilandturtledivination,drillingtogettheessence,27and
relyingonthedivineinthesearch28tounderstandfavorandblame.TheartsoftheMysteryilluminateit.

Forthisreason,thosewhowishtoknowtheunknowableestimateitbywhatisinthehexagramsandbonecracks.Thosewhowouldfathomtheprofoundandprobe
thedistantthentiethemtowhatisintheirthoughts.Arenotthetwo[divinationandthought]establishedbysinglemindedconcentration?29Whenonedivineswith
singlemindedconcentration,thegodspromptthechanges[thatrevealananswertotheinquiry].Whenonedeliberates[onthisresponse]withsingleminded
concentration,one'splansareappropriate.WhenoneestablisheswhatisRightwithsinglemindedconcentration,noonecanoverturnit.Whenonemaintainshis
principleswithsinglemindedconcentration,noonecansnatchthemaway.30Therefore,todrawouttheinfinitudeofAllunderHeaven,todispeltheconfusionand
chaosofAllunderHeaven,whatelsebutsinglemindedconcentrationcanaccomplishit?

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[Inanotherimportantparagraph,YangHsiungfirstdescribesthecreativeact,whetherinthecosmosorinthehumanmind.Succeedingparagraphs
describethecreativityandvitalityoftheMysterytext.]

Now,theactofcreationhonorsitsownprecedentsandprototypes31yetitgivesphysicalformtothespontaneouslygenerated[Tao].Whenwhatitfollowsisgreat,
thenitsembodimentwillbevigorous.Whenwhatitfollowsispetty,thenitsembodimentwillbemeager.Whenwhatitfollowsisstraight,thenitsembodimentwillbe
coherent.32Whenwhatitfollowsiscrooked,thenitsembodimentwillbescattered.Therefore,itneithereliminates33whatexistsnorforceswhatisnot.Wemay
compareittothephysicalbody,inthatanyincreasewouldbesuperfluousandanydeletionwouldmeanadeficiency.Therefore,theessentialstructure[ofthecreative
act]34restsinthespontaneouslygenerated[Tao],whileitsexternalelaborationrestsinhumanaffairs.Canitreallybediminishedorincreased?

Nowallthoseinfirstposition[Appraisals1,4,and7,thefirstAppraisalsineachofthethreesetsofthree]arewhatpatternsthebeginningandfathomsthedepths.All
thoseinthirdposition[Appraisals3,6,and9]arewhatcompletestheendingsandpushesthewholetoextremes.35Allthoseinthesecondposition[Appraisals2,5,
and8]arewhatcombineseventsandseeksthecenter.TheWayofMantakesitsimagefromthem.

[TheMystery]focusesonitseventsbutnotonitsphrasing.Itmultipliesitschangesbutnotitspatterns.Were[theMystery]noteconomical[initsexpressions],its
pointswouldnotbedetailed.Wereitnotcompact,itsresponseswouldnothaveuniversalapplication.Wereitnotcoherent,theeventsitdescribeswouldnotbe
diverse.36Wereitnotdeep,itsideaswouldnotrevealanything.Forthisreason,patternisusedtoseeintotheessentialandphrasing,tolookintoactualconditions.37
Ifwetakeacloselookatthephrasesitlaysout,thensurelyitsheart'sdesirewillberevealed!

[FromthesingleTao,therehaveevolvedfourkindsofchange.Operatingbyturns,thesefourkindsofchangeprovidemodelsforhumansociety.The
concludingparagraphsoftheessaydefinekeytermsforthereader.Bymeansofsuchdefinitions,YangHsiungseekstoprovetheultimateutilityofmoral
action.]

ThatWayhascontinuityanddevelopment,38[abrupt]changeand[gradual]metamorphosis.39WhencontinuityanddevelopmentconformwiththeTao,itmakesthem
divine.40Whenchangeandmetamorphosis

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41
areinaccordwithTime,itmakesthemfitting. Therefore,thoughcontinuous[anentity]canstillchange.OnlythenisHeaven'swayattained.Andthoughchanging,
[anentity]canstillbecontinuous.OnlythenisHeaven'swaycompliedwith.Now,ifthingsdidnotcontinue[themodeloftheirforebears],theywouldnotbeborn.
Andiftheydidnotchange,theywouldnotbecompleted.Therefore,toknowcontinuitybutnotchangeistohavethingslosetheirownrules.Andtoknowchangebut
notcontinuityistohavethingslosetheiruniformaspects.WhenchangegoescountertoTime,thingslosetheirfoundation.Andwhencontinuitygoescountertointernal
pattern,42thingslosetheirregulatingprinciple.Continuityandchangeleadto[more]continuityandchange.Theyaretheverylawandmodelforthestateandfamily.
Actions[inaccordwiththis]modelaremostefficaciousinsuccessandfailure.43

ThewarpthatestablishesHeaveniscalled"yinandyang."ThewoofthatgivesformtoEarthiscalled"verticalandhorizontal."ConductthatrevealsManiscalled
"benightedorenlightened."Wesayofyinandyang,''Theyjointheirdivided[selvestogivebirthtothemyriadthings]."Wesayofverticalandhorizontal,"Thewoof
threadsitswarp[tocreatesignificantpattern]."Wesayofthebenightedandenlightened,"Theydifferintheiressentialqualities."Yinandyangholdallthelimits
together.Warpandwooffunctionasmeetingplaces.Benightedandenlightenedrefertothesubstantivenature.44Ifyanghadnoyin,itwouldhavenopartnertojoinin
itsoperations.Ifthewarphadnowoof,therewouldbenowayforittocompleteitsfitting[pattern].Iftheenlightenedhadnobenighted,therewouldbenowayhe
coulddistinguishhisvirtue.Yinandyangarethemeanstodrawoutthetrueconditions.Verticalandhorizontalarethemeanstoilluminateinternalpattern.Enlightened
andbenightedarethemeanstoshedlightonaffairs.Whentrueconditionsaredrawnout,whenpatternsareilluminated,whenaffairsaremadebrilliant45thatisthe
Wayofthenobleman.
Contact,backandforth,
Withfragrantsmokerising.
Thisisthegateofgainandruin.46

Now,whatisgainandwhatisruin?Gainisgoodfortuneandruiniscalamity.InHeavenandEarth,goodfortuneisconformity[toprevailingtrends],andcalamity,
goingagainstthem.Inthemountainsandriverways,goodfortuneisthelow,andcalamity,thehigh.IntheWayofMan,goodfortuneistheupright,andcalamity,the
perverse.Therefore,thenoblemanisinwardlyupright,andoutwardlycompliant,47alwayshumblinghimselfbeforeothers.48Thisiswhytheoutcomeofhisactionsis
goodfortuneandnotcalamity.Ifingoodfortuneonedoesnoevil,

 Page438

[goodfortune]cannotgiverisetocalamity.Ifincalamity,onedoesnogood,[calamity]cannotbecomegoodfortune.
Evilandgood!
Evilandgood!
Evilandgood!

Thesearewhatultimatelyrevealthenobleman.Now,[forothers,]whenthejoyofgoodfortuneends,theworryofcalamitybegins.

WhatHeavenandEarthvalueiscalledgoodfortune.Whattheghostsandgodsbless49iscalledgoodfortune.WhattheWayofMandelightsiniscalledgood
fortune.Whateverisdespisedandabhorrediscalledcalamity.Therefore,whenthereistoomuchvicein[periodsof]goodfortune,correspondentcalamitiesriseup.
Inthedaytime,men'scalamitiesarefew.Atnight,men'scalamitiesaremany.Asdayandnightareinterspersed,thegoodfortuneandcalamityassociatedwiththem
aremixed.

NumbersoftheMystery
Hsanshu

[Thisessayiscomparabletothe"DiscussionoftheTrigrams"(Shuokua)sectionfoundinthesocalled"TenWings"oftheChanges.Theessayexplainsthe
entiresystemofcorrelationstobeemployedbythedivinerwhenapplyingtheindividualtextsoftheMysterytopersonalsituations.Weshouldremember
alwaysthatsuchnumbercorrelationsalertthereadertotheprofoundorderinherentintheuniverse.

Theautocommentarybeginswithseveralparagraphswhichhavebeentranslatedorsummarizedinthe"MethodofDivination"and"Interpretationafter
Divination"sectionsofthe"Introduction''tothisbook.Thesesections,therefore,havebeenomittedhere.]

ThreeandEightcorrespondto:

Wood
East
Spring
thedayschia
thezodiacalperiodsyin
thenotecheh1
thecolor,green
thetaste,bitter
thesmell,sour
theform,contractingandexpanding

 Page439

thePhaseproduced,Fire
thePhaseconquered,Earth
thetimetogivebirth
oftheviscera,thespleen
thepromotionofwill
thenature,benevolence
theemotion,happiness
theduty,demeanor
theapplication,"reverencewhichmakesforsolemnity"2
theomen,drought
theemperorT'aihao
thegodKoumang
thestarsthatattendits[theeast's]position
thecategory,scalycreatures
thunder
drums
boomingsounds
newness
bustlingactivity
doors
windows
heirs
thosewhoinherit
leaves
mainthreads
pardons
expiations
manysons
goingout
giving
bamboo
grasses
fruits
seeds
fish
drawingtools3
compasses
ricefield
scarpentry
spears
greenprodigies
noseailments
wildness

 Page440

FourandNinecorrespondto:
Metal
West
autumn
thedayskeng
thezodiacalperiodsshen
thenoteshang
thecolor,white
thetaste,acrid
thesmell,rank
theform,violentchange
thePhaseproduced,Water
thePhaseconquered,Wood
thetimetokill
oftheviscera,theliver
thepromotionofthecorporealsoul
thenature,righteousness4
theemotion,anger
theduty,speech,
theapplication,"compliancewhichmakesforgoodorder"
theomen,rain
theemperorShaoHao
thegodJushou
thestarsthatattendits[thewest's]direction
thecategory,hairythings
witchdoctors
invocationsbyshamans
fiercebeasts[suchastigers]
whatisold
metallicrings
gates
mountains
limits
borders
[inner]citywalls
bones
rocks
braceletsandgirdleornaments
headornaments
heavyjewels5
metalbuttons
poundingofrice

 Page441

mortars
strength
whateverissuspended
sparkingfirebydrillingwood
weapons6
shackles
teeth
horns
scorpions
poisons
puppies
entering
seizing
netting
plundering
thieving
ordering
thecarpenter'ssquare
metalworking
battleaxes
whiteprodigies
muteness
slander7

TwoandSevencorrespondto:
Fire
South
Summer
thedaysping
thezodiacalperiodsszu
thenotechih
thecolorred
thetaste,bitter
thesmell,scorched
theform,whatisabove
thePhaseproduced,Earth
thePhaseconquered,Metal
thetimetonourish
oftheviscera,thelungs
thepromotionoftheetherealsoul(hun)
thenature,ritual
theemotion,joy
theduty,sight

 Page442

theapplication,"claritywhichmakesforwisdom"
theomen,heat
theemperorYenti
thegodChujung
thestarsthatattendits[thesouth's]direction
thecategory,featheredthings
stoves
silk
nets
rope
pearls
patterns8
mixtures
seals
ribbons
books
whateverislight
whateverishigh9
towers
wine
spitting
shootingwithanarrow
daggeraxes
armor
thickets
theCommandingGeneral10
string
workingwithfire
knives
redprodigies
blindness
laxity

OneandSixcorrespondto:

Water
North
Winter
thedaysjen
thezodiacalperiodstzu
thenotey
thecolor,black
thetaste,salty
thesmell,rotted

 Page443

theform,whatisbelow
thePhaseproduced,Wood
thePhaseconquered,Fire
thetimetostore
oftheviscera,thetesticlesandkidneys
thepromotionofsperm11
thenature,wisdom
theemotion,sorrow
theduty,hearing
theapplication,"perceptivenesswhichmakesfor[good]planning"
theomen,[undue]cold
theemperorChanh s
thegodHsanming
thestarsthatattendits[thenorth's]direction
thecategory,thingswithshells
ghosts
sacrifices
temples
wells
caves
burrows
mirrors
jade
treading
makinglongtrips
laboring
blood
ointments
coveting
containing
hibernatinganimals
huntingwithfire
shutting
robbing
theDirectorofPublicWorks
laws
standards
waterworks
shields
blackprodigies
deafness
urgency

 Page444

OnFive:Fivecorrespondsto

Earth
Center
thefourseasons
thedayswu
thezodiacalperiodsch'en
thenotekung
color,yellow
taste,sweetness
smell,fragrant
theforms,verticality12
thePhaseproduced,Metal
thePhaseconquered,Water
thetimetojointogether
oftheviscera,theheart/mind
thepromotionofthedivinesoul
thenature,trustworthines
theemotion,fear
theduty,thought
theapplication,"presciencewhichmakesforsageliness"
theomen,wind
theemperorHuangti(YellowEmperor)
thegodHout'u
thestarsthatattendits[circumpolar]direction
thecategory,whatisnaked[i.e.,human]
tumuli13
bottles
palaces
residences
thecentercourtyardrainwell
"internal"affairs14
weaving
clothes
furs
cocoons
rawfloss
beds
sleepingmats
complying
cherishing
toolsorvesselswithbellies
oils

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lacquer
glue
sacks
pouches
carriages
hubs
sowing
harvesting
foodstuffs
flesh
coffins
calves15
thoroughfares
meetings
thecapital
measures
weights
earthworks
bowsandarrows
yellowprodigies
stupidity
benightedness

AmongtheFivePhases,theoneinpoweris"theking."Theonethekingproducesis"theminister."The''oldking"istheonedeposed.Theonethat[would]conquer
thekingisimprisoned.Theonethatisconqueredbythe[new]kingdies.

OftheMusicalNotes,

Kung istheruler.
Chih isaffairs.
Shang istheminister.
Cheh isthepeople.
Y isthecommonpeople.

OfPitchStandards,16

Huangchung (G).17
Linchungproducest'aits'ou (D).
T'aits'ouproducesnanl (A).
Nanlproducesk uhsien (E).
Kuhsienproducesyingchung (B).
Yingchungproducessuipin (Fsharp).
Suipinproducestal (Dflat).

 Page446

Talproducesyitse (Aflat).
Yitseproduceschiachung (Eflat).
Chiachungproduceswuyi (Bflat).
Wuyiproduceschungl (F).

[OftheTwelveEarthlyBranches,]

Tzu countas9.
Ch'ou countas8.
Yin countas7.
Mao countas6.
Ch'en countas5.
Ssu countas4.

Therefore,thesumofthe"male"pitchstandardsis42andthesumofthe"female,"36.Thesumofthecombinedmaleandfemalepitches,withsome"returning"and
some"blocking,''altogetheris78.ThenumberoftheYellowBell[whichis81]issetupbyit.[Inotherwords,78equals81once3isaddedtosymbolizethetriadic
realmsofHeavenEarthMan.]TheiruseasmeasuresdependsuponthefactthatallareproducedbytheYellowBell.18

[OftheTenHeavenlyStems,]

Chia countas9.
Yi countas8.
Ping countas7.
Ting countas6.
Wu countas5.

Thenotesarebornofthedays.Thepitchstandardsarebornofthezodiacalperiods.Thenotesareusedtoexpressmen'sessentialsubstance.19Thepitchstandards
areusedtoharmonizethenotes.Whenthenotesandpitchesareattunedtooneother,theeightdistinctivetimbres[ofvariousinstruments]areproduced.

OftheNineHeavens,
ThefirstismadeCenter(no.1ofthetetragrams).
ThesecondismadeDefectiveness(no.10).
ThethirdismadeFollowing(no.19).
ThefourthismadeChange(no.28).
ThefifthismadePurity(no.37).
ThesixthismadeEnlargement(no.46).
TheseventhismadeDiminishment(no.55).
TheeighthismadeSinking(no.64).
TheninthismadeCompletion(no.73).

 Page447

OftheNineEarths,
Thefirstissandandmud.
Thesecondismarshesandpools.
Thethirdissmallisletsandbanks.
Thefourthislowfields.
Thefifthisfieldsatthemiddlerange.
Thesixthishighfields.
Theseventhislowmountains.
Theeighthismountainsofmediumheight.
Theninthishighmountains.

OftheNine[Types]ofMen,

Thefirstisthelowman.
Thesecondisthecommoner.
Thethirdisthemanwhoadvances.
Thefourthislowrank.
Thefifthismiddlerank.
Thesixthishighrank.
Theseventhisthemanoflostambitions.
Theeighthistheillorinfected.
Theninthisthemaninextremities.

OftheNineBodyParts,
No.1correspondstohandsandfeet.
No.2correspondsto[lower]armsandshin.
No.3correspondstothighsandupperarms.
No.4isthewaist.
No.5isthebelly.
No.6istheshoulders.
No.7isthethroat.
No.8istheface.
No.9istheforehead.

OftheNineGradesofRelations,

No.1correspondstogreatgreatgrandchildren.
No.2correspondstogreatgrandchildren.
No.3correspondstograndchildren.
No.4correspondstochildren.
No.5correspondstotheself.
No.6correspondstothefather.
No.7correspondstothegrandfather.
No.8correspondstothegreatgrandfather.
No.9correspondstogreatgreatgrandfather.

 Page448

OftheNineApertures,

Nos.1and6correspondtotheurethra20andtheear.
Nos.2and7correspondtotheeyes.
Nos.3and8correspondtothenostrils.
Nos.4and9correspondtothemouth.
No.5correspondstotheanus.

TheNineOrdersarerankedfrom1to9.21

OftheNineAffairs,

Thefirstiscarefulplanning.22
Thesecondishesitationinalldirections.
Thethirdisselfassurance.23
Thefourthisouterdirectedactivity.
Thefifthisinnerharmony.
Thesixthisabundance.
Theseventhiswaning.
Theeighthiswasting.
Theninthistotaldestruction.

OftheNineDecades,

No.1correspondstothefirstdecade.
No.2correspondstotheseconddecade.
No.3correspondstothethirddecade.
No.4correspondstothefourthdecade.
No.5correspondstothefifthdecade.
No.6correspondstothesixthdecade.
No.7correspondstotheseventhdecade.
No.8correspondstotheeighthdecade.
No.9correspondstotheninthdecade.

[TherefollowsasectionwhichisquotedintheMethodofDivinationsectionintheIntroduction.]

ElaborationoftheMystery
Hsanwen

[Thiscorrespondstothe"Wenyen"sectionoftheChanges,whichtreatsthefirsttwoChangeshexagramsasamicrocosmfortheentireYichingsystem.
TheElaborationautocommentaryexplainsTetragram1asamicrocosmofthewormofHeavenEarthMan,aswellasoftheMysterytext.]

 Page449

Inregardto[thefivemanticformulae],

Without(wang ),
Extending(chih ),1
Covering(meng ),
Completing(ch'iu ),
Hidden(ming ):2

Withoutreferstothenorthandtowinter.Itiswhateverstilllacksform.Extendingreferstotheeastandtospring.Itiswhateverhassubstancebutnopatternasyet.
Coveringreferstothesouth,tosummer,andtothingsgrowingtall.Itiswhatevercanbegottenandincreased.3Completingreferstothewestandtoautumn.Itis
thingsallachieving[thepotentialimpliedby]theirimagesandcomingtocompletion.Whathasformthenreturnstotheformlesstherefore,itiscalledHidden.Thusthe
myriadthingsareWithout[form]inthenorth,areExtendingintheeast,areCoveringinthesouth,areCompletinginthewest,andareHiddeninthenorth.Andso,

Without[asprimordialchaos]istheholdingplacefor.
Being.Extendingistheplainbackground4forpattern.
Coveringisthemasterofloss.
Completingistherepositoryoflife.
Hiddenisthestorehouseoflight.

Withoutlodgesitsch'i.
Extendingprods5itsspecies[intolife].6
Covetingcarriesitsgrowthtothelimit.
Completingfinishesitsaccomplishments.7
Hiddenreturnstoitssecretplaces.

WithoutandCovetingpushoneanothertothelimit.ExtendingandCompletingrestrainoneanother.ComingoutofHidden,goingintoHidden,thenewandtheold
exchangeplaces.Asyinandyang[ch'i]succeedoneanother,thepureandthesullieddeposeoneanother.Whatisabouttocomeadvances.Whathasbeenachieved
willretreat.Whathasalreadybeenusedisgenerallydespised.Whatisappropriateforthetimegenerallyishonored.Heavenispatternedandearthisplain.Theydo
notchangetheirpositions.8Without,Extending,Covering,Completing,andHidden!9

SpeechderivesfromWithout.ConductderivesfromWithout.CalamityandgoodfortunederivefromWithout.ThetimethatcorrespondstoWithoutisMysterious
indeed!Conductasaruleleavestraces.Speechasarulehassounds.Goodfortuneasarulebringsgiftsofdriedmeat.10

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Calamityasarulehaswhattakesform.ThiswecallExtending.AndoncethereisExtendingtherecanbeCovering.OncethereisCoveringtherecanbeCompleting.
AndoncethereisCompletingthenitcanreverttotheHidden.Forthisreason,thetimethatcorrespondstoWithoutcangenerallybecontrolled[meaning,wecan
forestallcalamityintheearlystage].

TheeightyonetetragramsevolvefromWithout.Heaven'sdazzlinglightcomesoutoftheinfiniteitsfierybrilliancecomesoutoftheboundless.Therefore,thetimethat
correspondstoWithoutisMysteriousindeed!Forthisreason,Heaven'sWayisto:

Empty,soastostorethem[themyriadthings].
Move,soastocatalyzethem.
Exalt,soastomakethemapproach.
Pare,soastoregulatethem.
End,soastosecludethem.11

Soprofoundisitthatnonecanfathomit!Sogloriousisitthatnonecansurpassit!

Therefore,[inimitationoftheTao]thenoblemanhidingintheprofoundisenoughtoembody12thedivine.Hisfirstmovesareenoughtoimpressthemasses.Hislofty
characterandclarityofmindareenoughtoreflectonthosebelow.Hisparingandcutting[i.e.,hisregulationsandpunishments]areenoughtocausethemtoquake
withfearandapprehension.Hisdeepreclusionisenoughtocausethemtoconcealorwithdraw[fromtheworld].13Becausethenoblemancan[emulate]thesefive
[attributesoftheMysteriousTao],thereforewedescribe[himinanalogousterms]asWithout,Extending,Covering,Completing,andHidden.

Someoneaskswhatismeantby:"Primalonenessencompassesall./Itisprofound"?Itsays,14theworthymanisonewithHeavenandEarth[insofarashis]thoughts
embracethemanykinds[ofbeing].Heunitesthem[histhoughts]atcenterbeforelettingthemtakeformoutside[inaction].Livingalone,heishappy.Thinkingalone,
heisconcerned.Happiness[sogreat]cannotbeborne.Concern[sogreat]cannotbeovercome.Thereforeitissaidtobe"profound."

Whatismeantby:"Spiritualforceswarindarkness"?Itsays,thepettyman'sheartisimpure.15Whenitisabouttotakeformoutside,yinandyangarearrayedinbattle
linestofightovergoodluckandbad.Withyang,[theheart]battlesforgoodluckwithyin,forbadluck."Aswiththewind,oneknowsthetiger./Aswithacloud,one
knowsthedragon."16Theworthymaninitiatesactionandthemyriadcategoriesareheldincommon.

Whatismeantby:"Thedragonemergesatthecenter"?Itsays,the

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characteristicvirtueofthedragonisapparentforthefirsttime.Iftheyinhasnotculminated,thenyangwillnotbeborn.Ifdisorderhasnotculminated,thenvirtuewill
notassumeform.Thenoblemancultivatesvirtue,therebyawaitingthepropermoment.Hedoesnotriseupbeforethepropermoment,nordrawbackafterithas
alreadypassed.Whetherinactionoratrest,whetherobscureoreminent,hedoesnotstrayfromthenorm.Canthisbesaidofanyoneelsebutthenobleman?Thus
"headandtailarefitforuse."

Whatismeantby:"Lowliness,emptiness,nothingness,complianceDespiteafullportionofnatureandDecree,stillheisblocked"?Itsays,thepettymancannotfind
itinhishearttoembraceemptinessortodwellinlowplaces.Althoughheisdebased,hecannotbeapproached.Althoughheisempty,hecannotbefilled.When
doingwithoutwouldbeappropriate,heiscapableofpossessing.Whencompliancewouldbeappropriate,heiscapableofstrikingoutinanuntrieddirection.17
Therefore,"despiteafullportionofnatureandDecree,"helacks[thehumility]toavoid[inappropriateaction].Thatiswhy"heisblocked."

Whatismeantby:"Thesuncenteredinthesky"?Itsays,thenoblemanrideson[thatis,takesadvantageof]hisposition,makingitserveashiscarriageandashis
horse.Thefrontboardofthecarriageandthebraidedtailofthehorse18canbeputtouseinmakingacircuitofAllunderHeaven.Therefore,[thesun]"helpshim
becomemaster."

Whatismeantby:"Themoonlosingitsfullness/Isnotasgoodasnewlightinthewest"?Itsays,thepettymaninthefullnessofhispowers19bringsneedlessruinupon
himself.Waterincreasesinthedeepabyss[as]treeslosesomeoftheirlimbs.Inthemountains,theemaciatedarekilledoffinthemarshes,theplumpgrowinnumber.
Theworthymansees,butnoneamongthemassesunderstand.

Whatismeantby:"Repositoryofthefullyripe"?Itsays,thehumaneareafflictedbytheinhumane.Thejustareafflictedbytheunjust.Thenoblemanismagnanimous
enoughtolead20themasses.Heisgentleenoughtomakethingssecure.HeavenandEarthaccomodateeverysinglething.Onlyinhumanityandinjusticearenot
accomodatedby[onealliedwith]HeavenandEarth.Therefore,"Wateristherepositoryofrectitude."

Whatismeantby:"Yellowisnotyellow"?Itsays,thesmallmanfailstomodelhimselfonthecenter.Byruleallofthefirstpositions[ineachsetofthreeTables]21are
beginningsallofthethreesareends.Thetwosattainthepropercenter.Thenoblemanresidinginobscurityisupright.Residingingoodfortune,hekeepshimself
humble.Residingincalamity,heturns[theblame]backonhimself.Thepettymanresidinginobscurityisperverted.Residingingoodfortune,heisarrogant.Residing
incalamity,heisathiswit'send.Therefore,

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Whenthenoblemanattainsaposition,heflourishes.
Whenhelosesit,hekeepshisequanimity.
Whenthepettymanattainsaposition,heistyrannical.
Whenhelosesit,heperishes.

AtAppraisal8,evenifheattainsapositionstillit"overturnsthenormsofautumn."

Whatismeantby:"Whensoulsareoverturned,ch'iandformrevert"?Itsays,theexcessive22culminatesabove.Whatculminatesabovethenmovesoninthecycle.
Theexcessivegoesbelow,whereitisthenoverturned.Thesoulisoverturnedalready,Idaresay.Thech'iandformcouldnotpossiblyremainandnotrevert.Doesit
meanthatthenoblemaninhisoldagehasreachedtheendofhistime?Yangculminatesabove.Yinculminatesbelow.Thech'iandformareatodds[witheach
other].Theghostsandgodsobstruct[oneanother].Theworthymangrowsapprehensive[sinceheisawarethathisdemiseisimminent],whilethepettymangrows
presumptuous[sinceheuseshisadvancedagetoexcusehisselfindulgence].23

"Primalonenessencompassesall./Itisprofound"referstogreatreceptivity."Spiritualforceswarindarkness"referstomutualattack."Thedragonemergesatthe
center"referstoaffairsproceedingsmoothly."Blockedtolowlinessandemptiness''referstonotbeingfairminded."Thesuncenteredinthesky"referstoall
pervasivelight."Themoonlosingitsfullness"referstodepletionofthesurplus."Repositoryofthefullyripe"referstotakingthetriedandtrueasmodel."Yellowisnot
yellow"referstolosingthecentralthread."Overturnedsoulsreverting"referstoexhaustingHeaven'sconditions.

[Themanticformulae]Without,Extending,Covering,andCompletingappraisethemany[aspectsof]theHidden.[Thephrase]"Primalonenessencompassesall./Itis
profound"describesasituationwhere"thestuffembracedhasnobounds.""Spiritualforceswarindarkness"describes"goodandevilintworows.""Thedragon
emergesatthecenter"describes"lawsandinstitutionsthatarecivilized."24"Blockedtolowlinessandemptiness"describes"subjects'waysthatareunfit.""Thesun
centeredinthesky"describes"ridingonthefirmnessofCh'ien[Hexagram1intheChanges,signifyingpuremasculinity].""Themoonlosingitsfullness"describes"the
waytocontemplatewaxingandwaning.""Repositoryofthefullyripe"describes"theabilitytoemploypunishmentandsuasivevirtue.""Yellowisnotyellow"describes
"theinabilitytoproceedfurtherincompanywithothers.""Overturnedsoulsreverting"describes"timebyrulehavingitslimits."

Without,Extending,Covering,andCompletingonlythenatlasthasonereachedthelimitofthespiritrealm.

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WhatisvaluedinHeavenandEarthiscalled"life."Whatishonoredamongthingsiscalled"human."Thegreatorganizingprincipleofhumanityiscalled"goodorder."
Whatgoodorderdependsuponistheruler.NothingelsecancomparetotherulerinexaltingHeavenandbroadeningEarth,25inclassifyingthemanyandinpairing
things,sothattheydonotlosetheirorder.Now,Heavenrulesintheregionsabove,andEarth,intheregionsbelow.Therulerrulesinthecenter.Lookingupto
Heaven,hefindsthatHeavenisnotweary.LookingdowntoEarth,hefindsthatEarthisnotindolent.ThewearyarenotlikeHeaven.TheindolentarenotlikeEarth.
Ithasneverbeenthecaseinthepastorinthepresentthatthewearyandindolentexhibitabilityintheiraffairs.Forthisreason,thesagelooksuptoHeavenand
takesconstancyas[his]rule.Heplumbsthelimitsofthedivineheminesthe[possibilitiesfor]change.Heunderstandsthingscompletelyheexhausts[thepotential]
inherentin]naturalconditions.26ThesagewouldmatchhisbodywithHeavenandEarth,aimforthenuminosityoftheghostsandgods,27pushhistransformationsto
thelimitwithyinandyang,andparticipateintheintegrityofthefourseasons.ContemplatingHeaven,hebecomesHeaven.ContemplatingEarth,hebecomesEarth.28
Contemplatingdivinities,hebecomesdivine.ContemplatingTime,hebecomestimely.Heaven,Earth,thegods,andTime,withalltheseheisinaccord,sohowcould
heenterintocontradiction?29

RepresentationsoftheMystery
Hsianyi

[Traditioncomparesthisessaytopartsofthe"AppendedTexts"(Hsitz'u)commentarytotheChanges.Thefirsttwoparagraphslistthecomponentparts
oftheMysteryandsuggesttheconditionsnecessarytocomprehendit.]

ThephrasingintheAppraisalsoftheMysterysometimesiscouchedintermsofch'i[accordingtotheFivePhases],1sometimesintermsofcategory,sometimesin
termsofthetwistsandturns2of[human]affairs.Itventurestoaskquestionsabouttheirnaturesitexaminestheirfamilies[i.e.,itstetragrams].Itcarefullyobserves
whattheycoincidewith.Itcatalogsthembyevent,detailsthembynumber.Inmeetingwiththegods,itseesthemasHeavenly.IncomingupagainstEarth,itseesitas
fieldstobesown.Byrule,then,itattainsthetrueconditionsoftheMystery!

AndsoitisthattheHeadsrefertotheHeavengivennature.ThePolarOppositionsreferstoopposingtheright[pairsoftetragrams].The

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Interplayreferstoshuffling[them]together.TheFathomingsarethemeanstoknowthetruecircumstances.TheEvolutionexpandsit.TheIlluminationclarifiesit.The
Numbersservesasaclassificatorymethod.TheElaborationservesasafinelyworkedornament.3TheRepresentationsreferstothelikenesses.TheDiagramrefersto
theimages.TheRevelationreferstoitsoriginandends.

[ThefollowingparagraphsummarizesYangHsiung'sideasregardingtherelationofhumannaturetofate.]

"OnlyHeaventakestheinitativetosenddownlifetothecommonpeople."4Itsetstheirbehaviorstoacting,mouthstotalking,eyestoseeing,earstohearing,and
mindstothinking.Iftheyhavegoodmodels,thentheyareperfected.Iftheyhavenopropermodels,thentheyareimperfect.Withintegrity,theyhavenoreasontobe
inaweofanything.5TheRepresentationlikens6ittothecanon.7

[Thefollowingfiveparagraphsstressthefundamental"naturalness"ofvarioushumaninstitutions,correlatingthemwiththenumbersystemofthe
Mystery.Inasense,thissectionplaysoffpartofthe"AppendedTexts"commentarytotheYiching,whichsuggeststhatcertainhumanactivitiesfindtheir
sacredanalogueinvarioustrigramsandhexagramsofthatdivinationmanual.]

Drapingthelapelclothmakestheuppergarments.Pleatinglengthsofclothmakesthelowergarments.Theregulationsregardingupperandlowergarmentsareusedto
informAllunderHeaven.TheRepresentationlikensittothenumbersthreeandeight.

Fittingtogetherleatherstripsmakesabreastplate.Cappingthelancemakesahalberd.Breastplateswornandhalberdsborneareusedtoinspireaweintheirreverent.
TheRepresentationlikensittothenumbersfourandnine.

Honoredamongthehonorableistheruler.Lowamongthelowlyisthesubject.Theinstitutionofrulerandsubjectisusedtodemarcatesuperiorandinferior.The
Representationlikensittothenumberstwoandseven.

Theghostsandgodsareformlessandscattered.8Onethinksofthemashavingnofixedabode.9Theyhavenowinterorsummertherearenosetintervalsfor
sacrificingtothem.10Therefore,thesagesmakethemmanifestthroughtheritualcanon.TheRepresentationlikensittothenumbersoneandsix.

WhenthetimeisHeaven'stimeandthestrengthisthestrengthofEarth,therewillbenothingbutwine,nothingbutfood."Thereoneinitatesthesowingandthe
reaping.11TheRepresentationlikensittothenumberfive.12

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[The.followingthreeparagraphssuggestthesacredmodelsforThought,GoodFortune,andCalamity,thedesignationsgiventothethreesuccessivesets
ofthreeAppraisalsthatbelongtoeachHeadtext.]

Theancientstreasuredtheturtleandusedcowriesasmoney.Inlatergenerations,thenoblemanexchangedthemformetalcoinsandsilk.Thesethekingdomsand
royalhousescirculated.Themassesgainedbyit.TheRepresentationlikensittoThought.

Principalitieswereestablishedandkingdomsfounded.Emolumentsweredispersedandranksdistributed,inordertoguidetheHundredSalariedOfficials[ofthestate
bureaucracy].TheRepresentationlikensittoGoodFortune.

WhenthewickedarebroughtdownonlybytheFive[Mutilating]Punishments,13theRepresentationlikensittoCalamity.

Graspingthejadetablet,crownedwiththejadecirclet,heranksinperfectorderthemany[feudal]rulers.TheRepresentationlikensittotheeightyoneHeadtexts.

[ThefinalsectionexplicatestheMysteryintermsoftheparallelmusicalandastronomicalsystems.]

Jujubewoodmakesashuttle.Splitwoodmakesaweavingframe.Oncetheshuttleandtheframeareprovided,peoplecankeepwarmwiththeirhelp.The
Representationlikensittowarpandwoof.

Carveandcutcalabash,bamboo,leather,wood,earth,andmetal[tomakethemusicalinstruments]."Strikethemusicstone,pluckthesilkstrings"14toharmonizeAll
underHeaven.TheRepresentationlikensittotheEight[Musical]Airs.15

Yinandyangareinterspersed.Maleandfemaleareattractedtooneanother.16Humanafterhuman,thingafterthing,17each[develops]accordingtoitscategory.The
RepresentationlikensittotheDeficitandSurplus[intercalaryAppraisals].

Thesunandmoonsucceedoneanother.Thestarsandplanetsdonotcrashintooneanother.Thetimbresandpitchesarecalibrated.Oddandevenvaryinch'i.
Fatherandsonshavedifferentfaces.Elderandyoungerbrothersarenottwins.Lordsandkings,nonearethesame.TheRepresentationlikensittotheyearlycycle.

Whateverroars18andbaresitsfangshasimmaturehorns.Whateverflapsitswings19has[only]twofeet.Whathasneitherhornsorwings[i.e.,humankind]hasthe
capacitytousetheWayanditsPower.20TheRepresentationlikensittotheequalapportionmentoftheninedayperiod[amongsetsoftwosuccessiveAppraisals].21

Dwellingintheseen,hecomestounderstandthehidden.Deducingfromthenear,heestimatesthefar.22[Thesage]inferstheoutermost

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reachesofyinandyang.Heexaminesthehiddenaspectsofdivinelight. TheRepresentationlikensittothegnomonandthequarterhourmarks[ontheclepsydra].24
23

Atonetimeitisbright.Atonetimeitisdark.Thefirmandtheweakcontinuallyalternate.Toknowyinistogoagainsttheflow.Toknowyangistogowithit.The
Represenationlikensittodayandnight.

Searchingabove,searchingbelow,hehonorstheHeavenlynorms.Transmittingthepast,carryingitforwardintothefuture,hehonorstheartsofHeaven.Asheis
withoutany[erratic]changeorinnovation,hehonorsHeaven'scategories.TheRepresentationlikensittotheHeavenlyOrigin.25

HeavenandEarthactsasadivinewombforeverything.26[Cosmic]models,beingeasy[tofollow],lastforalltime.27Theendiswhateverisabouttogoaway.The
beginningiswhateverisabouttocome.TheRepresentationlikensitto[thefivemanticformulae]Without,Extending,Covering,Completing,andHidden.28

Therefore,ifwemakewaterlikeastream,thenthewatercanflowfreely.IfwemakeourconductlikeVirtue,thentheconductattainsitsMean.Ifwemakeour
speechlikeamodel,thenthespeechattainsarightness.29Whenspeechisright,thenithasnoequal.30WhenconductattainstheMean,thenithasnofaults.When
waterflowsfreely,thenithasnobreaks.Becausethereisnobreak,itlastslong.Becausethereisnofault,itisfittocontemplate.Becauseithasnoequal,itisfitto
hear.Whatisfittohearistheabsoluteperfectionofthesage.Whatisfittocontemplateisthevirtueofthesage.WhatisfittolastforeveristheWayofHeavenand
Earth.Forthisreason,thevarioussageslongagoininitiatingtheaffairs[ofcivilizedsociety]likenedthemabovetoHeaven,likenedthembelowtoEarth,andlikened
thematcentertoMan.

HeavenandEarthformthecontainer.Sunandmoonarefixedsourcesoflight.TheFivePhasesholdthecategoriestogether.31TheFiveSacredMountainsactas
masterstotheothermountains.TheFourGreatRiversactaselderstotheotherwaterways.TheFiveClassics[ofConfucianism]encompassallthenormativepatterns
[inthecosmos].IfHeaven,Earth,andManalloppose[aproposedaction],thegreataffairsofAllunderHeavenareboundtogoawry!

DiagramoftheMystery
Hsant'u

[Thiscompareswithpartofthe"AppendedTexts"commentary(alsocalledthe"GreatCommentary")totheChanges.Thefirstparagraphoftheessay
interweavesreferencestothestructureoftheMysterytextwithrefer

 Page457

encestothemainstructuralfeaturesoftheuniverse.Thenextthreeparagraphysspeakoftheorderofthetetragramsasitrelatestotheyearlycycleofthe
seasons.]

TheoneMysterylikeacapital1dominatesthethreeRegions[ofHeaven,Earth,andMan].TheRegionscomprehendtheNineProvinces.Branchingout,the
Provincesareconveyedto2thevariousDepartments,whichareinturnsubdividedandapportionedintothemultitudeofFamilies.3Affairsaremanagedintheirmidst.
ThedarknesshastheNorthernDipperasitsprecisecenter4[inthenightsky].Thesunandmoonestablishboundariesfortheircamps.5Yinandyangindeepsecrecy
makecontact.Thefourseasonsbystealthtaketheirplaces.TheFivePhasesconcealtheiractions.OncetheSixDirections[up,down,north,south,eastandwest]
hadcohered[withnovisibleseparation],6theSevenMansions[assignedtoeachquarterofthesky]revolvedinsuccession[aroundtheDipper].Onefollowsthe
profoundtoproducethecalendar.7Thesixchia[ofthesexagenarycycleusedtomarktime]8then'conformandtheeightyone[tetragramsoftheMystery]existinfull
measure.Themusicalpitchesandintervalspenetratetheprofound9Thecalendricalcalculationsobscuretheregularcycles.TheDiagrammakesanimageofthe
Mystery'sformitappraises,thenconveys[theMystery's]accomplishments.

TheBeginningsarelocatedin10Center(no.1ofthetetragrams),Defectiveness(no.10),andFollowing(no.19).11"TheHundredPlantsbegintosprout."12Onlythen
doesreport[ofit]stimulateHeaven.Thunderhammersthedeepestrecesses[ofEarth]sothatmanythingsarearousedonallsides.Inthefirstmonth,13aidgoesto14
theweakandtheundeveloped,sothattheirrootsaredrawnoutfromtheOrigin.15IntheeasttheGreenDragon16stirs.Raysoflightarediffused[even]untothedeep
abyss[belowearth],promptingthemyrialthingstoriseup.HeavenandEarthareall17renewed.

TheCentersarelocatedinChange(no.28),Purity(no.37),andEnlargement(no.46).18TheysymbolizeHeaven'stwicebrightnature[whichhasbothsunand
moon],19andthebrilliantflashofthunderandwindstorms.Allthingsproceedintimelyfashion.Yincomestocompletioninthenorthwest.Yangrisesupinthe
southeast.Despitetheresponseinside,20[theresponse]outsideisloftyandauspicious.AsthedragonsoarstoHeaven,growingspeciesknownobounds.Asouthern
march21isnotadvantageous,asoneencountersthedyinglight.

TheEndsarelocatedin[thetetragrams]Diminishment(no.55),Sinking(no.64),andCompletion(no.73).22AsHeaven'sRoot23revertstoface[thenorth],mature
ch'idrawsinitsessences.Themanythingsarestricken,24sothatallbegintocryoutintheirdistress.DeeplyconjoinedwiththeYellowPurity,25theybroadlycontain
[theseedsof]allliving

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26 27
things.TheGreatHandle like"cloudsscudding"[dispensesblessingsalongitspath] overseeing[each]quarteronearthatthepropertime.Deviantplans,
[however]highflying,itreinsin.Onlythendoes[theuniverse]conformtothedivinespirits[ofHeavenandEarth].Oneverysideitencompassestheendandthe
beginning.TheworksofHeaven,Earth,andManareallcompletedandtrue.

[ThefollowingparagraphopenswithacontrastbetweenHeavenandEarth,yangandyin.Itgoesontorelatethesetwopowerstohumansociety.The
nexttwoparagraphsreturntotheMysterytext.Individingthetextintonineequalparts,theysuggestthatthetextiscomparabletotheninegreat
divisionsofHeavenofEarth.]

Heavengoverns28itsWay.Earthdisposesitstasks.Yinandyangareinterspersedsothattherearemaleandfemale.TheWayofHeavenisaperfectcompass.The
WayofEarthisaperfectcarpenter'ssquare.Thecompassinmotiondescribesacompletecirclethroughthesites.Thesquare,unmoving,securesthings[intheir
properplace].Circlingthroughthesitesthenmakesdivinelightpossible29Securingthingsthenmakescongregationbytypespossible.Congregatingbytypesthen
makesrichespossible.Divinelightthenmakesthehighesthonorpossible.Nowthe"Mystery"istheWayofHeaven,theWayofEarth,andtheWayofMan.Taken
together,thesethreewaysarecalledHeavenly.[Theyaresynonymouswith]thewayofrulertosubject,fathertoson,husbandtowife.

TheMysteryhasonesingleWay.30TheOnegivesrise[tothings]bythrees.TheOnegivesbirth[tothings]bythrees.31Thosethathavearisenbythreesarethe
Regions,theProvince,theDepartment,andtheFamily.Asforthosebornbythrees,thricedividedyangch'imakesuptheThreeLayers[ofThought,GoodFortune,
andCalamity],which,squared,[inturn]makeuptheNineSites[oftheAppraisals].Thatis[acaseof]havingacommonrootbutseparategrowth.Itisthewarpof
HeavenandEarth.Onallsidesitpervadeshighandlowitiswhatjoinsthemyriadthings.WithacompletecircuitoftheNineSites,theend[ofthecycle]tothe
beginningiscorrectlyoriented.[Thecalendar]beginsintheeleventhmonthitendsinthetenthmonth.Inthenet[ofHeaven]thelevelsamounttoNineCourses,with
eachCoursefortydayslong.32

Whatevertrulyhasinner[force]ispreservedintheCenter(no.1ofthetetragrams).33WhateverpropagatesandissuesforthispreservedinDefectiveness(no.10).
"Cloudsscuddingandrainfalling"34arepreservedinFollowing(no.19).ChangingrhythmsandalteredmeasuresarepreservedinChange(no.28).Preciouslight
bathingthewholeispreservedinPurity(no.37).WhateverisemptywithinbutgreatwithoutispreservedinEnlargement(no.46).Paringandretreating,waningand

 Page459
35
apportioningarepreservedinDiminishment(no.55).Descending,falling,obscuring,andhidingarepreservedinSinking(no.64)."Comingtoagoodend" inregard
tonatureandtheDecreeispreservedinCompletion(no.73).Donotthe[Courses]19thusrepresentthe[divine]planforthewaxingandwaningofyinandyang?

[TheconcludingparagraphsexplainthenumericalsystemunderlyingtheMystery.First,referenceismadetotheChinesesystemofHeavenlyStemsand
EarthlyBranchesasitrelatestotheancientChineselunarcalendar.ThensomeofthemoreobviouscorrelationsforAppraisal19aregiven.Finally,the
divinationmethodusedintheMysteryisrelatedtocalendricaltheoriesinvogueinYangHsiung'stime.]

Explainingitanotherway,ifweareattzu [theseventhoftheTwelveEarthlyBranches,correlatedwithsouth],itisevidentthatyinisborninthefifthmonthwhile
yangendsinthefourthmonth.Thereisnothingsogoodastzuforgivingbirthtoyang.Thereisnothingsogoodaswuforgivingbirthtoyin.Tzu,then,isabsolute
perfectioninthenorthwest.Wu,then,issheerperfectioninthesouthwest.

Therefore,thethinkingheart/mindisassignedto[Appraisalno.]1.Turningitover[inone'smind]isassignedto2.Completionoftheideaisassignedno.3.Branching
outisassignedto4.Sheddinglightisassignedto5.Extremegreatnessisassignedto6.Defeatanddiminishmentareassignedto7.Fallingoffisassignedto8.
Absolutedestructionisassignedto9.Inbearingthedivine,nothingtakespriorityover1.Incenteringandharmonizing,nothingissuperiorto5.Inbowingto
aggravationsnsnothingisashamperedas9.Now,[Appraisal]1representsthefirstintimationsofthought[Appraisal]4,thestuffofgoodfortune.[Appraisal]7
representsthestepstocalamity[Appraisal]3,thefullnessofthought.[Appraisal]6representstheheightofgoodfortune[Appraisal]9,calamityintheextreme.
[Appraisals]2,5,and8arethecentersofthethree[setsofthreeAppraisals].

Goodfortunebyruledepartscalamitybyrulesucceeds[it].36OncetheNinePositionsaresetout,theybecomesitesforthenobleandpettyman.In[Appraisals]13
arethepoor,thelowly,andtheexercisedinmindin[Appraisals]46,thewealthy,thehonoured,andthoseinhighpositionin[Appraisals]79,thosesufferingblame
andmeetingcalamity.[Appraisals]1to5causewaxing.[Appraisals]6to9causewaning.Thehighernumbersmayappeartobehonouredbutinfactaredepleted.
Thesmallernumbersmayappeartobelowlybutinfactareprospering.Waxingandwaningareboundtogether.Honoranddishonorareconjoined.

 Page460
37
Asgoodfortunearrives,calamitydeparts.Whencalamitycomes,goodfortuneflees.Hiddenandimmersed,theWayseemsdebased.High andculminating,the
Wayseemslofty.

Nightanddaysucceedoneanother.Husbandandwifearetiedtooneanother.Beginningandendproduceoneanother.Fathertosoncontinueoneanother.Sunand
moonjoinorseparate.38Suchisthedutyofrulerandsubject.Fromtheeldesttotheyoungest,thereisanorder.Thisistheboundarybetweenoldandyoung.Twoby
twotheygo,[like]leavesofthegate.39Suchisthemeetingbetweenfriends.Onedayandonenightmakeasingleday.Oneyinandoneyanggivebirthtothemyriad
things.Morenumberscorrespondtodayfewercorrespondtonight.40[TheMystery]wasmadetoreflectthemoon'swaninglightinthefaceofthesun'sover
whelmingbrilliance.Whentheruler'scourseshinesgloriously,thesubject's[light]isextinguished.Whenthewayofthenoblemaniscomplete,thatofthepettymanis
seenasdefective.
1and6sharethesameancestor.
2and7sharethesamelight.
3and8becomegoodfriends.
4and9keepacommonway.
5and5protecteachother.

TheMysteryhasonecompassandonesquare,onelineandonelevel.41ItusestheWayofverticalandhorizontal,ofHeavenandEarth.Itmakesthenumbersofyin
andyangconform.Ifwelikenittodivinelight,itelucidatesit[theanswertothequestion]withregardtoitsobscureanddarkplaces.Thenthelevelanduprightwayof
theEightDirectionscanbeascertained.42

TheMysteryworkswithmultiplesofsixandnine.43Thediviningstalksusethreetimessix(i.e.,18).Theprinciples[ofHeavenandEarth]usetwotimesnine(also=
18).44TheMysterycertainlydoesuseeighteen[asabase],then!TheGrandAccumulationSum45beginswith18diviningstalksandendswith54.Ifweaddthe
numbersthatcorrespondtothebeginningandend[ofthestalks,18+54=72],wehalveittomaketheGrandCenter[=36].The36diviningstalksoftheGrand
Centerareusedtoregulatethe729Appraisals.Altogether26,244stalksmakeuptheGrandAccumulation,with72stalksperdayforthe364and1/2days[ofthe
year].TheDeficit[Appraisal]fillsitout,soasbringitintoaccordwiththedaysoftheyearandthepitchesandcalendarintheircourse.

Therefore,[theMystery]fromtzu[thefirstoftheTwelveBranches]goestoch'en[thefifthinthesamesystem],andfromch'entoshen[theninthinthesame
system].Thenitgoesfromshen[back]totzu,cappingitoffwith[areturnto]chia[thesignthatmarksthebeginningofthecycleofthetenHeavenlyStems].46The
concordancecyclesof19years,of513

 Page461
47
years,of1,539years,andof4,617years thencoincide[atthebeginningoftheircycles]sothatthenumberof[unexplained]lunareclipseswillalldecline.Suchis
theWayoftheMystery.

RevelationoftheMystery
Hsiankao

[Thisessaycompareswithpartsofthe"DiscussionoftheTrigrams"(Shuokua)commentarytotheChanges.AsinearlierautocommentariesbyYang
Hsiung,theterm"Mystery"refersatpointsbothtothecosmicTaoandtoYang'sownneoclassicofthatname.

ThefirstparagraphsuggeststheabsoluteperfectionoftheMystery,whosepagesperfectlymirrorallthecomponentpartsoftheuniverse.]

TheMysterygivesbirthtotwodivineimages.1Thetwodivineimagesgivebirthtothespherical[universe].2ThecosmicspheregivesbirthtoThreeModels[of
HeavenEarthMan].3TheThreeModelsgivebirthtotheNinePositions.4TheMysteryinhavingthemodel"One"attainstoHeaven.Therefore,wesayofitthatit
"hasHeaven[init]."TheMysteryinhavingthemodel"Two"attainstoEarth.Therefore,wesayofitthatit"hasEarth[init].''TheMystery1inhavingthemodel
"Three"attainstoMan.Therefore,wesayofitthatit"hasMan[init]."

[ThefollowingtwoparagraphsspeakintermsofoneparadoxassociatedwiththeMystery:bothunityandmultiplicity(symbolizedbythethrees)are
subsumedinit.ManalsoispresentedhereasafullpartnerinthetriadicrealmsofHeaven,Earth,andManthatmakeupthecosmos.Finally,theMystery
bookisshowntobeanintegralpartofthedivinesystem.]

Heaveniscompleteonlyafterithasthreebases.Therefore,wecallthemBeginning.Middle,andEnd.Earthtakesformonlyafterithasthreebases.Therefore,wecall
themBelow,Center,Above.Manisrevealedonlyafterhehasthreebases.Therefore,wecallthemThought,GoodFortune,andCalamity.Whatisunitedaboveand
whatisunitedbelow5goinandoutoftheNineSites.6Thelesserrulesandthegreaterrules7makethefullcircuitoftheNineDwellings.

WhatwecalltheMysteryistherepositoryofthedivine.InregardtoHeaven,wetaketheunseenastheMystery.InregardtoEarth,wetaketheformlessasthe
Mystery.InregardtoMan,wetaketheheartandbelly[i.e.,theinmostreactions]astheMystery.Heavenhidingaway8inthenorthwestpensupthetransforming
essences.9EarthhidingawayintheYellowSpringssecretesthefloweringofthecorporealsoul.Manhidingawayinthoughtcontainswithinthequintessential[power].
Heavenis

 Page462
10
archedandvaulted,buteverywhereitreachesthelowerparts.Earthinalldirectionsthinsoutattheedges, butitfacestheupperregions.AndManinteeming
multitudestakeshisplaceatthecenter.Heaventurnsinacircle11soitscyclesareunending.Earthisstable12andquiet,soitsgrowthisnotdelayed.Mancomplies
withHeavenandEarth,sohisoperationsdonotdepleteanything.

[Beginningwiththreerhymingcouplets,thefollowingtwoparagraphsdemonstratethatthecosmosisfilledwithexamplesofcomplementary,yetopposing
entities.Theyconcludefromthisthatvariousdistinctionsinhumansocietyarenotonlynecessarybutfullynatural.]

HeavenandEarthfaceeachother.13
Sunandmoonareinconjunction.

Mountainandvalleyflowintooneanother.14
Lightandheavyfloatononeanother.

Yinandyangsucceedoneanother.
Highandlowrankdonotdefileoneanother.

Forthisreason,EarthisapitwhileHeavenishigh.Themoonhurrieswhilethesuntarries.15TheFivePhaseseachinturnbecomeking.16Thefourseasonsarenotall
strong[atthesametime].Thesungiveslighttotheday,whilethemoongiveslighttothenight.TheMane[constellation]asarulerisesupinwinter,whiletheFire
Star17declinesinsummer.18Northtosoutharefixedpositions[setbythepoles],thech'icurrentsfloweasttowest.19Themyriadthingsareinterspersedintheirmidst.

TheMysteryinasingleactofvirtuecreatestheFiveProductions[Cycle].20InasingleactofpunishmentitcreatestheFiveConquests[Cycle].21TheFiveProduced
donotcuteachotherdown.TheFiveConquereddonotopposeeachother.Thattheydonotcuteachotherdownistheonlyreasonthattheysucceedoneanother.
Thattheydonotopposeeachotheristheonlyreasonthattheycanregulateoneanother.Succeedingoneanotherprovidesamodelforthewayoffathertoson.
Regulatingoneanotherprovidesamodelforthetreasuredrelationbetweenrulerandsubject.

[Thefollowingtwoparagraphssuggestthatthetrueclassic(likethetruesage)investigatesonlytheconstants,sincenousefulconclusionscanbedrawn
fromanomaliesinnatureorinhumansociety.]

TheMysteryrecordsthesunand[thedirectionof]theDipper,butitdoesnotrecordthemoon.22Itisbytheconstantandthefull23thattheirregular24areordered.25
Whenthelunaryeariscompleted,26thesolar

 Page463

Yearisoff.Forevery19years[theremustbe]7intercalarymonths.ThisisHeaven'sCompensation.

Yangisactiveandexhaling.27Yinisquietandinhaling.28Thewayofyangisconstantabundance.Thewayofyinisconstantdeficiency.29Suchisthewayofyinand
yang.Heaven,beingstrongandvirile,isactiveandcreative.30Inonenightandoneday,itmakesonecompleterevolution,withsomeleftover.31Thesunhas[itstrip]
tothesouthand[itstrip]tothenorth.Themoonhasitsgoingsandcomings.Ifthesundidnotmovesouthandnorth,thentherewouldbenowinterandsummer.Ifthe
moondidnotgoandcome,thenthelunarcycle32wouldnotbecomplete.Thesageinvestigateschangesinthemoon'sappearanceandlocation,33aswellas
departuresfromitsorbit.34He[only]findsanorminthe[constant]sequenceofsunandmoon,andintheorderofmaleandfemale.35Hemakesthemthecanonical
modelforalleternity.36Therefore,theMysteryingrandfashioncomprises37Heaven'sOrigin,38bindingandsecuringittowhatistocome.

[ThefollowingtwoparagraphssummarizethemysteriouspowerinherentinthetextoftheMystery.ThoughtheMysteryfocusesontheconstantpatternsin
theuniverse,itshouldnotbethoughtofasprosaic,butdivine,fortheMysteryteachesushowtoextrapolatefromtheknowntotheunknownoperatingin
thecosmos.]

Whenthegreathastobordersandchangehasno[set]time,lateritbecomesthegodsandghosts,whowanderintheSixExaltedOnes[Heaven,Earth,andtheFour
Seasons],infiniteinnumber.39Themyriadthings,beingmoved[bythem],arealwayspouringout.40Inconsequence,wehavethephrasingoftheMystery,whichsinks
downtoplumbthedepthsandfloatsuptoreachtheheights,[byturnsappearing]twistedorstraightforward,digressiveorcompact.Soexcellentisitthatonenever
growstiredofitsflavors.Sogreatisitthatoneneverexhaustsitstypes.Joiningabove,joiningbelow,itdoesnotmoveinasingledirection.Wideranging[yet]
focused,withoutaconstantrule,itproceedsbycategorysometimesmanyandsometimesfew,affairsaresubmittedtothelight.41

Therefore,thosewhoaregoodattalkingaboutHeavenandEarthusehumanaffairs[bywayofcomparison].Thosewhoaregoodattalkingabouthumanaffairsuse
HeavenandEarth[bywayofcomparison].Asclarityandbefuddlementpushagainstoneother,"sunandmoonsucceedoneanother."42Asyearuponyearjostlesone
againsttheother,43HeavenandEarthcontinuetofashionevermore[things].44Ofitwesay,"Thedivinelightgoesonforever.45

Thosewhoseektheoriginfinditdifficulttotrace,butthosewhofol

 Page464

lowoutitssecondarymanifestationsfindthemeasytofollow.Andsothosewithclansandancestorsaregenerallyevaluatedintermsoffilialpiety.Andthosewho
wouldorder[relationsbetween]rulerandministeraregenerallyevaluatedintermsofloyalty.46Thisisarealrevelationandagreatteaching.

 Page465

Notes

Introduction

1.TheprimarysourceforinformationaboutYang'slifeisthetwochapterbiographyfoundinPanKu'sHenshu.Threechronologiesdetailingthemaineventsof
Yang'slifeareavailable:(1)CPLla13b(2)TungTsopinand(3)T'angPingchen.ThedatesforcertainkeyeventsinYang'slifearealsodiscussedinHsFu
kuan,II,45160.Foramoretechnicaldiscussionofthistopic,scholarsareadvisedtoconsultNylanandSivin(1987).(NotethattheNylanandSivinarticleprovides
fullerannotationatmanypoints.)PartIofthisIntroductionisanamalgamofthatarticle,anearlierdraftbyNylan,andlatermaterialbyNylan.Thecharactersneeded
forChinesetermsandnamesusedintheIntroductioncanbefoundintheappendedGlossary,unlesstheyappearintheBibliography.Forthedebateregardingthe
properwrittenformforYangHsiung'ssurname,seeHsFukuan,II,44549.Iuse ,butbotharefoundintheBibliography,reflectingalackofscholarlyconsensus
onthisissue.

2.YangHsiunginhisFayen[hereafterFY]and"DispellingObjections"prosepoemreferstotheworksimplyastheT'aihsan.ProbablyYangHsiung'sdisciple
HouPaoralateradmirerelevatedtheworktothestatusof"classic"or"canon"(ching).ThebookiscalledtheT'aihsanchinginHuanT'an's(43B.C. A.D.28)
Hsinlun,WangCh'ung's(27?97)Lunheng,andHsnYeh's(148209)Hanchi.AmoredetaileddiscussionoftheTHCtext,itsmajorcommentaries,and
relevantsecondarysourcescanbefoundinNylan(forthcoming[b]).

3.YangHsiungpresumablychosethesetwotextsasprototypesforhisownwritingsbecausetheAnalectsrepresentedtheultimatesourceforConfucianethicsand
theYiching,theultimatesourceofConfucianmetaphysics.SeeCheng,p.283onthis.

4.JuanHsiaohs(479536),theLiangdynastybibliographer,wasapparentlythefirsttospecificallymentiona"commentarybychapterandverse"attributedtoYang
Hsiung.TheSui"TreatiseonLiterature"notesthatthisninechaneditionhasbeenlost.SeeYiwen,3:71.Yang'sbiographytellusthathepreferredwidereadingto
the"commentariesbychapterandverse"favoredbythepedants.SeeHS87A:3514(Knechtges,12)andHYKC10A:130.

5.PanKu,citedinCPLl/2a.

6.SomefewoftheirlaudatorycommentsaboutYangHsiungarecollectedinChinCh'unfeng,pp.44548.Chin,p.445,arguesthatEasternHenthinkersfound
Yang'swritingsusefulintheir"waragainstthespiritualists[associatedwith]theapocrypha."

7.Yang'sfeelingstowardWangMangbeforeandafterhisrisetopowerarenotclearfromtherecord.PriortohisfoundingtheHsindynastyinA.D.9,WangMang
waswidelyadmiredbymanyConfuciansprofessingacommitmenttorestoringtheidealstraditionallyassociatedwiththeDukeofChou.HansBielenstein,themodem
historian,arguespersuasivelythattheusurpationinitiallyrepresentedformanyareturntoastableformofcentralgovernmentadministration.SeeBielenstein,esp.pp.
829216265.Itisentirelypossible,then,that

 Page466

Yang'sviewschangedasWang'sdesignsontheHanthronebecamemoreobvious.Ascourtpoet,YangwasexpectedtowriteencomiumstoWangashis
patron,andhedidso.Ontheotherhand,YangheldonlynominalofficeunderWangMang,whichsuggeststhathedidnotjointhenumeroussycophantswho
benefitedfromWang'sfavor.Forfurtherinformation,seeKnechtges(1978).

8.ForSuHs'sessay,seeCYC7:6172.ChuHsi'scriticismsarescatteredthroughouthisworks.Oneofhismostvituperativepassagessays,"YangHsiungisthe
mostuselessofall[scholars],atruerottenpedant.Wheneverhegetsexcited,hethrowsinhislotwiththeYellowEmperorandwithLaotzu[i.e.,withTaoists]."See
CTYL137/4b.ForabriefaccountofattacksonYangHsiung,seeForke(1934),pp.7883.

ItshouldbenotedthattheobjectiontoYangHsiung'srevisionoftheMenciantheoryisparticularlyunfairsinceYang'swarmpraiseofMenciusinspiredgreater
interestinMenciusduringtheEasternHanperiod.ForYangHsiungonMencius,seeFY2:6,11:33,12:37.AcommentarytotheMenciusisattributedtoYang
HsiungintheSung"TreatiseonLiterature."

9.SKCS108,Tzupu 21,pp.13.

10.ForareviewofallrecentsecondaryworksonYangHsiung,seeNylan(forthcoming[b]).

11.By"earlyChina,"ImeanthetimethatspanstheageofthematureConfuciusthroughtheWarringStates,Ch'in,andWesternHanperiods(ca.500B.C. A.D.8).
Unfortunately,itisoftendifficulttodatephilosophicaltrendswithgreaterprecisionalso,thisformulaallowsmetoavoidunwieldyphraseslike"fromthelateCh'un
Ch'iuperioduntiltheendofWesternHan."

12.Foryin/yangandtheFivePhases,seetheKeyTermssection.DerkBodde,FrederickMote,JosephNeedham,andothershavecommentedontheapparentlack
ofacreationmythinWesternChouphilosophicalwritings.(Theargumenturnexsilencioisalwaysrisky,however.)AfterthefourthC.B.C.,cosmologybeganto
attractgreaterintellectualattention.ByWesternHan,cosmogonicmythplayedanimportantpartinthetraditionsassociatedwiththeYichingSeeCIS,IA,21,24,
2527,forthefourstagecosmogonicsequencepreservedinapocryphatotheChanges.ThereisnonecessaryconflictbetweentheHancosmogonicperspective,
whichemphasizesdynamicprocess,andthetheoryofcontinuousgestationpresupposedbytheYiching.

13.TranslationbyNylanandSivin,basedpartlyuponatraditionattributedtoYang'sownteacher,ChuangTsun(betterknownasYenChnp'ing)andpartlyupon
latercommentarytraditions.SeeNylanandSivin(1987),pp.5556(includingfootnote20).ChuangTsun'sextantcommentarytotheLaotzu,thesubjectofarecent
article,suggeststhathewasmorefaithfultotheLaotzuianvisionthanYangHsiung.SeeWangLich'i.NotealsothatSerruyswouldpreferthatthelasttwolinesbe
translated,"Equallywenamethemthe'Mystery.'/Mostmysteriousofmysteries."

14."Hsanli"7/5b(p.1018b).NotethatallreferencestotheT'aihsan(THC)citetheWJLedition.ForanearlycomparisonoftheLaotzuandtheMystery,see
YKC15/8ab(Pokora,172).

15.THC"Hsant'u"10/1b(p.1032b).Cf."Hsankao"10/3b(p.1034b).

16.FY4:10.

 Page467

17.Ibid.

18.NumerouspassagesintheFYandTHCmakethisclear.ThereadermightbeginwithFY4:1011.

19.LT,ch.18(Lau,165).

20.ThetranslationforwuweiisthatgiveninGraham(1969),ontheassumptionthatwuwei=wusowei ("withoutpreferenceorpreconceptionfor
anything").ForYang'sobjectionstowuwei,seeFY4:11.

21.FY7:19.Literally,"[Whatiscalled]'discerninglanguage'isforitspartapaltrything."InthecaseoftheRites,notetheusualHanpunassociatingt'iandli
(GSR597i=597c).InthecaseoftheOdes,noteYang'sreferencetothe"GreatPreface."Also,compareYang'sanalysisoftheFiveClassicswithSC130:329698
ontheSixClassics.

22.FY11:33.

23.Perhapshereisthepointtoconfessmydiscomfortwiththeuseofmasculineandfemininepronounsinthismanuscript.AlthoughclassicalChineseusuallydoesnot
indicategender,thereisnodoubtthatinmostcasesChineseauthorsimagineboththeirsubjectsandtheirreadersasmale.Inpartthisissimplybecauseamajorityof
theliteratepopulationwasmaleinpartthisisbecauseofChineseattitudesregardingthe"constantnorm"offemalesubmission.Topretendthattheuseof"heorshe"
isappropriateinallcaseswouldbetodistort.Accordingly,IusethestandardtermsHeavenEarthManandreferoccasionallytoManratherthan"human."Of
course,IbelievethatmanylessonsdrawnfromearlyChinesephilosophyapplytothelivesofwomenaswell.

24.THC44/A3.

25.ForfurtherinformationaboutYang'slifeandpoetry,consultKnechtges(1976)andKnechtges(1982).

26.TPYL385:5b,citingLiuHsiang'sPiehlu ,whoattheageofninewasworkingwithYangonthecompositionoftheMystery.

27.HS30:1720attributestoYangaworkinonep'iencalledTs'angChiehhsntsuan (CompendiumofGlossesontheTs'angChieh).Forfurther
information,seeHS30:1718,1721YKC49/3b,whichistranslatedinThern,pp.1314andKnechtges(1978),p.1,n.3.Fragmentsofthisworkhavebeen
collectedinMKH,IV,222829.

28.ThoughYangdidnotcomposeanyportenttextsinsupportofWangMang,hedidcomposeapoemostensiblyinpraiseoftheHsindynastyfoundedbyWang.
SeeKnechtges(1978).Cf.FY13:43.

29.Forfurtherinformation,seeKnechtges(1978).

30.WhichincludetheYilin bySsumaKuang(11thc.).

31.Amongthemanymodernstudieswhichsupportthisconclusionarefourwhoseargumentsareespeciallyprovocative:LiChingch'ihWaley(1933)Shchutskii
andKunst.

32.WenowknowthattheChangescametoberegardedaspartoftheConfuciancanononlyinlateWarringStatesorHantimes.SeeUnoSeiichiandMatsumoto
Masaaki,pp.1720.

 Page468

33.Waley(1933),p.125ff.,andKunst,p.57ff.,provideanumberofexamples,thoughtheyarenotincompleteagreement.Forexample,theygivedifferent
explanationsforthecharacterfu .

34.Ofcourse,modemscholarlyopinionpresumesthatthe64hexagramscamefirst.Thescholasticinterpretationofeachhexagramintermsofitstwocomponent
trigramsseemstohaveoccurredlater.

35.ForfurtherinformationontheHansponsorshipoftheConfucianClassics,seeHS30:1701Shryock(1932)UnoSeiichiandWallacker.SeeHenderson
(1990),ch.1,ontherequirementsforreligiouscanons.

36.TherearetwoChingFangs associatedwithYichingstudiesinWesternHan.ThebiographyofChingFangtheYoungerspecificallytalksofhis"apportioning
the64hexagrams"italsoshowshimcorrelatingthehexagramswiththecalendricalyear.Forfurtherinformation,seeHS75:3160,75:3164Hulsew(1986).

37.YangHsiungwasnotthefirsttodothis,however.AgenerationbeforeYang,ChiaoKanhadsteppedoutsidethescholastictraditionwhencompilinghisYL
(ForestofChanges).Forfurtherinformation,seeNylanandSivin(1982)SuzukiYoshijiro*(1963),pp.431593andKaoHuaimin,pp.12638.Thedisputed
attributionofthisbookisthesubjectofSuzukiYoshijiro*(1972).

38.SeeKeyTerms.

39.Thistextwas"nottheproductofasingleactofcreation,...butwasaccumulated...beginningapproximatelyagenerationbeforetheCh'indynastywas
proclaimedandhardeningbythefirstcenturyB.C."intocanonicalform.SeePeterson(1982),7677.TheMawangtuimanuscript,buried168B.C.,differsinsome
significantrespectsfromthelatter.SeeReportBMair(1990b),pp.11929andKunst,p.452.

40.NotethattheMawangtuiLTmanuscript(terminusadquem168B.C.)dividesthatworkinto81chaptersaswell,unlikethepreviousstandardtext.Thenumber
81,ofcourse,is9squared.Ninewasthoughttobeasacrednumberbecauseoftheninefoldplanoutlinedinthe"Hungfan"chapteroftheDocumentsandtheNine
ProvincesofChinaenumeratedinthe"Ykung"chapterofthesamework.Perhapsthesacredcharacterof9goesbacktoearlyChoutimes.Shaughnessy(ch.II.2)
suggeststhat9numbersaltogetherwereoriginallyusedinthedivinationprocess.

41.TheearlycommentatorFanWang(fl.A.D.265)originallyassigned5daystooddnumberedtetragramsand4daystoevennumberedtetragrams.Thisignores
Yang'sownstatementinoneautocommentarycallingfor"equalapportionmentoftheninedayperiod."SeeTHC"Hsanyi"9/3b(p.1030b).Forfurtherinformation,
seeCYC7:61ff.

42.ForexamplesofAppraisalsthatdonotaccordwiththetable,seePartIIoftheIntroduction.ThequotationisfromtheTHC"Hsanying"7/9b(p.1022b).

43.ThisrearrangementwasfirstmadebytheearlycommentatorFanWanginimitationofasimilarrearrangementoftheChangestextagenerationbeforeFan.See
T'angYungt'ung,pp.13538.

44.ThischartissaidtohavecomedownfromSungWeikanitisrepeatedinSsumaKuang'spreliminaryremarkstohiscommentarytotheTHC.See1/1a

 Page469

intheSPPYedition.Notetheomissionofanyreferenceinthelisttothet'uanintheChanges.NotealsotheomissionofanyreferencetotheTHC"Hsanshu"
intheWJLedition(amisprint?).

45.FortheGrandInception(T'aich'u)calendarreformof104B.C.,seeSivin(1969),esp.p.10ff.andLoewe(1974).

46.Forthis,seeCh'Wanli,pp.8298.Ching'swasbynomeanstheonlyarrangementoftheChangestobeproposedinHan.ThesilkmanuscriptoftheChanges
containsstillanotherorder.SeeLiuDajunReportCandfootnote39above.

47.GSR384a=385a.

48.CYYT46/HsiB/3(Wilhelm,338).

49.Iuse"divine"or"godlike"totranslateshen .However,Sivin(1990),p.7,n.8,prefers"spiritual"or"spirituality."

50.Ch'ien .

51.ThisalternationdoesnotcontinueinlaterHeadsasyangch'igathersstrength.

52.CYCY3/6a.

53.CYYT32/52/t'uan(Wilhelm,653).

54.See,forexample,THC12/Head.

55.ThisisnotapointthatYangHsiungexplainsclearly,however.

56.IntheChangesmethod,onestickistakenupfromtherighthandpileafterdivision.

57.THC"Hsanshu"8/5b(p.1027b).

58.FordetailedinformationaboutthemathematicalaspectsoftheMystery,seeNylanandSivin(1987),p.78ff.

59.Thenotionofch'eng wasgivenacentralplaceinthe"DoctrineoftheMean."Forfurtherinformationaboutch'eng,seeChan,ch.5andTu.

60.Forfurtherinformationonchen ,seeKeyTermsintheAppendices.

61.Forthisreason,Yangcomparesdivinationtoanotherinventionbythesagerulersofantiquity:coinage.Ifcoinsaretoproveofanybenefittosociety,theremust
beunimpairedcontactbetweentheindividualandothers.Also,coinagecanonlybenefitsocietyifitsvalueisundisputed.

62.THC"Hsanli"7/7b(p.1020b),alludingtoAnalects7/30(Waley,145[renum.]).

63.THC"Hsanwen"9/2b(p.1029b).

64.THC"Hsanli"7/6a(p.1019a).

65.THC"Hsanying"7/8b(p.1022b).Cf."Hsankao"10/3b(p.1035b).

66.THC"Hsanshu"8/1a(p.1023a).

67.SeeFW8/5a.WangMangisalsosaidtohaveconsultedthediviner'sboard(shih)whentroubled.SeeHS99C:4190(Dubs,III,463).Loewe(1979),pp.75
79,discussestheHandiviner'sboardwithreferencetoanexcavatedexamplefromtomb62,Motsuitzu,Kansu,asdoesHarper(1978).

 Page470

68.See,forexample,thebiographyofthestatesmanLuK'ai inSKC,"Wuchih,"61:1400.

69.THC"Hsanshu"8/1a(p.1023a).MaterialinbracketsaddedonthebasisofYTC8/4aFW8/4bandHsHan'scommentaryrecordedinWJL,p.1024a.

70.YTC8/4a,onthebasisofearliertradition(?).ThisstatementdoesnotcontradictFW8/4borHsHan'scommentary(recordedinWJL,p.1023a)butthe
commentariesinthelattertwotextsaretoobrieftoservetofullycorroborateYTC'sunderstanding.

71.ReadersshouldnotethatChinahadacircleof3651/4degrees,not360,asintheWest.

72.Cf.onepassageintheMystery,whichsuggeststhatadivinationprocedureyieldingatetragramcorrespondingtoadateafterthetimeofdivinationisconsidered
generallyauspicious,forthentheuseroftheMysteryhastimeenoughtoadjusthisconducttocomingtrends:"Whateveris..."approachingtheMystery"...
advancesbutithasnotyetculminated..."SeeTHC''Hsanli"7/7b(p.1020b).

73.Forexample,associatedwiththeannualcycleisthetwelvenotegamutofmathematicalharmonics,beginningwithYellowBellatthewintersolstice.Thehours
frommidnightonarelikewiseassignedtogroupsoftetragrams.

74.HS87B:3565(Knechtges,45).

75.ForYangontzushou,seeFY3:7FY4:12andFY8:22.

76.HS87B:3583(Knechtges,59).Inthissectionby"theChanges"ImeanonlytheYichingproper,andnotitslateraccretions.

77.Thatis,theassignmentofsuccessivenumberstospecifichexagramtitlesandLinetexts.Recentexcavationssuggestthatseveraldifferentorderswereinexistence
inearlyHan.SeeKunst,p.452,forasummaryoftheMawangtuifindings.

78.FY5:13.YangHsiungwaswrong,ofcourse,whenhearguedthattheChangestexthadsufferedfewsignificantchangesovertime.SeePartI.

79.FortheBurning,seeSC6:24445andBodde(1938).InFY5:13YangcommentsthatapproximatelyhalfoftheDocumentswaslostasaresult.

80.By"verbalimages,"Idonotreferspecificallytothehsiang("Image")textsincludedinthe"TenWings"commentary.Instead,IrefertothesingleLine(yao)texts,
accompaniedbyImage(hsiang)andJudgment(t'uan)texts,whichdepictasinglesituation.

81.SeeFY5:14forYangontheinabilityofwordstofullyexpressreality.

82.ThefirstsentencecomesfromTHC"Hsanli"7/7b(p.1020b)therest,fromTHC"Hsanying"7/9a(p.1022a).

83.FY2:6characterizesaclassicinthisway.

84.HS87B:3567,3570(Knechtges,47,49).

85.IrecallheretheexampleofYang'sbelovedteacher,ChuangTsun ),whosebiographyisgiveninHS72:3056HYKC10A:12930.Accordingtothese
sources,ChuangTsunusedtositinthemarketplaceandinstructthecommonpeopleinmoralityundertheguiseoftellingtheirfortunes.ChuangTsunisoften
mistakenlyidentifiedasarecluseorhermit.Thetruerecluse,however,accordingSsumaCh'ien,"dwellsinlowly

 Page471

obscurityinordertoavoidthemassesandretiresinordertoavoidhumanrelationships."SeeSC127:3220(Watson,II,474).Thiseremiticideal,whichseems
tohavebeenpresentinChineseculturesinceitsinception,wasnotpromotedbyYangHsiung.YangHsiung'sadmirationforChuangTsunwasconsistentwithhis
emphasisontheFiveConstantRelations.ThoughChuangdweltinobscurity,hedidsoinordertoteachthemasses.Andthoughhe"hidhimself"[inthesenseof"did
notadvertisehispowers"],hedidsoinordertopromotebetterhumanrelationships.

86.FY5:1213.ThesamephraseisusedinTHC"Hsanwen"9/2b(p.1029b).SeealsoFY1:3THC"Hsanli"7/6a(p.1019a)and"Hsanyi"9/4a(p.1031a),
whichtalkofthesagesbecomingonewiththetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthMan.

87.THC8/A1.NumerousotherexamplesexistintheTHC,forexample,THC20/F2:"Themodelmustbeinternalized"andTHC40/A4,whichtalksofinternalized
standards.

88.THC"Hsanying"7/9a(p.1022a)saysthatthedivinationprocessmakesplaintothepetitionerhisown"heart'sdesire."

89.Analects2/11(Waley,90).TheGermanphilosopherSchleiermachermakesmuchthesameargumentaboutthehermeneuticalenterprise,whenhecomparesitto
the"reproductionoftheoriginalproduction"foundinthefinearts.Forfurtherinformation,seeConnolly,p.11.

90.Thismayinfactbeoneofthefewwaystoteachvirtue.SeeNivison(1988),p.41415.TheearlyChineseassumethatgoalswillchangewithincreased
understanding.

91.Hail,p.213,objectstotheterms"fate"and"destiny,"arguingthatthosetermsimplya"transcendental"force.AlongwithD.C.Lau(1963)andGraham(1967),I
arguethatmingmeanssomethingbeyondone'scontrol.Seebelow.

92.Analects20/2(Waley,233).Forvariousinterpretationsofthephrasechihming,seeMoriMikisaburo*,pp.3541andKanayaOsamu,pp.13666.Three
translationpossibilitiesexist:(1)"tounderstand[andobey]orders"oftheruler,(2)"toknow[andaccept]destinyasHeaven'sDecree,"and(3)"toknowtheHeaven
decreed[nature],"inwhichlieboththeindividual'sordersandhispotentialfromHeaven.Mostcommentatorsandintellectualhistorianstakethephraseinthesecond
sense,althoughsomefindtheothersensesmoreplausible.

93.CYYT40/HsiaA/4(Wilhelm,295).ThesamephraseisusedinFY3:7.Traditionally,"understandingming"islinkedwithfreedomfromcertainkindsofworry
andwithinnercontentment.Morewillbesaidaboutthisbelow.

94.THC"Hsanshu"8/1a(p.1023a).CompareCYYT44/HsiA/12(Wilhelm,324),whichtalksof"exhaustivelypresentingthecircumstancesofAllunderHeaven"
throughthehexagrams.Cf.ibid.,41/HsiA/5(Wilhelm,300),whichdefines"divination"as"exhaustivelypresentingthenumbersandknowingthefuture."

95.Anemphasisonthechoiceofanauspicioustimeforinitiatingactivityisnoticeableinmost,ifnotall,aspectsofdivinationandtheconsultationoforacles.Iam
indebtedtoMichaelLoeweforthisreminder.

96.See,forexample,Hall,pp.208ff.,whichtalksofthefluidityofming(p.215)T'angChni(1962),p.214(1963),pp.42,48Graham(1967),esp.

 Page472

pp.215,255andMoran(1983),p.34ff.(esp.pp.36,41).Finally,notethatPankenier(1990a)associatesmingwithcyclicaloccurencesinthesky.

97.Ofcourse,weexperiencesimilardifficultieswhenwetalkaboutfate.EarlyChinesephilosophydiffersmainlyinitspresumptionthatthegods,evenHeavenitself,
areboundbycosmicnorms.(Folkreligion,incontrast,envisionsgodswhoareasliabletochangeandcorruptionastheirhumancounterpartsthegodsoffolkreligion
canbebought.)

98.MuchoftheworkofRaoulBirnbaumspeakstothisissue.Ihaveput"schools"inquotationmarkstoindicatemyowndistrustoftheattemptbymanyscholarsto
pigeonholetheworksofvariousthinkersintodifferent"schools,"includingConfucianism,Taoism,Legalism,andMohism.YangHsiunghimselfwasalwayscarefulto
discussindividualphilsophersatnopointineithertheTHCortheFYdoesheappeartoenvisioncloselinksbetweenmembersofa"school."LaotzuandChuang
Tzu,forexample,aretreatedseparatelyintheFY,thoughthetwomastershaveoftenbeenlumpedtogetheras"Taoists."MenciusandHsntzuarealsotreated
separately,ratherthanas"Confucians.''Atthesametime,wemustrememberthatwellbeforeYang'stime,thinkershadbeenidentifiedasmembersofaparticular
philosophical"line"(chia )numerousconceptsfromthinkersoutsidetheConfucian"school"identifiedbySsumaT'an.SeeFY4:10,forexample.Formoreonthe
erroneousappellationof"schools,"seeSivin(1978),esp.pp.31216andLoewe(1982),711.

99.Menciususescompetingdefinitionsofming.SeeMencius1B/145A/6(Lau,71,145)formingasjustrewardibid.,5A/8(Lau,147)formingaspredestined
ibid.,2B/137B/38(Lau,94,204)formingascyclicalphenomena.ThisispointedoutinFuSsunien,pp.1504.Forasinglepassage,seeCCYT165/Wen13/3
Tso(Legge,264),wherethekingspeaksofmingas"vocation"whilehiscounselorstakeminginthesenseof"lifespan."ThispassageisfrequentlycitedinHan.See,
forexample,SY1/9b.

Partofourconfusion(andpossiblytheirs?)stemsfromthepovertyofmetaphorsgivenforminginHanandpreHantexts.Metaphorshelpusdeterminethe
exactconnotationofwordslike"Decree."IntheearlySungperiod,forexample,anewmercantileandbankingmentalityspokeoffateintermsofloansand
reimbursementstothecelestialtreasury.Forthisinformation,IamindebtedtoAnnaSeidel(privatecommunication,March1990).

100.HS30:1721statesthattheTs'angChiehabecedariumthatYangstudiedcontained"manyoldcharacters."Yangalso,ofcourse,studiedsurvivinglinguistic
formsforthecompilationofhisfamousdialectdictionary,theFangyen,whichinturninfluencedtheShuowen.SeeSerruys(1959)andMaTsunghuo.

101.MTYT52/35/75quotesancientbronzeinscriptions,thoughitisunlikelythatpeopleinHantimesknewmanyShangorWesternZhoubronzes.Therearealso
passagesintheDocumentsthatappeartoreproduceverbatimearlybronzeinscriptions.IamindebtedtoLauraHess(presentlyattheUniversityofWashington)for
thisreference.

Thearchaicformoflingshowsamankneelingdownbelowamouthturned

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downward.Cf.thecharacterfor"flute."SeeSerruys(1984),p.667.Thearchaicpronunciationforlingwas"mliang."Fromthis,twoseparatepronunciations
andcharactersevolvedbecausethemwasvoiceless.SW2A/9arecognizesthatmingcamefromling.

102.T'angChni(1963),p.195,makesthisobservation.AsMoriMikisaburo*,pp.722,pointsout,however,theideaofanexternalmandateshapingthecourse
ofindividuallifeappearsinboththeDocumentsandtheOdeswellbeforethetermmingisemployedforit.ItisevenpossiblethattheformulationoftheT'ienming
doctrinebythefoundersoftheChoustatewasitselfaresponsetothemorepopularview,sometimespreservedintheOdes,ofHeavenascruelandunpredictable
(194/1,forexample).Seeibid.,pp.1011.TheDocuments,whichoriginatedatcourt,tendstobefarmorecomplacentinitsbeliefthatfateistiedtovirtue.See
Documents,"Chiukao,"par.11(Legge,4089Karlgren,45)and"Hsienyi,"par.1(Legge,214notinKarlgren),forexample.

103.Theoracleboneinscriptionformofte .("virtue")showsabulgingeyelookingdownwardunderastraightline.Apparentlytheeyeisasemanticelementand
thestraightlineisanetymon.Theoraclebonecharacterrefersapparentlyto"visitations"designed''tolookstraight"atcurrentconditionsor"tolooktostraighten
[rebellioussituations]."InChoutimes,theelement"tostraighten"comestomean"toexertcharismaticinfluence"or"virtue."Forfurtherinformation,seeHsChung
shu,pp.16869,1385Serruys(1981),p.359(greatlyexpandedinaprivatecommunicationdatedNovember,1991).

104.Eno,p.23writesinstead,until"thevirtueoftherulinghouse...declinedbeyondacriticallevel."

105.IuseHeavenorT'ieninterchangeablyinboththesesenses,sinceearlyChinesephilosophersnevermadeittheirchiefconcerntoidentifyHeaven'scharacter
definitively,surprisingastheirrelativeindifferencemayseemtoinheritorsoftheWesternmonotheistictradition.(Eno,p.5,mistakenlyconcludesfromthisthatHeaven
isnotakeyconceptinConfucianism.)IfindnoclearindicationintheworksofConfucius,Mencius,Hsntzu,orYangHsiungthatHeavenisseenasan
anthropomorphic,interventionist,ortranscendentgod.ReferencestoHeaven'sacting,seeing,andsoonfallintothecategoryofconventionalpiety,justasamodern
atheistmaycryout,"Heavenhelpus"or"Oh,God"whenwitnessingatragedy.PassagesinYangHsiung'swritingstalkofgodsandghosts,butatonepointYang
Hsiungadmitsthatheisunsurewhethertobelieveinthem.SeeTHC50/A8THC52/A7THC62/F7FY10:28.Thisskepticismisnotnecessarilytruefortheearlier
periodorforallthinkers.See,forexample,Couvreur(1916),pp.xxiixxviKanayaOsamu,pp.14146.

106.CCYT328/Hsiang29/fu8(Legge,551),forexample,appliestheconceptofT'ienmingtothetenureoftheministerTzuch'an .Bythetimeofthe
ConfucianAnalects,thetermmeansthedecreedlifespan,vocation,orinnatepurpose(inAristotelianterms,the"finalcause")eveninthecaseofcommoners.

107.Obviously,thiskindofconfusionexistsasmuchinourtraditionasinthatoftheearlyChinese.TheProtestantethictendstoblurthedistinctionbetweenmoral
goodnessandmaterialwealth.What'smore,theterm"thegoodlife"isappliedequallytoSocraticinquiryandtoconsumeristyuppiedom.

108.Graham(1989),p.107.

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109.Scholarsdisagreeoverthedatewhenthecharacterhsingisfirstusedtosignify"humannature."SeeFuSsunien,passimandMoriMikisaburo*.,pp.1213
1920.

110.Foroneexampleoftheconfusionoftheinternalandexternalcharacterofming,seeDocuments,"Shaokao"par.19(Karlgren,51Legge,431),whereitis
saidthatHeavendecreeswisdom,goodorillluck,andlengthoftheindividuallifespan.

111.TheChineseusemanydifferenttermstodescribethe"goodlife."LHCC,forexample,callsitthemingthatis"generous"(houming ).SeeLHCC17:362
(Forke,II,11)andibid.,30:590(Forke,I,79).

112.SeeAnalects12/5(Waley,163),wherethediscipleTzuhsiasays,"DeathandlifearethedecreeofHeavenwealthandrankdependuponthewillofHeaven."
However,Motzu(480390B.C.)alreadydenouncesthefollowersofConfuciusasfatalists.SeeMTYT62/39/10(Watson,126).ThefinallistcomesfromCTYT
14/5/4344(Watson,73Graham,80).

113.ThisviewcorrespondswithWangCh'ung'sthesis,which,roughlysummarized,statesthathumansuccess(definedinconventionalterms)dependsupontwo
accidents:(1)theextenttowhichanindividualisendowedwithch'iand(2)successiveaccidentsbywhichother,possiblybetterendowedentitiesareencountered.
SeeLHCC,esp.p'ien15(Forke,I,14555,313317II,3042).IamindebtedtoMichaelLoeweforthisneatformulationofWangCh'ung'sphilosophy.

114.ForTsouYen ,seeNeedham,II,23244.

115.Forthis,seeTHC18/A7andTHC57/A3.

116.SeeRubin,p.96,onthispoint.Chuangtzu,ofcourse,isthepossibleexceptiontothischaracterization.

117.Thisslogan,implicitintheAnalectsbutexplicitintheMotzu,wassoontakenupbymanyphilosophers,includingHsntzu.SeeGraham(1989),pp.29295.

118.ThemostreadablesynopsesinEnglishonthedebatesoverhumannaturearetobefoundinSchwartz,pp.25778,295302Graham(1989),pp.11132
23567YearleyandNivison(n.d.).

119.SeeKudo*ToyohikoandKuChiehkang(1930?).

120.Forfurtherinformation,seeMoriMikisaburo*,pp.20319andFuSsunien,pp.17980.

121.ThenotionthatHanrepresentedanewdispensationinfluencesmanyWesternHanworks.

122.Forthedistinctionbetweenthedocumentaryandrhetoricalstylesofargumentation,seeBirdwhistell,pp.910.

123.YangHsiungusesthecharacterminginthefollowingpassages:THC1/A4THC8/A2THC26/A9THC43/A7THC59/A5THC59/A9THC61/A6THC
"Hsanli"7/5b(2x)(p.1018b),7/6b(p.1019b)andTHC"Hsanshu"8/1a(p.1023a).Thecharacterunequivocallyreferstothe"king'scommands"inTHC8/A2
THC59/A5andTHC61/A6.

124.Analects9/1(Waley,138).Cf.5/12(Waley,110).Thisexplanationisgivenbymosttraditionalscholars.See,forexample,thecommentariesbyHo

 Page475

YenandChuHsi.NocommentaryonthispassagepredatingYangHsiungnowsurvives.YangHsiung'sexactcontemporary,PaoHsien ,commented,
"Sinceonecanseldomreachit,thereforeonetalkslittle[ofit]."Onaparallelpassage(7/20),K'ungAnkuo (fl.12891B.C.)commented,"Perhapsitisofno
benefittomoraltransformation[tospeakofit]perhapsitiswhathecannotbeartospeakof."SeeMKH,III,1606,1574.

125.SeeFY5:13forthe"immersionintothemind"(ch'ienhsin )throughthisprocessofimmersion.

126.FY6:17.

127.THC1/A9.Cf.THC41/A9,whichsaysthatchange"cannotbecurbed."

128.THC"Hsanli"7/6b(p.1019b).Cf.HS87A:3515(Knechtges,13).Cf.HTYT83/22/6(Dubs,282notinKnoblock),whichdefinesmingas"whatone
meetsatthetime."SeealsoYangLiang's commentary([SPPY]16/2a).HINT10/12brepeatsthisdefinitionwordforword.LSCC2/11b,followingCTYT
40/13/79,definesmingas"whatcannotbechanged."SY17/2adefinesmingas''whatcoincides[withpresentaction]ornot."

129.ThreeAppraisalsinTHC24(2,7,and8)reiteratethesamemessagethat"Heavenfixesthetime."

130.LHCC1:3:13(Forke,I,148),whichquotesthecharactersypuy,mingyeh takenfromYang'sownbiography(HS87A:3514Knechtges,13).
However,Yangmeans,"Whetherornothe[i.e.,thegentleman]meets[theopportunetime]isamatteroftheDecree."YangHsiungconcludesfromthisthathumans
shoulddesirevirtue,whichisalwaysattainable,ratherthanconventionalgoods,whichmaybeunobtainable.(Cf.SY17/2a.)Basically,WangCh'ung'scitationoutof
contextdistortsYang'sview,inanattempttojustifyWang'squitedifferentviewsonpredestination.

131.AccordingtoTHC14/A4,"Tobesharpabouttiming"leadstothesituationwhereeverythingisdoneproperly.Cf.FY10:29,whichdescribes"actionbeing
carefulaboutTime"asthehumancontributiontosuccess.

132.See,forexample,FY10:34THC41/F9andTHC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a):"Thenoblemaninoldagehasreachedtheendofhistime."Certainhealers
andmagiciansinHantimeswouldhavedisagreed.SeeYYingshih(1965).

133.SeeTHC16/A4,forexample.Numerousotherpassagescouldbecited.

134.THC23/A9.

135.THC8/A9,forexample.

136.Analects12/5(Waley,163).Confucius,afterall,isnotseentodisputethisview

137.MysuggestiontallieswithonemadeearlierbyCh'enJenhsi )isbornfromthem."

138.Readersshouldnotconfusethesefourfactors(Virtue,Tools,Position,andTime)operatinginhumanexistencewiththefouraspectstoconsiderininterpretinga
divinationresult(stars,times,numbers,andphrasing).

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139."Virtue"and"ritual"arenearsynonymsforYangHsiung.SeeFY4:10,whichsaysthatvirtuecannotexistwithoutritual.FY7:21equatesvirtue,ritual,and
Goodness.Formoreinformationaboutritual,seeTHC48andthesectiononritualinKeyTerms.ForasynopsisofChineseideasabouttherelationofGoodnessto
hierarchy,seeFingaretteandBauer,esp.pp.21,53.

140.Forexample,FY10:29definesmanasdutyboundto"becautiousinhismovementsinregardtoTime."

141.Ritualinsiststhateventhegoodactcanhavedisastrouseffectsifcarriedoutunderinappropriatecircumstances.See,forexample,THC8/A5,whichsaysthat
virtuousremonstrancecandogoodonlyifthetimingisright.(Eliaderemindsus,ofcourse,thatcertainritualsnotonlymark,butmaketimethroughthecourseofthe
year.)ManyotherexamplescouldbeculledfromtheTHC.ForoneexamplefromtheFY,seeFY6:17,whichtalksofrighteousaction(inthiscase,therefusalof
highoffice)intermsoftiming.Mencius,ofcourse,hadtriedtogetatthisdisjunctionbetweenvirtueandopportunitywhenhespeaksof"properdestiny"asopposed
to"destiny"(7A/2Lau,182).

142.Analects6/22:"Seekforjen thenyouwillgetit"(Waley,126).Mencius2A/2(Lau,80),3A/1(Lau,95),4A/2(Lau,118),4B/32(Lau,136),6A/6(Lau,
163),6B/2(Lau,172),and7A/4(Lau,182),forexample,alsopresumethatallhumanshavethecapacitytobecomesages.ForHsntzu,seeHTYT89/23/6264
(Dubs,307notinKnoblock).Cf.FY1:23.

143.CYYT44/HsiA/1112(Wilhelm,318,323)identifies"Tools"aswhathasforms(i.e.,isvisibleonearth)availableformantouse.FY9:26explicitlycallsthe
Classics"greattools")(tach'i )ofspeech,"seeTHC30/A4.Conversely,theimproperuseoftoolscreatesnumerousproblems.E.g.,THC4/A3speaksofthelock
withouttheboltTHC20/A5speaksofthedisadvantagesofevilpatrons.ThistalkoftoolshighlightsYangHsiung'sindebtednesstoHsntzu.Still,Ibynomeans
wanttoimplythatYangHsiunghaswhatmaybecalledaninstrumentalviewofknowledgeandwisdom.

144.THC"Hsanying"7/8a(p.1021a).Cf.THC62/A2A3ontheneedfordivinationTHC72/A8andTHC12/A2.

145.ThereexistsapossibleexceptiontoYang'svisionofming:menwholivedpriortothetimeoftheantiquesagesweredeniedaccesstothetoolsnecessaryfor
civilization,simplybyvirtueoftiming.(Theirpositionisinsomerespectscomparable,presumably,tothosewholanguishedinLimbopriortoChrist'sredemptiveact.)
Forthisreason,theyarerepeatedlycharacterizedinYang'swork(inatwistontheprimitivistvisionofcertainTaoists)asstupidandbenighted.Itisnotatallclear,
however,thatYangHsiungcanconceiveofthetrulyamorallife.Graham(1989),p.61,saysthisaboutChinesethinkersingeneral.

Fortheprimitivistvision,see,forexample,HS87B:3580(Knechtges,57)FY4:1011andTHC"Hsanying"7/8b(p.1021b).Ofcourse,intheperiodprior
tocivilization,norankshadbeendevisedasyet,soYang'sexplanationofPositioncanonlyapplytothatperiodaftertheinventionofbasicsocialorganization.

146.AccordingtoFY4:1112andFY7:21,theessenceofpracticalwisdom

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istoacquirethroughVirtuetheToolswhichwillbeneededonceTime(i.e.,opportunity)comes.SeeTHC26/A6onthetimelyuseofTools.

147.See,forexample,THC71/A2,8andTHC8/A1.

148.THC20/48andTHC28/A6.Seebelow.

149.FY1:3(2x)andFY12:39.Numerouspassagestothiseffect*occurintheTHC.

150.SeeTHC2/A2THC3/A5THC9/A3,5forexample.PositionisbynomeanssynonymouswithVirtue,asismadeclearinTHC32/A5andTHC67/A5,for
example.

151.IviewPositionasaseparatecategoryfromTools(althoughattimesitishardtodistinguishthetwocategoriesinYang'swork)onthebasisofpassageslike
THC3/A5,whichshowsstrengthresidinginPositionitself,regardlessofpracticalwisdomandexpertise.

152.YangHsiung,ofcourse,incorporatestheideasofvariousLegalistauthorshere.AmongthebesttreatmentsofLegalistwritingsonPositionareCreelThompson
RubinVandermeerschandHsiaoKungch'uan,pp.368468.

153.SeeFY8:2223andibid.,10:30.

154.SeeTHC5/A3andTHC46/A5,forexample.

155.ReadersunfamiliarwiththistermshouldconsulttheKeyTermssection.

156.Forsuchchanges,see\/A2andTHC51/A5cf.FY6:1718.

157.Sivin(1990),p.3cf.Needham(1964).

158.THC"Hsanwen"9/2b(p.1029b).

159.Theexampleismyown,notYang's.

160.TheGreekshadtwowordsfortime:chronos(thesuccessivepassageofthingsintime)andkairos(therighttimeforthingstooccur).YangHsiung,following
generalChineseusage,usedthesamewordforboth.Itshouldbenotedthat"timeliness"doesnotappearintheearlyLineTextsforthe64hexagramsoftheYiching,
butonlylaterinthet'uan.Theprincipleoftimelinessbecomesmoreimportantinthe"Mean,"par.2(Legge,386).

161.THC24/A2andTHC24/A7affirmthatitisHeaven(ormoreaccurately,theMystery)that"imposes"timelimits.TimeandHeavenareshowntobeinextricably
boundintheTHC"Hsanli"and"Hsanying"autocommentaries.

162.SeeTHC24/A2,forexample.Theemphasis,then,isnotpolytheistic(wheredifferentgodsrepresentdifferentgoods)butpolychronistic(wheredifferenttimes
requiredifferentgoodacts).

163.CYYT40/HsiA/345/HsiB/2(Wilhelm,294,328)THC41/A2"Hsanli"7/6a(p.1019a).

164.ForYangHsiung,thesinglebestproofoftheidentityofthetriadicrealmsisritual,whichattemptstomakeeachhumanactivitynolessemblematicofcosmic
orderthantheregularsuccessionoftheseasons.Cf.Clark,pp.2126,ontheintegrationofthenaturalandthesacredinreligioustraditioningeneral.

165.FortheconnectionbetweenvirtuousactsandPosition,seeTHC5/A3andTHC23/A6,forexample.One'sstoreofVirtue,however,maybeinheritedfrom
ancestors.SeeTHC60/A8,A9.

166.See,forexample,FY6:17.

167.Forthephrase,"readyforuse,"seeTHC1/A3.Numerouspassagessup

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portthisview,includingFY4:11FY5:1213THC1/A5THC4/A4THC9/A7THC26/A6THC34/A7andTHC36/2.

168.FY10:30.SeealsoTHC17/A5.EnorejectsthenotionthatthepreHanConfucianswere"devotedtoseekinggovernmentalresponsibilities"(p.31).EvenifEno
isright,HanConfucianscertainlywere.

169.SeeMoriMikisaburo*,ch.9,citingpassageslikeCTYT14/5/44andibid.,41/16/14.InTHC28/A2YangHsiungaffirmsthelinksbetweenTimeandchange.

170.THC27/A3.Cf.FY6:1718,whichlamentsTime'spassingandFY9:25,whichcharacterizesTime'spassingas"quickasaflash."FY6:1718probably
borrowsfromTungChungshu'sprosepoemonthescholar'sfrustrations.SeePankenier(1990b),p.443,fn.58.

171.THC9/A7showsasituationinwhichTimeallowsthemanofVirtuewhohastheToolsathandtogainapowerfulPosition.ButevengoodToolswillnotworkif
thePositioniswrong.SeeTHC33/A4andTHC36/A3,forexample.THC10/A5,A9THC30/A3THC38/A9showthathighPositionisnotenoughforsecurityif
theindividualfailstofollowthepathofVirtue.THC61/A1andTHC78/A6showthateventhenoblemancanfailifotherfactorsareagainsthim.Undercertain
circumstances,however,thewisemancan"rideoutthetime"untilbetterdayscome.SeeTHC79/A7.

172.ThisiswhyYangHsiungcreditsdramaticturnsoffatetotheinteractionofT'ienandMan.SeeFY10:29.Theconventional"goodlife"inearlyChinawas
equatedwiththeFiveFelicitiesoftheDocuments,aslistedin"Hungfan,"par.33(Legge,343Karlgren,35).

173.THC36/A2hence,theemphasison"knowingTime"asonekeytosuccess.THC14/A4andTHC17/A1,forexample,showtheneedtoalignoneselfwith
cosmicforces.Cf.HS87B:3572(Knechtges,51),whereYanglistsvariouspeoplewhogainedhighPositionbecausetheTimewasright.Theflipsideofthisruleis
Yang'sdictumthatnotimeisinherentlygoodwhentheactisevil.SeeTHC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a)THC28/A9THC29/A6,forexample.THC60/A8
suggeststhatwheneverVirtueandTimeareindirectconflict,badtimingovercomesandillluckensues.

174.ThisisoneexplanationforYang'sphrasesattributingbadlucktoHeaven.See,forexample,THC18/A1,A2,A3,A8,A9THC24/A7THC38/A6,A9
THC53/A5THC57/A1THC69/A9andTHC73/A8.(Theotherexplanation,ofcourse,isthatYangusessetphrasesemptyofreligiouscontent.)

175.MenofHanlargelyignoredthelate3dcenturyB.C.HoKuantzu ,whichargues,"Theseasonscallupandcastdownandtakeeachother'splaceswithout
uniformitytoimitatetheseasonswouldbeinconsistency."SeeGraham(1989),215.

176.SeeTHC24/A2THC41/A2andTHC"Hsanli"7/5b(p.1018b),forexample.

177.CCFL11/42/2b,translationfromNeedham,II,250(followingE.R.Hughes).SuchviewsarealsoattributedtoTunginhisbiographyinHS56.

178.ForHandynastymagicians,seeNgoDeWoskin.SomeofthemoreoutrageousclaimsareassociatedwiththeapocryphaltextsattachedtotheChanges.
However,intheChangesto"chihming"istounderstandhowtoadjust

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one'sconducttothefairlypredictablecyclesofNaturesoastoensurelifelonggoodfortune.ManystudentsoftheChangesrecognizedthecrucialdifferencein
approachbetweenunderstandingthephenomenaoftransitionthroughgreaterempiricalortechnicalprecisionandcomprehendingthosephenomenathroughthe
intuitionorilluminationcharacteristicofthesage.AsSivinwrites,"Sagehoodledtoaccurateknowledgeabouttheworldaroundus,notviceversa."SeeSivin(1990),
p.16andMoriMikisaburo*,pp.154ff.,fordetails.WeshouldnotforgetthatthesetwoviewsoftheChangesparalleltwoverydifferentviewsofConfucius
promotedinHan.AccordingtooneviewrecordedintheTsochuanandelsewhere,Confucius'powersarethosesimplyofthefarsightedandgoodperson.Inthe
otherview,foundintheKuoyandelaboratedintheapocrypha,Confuciusconsistentlydisplayssuperhumanpowersofcomprehension.SeeDurrant,p.10ff.This,
inturn,relatestothequestionofwhethernoblemeneverneedtoworry.Formoreonthis,seethe"Illumination"autocommentary.

179.TherelationofparttowholewasoneconcernoftheSophists.SeeGraham(1989),p.87.

180.FY5:14.Cf.THC"Hsanli"7/5b(p.1018b)"Hsanying"7/8b(p.1021b)"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1029b):"Soprofoundisitthatnonecanfathomit."
THC4/A2makesthepointthatwhateverismostpreciousishiddenaway,likejewels.THC33/A1saysthatthereis''nogap"bywhichmancaneffectivelyglimpse
anyaspectofthespiritworld.ThatgapisassociatedwithTimeinTHC27/A3.

181.ForYang'sremarkthatTimesomehowhousesevenspace(which"encloses"Heaven),seeTHC"Hsanli"7/5b(p.1018b).Cf.THC13/A3THC28/A2.

182.THC"Hsankao"10/4b(p.1035b),inthiscontextwithreferencetothedivine.ThisargumentdiffersfromonethatarguesthatTimeinthenaturalworldrefers
tophysicalregularitieswhileTimeas"humanopportunity"dependsatleastinpartupontheactionsofinherentlyirregularbeings,otherhumans.

183.FY5:13"Hsanying"7/8b(p.102lb).Whatevercanbeseenisliabletodecayasitoperatesintheworldofphenomenalchange.SeeTHC63/Head.

184.E.g.,THC18/A2.

185.SeeNeedham,II,25759forthisPrincipleofMaskingbytheFivePhases.THC49/A1picturestheTaoactinglikewaves.

186.THC"Hsant'u"10/la(p.1032a).

187.WithafewAppraisals,itishardtobecertainofYang'smeaning,sincethedegreeofcompressioninhisfourcharacterlinesmakesforoccasionalambiguity.
See,forexample,THC9/A9andTHC17/A7.However,inthefollowingcases,thereisnodoubtthatanunfortunateintersectionofpersonalandcosmiccycles,
ratherthanalackofVirtue,istobeblamedforpoorluck:THC1/A9THC18/A9THC33/A9THC35/A7THC41/A9THC49/A9THC59/A9THC59/A9and
THC80/F8.WhenthishappensintheTHC1/A9,thetextmaybeimitatingthelastLinetextinHexagram1oftheChanges,wherethefinalyanglineissaidtobe
inauspicious.SeeCYYT1/1/shang(Wilhelm,375):"Arrogantdragonwillhavecausetorepent./Forwhatisfullcannotlast."

188.SeeTHCl/A9andTHC24/A7,forexample.

189.Yangindicates,however,thatcertainperceiveddisparitiesbetweenconductandfateareonlytemporary,ratherthanpermanent.MenofHanim

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aginedthecumulativeweightofparticularacts(bothgoodandbad)eventuallytippingthebalance.Noteveryactwillimmediatelyelicitaresponse"swiftasecho
orshadow"(thetypicalHanphraseusedtocharacterizeMutualInteractionbetweenHeavenandMan),justasasinglegrainofsandaddedtoaheavyweightmight
nottipabalance.Thecumulativeeffectofgoodandevilactsbyanindividual,therefore,maynotbefeltuntildescendantsinheritthis"weight"intheirpatrimonyofch'i.
SeeTHC60/A8,A9.Cf.PanPiao's discussiononthedestinyofkingsinHS100:420812(Sources,17680).

190.THC39/A1andFY4:11saythatonlyconstantsaresubjectsfitforthestudyofemperorsandkings.Cf.FY8:23("Thesages[only]speakofHeaven.")and
FY12:38("Thesages'wordsareakintoHeavenlyconstants.").

191.FY10:29insiststhatHeavendependsuponManforitscompletion.

192.For"humanportents,"seetheKeyTermsessayentitled"YinyangFivePhasesTheory."ThesametermoccursinHTYT63/17/3335(Dubs,180notin
Knoblock),whereitconcernsthesocialwelfareofthecommonpeople.ThisaccountsforthefocusonhumanrolesintheMystery.

193.FY1:3andFY8:23,forexample.

194.E.g.,THC33/A5.

195.ThephraseappearsinFY8:23(2x)andibid.,13:40(inadifferentcontext).Cf.Horace'scarpediem.Ingeneral,onefindsremarkablesimilaritiesbetween
YangHsiungandtheStoicsintheirrespectivewritingsontimeandfate.IamindebtedtoWilliamMullen(ClassicsDepartment,BardCollege)forthisobservation.

196.Analects4/15(Waley,105).Cf.15/24(Waley,98[renum.]):"Whatyoudonotyourselfdesire,donotdotoothers."Graham(1989),pp.20,383,prefersto
translateshu ,as"likeningtooneself."Hisdiscussioniswellworthreading.

197.PossiblythestatementintheAnalectsmostconcernedwiththepreciouscharacteroftimepassingisAnalects9/17(Waley,142[renum.]).HsinS8/2blinksthe
scholar'sexertionswithtime'sfleetingnature,butthepassageappearstoidentifythisassociationasLaotzuian.Similarly,therearenumerouspassagesintheLSCC
andHNTthatmentionTime,butmostofthesepassageshaveastronglyTaoistflavor.See,e.g.,LSCC3:30,14:15356andHNT1:89,2:31,9:12728,10:162.I
arguethattheTHCfullyincorporatessuchnotionsinanintegratedphilosophy.

198.Foraijihinconnectionwithfilialpiety,seeFY13:40.

199.THC61/A6.

200.Ch.1oftheFYandtheprosepoem"DispellingRidicule"bothlistfrequentobjectionstoYang'sview.

201.Thisattempttoargueby"themethodof[discussing]advantagesanddisadvantages"(ch'angman )istypicalofHanprosepoems,whichinheritedthis
devicefromtheWarringStatesrhetoricians.SeeKroll,esp.p.124.

202.SeeFY1:3FY3:7FY8:23andTHC50/A5,forexample.

203.ForYang'semphasison"greatness"over"smallness,"seeFY4:12:"Whoeverfollowsthegreat,actstheuprightway.Whoeverfollowsthesmall,actsthewayof
treason.''Cf.FY8:2223andTHC"Hsuanying"7/8b(p.1021b).

204.See,forexample,THC24/A1.

205.Ch.1oftheFYdefines"study"asthededicatedpursuitofanyparticu

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laxcourseofactionwiththeaimofachievinggreatnessandconsequenthappiness.FY3:9associates"singularpracticalwisdom"(tuchih )withsagehood.

206.Onwealth,seeFY1:3andFY4:9onfactualknowledge,FY7:19andFY12:38onimmortality,FY12:3940onpoliticalpower,FY10:3031.

207.FY1:34talksoftheextensionofcharismaticpower.Cf.numerouspassagesintheTHC.Cf.Analects20/2(Waley,233):"Agentlemancangetworkoutof
peoplewithoutarousingresentment,...isproudbutneverinsolent,inspiresawebutisneverferocious."

208.THC"Hsanwen"9/2b(p.1029b)showstheruleractingthisway,"pairing"analoguessothatthings"donotlosetheirorder.''Cf.THC"Hsanli"7/6b(p.
1019b).FY2:6andFY5:16bothsaythesagefocusesupononlyafewconstantrulesratherthanthemyriaddetailsFY12:38saysthattoomuchfactualknowledge
canmakeonemuddleheaded.Thisargument,ofcourse,drawsuponthephilosopherChuangtzu'sfamousstatement:"Yourlifehasalimitbutknowledgehasnone.If
youusewhatislimitedtopursuewhathasnolimit,youwillbeindanger"(CTYT7/3/1[Watson,50]).

209.Analects7/22(Waley,127[renum.]).Cf.THC12/A1,A2,A3andFY12:39.

210.Yanghimselfstudiedastronomy,yetFY8:23cautionsagainstoverconcernwiththestars.

211.FY1:2explainsthatwhatdistinguishesmanfromthebeastsis"ritesandduty"(liyi).Manbecomesfullyhumanonlywhenheusesritual.

212.See,forexample,THC24/A6THC33/HeadFY3:7andFY5:13(2x),whichalldescribethisidealstateof"nogap."THC"HsanIi"7/7a(p.1020a)also
talksofthe"myriadcreaturesboundtogether."FY3:9givestherule:Thewiderthecontact,thegreatertheentity.Thephrase"nogap"ispossiblyborrowedfrom
Chuangtzu,whousesittodescribetheidealstagebeforeformsdiverge.SeeCTYT30/12/38(Watson,131).YangHsiungadmitsthatheborrowsfromChuangtzu
theideathatHeavenEarthManareasinglesystem(FY5:15).ThatseparationissignofregrettableweaknessisthethemeofTHC66/HeadTHCT4/Head,A2

213.THC13/A9.

214.THC"Hsanli"7/6b7a(p.1019b20a).ThisdescriptionoftheTaorecallsLT,ch.77(Lau,139).

215.THC"Hsanli"7/6a(p.1019a).Cf.THC36/A8andTHC41/A7,whichusesimilarlanguage.

216.Forkung ,seeTHC35/A7THC39/A1THC50/F6andTHC67/A9,forexample.

217.Virtue'soperationpromotesacharacteristicformofchange,called"transformation"(hua ),saidtoendinathoroughgoing,lastingimprovementaccomplished
withoutunduedisturbance.Forvirtue'sabilitytobringabout"continuousdevelopmentwithoutabruptchange,"seeTHC"Hsanli"7/6b(p.1019b)THC"Hsan
ying"7/9a9b(pp.1022a22b)FY4:10FY12:38andFY13:40.

Bydefinition,whateverisshen ("divine")accomplishesmajorchangesinvisibly.Forfurtherinformation,seeHTYT7/3/27ibid.,84/22/35CYYT41/Hsi
A/5ibid.,50/Shuo/5andCCFL6/19/7a.THC59/A1andTHC72/A2aretwoofmanyTHCpassagestoalludetothesedefinitionsofshenandhua .Cf.FY

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5:12,whicharguesthattheessenceofshenisto"immerseoneselfinHeavenandbecomeittoimmerseoneselfinEarthandbecomeittoimmerseoneselfinthe
sages'worksandbecomeasage."

218.E.g.,THC1/A1THC41/A3THC77/Head,A5andFY3:9.

219.Conflatingtwopassages:THC"Hsanli"7/7a(p.1020a)beforethefirstbreakafterthebreak,ibid.,7/5b(p.1018b).

220.THC"Hsanli"7/7a(p.1020a)showsthatalltrulygreatentitiesareconstant,whilethephenomenalworldis"withoutconstancy"(wuch'ang ).

221.TheconceptofdailyselfrenewalisfoundrepeatedlyintheTHC.Thephrasejihhsin isrelatedtogoodgovernmentinFY9:25.Virtue"getsthrough"to
HeaveninTHC2/A6thereisacorrespondencebetweenHeaven'scourseandthatofthevirtuousinTHC20/A4.Cf.THC26/A9.

222.THC"Hsanying"7/9b(p.1022b).Thepossibilityofcontinual,infiniteaccumulationofgoodnessisalsoexpoundedinFY1:3THC37/A9THC57/A9and
THC"Hsankao"10/3b(p.1034b).THC60/A3A4contraststheaccumulationofvirtuewithotheracquisitions,whichareeasilylost.

223.Thesearethegoalsputforwardinchapters20and21oftheHFT,whichpurporttobecommentariesontheLaotzu.YangHsiunginFY4:10adoptsthepun
te("virtue")=te("toget")usedbyHanFei,thoughheadvisesustolimitourgettingto"gettingVirtue."Seebelow.

224.Forthephrase"snatchaway,"seeTHC33/A9andTHC52/A8.Astothesecondpoint,Yangusuallyregardslastingreputationasoneofthesuregainsofvirtue.
InFY4:9and5:15,however,YangHsiungcommentsupontheunreliablerewardsoffame'spursuit.Theseemingcontradictioncanberesolvedifweassumethat
Yangbelievesthatgoodmenwillusuallybevindicatedbyhistory.

225.ThisistheargumentofthefirstchapterinFY.

226.THC10/A4.

227.TheattempttodefinelanguagemorecarefullyinlinewithConfucius'callforthe"rectificationofnames"isfoundthroughoutYang'sphilosophicalwritings.FY
12:39,forexample,arguesthat"advanceshouldmeanonlyadvanceintheWay,notinrank"FY4:12,thatthewordfa shouldbereservedforthe"model"
presentedbythesagekingsofantiquity,ratherthanforLegalisttheoriesorthoseofChuangTzu.TheTHCconcernwiththisbeginsinTetragram1(THC1/A7).

228.Cf.Analects2/18(Waley,92).

229.E.g.,FY4:9andFY5:15.

230.THC"Hsanying"7/9b(p.1022b).IntheChanges'tradition,theclaimthatonlymoralactionistrulyauspiciousdatesbackatleasttothedivinationcaseof
Nank'uai recordedfor530B.C.inCCYT378/Chao12/8Tso(Legge,640).Notethatgoodluckandvirtuetendtobecloselytiedintheearlytetragrams,which
presumeagenerallyfavorableTime.SeeTHC19/F8F9,forexample.

231.FYandTHCprovidenumerousexamplesshowingthattheindividualharmshimselfbyhisownconduct.See,forexample,FY8:24THC11/A3,A7
THC28/A7THC29/A1,A6THC34/A9THC63/A7THC71/A7,andsoon.ContrastthiswithTHC2/A3,whichcallsone'sownconducta"chief[i.e.,notsole]
determinant"ofgoodluckandillandTHC"Hsanch'ung"7/3b(p.1016b),whichsaysthatthesage"nurtures"goodluck.

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232.LSCC20/8a.

233.THC11/A3THC18/A1andTHC12/A8,forexample.Cf.FY6:17.Yangspokefromexperience.HisbiographyinHYKC10A:130particularlymentionshis
equanimityinpoverty.

234.YWLC35:62889(Knechtges,106).

235.THC"Hsanli"7/6b(p.1019b).Cf.FY9:25,definingbenevolentgovernmentasonethatmakesitprofitabletobegoodandFY3:9,arguingtheinherent
advantagesoffollowingtheConfucianWayofritual.Here,ofcourse,YangHsiungdepartsfromMencius,whoobjectedtotalkingofVirtueandprofitabilityinthe
samebreath(Mencius1A/lLau,49).YangHsiung,infact,borrowsmuchfromtheMohistlogicians.See,forexample,hisdefinitionsofgoodandevilreworking
MohistpropositionsA26,A27:"Benefitiswhatoneispleasedtoget.Harmiswhatonedislikesgetting."

236.FY3:7.Cf.theAnalects9/29(Waley,144[renum.]):"Hethatisreallygoodisnotanxioushethatisreallywiseisnotmisled."

237.THC18/A8.Cf.FY6:18.

238.ThisisthethemeofTetragram24,whichshowsthatrealhappinessisimpossiblewithoutritual.Cf.FY1:12FY1:4andTHC7/A1,whichtellofthejoythat
comeswithgoodness.ForthesameideaintheChanges,seeKaoHuaimin,esp.p.312.

239.SeeTHC4/A6forthephrasequoted.THC4/A8associatesviolationwithevildoing.

240.FY1:2links"being[completely]withoutworries"withthebestialstateandwithlackoflearning.Tobecompletelyunafraidandunworriedisalsonotagood
thingbecausethatdescriptioncharacterizeshumanswholivedpriortothesagesinaworldwithoutsocialorganization.SeeTHC"Hsanying"7/8b(p.102lb)and
notestothetranslation.TheearliestextantcommentarytotheAnalectsexplainsthatthegentlemanonlydoesnot"worryover[strictlypersonal]troubles."SeeMKH,
III,4:1578b,citingK'ungAnkuo .FY6:18explainswhenthegoodpersonisworried.Cf.CYYT48/HsiB/6(Wilhelm,345):"Those[sages]whocomposed
theChangescertainlyhadworriesandcares."

241.FY12:40.

242.FY5:15discussestheinabilityofsomegoodmentowinfameintheirlifetime.FY10:30discussestheinabilityofthesageConfuciustobecomeadynastic
foundersincehehadnofeudaldomainfromwhichtobuild.Cf.FY8:22onthecaseofConfucius.FY12:39assertsthatYenHui's manifestvirtuecouldnotwin
himlongevity.Cf.FY11:36:"Whenthesagedoesnotmeetupwiththepropertime,hehideshimself."

243.Onthebenefitsoffriendship,seeFY1:3.

244.Hence,thecontinualexhortationsintheMysterytoyield.SeealsoFY3:7andFY6:7.

245.AsTHC"Hsanwen"9/la(p.1028a)says,onlyeventsthathavenotyettakenform"cangenerallybecontrolled."Numerouspassagesshow"incurable"
situations.SeeTHC18/A9,forexample.Incertaincases,however,achangeofheartcansavetheindividualinthenickoftime.SeeTHC31/A9.

246.THC12/A1.

247.SeeTHC18devotedto"waiting."

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248.THC25/A2.

249.THC"Hsanshu"8/1a(p.1023a).

250.YangHsiungintentionallyemploysadivinationmanualonthemodelofthatinventedbytheancientsagesinordertoremindusofasimpletruth:Divinationwith
milfoilstalksstartedasanintuitiveprocessthatdependedontheinsightoftheseer,not"anattempttoevaderesponsibilityinthebeliefthatmanticmethodsforma
substituteformoralscrupleandgoodjudgment."SeeLoewe(1981),p.48andLoewe(1988),p.23.

251.THC24/A2THC21/A5,A7,A9FY1:4andFY3:7,forexample,maketheconnectionbetween"delight"and"chihming."

252.SeeFY8:24,whereYangarguesthatthesageseekstoknowthelargerpatternsofthecosmos,ratherthanthedetailsthatdelightthenaturalistorpedant.

253.Analects4/5(Waley,102).THC16reckons"gain"and"loss"intermsofritual.

254.Analects2/11(Waley,90).

255.CYYT39/HsiA/2(Wilhelm,286).Forfurtherinformation,seePeterson(1982).Cf.LT,ch.70(Lau,132).

256.ThephrasecomesfromAnalects8/7(Waley,134).

257.FY1:2.

258.FY2:6andFY8:23.

259.THC"Hsanying"7/8b(p.1021b)definesaclassicasawork"thatcannotbeaddedtoorsubtractedfrom."Cf.FY5:13.HTYT84/22/2425(Dubs,292
Watson,149)requiresthisofcorrectlanguage:"Thewordsofthegentlemanarefarranginganddetailed,aptandtothepoint,variedandyetunified....Hemakes
certainthat[hiswordsandphrases]aresufficienttocommunicatehisthoughts,andtherehestops,fortotrytoforcethemtodomorewouldbeevil."

260.SeeFY8:24THC"Hsanwen"9/2b(p.1029b).

261.FY5:15.

262.SeeAnalects9/1(Waley,138)cf.ibid.,14/36(Waley,189).

263.Analects6/3(Waley,115[renum.])ibid.,6/10(Waley,117[renum.])ibid.,11/7(Waley,154)ibid.,12/5(Waley,163)andibid.,14/36(Waley,189
[renum.]),allofwhichsuggestthatmingis"outside."

264.Ibid.,16/8(Waley,206[renum.]).

265.ForearlytraditionsthatascribeapreoccupationwithtimetoConfucius,seeKaoHuaimin,pp.30708.

266.Mencius5A/6(Lau,145):Mingis"whathappensthoughnopersonbringsitabout."

267.Mencius7B/33(Lau,201).THC"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1028b)usesalmostthesamephraseology,butcarefullyaddsthattheindividualawaitstimely
opportunity(houshih ).Onwaiting,seeTHC18,atetragramdevotedtothattheme.THC18/A8emphasizesthecheerfulequanimitywithwhichthenobleman
regardshisfate.

268.HTYT83/22/6(Dubs,282).Cf.ibid.,103/28/39(notinDubsorKnoblock).

269.NotethatYangHsiungdeclaredhimselfadiscipleofMencius,thoughapparentlysomecontemporariesregardedMenciandoctrinewithsuspicionas

 Page485

"heterodox."SeeFY2:6andFY12:37.YangHsiungwasfarlessadmiringofHsntzu,thoughheappearstoborrowoftenfromhim.

270.SeeYearley.ForYang,seeTHC4/A5,forexample.

271.Hence,theconfusionoverthesignificanceofthetermliming ("establishingone'sfate")intheMencius.SeeMoriMikisaburo*,pp.53ff.

272.See,forexample,HTYT103/28/3741:"Noblemenstudybroadlyandplantdeeply[yet]manydonotmeetwithtimelyopportunity....Thenobleman'sstudy
isnotfor[material]advancement...."

273.Hsntzuseemsdimlyawareofthis,sincehisfirstchapter,entitled"ExhortationtoStudy,"istheessayinwhichhemoststronglylinksgoodfortunewithright
behavior.TheMohistsclearlyrecognizedthisflawintheargumentsofcertainConfucians.SeeMTYT,ch.3537("ContraPredestination").

274.Itisalsopossible,ofcourse,thatheunthinkinglyacceptedprevalentideasofhistime,butthisisunlikelyinviewofthecriticalwayheassessedvarious
philosophicaltexts.SeeFY5:15forYang'sstatementthathehasborrowedfromChuangtzuandTsouYentheideaoftheunityofHeavenEarthMan.

275.FY1:2equates"seeing,hearing,talking,behaving,andthinking"withhumannature,followingthe"Hungfan"chapteroftheDocuments.Yangapparentlyadapts
thisnotionfromCCFL14/64/2b,whichsaysthefivehumancapacitiesarewhatthehumanreceivesashisindividualmingfromT'ien.ThoughtheMysteryisthe
ultimateoriginforhumanexistence(andeverythinginthecosmos),thereisnospecialstressintheMysteryoninnategoodnessinhumannature.AccordingtoYang
Hsiung,bothgoodandeviltendenciesexistintheoriginalendowment(SeeTHC22/A1,A2FY3:7.).Whatmattersiswhichtendenciesonechoosestocultivate.For
Yang,theoriginaldispositionisfarlessimportantthanthe"secondnature,"whichmayinternalizethemodelofthesages,givenproperteachersandbooks(FY8:23).
InFY12:39,Yanglinksthingsto"natures"andhumansto"goodness''(jen)indiscussingtheirpotential.

276.FY3:7.FY4:9definesTaoas"connecting."FY12:39definesConfucianismintermsof"makingconnectionsbetween(t'ung )HeavenEarthMan."Cf.E.
M.Forster's"Onlyconnect."

277.FY10:29.

278.CYYT39/HsiA/1(Wilhelm,280).

279.See,e.g.,THC"Hsanli"7/7a(p.1020a):"NowHeavenandEarthareplacedtherefore,thenobleandlowlyareranked."Cf.ibid.ontheimpossibilityof
things"changingtheirpositions."SeealsoTHC"Hsankao"10/3b4a(pp.1034b35a):"EarthisapitwhileHeavenishigh."

280.SeeTHC"Hsanyi"9/3b(p.1030b)ondifferencesinposition,age,number,andresponsibilitiesofhumans.

281.THC"Hsanyi"9/3b(p.1030b),whichdescribesthenaturalorderofHeavenandEarthasclassifyingthingsaccordingtotypesothatthings"donotlosetheir
order."

282.SeeTHC6/A7THC14/HeadTHC16/A9THC32/A2andTHC"Hsanying"7/9b(p.1022b),forexample.

283.FY3:7presumesanabsolutecorrelationbetweenpreferringthegreatanddoingthegreat.(ThisisacommonwayforearlyConfucianphilosopherstodiscuss
preferringtheGoodanddoingthegood.)Nottodothegreatshowsthat

 Page486

oneisconfusedaboutinherentgreatness,accordingtoYang.SeeFY10:2627onwhatis"trueandfalse"(chenwei ).SeealsoalongpassageinTHC
"Hsanying"7/9a9b(pp.1022a22b),whichmakesthethedistinctionbetweenenlightenedandbenightedindividuals.

284.Therefore,THC"Hsanying"7/9b(p.1022b)showsmantobelikeHeavenandEarth,theghostsandgods,whenheconstructsahierarchyofvalue.

285.YangHsiungconcedestheremaybesomefewinnatesages.SeeFY3:9,forexample.

286.SeeFY3:7forthe"mixed"endowmentatbirth.FY8:23definesthegreatmanasonewho"hasnobusinesswiththesmall,"thendefinesthe"small"intermsof
"whateverisnotritualandtheRight(liyi ).''Cf.THC"Hsanying"7/8b(p.102lb):"Whenwhat[anact]followsisgreat,thenitsembodimentwillbevigorous.
Whenwhatitfollowsisslight,thenitsembodimentwillbemeager."SeeTHC"Hsanyi"forafullcatalogueofthemostimportantcivilizinginventionsofthesages.

287.THC"Hsanyi"9/3a(p.1030a).

288.LaterYangHsiungwouldwritemoreexplicitly:"IfItrulybelievethatlifeanddeathareequal,thatpovertyandrichesarethesame,thathonoranddebasement
arecomparable,thenItakethesages'[teachings]asjustsomuchnoisytalk"(FY12:38).Cf.FY7:19,whichportraysthedebatesoftheHundredSchoolsof
philosophyasjustsomuch"bickering."

289.FY5:15,defendingtheTHC.Cf.THC"Hsanying"7/8b(p.102lb),e.g.,whichstatescategorically,"Thefewbyrulecontrolthemanywhatlacksvisibleform
[i.e.,theMystery]byrulecontrolswhathasform."

290.HsinS1/8bassociatesthispositionwithYentzu (?500B.C.).

291.THC1/A9.

292.FY12:40beforethebreakFY12:39after.

293.Ibid.

294.FY12:39.

295.Ibid.

296.HS87A:3542(Knechtges,29).

297.HS57B:3571(Knechtges,50),followedbyFY3:7.

298.THC10/A7.

299.IintendtodevoteafuturearticletocomparingtheviewsofYangHsiung,LiuHsiang,andWangCh'ungonfate.FortheMohistcritiqueoftheConfucians,see
footnote273above.

300.Forthestarsasdirectorsoffate,seeFY8:23.

301.FY10:2830considersdynasticchangeinthisway.

302.Forliming ,seeMencius7A/12(Lau,182),whichisdiscussedinMoriMikisaburo*,pp.53ff.KanayaOsamu,pp.98ff.

303.MichaelLoewe(privatecommunication)pointsoutthattheHanclaimtorulebyT'ienmingmayhavebeencomparativelyrecentinYangHsiung'stime(5040
B.C.?).DuringthereignofEmperorCh'eng(ca.12B.C.),acertainKanChungk'o announcedthattheHandynastyfacedtheneedtoreceivearenewalofthe
MandateofHeaven.SeeLoewe(1974),p.278ff.

304.ThankstotheexcavatedalmanacsfromShuihuti (datedlate3d.c.B.C.),wehaveagoodideaofthekindsoftextsthatYangHsiungargued

 Page487

against.Thetwoalmanacstabulateluckyandunluckydaysofthemonthaccordingtoa12characterstandardformula.ManyotherHantextstalkof"daysof
avoidance"forcertainactivities,likeplantingfieldsandtailoringclothes.SeeReportALoewe(1988)andKalinowski.

305.FY12:39.The"technician"(chi )canlayclaimtoanintegratedvisionoftheentireuniverse.

306.FY8:23.

307.SeeYKC15/2a(Pokora,114).

308.CYYT43/HsiA/9(Wilhelm,315).

309.Seeabove.

310.HS87B:3577(Knechtges,54).NumerouspassagesinYang'sofficialbiography,inanexchangeoflettersregardinghisFangyen,andintheHsinlun(thework
ofhischiefdisciple,HuanT'an),testifytothevituperativeattackslauncheduponYangHsiungbyLiuHsin.Ontheotherhand,Yang'sbiographyintheHanshusays
thatLiuHsinwasoneofthefewcontemporariestorespect(ching )YangHsiung.SeeHS87B:3583(Knechtges,59).LiuHsinsenthisownsontostudy"unusual
characters"withYangHsiung.

311.FY10:29.

312.Forcomparison,seePHT8:32729(Tjan,II,57273)forthreedifferenttypesofming.Thesametypologyofmingappearsintheapocrypha(basedupon
earlierfolkbeliefs?).SeeCIS,V,49(apocryphatotheAnalects)andibid.,IV(A),55(apocryphatotheCh'unCh'iu),forexample.Thistypologywaslater
criticizedbyWangCh'ungasunwieldyandselfcontradictory.SeeLHCC,esp.p'ien810(Forke,I,13655).

313.SeePeterson(1989)HouWailu(1957).

314.SeeTHC10/A7.

315.FY2:6andTHC"Hsanyi"9/4a(p.1031a),basedonCYTY39/HsiA/1(Wilhelm,286).Cf.THC"Hsanwen"9/2b(p.1029b),whichequateswhat
induceswearinesswithlackofability.

316.HS87B:3585(Knechtges,60).ForacompletelistofcommentariesontheTHC,seeYenLingfeng,V,35789.

KeyTerms

1.ThematerialspreservedintheFiveClassicsdatefromthe2d.milleniumB.C.toCh'inorevenearlyWesternHan(206B.C.A.D.8).Italsoshouldbenotedthatthese
workswerethenrevisedandreworkedlater.SinceatleasttheSung,manyscholarlyworkshavefocusedonthedifficultquestionssurroundingtheHanredactionsof
alltheClassics.Inparticular,theworkofthe17thcenturyempiricistsandthehistoriographicaliconoclastslikeKuChiehkangintheearlytwentiethcenturyhave
provenavaluablestartingpointinconsideringthismessybusiness.

2.SeeKennedyonthis.

3.See,e.g.,HsShen,Wuchingyiyi(VariantInterpretationsoftheFiveClassics)ChengHsan,Powuchingyiyi(ContraVariantInterpretationsofthe
FiveClassics).

 Page488

4.Powers(1978),passimbelievesthattheswirlingformscommonlyidentifiedas"cloudpatterns"onShangdynastybronzesmayrefertoch'i.

5.SeeGSR517c.Cf.SW7A:148a.

6.InGreek,pneumainSanskrit,prana*inLatin,spiritusandinHebrew,neshamah.Allthesewordshavethesame"soulish"qualitiesasch'i.Bythis
comparison,Idonotmeantoimplythediffusionistviewofculture.ThecomparisonisdrawnfromSchwartz(1973),p.44,n.9LibbrechtandMair(1990[b]),pp.
13738.

7.Allthecharacterizationsofch'iaredrawnfromMencius2A/2(Lau,pp.7680),unlessnoted.

8.MuchofthisdiscussionisdrawnfromSivin(1987),4653.Graham(1989),p.314,prefers"FiveProcesses."Schwartz(1985),p.181,objectsto"energy,"
however.

9.Numerousarticlesandbooksaredevotedtothistopic.OneofthebestisthatbyKuritaNaomi.

10.Forfurtherinformation,seeHatton.ThistendencytoenvisionbasicstuffanditstransformationinaunitarywayisalsofoundintheStoics.SeeSivin(1987),p.47.

11.Menciuscallsch'i"thatwhichfillsthebody."

12.KT16/49/3ab(Rickett,161).

13.SeeMencius2A/2(Lau,77)KT16/49/6b(Rickett,168).

14.KT,ch.49(Rickett,I,15179)discussesmanyofthesearts.

15.SeeHFT6:20:1012(Liao,I,18082),forexample.

16.SeeMencius2A/2(Lau,80)4B/32(Lau,136),forexample.

17.Pankenierarguesthatanawarenessofthecausalrelationsbetweenplanetaryphenomena,thecardinaldirections,theseasonsofobservation,andtheirassociated
colorsdatesbacktothe2d.milleniumB.C.,sothatFivePhasestheorywoneasyacceptancefromtheHancourtandcommoners.FivePhasestheoryisclearlythe
basisfortheShuihutiBookofDivination(ca.278B.C.),thoughthetheorywasapparentlyincorporatedsomewhatlaterintoConfucianism.SeeKudo*Motoo,
2526KuChiehkang(1930)Loewe(1988).

18.Sivin(1987),pp.7280explainswhytheseothertranslationsarenotsatisfactory.

19.LT,ch.40(Lau,101).

20.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.5(Legge,32526Karlgren,30).

21.SomeofthemostfrequentlycitedcorrelationscanbefoundinNeedham,II,26263(Table12).

22.Yang,ofcourse,makescontinualreferencetothesesystemsinhisAppraisalsaswell.See,forexample,THC14/A6andTHC52/A6,8.

23.SeeKroll,p.125.Cf.Ricoeur'swritingson"primarysymbols."

24.Reding(1986a,b).

25.IhaveconnectedAnalects13/3withibid.,12/11(Waley,171,166).

26.HTYT63/17/3335(Dubs,180Watson,84).

27.SeeRobinYates,citedinAmes(1987),p.210.

28.See,forexample,CCFL1/4b(Gassmann,13).

29.Ode55/1(Legge,92)

30.Analects4/6(Waley,103).

 Page489

31.SeeFY3:7.

32.IhaveconnectedAnalects1/5(Waley,85)withibid.,1/7(Waley,84).

33.HTYT12/5/3(Dubs,67Knoblock,234).

34.FY3:7.

35.Ode65/1,2123/1,2145149and175/13,forexample.

36.Mencius3A/5(Lau,105).Cf.CTYT18/6/75.

37.See,forexample,Mencius2A/2(Lau,7680).

38.THC17/F7.

39."Mean,"par.1(Legge,384).Cf.HTYT85/22/6061(Dubs,29495).

40.Anotherdefinitionofchung.

41.HTYT80/21/34ff.(Dubs,2678).Cf.ibid.,81/21/67(Dubs,271).

42.SeeTHC24/A6.

43.Fingarette,pp.710.

44.Graham(1989),20.

45.SeeFY4:911forthesepointsinYangHsiung.

46.CCYT69/Chuang23/3Tso(Watson,57Legge,105).Cf.Analects1/7(Waley,8485).

47.However,thecharacterfor"cowrie"maybeanabbreviationfor"pledge,""offering,"orgift.''ConsultSW3B:69b,citingChingFang Nivison(1989).Fora
goodsummaryoftheearlyhistoryofthecharacter,seeKunst,pp.20011Serruys(1981),p.361andShinjigen,p.144.

48.Thestabilityofthetripodisthesubjectofseveralanecdotesrecordedinearlytexts.ThisbringstomindtheglossofChuHsi (101773),whothoughtchen
oneaspectofcosmiccreation.

49.Keightley(1978),p.79Takashima,p.53Kunst,201.Similarly,theGreeksibylusedtositonacauldron.

50.Forthereadingofchenas"divine,"seeShaughnessy,pp.12433.Serruysthinksthattheearlygraphmeans(asverb)"totest"or(asadjective)"tested,"
"reliable."

51.TheFWcommentarytoTHCconsistentlyglosseschenascheng,presumablyonthebasisofCYYT7/7/t'uan(Wilhelm,421),whichassociatesthetwographs.
SeealsoNivison(1989),p.124.

52.Kunst,p.200.

53.Ibid.,p.201.Shchutskii,p.143,however,insiststhatchenintheChangesliteratureisamanticformulawhoserealmeaninghaslongbeenlost.Chenalso
functionsasatechnicaltermsignifyingthelowertrigramineachhexagram.

54.SeeCYYT1/1/yen.Cf.CTYT89/32/26.

55. .

56.See,forexample,Ode268/1(Karlgren,146).

57.Waley,introductionto1934Kunst,p.46.

58.HNT16/22b.

59.SeeCCFL4/9b,forexample.

60.CYYT45/HsiB/1(Wilhelm,326)

61.Analects15/36(Waley,200)HTYT104/29/10,13(notinDubs).HTYT51/13/46(notinDubsorKnoblock)concedesthatdramaticchangemayoccasionally
benecessarytoachievechen.

 Page490

62.HTYT8/3/44(4)(notinDubsKnoblock,180).

63.HsinS8/4a,glossingitasyenhsingpaoyi .

64.HsinS8/4a.

65.SeeFY6:17,forexample,whereYanglinkschenwithtimelybehavior.Thesamepassagecarefullydistinguishes"correct"behaviorfromwhat"bringsbenefit."

66.THChs ,recordedinWJL1/1b(p.947b).

67.SeeHNT13/20a:"Tobebound,manacled,orlettered,nottoavoid[(literally,"taboo")situationsgivingriseto]hisshame,thiscannotbecalledchen."Cf.
Mencius7A/2(Lau,182).

68.ForageneralintroductiontoearlyChinesepoeticforms,seeHawkes(1959)Watson(1962)andKnechtges(1976).

69.ForanexampleofwhatIcalltheclassicformoftheOdes,seeOde1entitled,"Kuanch."Thetetrasyllabiccoupletformmayalsohavebeenborrowedfromafu
ofHsntzu.NotethatthepoliticalfuofHsntzuandTungChungshustrictlycoordinatechangeoftopicandchangeofrhyme.SeePankenier(1990b),p.437.

70.ThesamerangeofvariationisfoundinthenearlycontemporaneousYL.Forfurtherinformation,seeSuzuki(1972).

71.SeeFY2:5andFY3:8fordiscussionsonstyle.

72.IntheYiching,certainhexagramshaveextensiverhyme,themajorityhavesomerhyme,andfifteenhexagramshavenorhymeatall(Kunst,p.52).Thisvariation
isalsofoundintheTHC.

TheTetragrams

No.1.Center

1.Oftencalledthe"YellowSprings"inearlyliterature.

2.Hsin ("toexpand"),accordingtoCYYT46/HsiB/3(Wilhelm,338).

3.Ibid.

4.The"center"isnotonlythetetragramtitlebutthecenterintheYellowPalace.SeeTHC"Hsant'u"10/2b(p.1033b).

5.K'unlun .

6.THC"Hsanli"7/5b(p.1018b).

7.CTYT21/7/33(Watson,97).

8.TranslationbyA.C.GrahamofCTYT2/1/32:p'angpowanwuyiweiyi .

9.Cf.THC"Hsankao"10/3b(p.1034b).

10.FW1/4b5a.

11.THC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a).

12.CYYT45/HsiB/2(Wilhelm,328if.).

13.Chen .SeeKeyTerms.Theterm"manticformulae"comesfromShchutskii,p.143.

14.FW1/5a.

15.CYYT4/2/6(Wilhelm,15Kunst,243).

 Page491

16.CYYT4/2/yen(Wilhelm,395)explainsthisinthefollowingway:"Whenyinhasarousedthesuspicionofyang,thetwoareboundtofightbecauseyangresents
that[yin]lacksyang."

17.THC"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1028b).

18.SW11B/245b.

19.CYYT1/1/1(Wilhelm,7Kunst,241).

20.CCYT132/Hsi28/5Tso(Watson,60):"Youngandoldconductthemselvesaccordingtoritual.Theyarefitforuse!"

21.THC"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1028b).

22.CYYT2/1/1,2,yen(Wilhelm,37980).

23.CTYT59/22/45(Watson,241).

24.Analects7/26(Waley,128[renum.]).

25.THC"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1028b).

26.NotwoannotatorsagreeaboutthemessageofthisAppraisaleventhemeaningsofindividualwordsbecomemattersfordebate.Probablythisresultsfromtheir
basicdispositiontoreadtheAppraisalaseitheraTaoistoraConfuciandocument.FanWang,forexample,seesthefouraspectsinthefirstlineasyin(andtherefore,
evil),andsohegivesavaguelyTaoistexplication.SsumaKuang'sreadingdrawsonthe"Elaboration,"butinreadingSungConfucianideasintotheMystery,itfails
tocapturetheparadoxicalflavorofYang'soriginaltext.

27.Forthephrase"natureandDecree,"seeMoriMikisaburo*,chapters9and12.

28.NotethatEarthspecificallywastheemblemoftheWesternHandynastichouseafter104B.C.

29.FW1/6a,possiblyalludingtoHsinS9/11b.Cf.thesameimageryinOde38/1(Legge,61).

30.Forthesamemetaphor,seeFY9:27.

31.Thespreadoflightobviouslysignifiesthesage's"opening[theway]toenlightenment"forhisfellowmen.YangHsiungusesthesamephrasek'aiming in
regardtomoralenlightenmentinFY4:10.

32.Formoonimagery,seeBoltz.

33.Forthesamemetaphor,seeFY8:24.

34.Serruystakesk'uei as"dominating,""headingover."

35.Literally,"Thefullyripe,itheembraces."

36.Tentativetranslation.Seebelow.

37.THC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a).

38.Forthe"GreatPlan,"seeNylan(forthcoming).

39.THC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a).

40.Ibid.

41.FY4:10.

42.Forthisphrase,seeAnalects13/3(Waley,17172).

43.THC"Hsuanwen"9/2a(p.1029a).

44.Forch'i,seeKeyTerms.ForearlyChinesenotionsofthesoulandtheafterlife,seeY(1987).

45.AyangAppraisalingeneralissupposedtobepropitious.ThepictureissomewhatcomplicatedherebecausetheninthAppraisalrepresentsthefinalphaseofthe
tetragram,whichpertainstosituationsofextremecalamity.This

 Page492

ambiguitybringstomindthatofthefinalLinetexttoHexagramno.1oftheChanges,whichHancommentatorsfoundunexpectedlybaleful.

46.SMK1/3b,citingDocuments,"Hungfan,"par.33(Legge,340Karlgren,35)andMencius7A/2(Lau,182).

47.THC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a).

48.SMK1/3b.

49.FW1/6b.

50.THC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a).

No.2.FullCircle

1.IfollowthepunctuationofWJL.CPL1/5a,however,readschoushen ),asitscircuithascometoanend.

2.FortheearlyChinesetheoryofsuasiveinfluence,seeKnoblock,I,177.

3.CYYT46/HsiB/3(Wilhelm,338).Byanalogy,thecircleprovidesthemodelfortheembryointhewomb,insidewhichthecirculationofthebreathsmakesa
closedcircuit.SeeKaltenmark,pp.3235.

4.TheearlyChinese,forexample,tookHeaventobeaperfectcircle.FortheearlyGreeks,IciteParmenides,FragmentB5:"ItisallthesamefromwhatpointI
begin,forIshallreturnagaintothesamepoint."NotethatfortheHanChinesethecircumferenceofthecirclewas3651/4degrees(tomatchthenumberofdaysin
theyear),ratherthan360degrees.

5.Fortheimportanceoftheconceptofkung ("fairness"),seeAmes,p.129ff.FortheHanassociationofthecenterwithfairness,seeHanglossestothe"Hung
fan"chapteroftheDocuments,asdiscussedinNylan(forthcoming).

6.LT,ch.40(Lau,101)CYYT16/24/3(Wilhelm,99Kunst,287).

7.CYYT16/24/hsiang(Wilhelm,505).

8.Forthisfunction,seeDocuments,"Shuntien,"par.89(Legge,3637Karlgren,45)LC5/21(Legge,I,216)24/44(Legge,II,232)Geertz.

9.Forthisreason,manyofthemetaphorsassociatedwiththeReturnhexagraminHanChangesliteratureemphasizet'ung ,whichcanbetranslatedas
"unblocking,""gettingthrough,"or"makingcontact."Cf.YL2/14a.

10.Mencius2A/2(Lau,7680).

11.See,forexample,YL6/17b.

12.Analects8/20(Waley,13637).Cf.FY4:9,whichpraisestheWaypracticedbyKingWenofChouasthe"uprightWay."

13.HS87A:3516(Knechtges,13).

14.CYYT16/24/t'uan(Wilhelm,505).

15.ChihYun ,citedinHHS29:1025.

16.CYYT48/HsiB/6(Wilhelm,504).

17.NeitherLegalistnorTaoistphilosopherswouldagreethatthemindorwillofHeavenisrevealedintradition.Theirpositiononthewillofthepeoplevaries.To
understandhowextraordinarytheearlyConfuciansolutionwas,the

 Page493

readerwoulddowelltoconsiderthecontrastingcaseofWesternphilosophers.SeePocock(1984).

18.Documents,"T'aishih,chung,"par.7(notinKarlgrenLegge,298).

19.Analects4/15(Waley,105).

20.Readingtu ,followingSMK1/3b.Tuliterallyreferstothecenterseaminthebackofacloak.SeeGSR1031n.

21.SeeFWcommentary.

22.CCFL6/19/5bstatesthattheemperorfunctionsas"thepivot(shuchi )ofallthemyriadthings[increation]."

23.E.g.,Documents,"Hsienyuyite"and"Hungfan"chapters.FW1/7aequatesthephrase"withoutangles"and"havingno[fixed]direction.''

24.Analects2/1(Waley,88).

25.SeeYTC1/3a.

26.Shih .Forthis,seeAmes65107.

27.Forthecenterseam,seeCTYT7/3/2(Watson,50).

28.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.14(Legge,331Karlgren,32).

29.Needham,III,21619.

30.Literally,"chiefhead."

31.ThisusageisattestedforthepreHanperiodinHTYT32/10/20(notinDubsKnoblock,123).Alternately,itreferslooselyto"comingsandgoings."SeeYL
7/21b.

32.Alternately,"Ajaderinghangsdown,"readingGSR31gas31a.

33.Forthebeltassymbolforselfrestraint,cf.SY19/3a.

34.Yang'sfocusonthewaist,thecenterofthebody,alsoimpliestheimportanceofthevirtueof"centrality,"forexample.

35.Fortheassociationofbeltandhookwithofficialdom,seeAnalects5/7(Waiey,108).

36.Ode55/1(Legge,91).Cf.FY12:27.

37.Ode59/3(Legge,102),forexample.Ifthegirdlehookisalsojade,thatmerelyintensifiestheauspiciouscharacterofthesymbol.SeeNagahiro.

38.Fortheseamlesscycleofthecosmos,seeTHC"Hsanli"7/7a(p.1020a).Aclassicmetaphorcomparesthedynasticcycleto"runningthefingeralongajade
circlet,forwhen[thecycle]iscomplete,thereisareturntothebasewhenfinished,areturntothebeginning."SeeFSTY1:4,forexample.

39.Thepossessivepronouncheh isonlyusedofasuperior,usuallyHeaven.

40.SsumaKuangsupportshisanalysisbyalludingtopassagesinthe"DoctrineoftheMean"thatarguethatfewmenwilleverbeabletoattain,letalonesustain
moralperfection.See"Mean,"ch.7,14(Legge,388,395).CF.CPL1/6a.

41.Forlu )isidentifiedwiththecapitalinnumeroustexts,includingDocuments,"ShaoKao,"par.14(Legge,428Karlgren,49)HsinS3/7b.

42.See,forexample,HFT13:34:234(Liao,II,92).ThecarriageintheChangessymbolsystemalsosuggestsgreatcapacityandwealth.SeeCYYT11/14/2(1),
hsiang(Wilhelm,459Kunst,267).

43.CYYT29/47/4(6)(Wilhelm,184Kunst,333)writes,"Troubledbythegolden[ormetal?]carriage."

 Page494

44.CYYT16/23/shang,t'uan(Wilhelm,96).

45.ThephraseisfromCYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,341),citedbyFW1/7b.MyreadingborrowsfromYTC1/3b.

46."Mean,"ch.13/4(Legge,395).SeealsoAnalects6/14(Waley,118)CYYT32/52/t'uan(Wilhelm,654).

47.YL6/18a,forexample,writes,"Eatingthebreadofidleness,...Salarynotmatchedby[performanceof]duties./Hewilllosethecarriage/[Andfind]hisdwelling
torndown./Quittheseat/Andmovehisresidence...."

48.Alternately,chou canmean"toperfect"or"tosustainineverydirection."Seebelow.

49.SeeNeely,p.15.

50.Seethediscussiononhsin inArthurWaley's"Introduction"tohistranslationoftheAnalects,pp.4344.GoodfaithwasthepatronvirtueoftheHan,sincethat
dynastywascorrelatedafter104B.C.withthecenterandtheEarthphase.

51.SeeHTYT7/3/2628,45(notinDubsKnoblock,I,177translatesitas"truthfulness")"Mean,"ch.20/18ff.(Legge,413ff.).SeeKnoblock,I,16667forthe
importanceoftheterm.

52.YTC1/4a.

53.FollowingSMK1/4a.

54.HTYT8/3/45(notinDubsKnoblock,I,177).

55.FollowingCPL1/4aYTC1/4a.FW1/8adefinesfeng ("excessive,""licentious").

56.Thecharacterp'eng )presumablythenreferstoanexcessofFireinthegivensituation.SMKoffersnocommentaryfortheselines.

57.E.g.,FY1:1,whichcreditsfriendswith"polishing"theinbornnature.Cf.Analects7/21(Waley,127),4/1(Waley,102),4/17(Waley,105)"Mean,"par.22/8
(Legge,407)CYYT16/24/t'uan(Wilhelm,507):"Friendscome.Noblame."

58.ThelatterinterpretationisgivenbyCPL1/6b.

59.ThisislikeAdamrunningforcoverfromthesightofGodwhenherealizeshisownnakedness.

60.CTYT53/20/40(Watson,215).

61.Readingkuo ,followingSMK1/4a,ratherthanFW1/8a,assuminganinternalrhyme.

62.CYYT16/24/1(Wilhelm,9899Kunst,287).

63.Thephrasech'ichihhsing .

64.MyinterpretationfollowsSMK1/4a,whichsays,"Whenastateisabouttorise,thepeoplelooktoitasiftohomewhenitisabouttoend,thepeopleleaveit."

65.SuchexamplesarefrequentlycitedinHantexts,e.g.CCFL6/19/6b.Foraninterestingdiscussionofthisissue,seeKeightley(1977).

 Page495

No.3.Mired

1.SeeGSR368c,gKYSH,pp.80810.

2.Mostcommentatorsreaditas"tobeinstraits"(chienhsien ).

3.Pa .

4.ThemetaphoriswellestablishedbyHantimes.See,forexample,"Mean,"ch.15(Legge,396).

5.HTYT6/3/2(notinDubsKnoblock,I,174).CTYT49/19/24(Watson,200)showsthesagelookingwithcompleteindifferenceonmountainandabyss.InFY,
therearerepeatedcriticismsofsuchrelativisticoutlooks(e.g.,FY3:7,9:26).ThatrealdifferencesexistisalsothethemeofTHC6/A8,whichcontrastsgivingbirth
andtakinglife.

6.Literally,"atwaterydepths."Thisisapunsincech'ien means"hidden"aswell.Seebelow.

7.Readingtse ("conditions").

8.Onananalogywiththestateofprimevalchaos.

9.YellowisthecolorassignedtothecenterandtoEarth.TheEarthisalsothelocationoftheYellowSprings.CPL1/7btakesthistorefertotherestorationofthe
Liuclan,sinceyellowisthepatronphaseoftheWesternHanDynasty.

10.SeeYTC1/4b.CPL1/7bemphasizesthatyangch'iisstilltooweaktooperate,butthisinterpretationisbettersuitedtoAppraisal2.

11.Cf.Analects12/19(Waley,168).

12.Or,"stunted"?

13.CPL1/7breadsshih ("legalwife"or"sonsbornofthelegalwife."Thisseemsunlikely.

14.FW1/9a,citingCYYT15/22/hsiang(Wilhelm,496).ForFan,thecharacter"impure"signifiestheparticoloredflamesoftheFire.Cf.CPL1/7b,whichgoeson
toarguethatthelinesportendtheruler'sconquestbyhisch'en ("subordinates").

15.Translationtentative,locusclassicusofthereduplicativefufu alsomeans"tocrawl,"thereduplicativepossiblyconveysthesoundofcrawling.

16.Or,"great."

17.FY4:9.

18.LT,ch.40(Lau,116):"Onewhopossessedvirtueinabundance/Iscomparabletoanakedbabe."Cf.ch.10(Lau,67)ch.20(Lau,76).

19.SeeFY4:10forYang'scriticismofLaotzuianprimitivism.Forotherimagesoftherosybabe,seeTHC9/A1THC17/A4THC22/A3.

20.InChinesetradition,themotherteachesthechildhowtolovethefather,howtorespect.SeeFY4:11.

21.Mencius3A/5(Lau,105)andHTYT35/10/83(notinDubsKnoblock,132)characterizetheancientrulersinthisway.SeeFY4:11ontheneedforcareful
trainingofrosybabes.AndFY2:6:"Ifthesagesarealive,studywiththemenifthesageshavedied,studywith[their]books."

22.CYYT5/4/t'uan(Wilhelm,407).Cf.FY1:2,ontheyoungignoramus

 Page496

who"entrustshisfate"tohisteacher.

23.Seebelowforanalternateinterpretation.

24.Anotherpun.K'an alsomeans"tovanquish."

25.FW2/8a.

26.FY1:23:67(translatedinCh'an,28990).Cf.THC22/A1,2.

27.Yangcannotmeanthatanindividual'sinnerstrengthmaybeinsufficienttoreformhischaracter,giventherefutationofthisviewbyConfuciusinAnalects4/6
(Waley,103).

28.FY11:33.

29.YY33:657readsch'u .Shanisattestedinseveralearlyeditions,includingFWandWangYa.

30.Deletingch'iu ,ontheassumptionthatithascreptintothetextfromAppraisal7.

31.FW2/9b.

32.Literally,"Someoneleadsforhimanox."

33.FollowingSMK1/5ainreadingtai (asinFW1/9b).

34.HTYT1/1/610(Dubs,3233Knoblock,I,13637).Cf.CTYT57/21/59(Watson,231).

35.Or,insometexts,hsien ("carriagepole").

36.SMK1/5a.

37.Literally,"Towering,toweringarethehighmountains./Belowthereareriverwaves."

38.FY1:1untilthebreak,thenFY2:5.ThesamemetaphorappearsinHsinS3/2a.

39.Cf.Analects15/30(Waley,193[renum.]),whereundirectedthoughtisshowntobeinferiortostudyoftheclassicsandimitationofmoralsuperiors.Also,ibid.,
2/15(Waley,53).

No.4.Barrier

1.Thecharacteristhatusedfortheprecedingtetragramtitle.

2.FW1/10bwrites,"Althoughfinishedbelow,yinisstillstrongabove.Therefore,itcanhinder[yang]andholditfast."CPL1/9aenvisionsyangch'iimprisonedin
ice,like"arulerwhoiscontrolledbyhisofficial."

3.LT,ch.52(Lau,113)cf.ch.56(Lau,117).Ontheimportanceofthistheme,seeGirardot,pp.15456Ames,p.210.

4.SeeYL4/14a7/4b7/10b.

5.Graham(1989),p.97.

6.CYYT38/63/hsiang(Wilhelm,711).

7.Apunhere.Ni canalsomean"toimpede,""toobstruct."GSR563d.

8.Orpossibly,"nonereceiveorconfer.""Finally"issuppliedbyNylan.

9.CYYT2/1/yen(Wilhelm,379).

10.CPL1/9acallsthesnake"adragonwithoutahorn."Cf.LHCC16:344(Forke,I,365).

11.HNT2/5a.

12.CYYT6/5/3(Wilhelm,26Kunst,249).

13.Mauss(1990),vixvi.FollowingCPL1/9a.SMK1/5a,however,associ

 Page497

atesthephrase"nonereceive"withtheline"nonearemales,"implyingthatnoheirsexist.

14.Analects13/3(Waley,171).

15.HS27A:1458,definingthesignificanceofsnakesasportents.CPL1/9asuggeststhatthephrase"rulernotaruler"mostlikelyattackstheusurpationofHan
imperialpowerbyawoman(possiblythedowagerEmpressWang?)orbythe"womanish"catamiteTungHsien.HsFukuan,II,54256alsobelievesthatthisis
oneofmanyHeadtextstoreflectthepoliticalsituationduringthereignsofEmperorsCh'eng(r.327B.C.),Ai(r.61B.C.),ortheregency,theninterregnumofWang
Mang.ChinCh'unfeng,p.443,disputesthis.Inmostcases,IhesitatetoentertherealmofspeculationbyreadingintotheMysteryspecificreferencestohistorical
events.

16.ThisreadingreflectsYang'suseofthedragonasmetaphorforthenoblemaninFY5:136:17and10:27.

17.Metalbasinsfilledwithwaterservedatthistimeasmirrors.Forthismetaphorofthemirror,seeLT,ch.10(Lau,66).Forthemetaphoroftheunmovedmind,see
e.g.Mencius2A/2(Lau,7680).Fordailyselfexamination,seee.g.CCYT115/Hsi19/4Tso(Legge,177)HTYT4/2/19(Dubs,47Knoblock,154)Analects
1/4(Waley,84).

18.FY1:2.

19.LT,ch.8(Lau,64).Cf.ch.78(Lau,140).

20.ReadingGSR48aas48c(she ).

21.CYYT42/HsiA/7(Wilhelm,308),explaining38/62/3(Wilhelm,707Kunst,241).

22.CPL1/9b,however,saystheverbpa ("topushtothefront").

23.TheFWcommentaryconsistentlyglosses"our"(wo ),asinFW1/11a.Inhiscommentary,thelinescelebratethegoodofficials'treatment("removingthe
yoke")ofthecommonpeople.Itisdifficulttosee,however,whythiswouldonlyprovidea"smallgain."

24.Sivinsuggests,"honorinaccordwithgoodfaith.""Thegoodman"issuppliedbyNylan.

25.Analects2/22(15)(Waley,93).

26.Analects6/17(Waley,119).

27.Cf.CYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,342).ContrastOde26/3(Legge,39):"Myheartisnotastone"[because"itcannotberolled"i.e.,changed].

28.CYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,341).

29.FW1/11alibdefineschih asawall250cubitmeasuresinlength.

30.Ode254/7(Legge,503).Thiscoupletisfrequentlycitedinearlytexts,e.g.,CCYT94/Hsi5/1Tso(Legge,144Watson,25).Goldenwallsarealsoassociated
withthesageinHsinS2/7b.

31.HTYT7/3/27(notinDubsKnoblock,175)andMencius4A/11(Lau,122).

32.THC"Hsanshu"8/3b(p.1025b).

33.Twodefinitionsaregivenforthereduplicativechch )and"to

 Page498

walk,butnotadvance"(hsingpuchin ).Clearly,thereduplicativedescribesastumblingorhaltingwalk.

34.Literally,"Someonesleepsforhim[i.e.,inhisplace]atthelodge."

35.She couldrefertoeitherarelaystationoralodging.Seebelow.

36.Ode115/3(Legge,177).ButseeKarlgren(1964),p.204.

37.SMK'sreadingissimilar.Evilhasbeenintroducedintothe[ruling]house,withoutitsoccupantsfullyrealizingit.SMK1/5bcitesthefamous(apocryphal?)
anecdoteconcerningthedownfalloftheCh'indynasty.InresponsetoapredictionthattheCh'inwouldbedestroyedbyHu .

38.FW1/11bYTC1/7bCPL1/10a.

39.Ch'ch'u .

40.E.g.,Ode43/12(Legge,70).FW1/11bisevenmorespecific,pointingtoevilslanderersatcourtonthebasisofErhya.SeeKarlgren(1964),130,no.121
22.

41.YY33:658,citingFang5/37/34whichtalksof"coarsestrawmats."

42.YY33:65859readsfan ,arguingthatitisasignofthebattlebetweenyinandyang(aparallelwithTHC8/A8).Thechangeisunwarranted.Pocouldalso
mean"propagates."

43.Ifthisisnotreadasaconditionalclause,App.8appearstobeinauspicious.MyinterpretationfollowsCPL1/10a.

44.YTC1/7bspeaksofoch'i .TheT'angcommentatorWangYaidentifiestheRedStenchasthe"killingch'iwhichresultsfromtheyinandyangimpulsesat
war."Isuspectthephrasereferstosomekindofplague,possiblyanthrax.SeeZinsser,p.135.However,earlyIndiantextsalsospeakofa"CrimsonBreath,"
apparentlysomeformofcropblightinIndia.CPL1/16b,however,specificallyidentifiestheRedStenchasWangMang,sinceWangadoptedFireasthepatron
agentforhisdynasty.Inthatcase,thestenchwouldemanatefromthepalaceouttotheborderpassesoftheempire.

45.YY33:659deleteschung becauseofscansion."Onanemptyhouse"issuppliedbyNylan.

46.Literally,"Tiltheend,itcannotbefilled."

47.YTC1/8a.Suchareadingissupportedbytheassociationofthephrase"covetousandwithoutvirtue"with"Itscreenshishome...."SeeCYYT34/55/6
(Wilhelm,216Kunst,329),citedinCCYT186/Hsan6/1Kung(Legge,299).Forthis,seealsoSmith,p.13.Itisalsopossible,theindividual,infearofappearing
gullible,endsupdoubtingtrueteachingsaswellasfalse.ThisisathemeoftheFY.

48.CCYT94/Hsi5/1Tso(Legge,144).

49.FY3:7.PartofYangHsiung'sansweristobefoundinhisprosepoem,"Refuting[Encountering]Sorrow,"whichhasbeentranslatedinKnechtges(1982),pp.
1316.WhilethatpoembeginsbyasympatheticconsiderationofthepoetCh'Yan,itgoesontoemphasizetheneedforpubliccommitmentandpoliticalloyalty.

50.SMK1/6a,citingCYYT3/2/4(Wilhelm,14Kunst,243).

 Page499

No.5.KeepingSmall

1.Readingtan ,assuggestedbytheFW1/12aSungChungandSMK1/6a,whichfollowusageintheLT.Thesecommentatorstake"unmoving"asan
adjectivedescriptiveofyangabovegroundinearlywinter:"Yangch'icalm[abovegroundbut]spreading[itsinfluence]throughthedeeppool[belowthesurfaceof
theearth]."

2.KY,citedinMorohashi17929,defineschien (here,"selfrestrained").Thisemendationisunnecessary,especiallyinviewofthewaterimageryhere.

3.ReadingGSR178oas178i(pien ).

4.CYYT11/15/t'uan(Wilhelm,462).

5.LT,ch.77(Lau,139).

6.CYYT11/15/hsiang(Wilhelm,463).

7.ForritualimitatingtheTao,seeHTYT73/19/635(Watson,100Dubs,232).

8.CYYT11/15/hsiang(Wilhelm,6466).

9.LT,ch.40(Lau,101).

10.ThephrasecomesfromLT,ch.52(Lau,113).

11.YL4/13b.CWK,p.22,n.3citesLT,ch.38(Lau,99):"Thehighestvirtueisnotvirtuous."

12.Or,"covered."

13.CYYT11/15/1(Wilhelm,65).ContrastKunst,269.

14.Analects1/16(Waley,87)beforethebreak4/14(Waley,1045)afterit.

15.Apun.Miao (GSR1158cas1158b).

16.Readingch'eng ("integrity"),followingFW1/12b.TheWJLeditiongivesthesecondcharacterbutoffersnoexplanationforthesubstitution.

17.SeeYTC1/8b.

18.Or,"Hishumility,[from]correctalignment."

19.CPL1/11atakesch'ien ("littlebylittle").

20.CWK,p.22,n.5,basedlooselyonFW1/12b.

21.Forthisdefinitionofwuwei ,SeeGraham(1970).SeeFY4:12forcriticismsofthewuweiproponents.

22.FY1:2.

23.SMK1/6a,however,prefers"paradingpoverty,"takingp'inp'in ("displaylikeaflagone'spoverty").However,thatbehaviorhasnonecessary
connectionwiththesecondlineofAppraisal4.Cf.Appraisal8below.ItisalsoconceivablethatYangHsiungwishestoindicatethedirepovertyoftheindividualby
hisuseofthereduplicative.

24.Literally,"Someonerecklesslyforhimrelieves[it]."

25.Literally,"Takingpooraspoor,recklesslyrelieving."

26.FW1/12b,however,talksofthemanwhoknowshimselftobe"strongasMetal,"despitelowrank,thenfocusesonadisparitybetweentalentandposition.

27.FY3:7,citingCYYT40/HsiA/4(15)(Wilhelm,295).

 Page500

28.E.g.,FY1:4.

29.ThisisYang'sargumentinhisprosepoem,"ExpellingPoverty."SeeKnechtges(1976),1047.

30.Analects7/11(Waley,125)beforethefirstbreakibid.,4/5(Waley,103)beforethesecondbreakafterthesecondbreak,ibid.,4/16(Waley,105).Cf.4/5
(Waley,1023)15/32(Waley,199)16/1(Waley,2034).

31.Literally,"WhattheEarthitselfempties.

32.CYYT20/31/hsiang(Wilhelm,542).Cf.LT,ch.61(Lau,121).

33.Literally,"Beingsmall,[still]itholdsontobeingfull."YY33:659arguesthatch'ih ("torelyupon").Thephrasewouldthenmeanthatthesmallmanis"arrogant
andselfreliant."Theemendationisunnecessary.

34.CYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,341).

35.LT,ch.9(Lau,65).

36.FY10:32usesthesameimage.Cf.LHCC1:14(Forke,I,149).Forfurtherinformation,seeLau(1968).Forthesamemetaphoronadifferentpoint,see
Graham(1989),p.201.

37.Ch'ihying ,inOde248(Legge,75).

38.Analects12/21(Waley,169)beforethebreak9/24(Waley,143)afterit.

39.Analects12/4(Waley,163).

40.FollowingYTC1/9a.Cf.CPL1/12a.

41.However,Serruyspreferstoreadching ("quality").

42.Jun .

43.Ku isaloanfor"good"(ready).SeeGSR1202a.

No.6.Contrariety

1.Or,"germinal."FollowingSMK1/6b.FW1/13b,however,glossesfu ,whichshowsahandatopachild.

2.Therootmeaningofch'u ("toarouse").

3.CYYT42/HsiA/8(Wilhelm,313).Forfurtherinformationontheargumentationofthe"Hsitz'u,"seePeterson(1982).

4.Ch'i .ContrasttheWesternnotionof"equality,"whichpresupposesequallegalstatusforall.Forfurtherdiscussion,seeBauer,pp.2122.

5.Forthehs as"heart/mind,"seeHTYT62/17/12(Dubs,179).Cf.HNT2/11a.Ananalogyismadebetweentheheart/mindandprimalchaossincebothare
unseencatalystsofvisibleactivity.

6.Glossingch'iu ,followingFW1/13b.

7.InmanyWarringStatestexts,thebellyalsosymbolizestheanimalnaturewithitsdesiresforfoodandsex,asinLT,ch.3(Lau,59).Inthatcase,thebackwould
standforthevisibleexpressionofthosedesires.

8.SMK1/7a.

9.Literally,"Eachhaswhatittakescareof."

10.CYYT24/38/t'uan(Wilhelm,575).Cf.41/HsiA/6(Wilhelm,343).

 Page501

11.Karlgrensaysthecharactershou ("direction").

12.KCTSCC63:677(top).

13.E.g.,Ode203/1(Legge,353)262/6(Legge,555)FY3:6.Fortheetymologicalrelationbetween"straightness"and"virtue,"seeHallandAmes,p.218.

14.FY9:26callsthelevel,line,compass,andsquaretach'i .

15.FY10:26.Cf.HTYT73/19/35(Dubs,225Watson,95)KT10/30/16a(Rickett[b],407).

16.FY8:22associatestheuseoftheseinstrumentswiththeemploymentofgoodadvisorsingovernment,forexample.Cf.HTYT48/12/99(notinDubsKnoblock,
II,190).HTYT39/11/43(notinDubsKnoblock,155)associatesthemwithritual.

17.HNT9/11b(Ames,146),addedbyNylan.Cf.KT6/16/7b(Rickett(b),261).

18.Thisisaloosetranslation,readingy herefunctionsasaverb("totaketoheart"),withyasitsobject.SeeYY33:659forcriticismofSMK1/7a,whichSYJ
8/18bupholds.

19.FollowingFW1/14bCWK,p.26,n.6.Insteadofhs ("soninlaw")instead.

20.Ode189/9(Legge,317).

21.OnethinksofWenchn,wifetoSsumaHsiangju,whosetaleisrecountedinSC117:30001(Watson,II,297300).

22.Ketech'iso .

23.HNT9/7a7b(Ames,148).

24.FW1/14b(underBuddhistinfluence?),readsshasheng as"killinglivingthings,"equatingthe"livingthing"withthessuofAppraisal5above.CPL1/13b
agrees,butIfindthisfarfetched.Serruysreads:"Diminishing,growing,..."

25.Readingshih ,arguingthatthestraightarrowsymbolizestheappropriateWayofChou,asinOde203/1(Legge,353).

26.THC"Hsanli"7/5b(p.1018b).

27.SeeHFT4:16:82(Liao,I,143)forthis.

28.Literally,shih asacompoundverb.

29.Forthisterm,seeSchafer(1977),p.79ff.

30.HS26:128586.

No.7.Ascent

1.Wu suppliedbycommentators.

2.FollowingYTC1/11aCPL1/14ainreadingshe astheverb"toshoot,"whichsuggeststheforceofyangch'ipushingupward.Alternatereadingforshe=yi
("tosaturate").

 Page502

3.Ifthealternatereadingof"saturate"isused,growingthingscrowdtheearthbelowuntiltheysaturateit,thenclimbupabove.

4.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.5(Legge,32526Karlgren,30).

5.FY12:38.

6.CYYT28/46/hsiang(Wilhelm,179).NotethatwhilethehexagramPushingUpwardislargelyauspicious,Tetragram7associatesAscentwithbothgoodandbad
luck.

7.FY4:11.

8.WangYareadschianchian ("appearanceofsharpadvance").

9.FW1/15asays,"thepureheartsuppressingitself"butthismayshowBuddhistinfluence.YTC1/11aemphasizestheworriesoversocialadvancethatlessermen
experienceSMK1/7b,theimpatienceofthepettyman.

10.Notetheetymologicalrelationofthetwocharactersyeh .

11.LT,ch.56(Lau,117).Cf.ch.12(Lau,68).

12.Readingcheh ("valley").

13.Readinghuo ("tomoderate"[illeffects]),asinMencius2A/4(Lau,81),4A/9(Lau,122).

14.E.g.,Analects1/2(Waley,83).

15.Mencius7A/41(Lau,191).

16.LT,ch.46(Lau,107).

17.Literally,ku ("grain"),andbyextension,"nurture"or"nourishmeat."

18.Ode165/1(Legge,253).

19.Mencius3A/4(Lau,104)excoriatesthosewhofavorotherdoctrinesoverConfucianismbysaying:"Ihaveheardofcomingoutofthedarkravinetosettleona
talltree,butnotofforsakingthetalltreetodescendintothedarkravine."

20.Mu )treementionedinthepreHanclassics.Maoisthestandardadjectiveappliedto"talent"evenbeforeA.D.36,whenthe"LuxuriantTalent"(maots'ai)
degreewasawardedtoscholarsrecommendedbythecommanderiesandprefecturestothethroneforservice.Forfurtherinformation,seeBielenstein,pp.133,136.

21.FW1/15b.Cf.WangYa,whoequatesthemwithdelicacies.

22.E.g.,FY1:12.

23.Readingfu ("truly")ortotakeitas"floating[likeacloud],"implying"withoutsubstance."ThosecommentatorsciteAnalects7/15(Waley,126):"Anythought
ofacceptingwealthandrankbymeansthatIknowtobewrongisasfarremovedfrommeasthecloudsthatfloatabove.''FW1/15bandCWK,p.28,n.6ignoreit.

24.Possibly,chung ("loyalty").ForthesecondlineoftheFathoming,cf.LT,ch.21(Lau,78).Thereisanotherpossible

 Page503

allusionhere.Ode184hasthelinetsaiychu ("itstaysontheislet")herewehaveyuchuchung .

25.YTC1/12a.

26.Ode184/1,2(Legge,296).

27.FW1/16a.

28.Literally,"donotfind[it]felicitous."

29.Ode100/1(Legge,154).Cf.FY5:15,whichrepeatsthemetaphor,andYL4/6b.

30.FY4:9.

31.Readingtien ("ruined,""toppled"),followingCPL1/15a.Itcouldalsomean"thehighest."

32.Supplyingtheverbte ,followingSMK1/8a.

33.NotethevariantinFW1/16bSungWeikanandYTC1/12b.

34."OntopofStorkbirdTower"byWangChihhuan (695?),translatedinTurner,p.97.ThetowerrepresentedthenobilityinearlyChina,sinceonly
membersofthearistocracywerepermittedtoconstructsuchbuildings.

35.Throughoutp'ien3ofHY(Ku,7982),goodministersaresaidtobethestaffthatpropsupgovernment.

36.Wei alsomeans"precipice."

37.Forthechangingconnotationsofshih ,seeHsChoyn(1965),78,8999,15051.

38.Ode172/1(Legge,172).

No.8.Opposition

1.Thecharacterch'i issuppliedfromFW1/16bandWangYa,onananalogywithotherHeadtexts.Forfurtherinformation,seeYY33:660.

2.SuppliedbyYTC1/13a.

3.FollowingWJL,ratherthanFW1/16bandWangYa,inwritingju .

4.Literally,"spearlike."Ke ("thesoundofpenetratingwhatishard").Thistranslationisalsopossible,whenweconsiderthatyangch'iispushingthroughthe
hardsurfaceoftheearth.

5.E.g.,Mencius5B/9(Lau,159)HTYT92/25/2(notinDubsorKnoblock).

6.Analects14/9(Waley,181).

7.SY9/1a25a.

8.LC5/16a(Legge,I,114).

9.PHT5:193(Tjan,II,469).

10.Seehisassessmentoftheprosepoem(fu)asfeng ("indirectcriticism")inFY1:4.

11.Takingwan astheverb"toturnround,"followingSMK1/8a8b.Alternately,wanmeanstheround(i.e.,blunt)tipofthedrill,followingYTC1/13a:"The
blunt[drilltip]boring."Seebelow.Fortheroundpelletwithreferencetodebate,seeCTYT3/2/11(Watson,37).

12.PanKu ,inYKC,II,25/5a.Theanonymous

 Page504

MasterofGhostValleyusesthe"turningbit"aschaptertitleforanessaynowlost.SeeKKTB/13.Formoreinformationondisputation,seeKroll.

13.YTC1/13asaysthataprobeoughttobepointed,whilehereitisroundedhence,theclumsinessoftheprocess.Forthedamagecausedbyastoneprobecrudely
applied,seeFY4:12.

14.SMK1/8a8b.

15.Morohashi96.

16.Yangcontraststhetermwei ("whatisobvious").SeeFY5:14.Theevilisbarelyperceptiblebecauseithasjustbegun.NotethatCPL1/16atakesweitorefer
totwoadditionalconditions:the"lowly"stationofminorofficialsandthe"subtle"remonstranceaimedattherulerbywiseloyalists.

17.FollowingSMK1/8bandCPL1/16a.Thephrasekueiming couldalsomean"toputontrackthecommands[oftheruler]."

18.LT,ch.64(Lau,125).

19.Thephrase"modeldecrees"canalsorefertothe"modelspeech"oftheidealofficial.YTC1/13aandCPL1/16abothreadwei as"minor[official],"ratherthan
as"slight."CWK,p.30,n.4,follows.

20.However,Broschatunderstandsthefirstverb(ch'ien )iscognatewithanothertermusedinKKT.SeeBroschat,p.145.

21.YTC1/13ab.Cf.CWK,p.30,n.5.TheanonymousMasterofGhostValleyusesthegagtodescribetherhetorical"art"(shu )ofidentifyingthelistener's
desireswhilesuppressingtheexpressionofone'sown.SeeKKTB/5/1a,2a,4a.CTYT24/10/26(Watson,111)54/21/6(Watson,222)showthatthegagcanbe
usedbothtosilenceothersandtoconveyadisinclinationtospeak.

22.Ode239/6(Legge,446).

23.KY1/3.MytranslationisbasedonHart,44.

24.Alternately,"Theygostraightontheirway"or,"Theystraightenhisway."

25.Cf.theearlyproverb,"Goodmedicineisbittertothetaste,"citedinHFT11:32:199(Liao,II,35).

26.FY2:5contrastsunusualdelicacieswithordinaryfare.YY33:660readsch'iuyi ("earthenwarepitcher").Seebelow.

27.SeeCCYT121/Hsi23/fu2(Legge,186).Cf.HYKC3:28ontheKingofShu'sgiftofdirttoKingHuiofCh'in(r.337311B.C.).

28.SMK1/8b.

29.Cf.FY1:4,whichmocksthosewhoignorantlyhankeraftervermilionandgold.

30.PanChao ,inYKC96/4a(Swann[1932],83).

31.Or,"pole."

32.Literally,"knocksagainst."

33.Alternately,"Itispropertocomply."FW1/17btalksofcomplyingwiththeruler.SMK1/8b,however,presumesthatthismeans,"Tocomplywithwhatisright
[bringsgoodfortune]."CWKoffersnocommentary.

34.Alternately,"[By]complianceitcanbepreserved."

 Page505

35.FollowingFW1/17bYTC1/14aandCPL1/17aforthedefinitionofthereduplieative.

36.Adding"follow."SeeCWK,p.31,n.8.

37.Apun.MytranslationfollowsFW1/18aYTC1/14a,butseebelow.Alternately:"TheydonotadmittheWay"[intotheirthinking]or"Theywillnotbeadmitted
ontheWay."

38.FW1/18aSMKl/9a.

39.Translationtentative."In"isthemoreusualtranslationofthecharactery ,butitmakeslittlesenseinthecontext.

40.ForinformationonHanexorcisms,seeBerger.

41.TherearemanysimilarproverbsinHantexts,e.g.,"Themouthsofthemassessmeltmetal"(FSTYyiwen2:87)and"Longtonguesworkasbattleaxes"(YL
5/14b).

42.ThisisstilldonebyTaoistpriestsinTaiwan,ascanbeseeninGarySeaman'sfilms.

43.Ode264/3(Legge,561)identifiesslanderandrumoraswomen'sactivities:"Awisemanbuildsthecity./Awisewomanoverthrowsit./Awomanwithalong
tongue/Islikeasteppingstonetodisorder."Sincewomenaretomenasofficialsaretotheruler,officialsmayalsobethesubjectoftheseverses.

44.Analects7/15(Waley,126).

45.ProverbquotedinCPL1/17b.

No.9.BranchingOut

1.Or"increaseinsize."

2.YTC1/14b.

3.FW1/18bLuChiandSMK1/9aglossthischaracteras"advance."WuMiandSungWeikanborrowfromSW14B:310btheequationofshu usedinthe
Head,whichisgenerallyusedofplants.YangHsiung'sbiographyusesthissamecompoundtodescribethecompositionoftheMysteryMwhichgrewluxuriantly
underhispen.SeeHS87B:3566(Knechtges,46).

4.Readingming ("excellent").

5.Forcrawlingasasignofone'swillingnesstoexertoneselfforthegood,seeOde35/4(Legge,57).

6.CPL1/17bSMK1/9a.

7.YTC1/14b.Cf.CKW,p.33,n.2.However,Idoubtthatapersoncouldreachthislevelofperfectionatthebeginning.

8.Or"glinting,""flickering."

9.Forthisexpression,seetheFangyencitedinChengtzut'ung (notinthepresent"Fang"index).SeealsoCWK,p.33,n.3.

10.SeeFW1/18b.

11.Thesinglecharactert'a means"houndsdevouringthings."

12.SeeFY3:78.

13.Onthis,seeFY4:12,whereYangadmitshisborrowingfromChuangtzu.Cf.FY6:17.

 Page506

14.CPL1/18areadsshu .Cf.CWK,p.33,n.3.Thebracketedmaterialisaddedbythecommentators.

15.CWK,p.33,n.3,readsthisas,"Theyoughtnottohavewhattheypursue."

16.SeeYL5/9b.

17.Readingyeny asareversionofyyen,followingusageintheOdes.FW1/19aWangYaandCWK,p.33,n.4,tiethistothespring,whenthemyriad
thingsgrowundertheinfluenceofyangch'i.CPL1/18atakesyentorefertothehuntfires.

18.HTYT1/1/10(Dubs,33Knoblock,I,137).

19.FY8:23.

20.CPL1/18aonceagaintakesshuasshou ,addingaddictionstothehunttothoseoffoodandwine.

21.Or"method,"followingYTC1/15aCPL1/18a.

22.Cf.Mencius6A/17(Lau,169),whichcitesOde247/1(Legge,475)on"fillinguswithvirtue"and"fillinguswithdrink"butbreakstheoriginalparallel.Cf.
Mencius6A/14(Lau,168):"Amanwhoonlycaresaboutfoodanddrinkisdespisedbecausehetakescareofpartsofsmallerimportancetothedetrimentofpartsof
greaterimportance."

23.FollowingWangYainreadingku ("grain").

24.Thephrase"thereisenough"wasusedinHun,forexample,todescribethevirtuesofafamouschiefministerinantiquity.SeeFSTY2/9(Nylan,36162).Note
therelationbetweentsu .

25.Readingshih ("togotoward").

26.Readingpojih as"daysofwhite[hair]"ratherthanas"broaddaylight,"asCWK,p.34,n.7,does.ItseemsunlikelythatPosition7,wellpastthehalfway
markinthetetragram,wouldspeakofmidday.YTC1/15bidentifiesthetimeassunset.

27.Readingch'en ("the[right]time"),followingthecommentators.

28.Or,"finallyabletoget[hischance]tohear[theWay],"assuggestedbyYTC1/15bCPL1/18a,whociteAnalects4/8(Waley,103):"Inthemorning,hearthe
Way.Intheevening,diecontent."Inthatcase,theversesdescribetheindividualwhoreachesmoralunderstandingonlylateinlife.

29.Or,"taking[asmodel].""Parasites"issuppliedassubjectbyNylan.

30.SeeHFT19:49:33950(Liao,II,27597)forliceassymbolsofsocialparasites.

31.Or,"[With]spreadingoutcomplete."

32.Becauseofrhyme,followingFW1/20ainreadingk'un .

33.FW1/20atiesthewateralsowithreturntothebeginning.

34.LT,ch.64(Lau,125).

35.LT,ch.58(Lau,119).Forsimilarinjunctionstotakegreatcare,see

 Page507

also,e.g.,TTLC4:52:24ontheMusicMasterTzuch'un,whostubbedhistoeandOde195/6(Legge,333):"Weshouldbeapprehensiveandcautious,/Asif
onthebrinkofadeepgulf,/Asiftreadingonthinice."

36.Analects26/8(Waley,206).

37.Chan (GSR226c).

38.FW1/20asayssimplythatthe"abyss"is"one."

No.10.Defectiveness

1.FW1/20aassignsthetetragramtoHexagramno.19,Approach.Inthatcase,thecharacterhsien ).However,thecharacterrefersmoreoftentoanerror.
Therefore,IfollowSMK1/9b.

2.Literally,"assistingthehidden."

3.MaterialinbracketssuppliedbyFW1/20aSMK1/10a.

4."Theshapesofthings"isunderstood,butunexpressed.YTC1/16a,however,ascribesthedistortedshapetoyangch'i.Thetitlecharacterhsien isusedof
shapesthatarenotperfectlyround.

5.YTC1/16a.

6.Or,"straighten."

7.ThepassageprecedingtheellipsismarkisdrawnfromtheapocryphaattachedtotheChanges.SeeCIS,I(B),31.AliisaChinesemile,roughlyequalto1/3the
Westernmile.ThelastsentencecomesfromCYYT6/6/hsiang(Wilhelm,417).

8.KT6/16/2a(Rickett[a],91).

9.SeeGraham(1978),pp.22728forexamples.

10.Cf.CYYT16/24/1(Wilhelm,98Kunst,287)47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,342).

11.CYYT6/6/hsiang(Wilhelm,417).

12.FollowingFW1/20b,readingy .

13.Secondpossibletranslationfortheliteralline:"Defectiveinregardtothepath."

14.Literally,"Thedefectivebypurecircumstanceisright."Alternately,"Thedefectivebalancedagainsttheright."

15.Cf.Ode23/1(Legge,34).

16.FW1/20bdefineshsing ("luckybeyondone'sexpectations).

17.SMK1/10a,however,readsas,"Good[though]contrarytoconstants."Seebelow.

18.Thematerialbeforetheellipsismarkscomesfrom"Mean,"ch.14/4(Legge,396)thelastsentence,fromSY10:344.Cf.Analects6/17(Waley,117):"Man's
verylifeisstraightness.Ifhelosesthatyetlives,hisescapefromdeathismerelytheeffectofhappycoincidence."

19.SeeCCYT322/Hsiang28/Tso6(Legge,542).

20.CWK,p.36,n.5,citingFY8:2122.

21.CPL1/19a20bYTC1/16b17a.

22.SMK1/10a,citingSC47:1923(Chavannes,V,335).

23.Bothk'ung .

24.Forthesameimage,seeFY4:9.

 Page508

25.LT,ch.53,(Lau,114).Cf.FY2:6.Themetaphorof"walkingonbypaths"wasalsousedbytheConfucians.E.g.,Analects6/12(Waley,118).

26.Cf.THC6/A1.

27.AddedbyNylan.

28.FW1/21a,however,assumesthe"void"impliestheevilmindemptyofallunderstandingofmoralprecepts.

29.Readingku ,followingCPL1/17b.

30."Truths"suppliedbyYTC1/17b.

31.Literally,"Danger,it'[he]follows."CWK,p.37,n.8,preferstoreadthelineas"Dangerous[ly],it[he]relaxes,where"it"standsfortheinstitutionsassociated
withthesages.Theruler,then,instituteswuwei ,itisalsopossibletoreadthelineas,"Dangerous(ly)itheexplicates."ForYang'spreoccupationwithheterodoxy,
seeFY4:912.

32.Analects2/16(Waley,91).

33.E.g.,FY5:15.TheinnovativepointsintheMysteryweresetwithintheframeworkofareceivedbodyofteaching,ratherthaninconsciouscompetitionwithit.

34.Aalects7/1(Waley,122).

35.YTC1/17b.

36.Mencius3B/1(Lau,107).

37.Alternately,"tosetthefeetinadifferent['deflected']direction."

38.Mencius1B/12(Lau,70).

39.SMK1/10bbelievesthattheindividualin"twisting""bendshisprinciplestosavehimselffromdisaster."Onthesameassumption,YTC1/17bcriticizesYang
Hsiung(especiallyFY8:22on"bendingtheselfinserviceoftheWay").

40.Cf.THC9/A9above.

41.Readingk'ua .Inthatcase,thelinewouldmean,"Thefourhorsesreturnto[their]stalls."

42.CPL1/21a.

No.11.Divergence

1.AccordingtoSMK1/10b.

2.Tentativereadingforyung .SMK1/10bCPL1/21aandCWK,p.38,n.2,readitas"harmonies."

3.CPL1/21atakesthisaswukaich'ijung ("thingschangetheirappearance").

4."Wriggling"(ch'un ).

5.Cf.SY16/la.

6.Theterm"lordly"isambiguous.Itcanrefereithertotheemperorortodivinities.

7.YTCl/18aglossesaspuch'i .

8.FW1/22apunctuatesafterkung ,reading"Toattack[them]oneself/Isprincipled."CWK,p.37,n.3,apparentlyfollows.

9.Literally,"[Ifthere]seepsthroughwhathedesires,..."

10.HFT7:21:11920(Liao,I,21718).

 Page509

11.Forthisusage,seeCYYT10/12/5(Wilhelm,55Kunst,263).

12.CYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,341).Cf.LT,ch.58(Lau,119):"Itisondisasterthatgoodfortuneperchesitisbeneathgoodfortunethatdisastercrouches."

13.Thatis,"foregoing."SMK1/11areadsinsteadas"togotoofarinregardto."Seebelow.

14.CYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,34041)[textrearranged].

15.Documents,"Lao,"par.9(notinKarlgrenLegge,34950).

16.RecordedinCTYT8283/29/4374(Watson,334),forexample.

17.Readingche ,followingYTC1/19a.Otherwise,itmustmean"break."

18.Literally,"beingnear."

19.FY2:5.Cf.Analects11/15(Waley,156),whichtalksof"enteringthedoorandascendingtothemainhall."

20.SeeStein.

21.Reading aschunghsinginsteadofchunghang.

22.Or,"stumbling."

23.Analects1/8,15/30(Waley,85,199).

24.Alternately,"Havingputoneselfindanger,oneactstobesafe."

25.See,e.g.,HIT3:10:54(Liao,I,96).

26.FollowingSMK1/11a,whichglossesjangts'ui ).

27.YTC1/19b,referringtoCYYT15/21/shang(Wilhelm,89Kunst,281).

28.Readingfu ("theareaabovetheeye").SMK1/11acitesCYYT18/28/shang(Wilhelm,114Kunst,295):"Incrossingtheriverattheshallows,hegetshis
crownwet."

29.Literally,"Therearesomeshoots[ofafallenstump]whichareverdantgreen."

30.ForearlyChinesewalls,seeWaldron,pp.1351andKnapp,pp.1125463.

31.Forthesamemetaphor,seeOde304/6(Legge,642)CYYT18/28/5(Wilhelm,113).

No.12.Youthfulness

1.HTYT24/8/106(Dubs,114Knoblock,II,81):"Ifanintelligentmaniswithoutteacherorprecepts,hewillsurelybecomearobber."

2.CCYT398/Chao19/5Kung(Malmqvist,203),citedbyCPL1/22b.

3.FY1:2.Cf.YangHsiung'sdisciple,HuanT'an,citedinYKC14/5b(Pokora,67):"Threeyearsof[solitary]studydoesnotequalthreeyearswithaselected
teacher."

4.Cf.FY6:17

5.YTC1/19bCPL1/22bequatehuiwo .SeeCYYT5/4/t'uan(Wilhelm,406).ForfurtherinformationonHanreadingsofthisphrase,seeYenLingfeng
(1980),p.71ff.

 Page510

6.Readingmeng .

7.TheChineseisambiguouseithertheteacherorthestudentcouldbeignorantandbenighted.TheChangestradition,however,identifiestheyouthastheblindone.
SeeYenLingfeng(1980),pp.7172.YTC1/19breadsthis"Tomeetwithus[ie.,teachers]onaccountof[his]benightedness."CPL1/22bidentifiestheteacheras
ignorantandbenighted.

8.SeeFY1:1.

9.Forthepun,seeHsinS7/la.

10.Analects2/17(Waley,91).

11. .

12.Theturtle,ofcourse,hasitself"emergedfromthemuck"ofitsnativehabitattothemagnificenttemple.ContrastYangHsiung'swordswiththefamousChuang
tzupassageadvisingustopreferthemud.SeeCTYT45/17/8284(Watson,188).

13.Foryi ,seeSMK1/11b.CompareDobson(1976)3.1.3(p.830).

14.Analects4/6(Waley,103).AsimilarideaisexpressedinFY1:2.

15.Analects7/3(Waley,123).

16.Readinghsi .

17.Cf.HS58B:3579(Knechtges,56).

18.CTYT36/13/70,74.(Watson,152).

19.FW1/24aYTC1/20bandCPL1/23areadte .Inthatcase,thelinemeans"Hischaracterisnotfine."

20.YTC1/20b.

21.FW1/24a.

22.HsinS6/3aibid.,7/4b5aMencius1A/3(Lau,5152).

23.Thistraditionisbaseduponthe"Yaotien"chapteroftheDocuments(par.26),whichhastheancientsagekingShunconferringwithpromisinglocalcandidates
foroffice.Cf.Analects3/5(Waley,95),and5/5(Waley,108),whereConfuciusspeculatesthatevenbarbariansmightoffergoodexamples.Forfurtherinformation,
seeNylan(1991)onfengsu ("custom").FortheChinesereformers'useofsuchtraditionstosanctiondemocracy,seeFranke,p.106ff.Ontheimportanceof
theprogress,seeGeertz.

24.Ontherestorativequalityofnightair,seeMencius6A/8(Lau,165).

25.Literally,"isequaltoarunt."

26.ForYang,seeFY2:6.

27.ThesameargumentisgiveninMencius6A/15(Lau,168).

28.CYYT5/4/1(Wilhelm,22).Kunst,p.247translatesdifferently.

29.LT,ch.10(Lau,66).

30.Readinglei (GSR577f=GSR577j).Alternately,"Inreturn,itimplicates[orbinds?]itself."

No.13.Increase

1.Literally,"abundantlywaxing."

2.AplayuponDocuments,"KaoYaomo,"par.4(Karlgren,8),whichreferstote ("charismaticvirtue").NotethatYTC1/2lbandCPL1/24aread

 Page511

hsan asta ("big").CWK,p.44,n.2,readsitaspusan ("nottodisseminate"[i.e.,"spreadout"]).

3.CPL1/24a.

4.Foralternatereadings,seebelow.

5.CompareAnalects2/9(Waley,90).

6.FW1/25areadsthefinallineas,"Recognized[onlyby]insiders."

7.SMK1/12areadsthefinallineas,"Hisdiscernmentis[kept]inside."

8.YTC1/2lb.

9.LT,ch.33(Lau,95).

10.Literally,"Butnottoincreasehissquaring."FW1/25aandWangYabothglossfang ("Path").Inthatcase,thelineshouldread,"Nottoincrease[theintensity]
ofhisdirection[towardsTao]."

11.Literally,'"Nottoincreasehissquareness./Buttoincreasehislightglory./Isbenighted...."

12.HFT6:20:100(Liao,I,178)defines"squareness"intermsof"thecorrespondencebetweentheinternalandtheexternal,theagreementofwordanddeed."

13.SeePeterson(1982),102if.,whotranslatesfang as"withinconceptualbounds."

14.CYYT4/2/yen(Wilhelm,393).

15.CYYT48/HsiB/6(Wilhelm,597).

16.LT,ch.44(Lau,105).

17.YTC1/2lb.NotethesuggestioninFW1/25athatthelightimageryderivesfromthecorrelationofPosition2withfire.

18.FollowingWangYainreadingkai .IfFWisfollowed,theversesalludetoMencius2A/2(Lau,78),thefamousanecdoteabouttheidiotofSungwhopullsup
hisricesproutsto"helpthemgrow."Cf.YTC1/22aCPL1/24b.

19.CYYT26/42/t'uan(Wilhelm,597).

20.FY1:2characterizeswoodinthesameterms:"stationarybelow,[andso]graduallyincreasingabove."

21.Literally,"Thereissomeonewhoincreasesforhim[theweight]carriedontop."FollowingCPL1/24b.

22.Yao .

23.Forthevariousmeaningsoftse ,seeBodde(1978)andSerruys(1955).

24.Literally,"Themarsh,beinglow,issocapacious./Wheremultitudesofmoisturing[waters]cometogether./Themarsh,beinglow,issocapacious./Means:Itis
whathumbleemptinessmakesgreat."

25.LT,ch.66(Lau,128).Cf.ibid.,ch.32(Lau,91).

26.Ode173/4(Legge,275)and222/4(Legge,403).

27.FollowingSerruysinreadingchu ("shine").IcanfindnoauthorityforthisinMorohashiorGSR.

28.FW1/26a,asusual,glosseswo .

29.Literally,"Whatthepettymandoesnotmatch."

30.SeeFW1/26aYTC1/22bandCPL1/25a.

31.Forfurtherinformation,seeBauer,pp.7477.

32.Inthe"Preface"totheDocuments(Legge,8),KingWu'ssupportersare

 Page512

numberedat300chariotslatertextsalsospeakof3,000soldiers.See,e.g.,Mencius7B/4(Lau,195).Forfurtherinformationregardingtheselegends,see
Allan(1981),pp.10321.InFY10:26,YangHsiungspeaksofholdersoftheMandateofHeavenhaving3,000troops.

33.Mencius7B/4(Lau,195)onKingWu.Forthetranslation"nomatch,"intheMystery,wutang .

34.CWK,p.45,n.8,citingYTC1/22bforsupport.

35.CYYT48/HsiB/6(Wilhelm,345).

36.FW1/26atalksofthenobleman'sgoodnesstoinferiors,allowinghimto"walktogetherwiththem"becausearoughparityholdsamongthegroup.

37.Theoraclebonegraphforchien showstwoarrowsgraspedinthehand.

38.However,FW1/26aglossest'i ("worries").

39.Literally,"Holdinginhand[or,takingbythehandful]cowries,therebyoneiskeptinservice./Pastincreases[makewhatcomes]laterbeshavedoff./Bytaking
handfulsofcowriestherebybekeptserving./Means:Firstfelicitationsandlaterruination."

40.Itishardformodernreaderstoimaginethedegreeofthisdebasement.TheearlyChineseincludedshavingtheheadamongtheFiveMutilations.Tothem,the
shavenheadepitomizedbothunfilialbehaviortowardsone'sparentsandantisocial(henceillegal)behaviorinsociety.Thisisbecausethefilialsonwastoreturnhis
bodytohisparentsasreceived.ForfurtherinformationonHandynastynotionsoffilialpiety,seeHsiaofortheFiveMutilatingPunishments,Hulsew(1955),pp.
12428.

41.FollowingWangYa.Forthereduplicativechiangchiang ,seealsoTHC36/A2.YL2/22aassociatesthesupportofshihwiththecorrespondentHexagram
42.

No.14.Penetration

1.NotethatFWreversestheyin/yangvaluesforthetetragrams14to26ofchan2,whichaffectshisreadingoftheAppraisals.

2.CommentarytoMencius6B/1(Lau,171)definests'en as"tallandpointedlikeamountain"SW9B:190b,as"amountainwhichissmallbuthigh."

3.GSR324a(t'ui. ),moreoften"sharp"or"pointed,"retainsthismeaninghence,mytranslation.

4.Literally,"arenottwo."

5.FW2/1bequatesjui ("pointedadvance").

6.SeeChuHsi'scommentarytoMencius7A/1.

7.HTYT2/1/22(Dubs,34Knoblock,I,138).

8.Documents,"P'ankeng,"par.45(Legge,247Karlgren,26).

9.HNT9/4b(Ames,174).

10.Cf.HTYT25/8/1101142/11/1131553/14/22.

11.FollowingFW2/la.

12.HTYT2/1/2022(Dubs,35Knoblock,I,138).

13.Or,"Beingsharpandsingleminded."

14.Forthephrasechuanhsinyichih ,seeHTYT89/23/68(Dubs,

 Page513

313).Foralongerdiscussion,seech.1oftheHsntzu.

15.Ibid.Cf.FY1:12.

16.KT16/49/3a(afterSivin[1990],p.6).

17.Or,"advance."

18.Literally,"Theagitatedstateofbeingwildlypointy."

19.K'uang .

20.CYYT22/35/4,hsiang(Wilhelm,562).TheAnalects17/16(Waley,213)castigatessucherraticactivityastypical"modern"behavior.

21.Alternately,"sharpatthetime."YTC2/1breadsthisaschinyishih ("toadvanceaccordingtotimeliness").Cf.FW2/lb.

22.SeeFY6:17.

23.Ofcourse,YangHsiungborrowsfreelyfromearlierwriterslikeShenTao(b.260B.C.),whoregardthecalculationoftrendsasthekeytopoliticalandmaterial
success.WithYangHsiung,however,thegoalofthegoodmanismoralauthority,ratherthanconventionalpower.ForShenTao'steachings,seeThompson.

24.Alternately,"tofocusupon."

25.YTC2/lb.

26.HTYT78/21/1(Dubs,259trans.afterWatson,121).

27.Readingch'ou ("multitudes,""themasses"),followingusageintheOdes.CWK,pp.4849,n.8,follows.Seebelow.

28.Serruystakesthistomeanthathe"aspiresto."

29.Kuei describesthestandardwidthbetweencarriagewheels(8Hanch'ih).Byextension,itcomestomeanstandardsingeneral.YTC2/2aequatesitsimply
withthe"GreatWay."

30.Eachchung measures6hu,4touinHantimes.

31.Literally,"emoluments."

32.SMK2/1breadsthisas,"Acuteastothemasses'[hearts],/[Thesageruler]encompasses[aWay]/[Broadas]FiveGauges/[Bountifulas]TenThousand
Measures...."

33.Seeabove.RegardingthefirstlineoftheAppraisal,FW2/2asupportsthefirstcharacterizationSMK2/1b,thesecond.

34.CPL2/2aassumesthattheGaugessignifygreatnessinsizetheMeasures,greatnessinnumber.

35.FollowingFW2/2a.

36.YTC2/2aCPL2/2a,citingCTYT7/28/43(Watson,313).Cf.FY3:8.

37.CPL2/2aemphasizesthat"theemolumentsarenotselfishlyheldtoonehimself."

38.SeeSC6:239(Yang,168).

39.Literally,"Dishonorandhatredwillarrive."

40.CYYT29/HsiB/8(Wilhelm,353).

41.Mencius7A/44(Lau,192).

No.15.Reach

1.Supplyingthephrase"itsfullextension"onthebasisoftheSungChungcommentary.FW2/2bandLuChireadinstead,"Thereisnothingwhich[yang

 Page514

ch'i]doesnotreach,"makingyangch'itheunderstoodsubjectand"things"thetopicoperatedon.

2.ContrastthiswithYL6/8a,whereevilbranchesout.

3.Ode304/2(Legge,639).

4.Readingtung ,sothatthefinalphrasemeans"inexhaustible"ratherthan"undeterred."CWK,p.50,n.3,follows.

5.FY5:1213.

6.FW2/2b.

7.SMK2/lb.

8.Literally,"reaches.

9.YY33:661readsyiputaoming ("SeeingbywhatisnottheWay").

10.Forfurtherinformation,seeGirardot,pp.26668.Certaintextscontrastfundamentalneeds(suchasthebelly'sdesireforfood)withsecondaryobjectsofdesire
(suchasjewels)thatdelighttheeye.SeeAppraisal8below.

11.KT16/49/3a(Rickett[a],163).

12.FW2/3atakesweiliu asaparticlemeaning"itisprecisely."

13.FollowingSMK2/2ainreadingpao .Otherwise,paomeans"shrubbery."

14.CPL2/3areads"tomeasureothers."Cf.CYYT27/44/5(Wilhelm,173Kunst,326)forthemelons'associationwithwhat"dropsdownfromHeaven."

15.FW2/3a.

16.ThesecurehomeisthethemeofOde156/3(Legge,23637)talkingofmelonsandgourds.Cf.theOdes'praiseofsoutherntrees:"Withcurvedanddrooping
branches/Thesweetgourdsclingtothem."SeeOde4/1(Legge,10),171/3(Legge,271).

17.Tentativetranslation.Literally,"Smallsharpness[or,profit],smallreach."CPL2/3bclearlyreadsli as"profit,"arguingthatanindividualoflimitedtalents
survivesonlysolongashecontentshimselfwithminorprofitunfortunately,hisverylimitationsleadhimtopursueunattainablegoals.

18.Or,"Greatlymisled,[heis]narrowandsmall."

19.Literally,"not."

20.FW2/3aYTC2/3aandCPL2/3breadku .Ifthatreadingisadopted,theindividual"doesnotascertainthetruecauses"behindevents.

21.Analects7/8(Waley,124).

22.Ibid.,2/14(Waley,91).

23.FortheHandepictionof"allseeing,"seeBodde(1975),p.118if.

24.E.g.,Chuangtzu'sfamousfroginthewell,orMencius7B/29(Lau,200)onacertainP'ench'engKuo,"amanoflimitedtalentwho[knew]...justenough[ofthe
Wayforit]tocosthimhislife,"citedbySMK2/2a.

25.E.g.,Documents,"Hungfan,"par.14(Legge,33132Karlgren,32).

26.Or,followingSerruys,"notbeingheldbackatthewaisttostop."

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27.Literally,"waterchannels"or"ditches"whichdirecttheflowofwater.Notethatthesamewordalsomeans"excess."

28.Foralternatepunctuationandreading,seebelow.

29.YTC2/3b.

30.E.g.,HTYT25/8/124(Dubs,118Knoblock,II,83):"Thenobleman'sdiscoursehasanouterboundaryhisconducthasanouterlimit...."SeealsoHY
shang/2a(Ku,66)ontheneedfordelineations,asrecognizedbytheancientsageHouChi .

31.CWK,p.51,n.7,readsp'ien ("onallsides").SMK2/2a,however,argues,"Oncethefieldsare[too]broadandlarge,ifyoufollowthis,youlosethat."He
thereforeretainsp'ien,leavingthefinallineunchanged.

32.ThisreadinggainssomesupportfromYang'scriticismoftheTaoist'spropensitytoignorethebasichumanneedforrulesandregulations.SeeFY3:10.

33.Iftherulerissubject,theverseswarnagainsttheunfairdistributionoffavors.

34.Mencius3A/4(Lau,102).

35.Or,"heisnotdoneawaywith."TheFathomingtranslationadds"theaffectedspot."

36.Cf.HFT11:32:199(Liao,II,35).

37.YTL10/59/11a(notinGale).

38.FW2/3bYTC2/3b.

39.TheexamplesaresuppliedbyNylan.

40.Meaning,"toretreatfromevil,"basedonYTC2/4a:"todiminishhisfaults."

No.16.Contact

1.AccordingtoFW2/4a.

2.FollowingCWK,p.53,n.2,forthetranslationofyy ).CPL2/4acombinestheglossesofLuChiandWangYa.

3.FY3:7.

4.ForearlyChinesenotionsofcommunity,seee.g.,FingaretteBauerandTu.

5.SeeGraham(1989),p.20.

6.Mingt'ang .

7.YTC2/4aCPL2/4b.Forfurtherinformation,seeSoothillSteinhardtandAllan(1991),pp.92,102,forexample.

8.CPL2/4breadsming ,suggestingthatallcontactwiththedivineisachievedthroughsilentcommunication.

9.FW2/4bomitsthecharacterchen here.IfollowWJL2/2b.

10.FW2/4b.

11.Cf.theargumentsinFSTY9:67(Nylan,520).

12.Forthisdefinitionof"thedivine(shen ),seeCCFL6/19/5b7b.

 Page516

13.Apun:Ming means"luminous"or"enlightened,"butitalsoisusedoftheearth"spirits."

14.Or,"makeothersturn[towardshim]"(?)

15.FW2/4b.

16.SMK2/2b,citingAnalects1/8(Waley,85).Cf.ibid.,4/1(Waley,102)HTYT1/1/16(Dubs,33Knoblock,I,137).

17.FW2/4b.

18.Translationtentative.Cf.HS87A:3532(Knechtges,22):"Thepyre'ssmokerisestoaugustHeaven."Asforthereduplicative,CPL2/5atalksofvisiblesignsof
ritual.FortheimportanceoffragrantsmokeincontemporaryGreektimes,seeDetienne,esp.pp.78.WangYaglosseshsnhsn means"peaceful,"
''harmonious."Thatpossibility,strengthenedbytheFathoming,isadoptedbyYTC2/4b.AsimilarpatternisfoundinTHC57/A3,butitofferslittlehelp.

19.Literally,"Joiningwiththedivineinexchangingactivities."NotethatWangYareplacesshen ("blessings"),apparentlyonthebasisofFW2/5a.

20.FW2/5aYTC2/5a.Cf.Ode248/5(Legge,481),wherethephrasehsnhsn describesthesatedlookoftheancestor'simpersonatoraftertheritualfeast.
CPL2/5aemphasizesthedisastrousresultsoftransferringthisreligiousawetotheclientpatronrelation.Cf.THC20/A7,whereYangHsiungdeplorespatronage.

21.CCYT96/Hsi5/Tso9(Legge,146)and347/Chao2/Tso3(Legge,584)alsoinsistthatmenmaketheirownfates.

22.Formoreonparrots,seeStern.

23.AsLC1/2b(Legge,I,64)says,"Theparrotcanspeak,butitisnomorethanabird.Theapecanspeak,butitisnomorethanabeast."

24.Ibid.

25.SMK2/2b,citingOde215/4(Legge,387).

26.CPL2/5a.

27.YTC2/5a.

28.FollowingFW2/5aYY33:661andCWK,p.54,n.8,inreadingchan .WangYareadsitas"bowlstoholddelicacies"usedinentertainingguestsand
diplomatsSMK2/3a,as"animalpens"(ameasureoftheruler'swealth).

29.CYYT37/61/2(Wilhelm,237).

30.Fortheconventionalantithesisofgrain(asblessings,salary)tomisfortune,seeOde204/5(Legge,358)forbirdandrat,seeOde189/3(Legge,304)fortherat,
seeOde52/13(Legge,8485).

31.FW2/5b,however,takesthelinesascriticismoflavishexpenditurebytheimperialhouseholdfortheupkeepofexoticpets,tothedetrimentofthepeople's
welfare.ThemostfamouscaseofthisistheobsessionofDukeYiofWeiwithstorks.SeeCCYT83/Min2/7Tso(Legge,129).Thisreadingseemsunlikelyinsofar
asitignorestheparallelismwithAppraisal5.

32.CPL2/6areadscheng .CWK,p.55,n.9follows.TheWJLedition

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(2/3a),however,readswang ("togoforward"or"away").

33.Literally,"cannotbemadetofail."Alternately,"[hispropriety]cannotbeforsaken."

34.AlooseparaphraseofCPL2/6a.Cf.YTC2/5b.

35.Aloosetranslation,punctuatingbeforefa forscansion.

36.FollowingFW2/5binreadingch'eng ("attack").

37.YTC2/5b.Literally,theAppraisalreads:"Engaginginbattle,/Theattackisnotright./Overturnedatattacks[or,citywall]./Beingviolent,thenheisdevoured."

38.SeeShih.

No.17.HoldingBack

1.FollowingSMK2/3a.FW2/12bassignsthedirectionandnotetoTHC21.

2.FW2/6areadsjui as"advance"insteadoftheadjective"sharp."

3.TheanalogybetweenmoralandphysicalcourageismadebyMenciusin2A/2(Lau,7680).Cf.Mencius'discussionofOxMountainin6A/8(Lau,16465).

4.CCYT184/Hsan4/4Tso(Legge,296),citedbySMK.

5.Literally,"Eventhoughoneisnotallowedtostretchout,..."

6.Readingfu ),followingWangYa.

7.Or,"swingfreely"(?)

8.Botharechieh .

9.FY3:7argues,"Thesuperiormanpreserves[or,keepsto]himself."Cf.ibid.,12:36:"Ifhedoesnotmeetwiththepropertime,thesagekeepstohimself."CPL
2/6bandYTC2/6atiethistoYangHsiung'srelationswithWangMang.

10.YTC2/6breadsszu :"Althoughhehasneverbeenusedtotheutmost[inservice],hefeelsinnohurrytoleave[government]."

11.SeeSMK2/3b.

12.Thecharacterwa literallymeans"tospitout"or"vomit."Itsuggestssomethingdistasteful,possiblycriticismoftheruler.

13.Literally,"apeck."SeeGSR1224n.

14.Analects16/6(Waley,205).

15.SMK2/3bspecifiestheshihassubjectoftheseverses,butthispreoccupationwithgentryas"central"isanachronistic.SeeNylan(forthcoming),ch.3on
"Sung."

16.SeeYangHsiung's"Shutufu" ,citedinYKC,I,51/la.

17.Ch'ing .Notethatfloatingcloudsareasymbolofunethicalministers.SeePankenier(1990b),439.

18.Translationtentative.Literally:"Someone/perhapspresents/assists/takesover/followshimdisaster."TheWJLedition(2/3b)readsch'eng ).

19.THC"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1028b).

20.Translationtentative.Thesamecharacterscouldmean,"Bendingathis

 Page518

joints"asasignofsubmission,or"bendinghisprinciples."Butseebelow.

21.Readingshu .FW2/7aSMK2/3bandYTC2/7aidentifyshuwiththeTao.

22.Literally,"Heoffers[all]towhathediesfor."

23.CitingaChoubronzeinscriptionafterEno,p.212(n.28).Cf.SMK2/3bandYTC2/7a,whichspeakofdyingfortherightcause.

24.FW2/7a7bYTC2/7a,however,punctuateafter"trees,"takingting .

25.YTC2/7areadsk'uan ("tostop").

26.Literally,"Theimpact[ofwind]shakesitsbranches..."

27.Cf.thecomparisonoftherulertowindinAnalects12/19(Waley,168).

28.FollowingYTC2/7bintakinghuiso asverbobject.However,SMK2/3breadsthetwocharactersastwoequalverbs:theperson"repentsanddraws
back."

No.18.Waiting

1.SeeCPL2/8a.

2.FollowingFW2/7b.Alternately,"Whenthetimecomes,it[brings]nofelicity."

3.ThetermHeavenbyYangHsiung'stimeisoftenusedtomeansimplythe[inescapable]courseofevents.

4.Or,"brightening."

5.FollowingSungWeikan.FW2/8areadsas:"Prosperousdaysincreaseandmagnifyhim"(ch'angjihyitachih ).

6.THC"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1028b).

7.Literally,"grain."

8.Readingch'ih :("slow"),basedonOde197/5(Legge,338):"Thestagisrunningaway/Buthislegsmoveslowly."

9.Readingla ,accordingtoSW6B/128b.

10.CPL2/8b,citingOde112/1(Legge,170):"eatingthebreadofidleness."

11.YTC2/8b.

12.Readingcheh .ThisreadingispreferredbySMK2/4aCPL2/8b.

13.FollowingSMK2/4a.

14.CYYT25/40/6,hsiang(Wilhelm,588Kunst,319)47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,340).

15.Alternately,"withutmostpropriety,"or"beingtriedandtrue."

16.SMK2/4areadsfu (''eatofjade")inDocuments,"Hungfan,"par.18(Legge,334Karlgren,32).

17.Translationtentativeforthereduplicativechiehchieh )CPL2/9a,as"animalswithoutamate"(anillomen).

 Page519

18.SMK2/4a,however,readsyuastheloancharacterforyu ("guilt")(GSR997a=996a).

19.YY33:662,however,arguesthatthefirstlineoftheFathomingrepeatstheAppraisal.Ipreferthetextusdifficilior.

20.Takingtheparticlecheh toimplyasuperior,Heavenortheruler.Alternately,"Itisnothisfault."

21.Analects12/4(Waley,163).

22.FW2/9aCPL2/9a.Fortheproverb,"Ifcalamityisnotrelished,thenitcannotbecomeacalamity,"seeHart,p.41.

23.CYYT29/47/t'uan(Wilhelm,625).

24.Literally,"Waiting[inthemannerof]thewangwang."

25.Thewangillnessissaidtodeformthebodytosuchadegreethatthevictim'sfacepermanentlyjutsuptowardsthesky.ModernChinesemedicaldictionariesgive
noequivalentforthewangdiseaseprobablyitdescribesaskeletalorneurologicalabnormality.

26.YTC2/9acomparesHeaven'sstriketoCYYT18/28/6(Wilhelm,114Kunst,295).PerhapsYangreferstotheancientpracticeofexposingacripplein
sacrificesforrain.Forfurtherinformation,seeSchafer(1951),esp.pp.16162,citingCCYT117/Hsi21/Tso3(Legge,180).

No.19.Following

1.Literally,"raisetheirheelstostandontiptoes,"aphrasewhichconveysasenseofeagerexpectationoftheprofoundtransformations(hua )tobeaccomplished.
Thewords"tofollow"aresuppliedbyFW2/9b.

2.SeeHsinS1/4b,e.g.,forthisimagery.

3.I.e.,themoon.FW2/9bexplainsp'in ("tolodgetemporarily[inalunarmansion]").

4."It"referstothesun.

5.SMK2/4bCPL2/9b.

6.Forfurtherinformationonthemotionofsunandmoon,seeTricker,pp.4041.

7.CPL2/9b.

8.Literally,"Justemerging[in?]thefaintlightofdawn."

9.Readingerh maymean"your."Literally,"Inpairs,following,theyformcategories."

10.See,forexample,HsinS9/11a,whichcomparesthedawntothesuperiormantakinguphisoffice.Cf.THC1/A6.Contrastthiswithsunset,asinCYYT19/30/3
(Wilhelm,120Kunst,299).

11.CYYT39/HsiA/1(Wilhelm,280),citedbyYTC2/9b.

12.FW2/9b.

13.Thecommentatorsdisagreeontheidentityofthepairs.SMK2/4bcomparestheblurryoutlineofthesunatdawntotheunclearmindoncethemindchoosesevil,
illfortunewillcometopairit.CPL2/10asaysthepairsrefertodragons,thecategoricalanaloguesofthesun.AccordingtoCh'en,thedragons'frustrationmounts
oncetheyfindthemselvesunabletoleavetheirwateryhomestojointhesuninitsdailyround.Probablythepairssimplyrepresentthefullrangeoflivingthings,asin
Noah'sark,wheretheanimalswerepairedtwobytwo.

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14.Literally,"Leadingthemselves,theyfollowhim,"followingYTC2/9bandCPL2/10a.Serruysprefers,"Lettinghimselfbeled,hefollowsthem."Itcouldalso
mean,"Selfledtofollowit,"where"it"referstotheRight.

15.Literally,"Selfso,awitness[tocharismaticpower]."NotfollowingtheunnecessaryemendationofSMK2/4b,whoreadscheng .

16.Readingk'uang butmyscansionpreservestherhyme.Seebelowforanalternateinterpretation.

17.CYYT33/54/6(Wilhelm,212Kunst,347).

18.CPL2/10b.

19.YTC2/10a.

20.EarlyChineseliteratureassociatesharmfromabloodsacrificewitha"militaryexpeditionwithoutadvantage."SeeCCYT110/Hsi15/Tso14(Legge,169).

21.SMK2/4b.

22.Forthesexualmetaphor,seeHarper,570ff.Alternately,withdifferentpunctuation:"Thewoman[intendsto]transmitherblood[asheir]./Reformislost."
However,LiYn,p.33,understandsch'engk'uang as"shoulders."

23.FW2/10areadsk'o ("model").ButMencius7A/24(citedbelow)showsthatk'omeans"pit"or"hollow."Mytranslationattemptstocapturebothsenses.

24.Mencius7A/24(Lau,187).

25.CPL2/10b.Cf.FY1:2.

26.Literally,"Desiresareexcessivelyfollowed."

27.TheseneedsarepresumedbybothMenciusandHsntzu.See,e.g.,Mencius2A/26A/16.

28.Compareourownsaying,"Theeyesarebiggerthanthestomach,"whichaccountsformanyastomachache.TheexamplesaresuppliedbyNylan.

29.Cf.HTYT25/8/120(Dubs,116Knoblock,II,82):"Ifoneindulgeshis...emotions...,hewillbecomeanordinaryman[ratherthanasuperior]."

30.Readingshu ("good"),followingSMK2/5a.

31.Readingts'ung (GSR1191d=1191h).Alternately,"[He]attendstohisgood,"or,"[He]followshisgood."

32.CPL2/11a.

33.SeeApp.7aboveforGSR1191.Alternately,"Complyingwiththeimpure."

34.Literally,"isnotcaught[whenpursued]."

35.Serruysconflatesthesetwolines,reading,"Laterandonlythen,climbingonthestairs[=hisrisetosuccess],heisbroughttoanend."

36.Or,"Later,heattainsachievement."

No.20.Advance

1."Things"isadded.

2.And,"makes[them]advance."

3.CWK,p.64,n.2,readschenchen "expanding,unfolding."

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4.Or,"[like]openingupthelight."CPL2/11b,however,reads,"asiftheeyesareopened,"definingk'aiming as"gettingridofdiseasesintheeye."

5.FY12:39.

6.FY1:2takeswaterasthemodelfor"advance":"Itneverstops,dayornight...."

7.SMK2/5areadsming ("hidden").

8.FollowingYTC2/11a,readingp'i ,followingtherhymesforGSR999eand947a.SMK,however,readsp'iasfou("wrong").

9.Alternately,"Initiatives[are]themotherofretreat."

10.FollowingWangYa,takingobstructionasthe"rootcause"ofretreat."Mother"alsoimpliestheallenvelopingnature(cf.thewomb)oftheretreat.

11.Alternately,followingCPL2/11aandSerruys,"TheGreatManalonemanifests[theWay]."

12.Literally,"Themodelcannotbekeptontheoutside[only]."

13.E.g.,the"DoctrineoftheMean"andthe"GreatPlan"chapteroftheDocuments.

14.Analects20/1(Waley,23132).Cf.Mencius7A/41(Lau,192).ForYangHsiung,seeHS57B:3582(Knechtges,58):"Inestablishinggovernment...nothing
issuperiortotheharmonyoftheMean."

15.ExpandingtheargumentofFW2/11a.

16.E.g.,Mencius2A/2(Lau,80)HTYT21/8/41(Dubs,115Knoblock,II,82).ThisegalitarianclaimofearlyConfucianismtendstobelostinlaterneo
Confucianism.YTC2/11atakestheFathomingtomeanthatmodelbehaviorcannotbeattained"outside"[amongtheordinarymassesofpeople].

17.SMK2/5adefineschangchang .ThetranslationofthefirstlinesoftheAppraisalandFathomingtriestoreflectbothpossiblemeaningsforthe
reduplicativephrase.

18.See,forexample,Analects5/21(Waley,113).

19.CPL2/12atakesthisasanevilomen:"Thesunflies[away][initsplace]themoonissuspended."However,thisreadingcannotpossiblybesquaredwiththe
emphaticallypositivenotessoundedbythephrases"suffusedwithjoy"and"flourishes."

20.Understandingjungjung ("flourishing,strong").

21.Literaltranslation.

22.FollowingFW2/11binreadingch'shu ("adherence"[asclientorservanttomorepowerfulinterests?).Couvreur(1947),p.479definesitas"whatisnear
andfar,""friendandfoe"butIcanfindnosupportforthis.

23.FollowingtheWJLedition,readingtsung becauseoftherhyme.Literally,"Heistrimmedby[his]protector'shouse."

24.Numerousarticleshavebeenwrittenonthistopic.See,e.g.,HsChoyn(1965b)deCrespiguyandPowers(1987).

25.Forfurtherinformationon"PraisingHsinandDenigratingCh'in,"seeKnechtges(1978).

26.CPL2/12a,glossingthephrasech'shu (twotypesofcombs).

27.CPL2/12areadschih ("toprohibit")."

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28.YTC2/11boffersastillmoreunconvincingexplicationoftheverses,inwhichacombandwalkingstickrepresenttwoofferingsmadetotheruler,withthefirstgift
rejectedandthesecondaccepted.AccordingtoYeh,thepoemcriticizesthearbitrarynatureoftheruler'swhims.

29.Alternately,"great."SeeYY33:662.

30.FW2/12a.

31.Tentativetranslation,followingCWK,p.65,n.9.Literally,"Advance,itisnotwhatheuses."YTC2/12atakesthistomeanthatthesubjectoftheseversesdoes
notuseremonstrance.Serruysreadsinstead,"Theadvanceisperverted."Hence,theFathomingtranslationbelow.

32.FollowingYTC2/12a.

33.FY2:5,8:20bothemploythesamemetaphor.Cf.THC3/A9.

34.ContrastthephrasingwithTHC61/A9,anauspiciousFathoming.ThefirstlineoftheFathomingrepeatsthefirstlineoftheAppraisal.

35.Analects5/6(Waley,108)on"featsofphysicaldaring."

No.21.Release

1.FollowingFW6/12b.SMK2/5bhastheDipperpointingdueeastinHead17.

2.Readingchen ("move,""shake").

3."Casingofyin"suppliedinatentativetranslation.Seebelowforanalternatereading.

4.TheexactinterpretationoftheHead,then,hingesonthesignificanceassignedtothecharacter"round"(huan ).SungChungFW2/12bandCPL2/13aequate
roundnesswiththe"shapeofyang"(presumablybecauseofthesun),whichenvelopscreatureswithwarmthandlight,fosteringtheirgrowthandplumpingthemup
withhealth.Itisalsoconceivablethat"round"referstothecosmic"sackofHeavenandEarth"thatcontainsallthemyriadthingsinitsexpanse.SeeKT4/11/8b.My
readingofKTfollowsGraham(1978),p.367.Mytranslationassumesthepatterntopic3344.Thealternativereadingwouldbe4444.Eitherispossible.

5.CYYT25/40/t'uan(Wilhelm,585).

6.Releaseisassociatedwith"remiss"behavior(chieh ).SeeGSR861a,b.Cf.thestatement,"Release...oftenleadstoloss,"foundinCYYT53/hs(Wilhelm,
584).

7.FollowingSMK2/5b.

8.Analects8/19(Waley,136).Cf.LT,ch.1(Lau,57).

9.FollowingSMK2/5b.Asiftoemphasizethispoint,FW2/12bandCPL2/13bofferthisexplanation:Appraisal1isassignedtoWaterspringisalliedwithagent
Wood(Appraisal3).PeopleseldomcreditWaterwithfosteringthebeneficialgrowth,attributingitinsteadtospring's(i.e.Wood's)influence.Cf.LT,ch.17(Lau,
73):"Thebestofallrulersisbutashadowypresencetohissubjects."

10.Literally,"Movementgoestoechoandshadow."

11.Literally,"Notworthwatchingorlisteningto."

12.CYYT43/HsiA/9(Wilhelm,314)andHsinS9/3b.

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13.SMK2/5bwrites,"Theirmovementisnotoftheirownaccord"(tungpuyuchiche ).

14.CPL2/13bmentionsthosewhoareeasilyswayedbyfalserumorsandunsubstantiatedtalk.

15.YTC2/12b.

16.See,forexample,Ode178/4,263/3(Legge,287,557).Cf.Analects12/19(Waley,168).

17.Literally,"moundsandhills."Cf.FY1:3forsimilarwording.

18.YY33:662,however,readsp'eng sothatthelinemeans,"Tolosethelowlands.Collapse."

19.Literally,"Dangeroflosingthelow."

20.FW2/13awritessimplythatthepettyman"losesold,"familiarties.

21.YTC2/13a13b,afterSMK2/6a.

22.Literally,"Salvesthatharmonizeandrelease."Alternately,"Harmoniouslyreleaseforthemthesalves."Ihavesuppliedthetopic.

23.Comparehoshih intheDocuments,"Tzuts'ai,"par.7(Legge,432[par.renum.]Karlgren,48).

24.Thephrase"Four.States"meansallthestatesintheempire(since"four"coverseverydirection)italsoreferstothevariousrebelorbarbarianstates,here
broughtintosubmission.Forthephrase,seetheOdes153/4,157/14(Legge,225,23840).

25.E.g.,Documents,"T'aishih,"par.5(Legge,285notinKarlgren)Ode258/3(Legge,530).ForthunderimageryelsewhereinYang'swork,cf.,e.g.,FY4:11.

26.FW2/13barguesthattheinnovationconcernstheancestorssincewearenowinAppraisal6,alignedwiththeancestraltemple.Apparently,thesacrificialduties
havebeenneglectedafterthepoliticalsuccessesoutlinedinAppraisal5.AsFanWangwrites,"Thegodsareangryandthecommonpeopleareresentful."

27.SeeYTC2/13b.

28.DrawinguponHanpoliticaltheory,SMK2/6agivesanalternateinterpretation,whichdistinguishesthetechniquestheidealruleruseswithinChina'sborders
(suasiveexample,therefore"harmony")fromthoseappliedtothebarbarianstates(force,therefore"thunder").Thunderclapssignifytheuseofawesomeforceinthe
Chinesecourt,whichisinappropriate.

29.Literally,"Thunderthundernotdisgraced./Washingcleanhisinsult."

30.Forthelastline,YTC2/13breadswufang ("notfixed[inevilways]").

31.CYYT31/51/hsiang(Wilhelm,64849).

32.Ibid.CPL2/14bsaysthereisstilltimetoreform.

33.FollowingFW2/13bSMK2/6a.Cf.YTC2/13b,whosaysthattheindividual'sangryoutburst,howeverimproper,doesnotmeritfinaldisgracesincereform
follows.

34.Cf.CYYT26/42/t'uan(Wilhelm,597):'"Towalktogetherwithtime."

35.Analects4/12(Waley,104).

36.Analects4/16(Waley,105).Cf.Mencius6A/10(Lau,16667).

37.Or,"imprisoned."

38.Thecharacterku refersliterallytograinandbyextension,togovern

 Page524

mentoffice(sincesalariesarepaidingrain),togoodluck,andtoblessingsingeneral.

39.Cf.CYYT5/4/1(Wilhelm,22Kunst,247).

40.Mencius7A/2(Lau,182).

41.SeeCYYT5/4/1(Wilhelm,22Kunst,247),wherefettersoriginallyneededfor"discipline"areremovedaftermoraldevelopment.Forthesameargumentinthe
writingsofAmerica'sFoundingFathers,seeTakaki.

42.Allan(1981),pp.10311.

No.22.Resistance

1.Orpossibly,"GreatInjury."SeeKunst,p.307.

2.Literally,just"manyyin."

3.CYYT21/34/3(Wilhelm,134).Cf.Kunst,p.307foradifferentreading.

4.FollowingSMK2/6b.SomecommentatorsfollowFW2/14a14b,whichunderstandsittomean"[men]whoaregoodinside."

5.Literally,"Losesproprietyandgoodness,"readinglei as"[all]sonsofgoodomens."FW2/14areadsas,"Tolose[touchwith]menofpropriety."Itisalso
possiblethatleimeans"categories.''Seebelow.

6.Literally,"Thecenterisnotresembling,"readinghsiao ("toexamine"[theconscience].)

7.Mencius2A/6(Lau,83).HTYT21/8/3922/8/65(Dubs,99104Knoblock,II,7376)89/23/53(Dubs,312notinKnoblock)togethersuggestthatHsntzu
presumedthesame.ForYangHsiung'sideasonthemixednatureoftheinbornnature,seeFY3:7,whichhasbeentranslatedinChan,pp.28990.

8.AnalternatereadingforthesecondlineoftheAppraisal.

9.FollowingthealternatereadingforthesecondlineoftheFathoming.SeeAnalects12/4(Waley,163)onMasterConfucius,whoexaminedhisconsciencethrice
daily.Cf.ibid.,1/4(Waley,84).

10.TheFWeditionaddsthecharacterlei hereinwhatisevidentlyaninterpolationfromthepreviousAppraisal.

11.Literally,"Lowergarmentssetoffagainstbeltandhook."

12.FollowingFW2/14bandCPL2/15b.WangYaSMK2/6bYTC2/14bandCWK,p.70,n.5,however,readyas"changed"(pien ),meaning"tolose
constancy."

13.Forthebeltandhook,cf.THC2/A4.

14.Punctuationtentative,followingWJL.Literally,"Thenetwardsoff."SerruyspreferstomakebothAppraisalandFathomingthreecharacterslong:"Thenetsetsoff
thecaptive[birds]."

15.FollowingFW2/14b.Alternately,"tobeinapositiontouselawtorectify,"followingSMK2/6b.Serruysreadsas,"torectifylawfulpositions."

16.YTC2/14bandCPL2/15bbotharguethatthenetis"raised"asbarrierbutnotspreadout,signifyingthatnopunishmentisneededintheidealstate.Thisgoes
fartherthantheTHC.

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17.FW2/14b.

18.SeethediscussioninHulsew(1955),pp.1030934550.

19.FW2/14b15a.

20.CYYT42/HsiB/7(Wilhelm,307).

21.Poem18oftheNineteenOldPoemsusesthesamemetaphorofglueandlacquertodescribethebondsofromanticlove.Forpoliticalapplications,seeSC
79:2421(notinChavannesorWatsonYang,11213[trans.as"closeties"]).

22.FY9:25characterizesacommitmenttoConfucianisminthisway.

23.Or,"gold."

24.FollowingWangYa.

25.Metalmirrorswerethoughttoproducewater.Forthis,seeNeedham,IV,section26g.Also,CamannandBulling.

26.FW2/15a.

27.Readingt'i .Alternately,"cutoff."

28.Mostofthecommentatorsaredearlyconfusedbytheresistancetoconstraintsexhibitedbyboththesuperiorman(here)andthepettyman(inAppraisal3).FW's
garbledinterpretation(2/15a15b)ignoresthetext,arguingthat,"thenoblemaninpositiondoesnotfearthestrongcontrol"associatedwithbelting.SMK2/7apasses
overthispoemwithoutcomment.CPL2/16amistakenlystatesthatthepettymanharmsthesuperiorman.However,theAppraisalisauspiciousaccordingtoYang
Hsiung'syin/yangschema.

29.CPL2/16a16btalksofmisruleatcourt.

30.Huan ,"everywhere."

No.23.Ease

1.SMK2/7acorrelatesitwithHexagramno.16,"Enthusiasm."Ifollowearliercommentaries.

2.SungChungglossest'i ("toexcise").

3.Literally,"hasnowaytosaveitselffrom."

4.CPL2/16b17a:"Sinceyinhasnotimetosaveitself,howwoulditdaretooppressthecommonpeople?"

5.Theoriginalgraphdepictsamanwithanarroworanarrowwithsomethingwoundaroundtheshaft( ).Forthearchaicforms,seeGSR551a.

6.However,YTC2/16atakesyi (inmyreading,"toease")as"harm,"arguingthatselfcultivationentailsaninitial"trimming"oftheself.

7.Analternatereadingof"torule"or"tocure"(chih )suggestedbyYTC2/16aCPL2/17a.

8.Ni .Forthephrase"twominds,"seeAnalects12/10(Waley,16566),12/21(Waley,169).

9.FY1:4,onYenHui'sinnerjoy,ascitedbySMK2/7a.

10.Mencius2A/2(Lau,7680).

11.LT,ch.73(Lau,135).

12.Readingyu ,inordertopreservetherhyme.SeeYY33:66263.

13.LT,ch.59(Lau,116).

14.ContrastFY4:11,wherethebabyisnotsostrong.

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15.FollowingYY33:663,whichreadst'u.("dirt").However,WangYareadst'u ("adherents").

16.FW2/16a.ThesecondalternativeissuppliedbyNylan.

17.CPL2/17a,however,readsthisascriticismofthosewhoswallowstatementswhole"withoutchewing"(i.e.,withoutanalyzing)them,butinthatcasetheteeth
wouldnotnecessarilybe"leveled."

18.CYYT39/HsiA/1(Wilhelm,286).However,forotherinterpretationsoftheChangesaschien ,seeKaoHuaimin,p.283if.

19.Tentativetranslation.FW2/16bSMK2/7bYTC2/16bCPL2/17bCWK,p.73,n.8,readas,"Levelinghisdwelling,/Hisresidence,thehillsandruins(Or,"a
moundthatisinruin.")./Levelinghisdwelling/Means:Hisvirtueislost."However,theparticleyu issuperfluousinsuchareading.

20.CWK,p.73,n.8,citingFY3:7.

21.Sincethetrunk(kan )byconventionsymbolizesstrength,sothefirstpartoftheAppraisalcouldalsomean,"Whatis[usuallytakentobe]strongissoft/Whatis
[usuallytakentobe]strongisweak."

22.FollowingCWK,p.74,n.9,inreadingli .

23.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.5(Legge,32526Karlgren,30).

24.LT,ch.78(Lau,140).Cf.CYYT21/34/3(Wilhelm,134).Kunst,p.307,translatesdifferently.

25.SMK2/7btakeslimu asthewhetstonesharpeningtheknife.Idonotfollowhimsincehesuppliestoomanynouns.Also,hismetaphorsaremixed.Noone
wantsthewellrailingtobesplitbytherope,butthewhetstoneisemployedtosharpenknives.

26.Serruysreadsasli ("Itisdestroyed.")

27.Takingasecondmeaningoftheverbyi .

28.FW2/17aandYTC2/17areadyias"harm,"butthisAppraisalisauspicious.

29.IfollowCWK,p.72,punctuatingafterli ("oldage").Thetwolineswouldthenread,"Findingeaseinoldage./Tobenefitandrespecttheinfirmandagedisa
goodomen."

30.Tentativetranslation.Seeabove.

31.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.33(Karlgren,35Legge,340).

No.24.Joy

1.However,Kunsttranslatesas"Elephant."SeeKunst,271.

2.FollowingSMK2/8a.FW2/17aglossesch'uao asthegodofthesoil,theninterpretstheentireHeadtextasajoyousodesimilartoOde211/2(Legge,376
79).CWK,p.71,

 Page527

punctuatesdifferently,takingaoas"southeast,"thehonoredpositionwheresacrificetothegodstakesplace.

3.Mytentativetranslationforshutieh ("tocollect").Cf.YTC2/17bCWK,p.75,n.2.

4.Literally,"delightedandjoyful"(hsile ).

5.Seefn.2above.

6.Fortheassociationof"genialairs,"music,andluxuriantgrowthofthemyriadthings,seeLC19/3:3(Legge,II,115).

7.HuanT'an,citedinYKC15/3a(Pokora,118).

8.CYYT53/16/3(Wilhelm,6970Kunst,271).

9.Ode114/13(Legge,17475).

10.Translationtentative,followingcommentariestoSW8B:179definingk'uan ("sincerity"),whichwouldmakethislinecontradicttheinauspiciouscharacterofthe
secondline.

11.Literally,"Itmakeshisinner[state]excessive."

12.Mencius1A/2(Lau,50),1A/7(Lau,57).

13.LC19/24(Legge,II,113).

14.SeeLC19/1821(Legge,II,112).

15.SY5/3bmakesthesamepoint.Cf.theWangYacommentarytoTHC24/A6.

16.OnesuchnegativeexampleisgiveninOde221(Legge,4001),traditionallyunderstoodasasatireagainstKingYuofChou(r.781771B.C.),whopurportedly
kepthispleasurestohimself.

17.Literally,"Joycannotbe[fully]known./ItistimedinHeaven."

18.YTC2/17b.

19.SuggestedbythestatementsofCPL2/18bCWK,p.75,n.4.

20.LuChiSMK2/8aCWK,p.75,n.4.Similarly,CPL2/18btalksofhappyfarmerssopreoccupiedwiththespringsowingthattheyhave"notimetobe
[consciously]happy."

21.LT,ch.17(Lau,73).

22.Tentativetranslation.Yen couldmean,"resting,""atrepose,""feasting,"or"havingpleasure"hence,theFathomingtranslation,''Notateaseorrefined."SYJ
8/19abreadsas,"Nolongercarousing,"followingYTC2/17bCPL2/18b.Theparticipantsinthefeast,nowthoroughlydrunk,neitherplaymusicnorsing.SMK
2/8areads,"notatpeace,notupright."

23.Translationtentative.Seebelow.

24.Morohashi4076,3454,3935,3488,32726,3559.

25.WangYaidentifiesthefirstfourcharactersas"soundsofmerrimentandlaughter,"leavingthelasttwopresumablyasexpressionsoflamentation.YTC2/17b
takesallsixassighsofsorrow.CPL2/19atakesallsixastheraucousnoisesinevitableatadrunkenfeast.SMK2/8aseemstoagree,buthiscommentaryisfar

 Page528

fromexplicit.FW2/17bidentifiesthefirstandfinalsetsof2characters(4charactersaltogether)as"soundsofmourning,"thentalksofboth"sorrowandjoy
havinglostrestraint,"presumablybecausetheyarejumbledtogetherintheindividual'smind.

26.SMK2/8a.

27.YTC2/17bseemstosuggestthis.

28.CWK,p.76,n.5,citingSC129:3274,whichisnottranslatedinSwann(1952).

29.Tentativetranslationforcheh,inanattempttocapturethedistinctionbetweenthethirdpersonpossessivech'i .Chehtypicallyreferstotherulerorto
Heaven."Heavensent"ispossiblythemeaninghere."Godlike"comesfromLC19/23(Legge,II,125),whichstatesthattheindividualwhohasmasteredmusicand
regulateshishearttherebyislikethegodsorHeaveninhisrepose.

30.Or,"Theheart'sintegrityrejoices."

31.SMK2/8a.SeeFY4:12forthisdescription.

32.ThephrasecomesfromMencius2A/2(Lau,77).

33.YTC2/18a.

34.Literally,"Bellanddrumsoundinunison."

35.FollowingFW2/18aSMK2/8aandCWK,p.76,n.7.YTC2/18atakeschichi as"harmoniousinsound"CPL2/19a,asthesoundofflutesandpipes
inunison.

36.ProverbcitedbyFW2/18a.

37.SMK2/8a.

38.SuggestionbyNylan,basedonargumentsinHTYT77/20/35(Watson,11516).CPL2/19a,however,regardsthisasadescriptionofcrowdsbreakingupafter
sacrificestothelocalgodofthesoil.

39.HFT3:10:4344(Liao,I,7478Watson,5356).

40.Literally,"[with]nogap"cf.FY5:13andtheIntroduction.Thecharactertacaneitherfunctionasverb"makebig"orasadjectivemodifying ("great'').Iuse
AppraisalandFathomingtosuggestbothfunctions.

41.Literally,"Nothingnotembraced."

42.SMK2/8a8b,whichcouldhavecitedFY5:13insupport.

43.AddedbyNylan.

44.HTYT77/20/35(Dubs,257Watson,119).

45.Hsi isanexclamation,eitheroffearoroflaughter.FW2/18bregardsitaslaughter.YTC2/18bandCPL2/19bagree.

46.YTC2/18b,however,readsch'eng ("toliftup"probably,butperhaps"topresent"or"topromote"?).

47.YYingshih(1987).Cf.Yu(1987),whichoffersinterestinginsightsonthelaterperiod.Note,however,thattheghostsareprobablymetaphorical.FY10:28
showsYangHsiungdoubtingtheirexistence.

48.SeeCYYT23/37/3(Wilhelm,146Kunst,313).

49.WangYa,however,readshsihsi as"laughlaugh,"arguingthat"inthemiddleoflaughter,"theindividualcomestorealizeheshouldbefearful."

 Page529

50.Or,"Sigh,sigh,self[made]fear,"hereandintheFathoming.Alternately,"fearing[for?]theself."

51.Or,followingFW2/18b,"excessivejoy."

52.ThelasttwowordsaresuppliedbyNylan.IfFW2/18bisfollowed,thelinereads,"Heislost[dueto]excessivejoy."

53.Or,"'Tiltheend."

54.Analects5/26(Waley,114)talksofConfucius'searchforaman"capableofseeinghisownfaultsandbringingthechargehomeagainsthimself."Ontheneedto
"turnthegazewithin"ratherthanfocussingonthefaultsofothers,seeibid.,1/16(Waley,87)4/14(Waley,10405)4/17(Waley,105)etc.

55.Talkofch'iaddedbyNylan.

56.WangYaCWK,p.77,n.10.

57.YTC2/18bcitesOde114/13(Legge,17475):"Letusnotbewildinourloveofenjoyment."

58.Omittingthetranslationoftse ,meaning"asexpected,""asarule."

59.Literally,"thesighingandsnivelingofweepingandwailing."

60.Infact,LuChireadschi ,meaning"dangers."

61.CYYT28/45/6(Wilhelm,177Kunst,329),citedbyWangYaandYTC2/19a.

No.25.Contention

1.Literally,"contendandlitigate"(chengsung (''tostruggletogoforward"or"toadvancesidebyside").

2.CPL2/20agivesaconfusingexplanationfortheHead:Althoughyangch'i,likeagoodruler,wishestobestowitsbeneficialpresenceuponallthingsequally,certain
livingthingsarebynowdevelopedenoughtoexpresstheirdifferentnatures("theirownmodels")byarangeofreactionstoyang'sbeneficence,fromfullacceptanceto
rejection.

3.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.14(Legge,33132Karlgren,32).

4.LT,ch.79(Lau,141):"ItisthewayofHeaventoshownofavoritism."

5.TwolinesfromOde37(nowlost),citedbySMK2/8b.

6.Forfurtherinformation,seeBauer,p.21ff.Chuangtzu,ofcourse,wouldhaveusregardallthingsandconditionsasabsolutelyequalinvalue,butthisextremeform
ofrelativismwasadoptedbyfewinearlyChinaandspecificallyrefutedbyYangHsiung.See,forexample,FY12:39,whenheequatesrelativisticthoughtwiththe
lossoftheevaluatingmind.

7.ForfurtherinformationregardingthepositiveroleofconflictinearlyChina,seeLewis.

8.Alternately,followingLuChi,"theplainessentials"(suchih ).

9.Tentativetranslation.Seebelow.

10.WangYacommentary.Cf.e.g.,LT,ch.64(Lau,125):"Itiseasytomaintainasituationwhileitisstillsecure./Itiseasytodealwithasituationbeforesymptoms
develop."

11.FW2/19a,probablywithreferencetoTHC5/A9andLT,ch.22(Lau,

 Page530

50):"Itisbecausehedoesnotcontendthatnooneintheempireisinapositiontocontendwithhim."Cf.LT,ch.67(Lau,118)ch.56(Lau,162).

12.SMK2/8b.

13.YTC2/19a.

14.Shakespeare,HenryV.QuotationsuppliedbyNylan.

15.FollowingSMK2/8b.Alternately,"In[themisguidedattemptto]shooawaytheRiver,hebecomesemaciated."However,FW2/19abreadsthefirstlineofthe
AppraisalandFathomingas,"[Attemptingto]emptythe[Yellow]River,heisexhausted,"takingho as"exhausted,wasted."CWK,p.78,n.4,baseshisreading
ontheAppraisal'salignmentwithFire:"Dryingtheriverisawaste[ofeffortandtime]."

YTC2/19abreadsthelinescompletelydifferently.Identifyingthefirstcharacterofthetextwithafreshwaterbirdwhoseincessanthonkingdrivesawayvisitors
totheriverbanks,YehreadstheAppraisalas,"Thehobird[at]theriver,wornout[presumablybyitsefforts?]."Inthatcase,thebirdsymbolizesthosewithataste
forconfrontation.CPL2/20bborrowsfrombothFW2/19aandYTC2/19a.

16.SMK2/8b,citingOde35/6(Legge,56):"Youareonlyangrywithme."

17.Cf.thelines"Incensedagainstme,/ThoughIgotodoyougood,"fromOde257/14(Legge,526).

18.Cf.CTYT45/17/86ff.(Watson,189).

19.Analects7/10(Waley,124),makingreferencetoOde295/6.

20.FollowingFW2/19b,whichclearlyreadsyinyin .Thisisthelocusclassicusofthereduplicative.Thesinglecharacteryinmeans"tognashtheteeth."
Serruyspreferstoretainthatmeaning.

21.Analects3/7(Waley,95).Formoreonarchery,seeLC,ch.45(Legge,II,44653),entitled"Sheyi" ("TheMeaningofArchery").

22.Analects15/35(Waley,200).

23.Or,"goodomens."

24.FW2/19breadshun ("darkandinconfusion").

25.Analects4/5(Waley,102):"Wealthandrankarewhateverymandesires...."Menciuscomestheclosesttolevelingablanketcondemnationofprofit,but
succeedingscholasticswerequicktoexplainitaway.See,e.g.,Ch'engYi,quotedinSSCS,"ShangMeng,"p.2.

26.SMK2/9asaysthatAppraisal5representschungho ,areferencetothe"Mean."

27.FW2/19b.

28.BasedonHancommentariestotheninepart"Hungfan"chapteroftheDocuments.SeeNylan(forthcoming).

29.CPL2/20a.

30.Interestingly,thecommentatorsdisagreeoverwhether"noneofthethingscancompete[anylongerbecauseoftheruler'stransforminginfluence]"(SMK2/9a)or
"each,wantingtocompeteforbenefits,goestoitsproperplace"(CPL2/20a).

31.FW2/19bmistakenlywrites5charactersherepipochingjuku ,conflatingthefirstlinesofAppraisalandFathoming.YTC2/20a

 Page531

takesching astsu ("foot").CompareYY33:663,whichreadschingaschih ("straight").

32.Literally,"onewhoisgreatandhigh."

33.Alternately,"Thesubordinategreatlyraisedhigh."ButAppraisal6typicallydiscussesthoseonhigh(eithertherulerortheancestors).

34.HsinS1/11b.

35.Forthechiefministersasarmsandlegsoftheruler,seeSC130:3304.

36.HNT9/16a,translatedafterAmes(1983),p.196.Cf.Mencius6A/14(Lau,168).

37.Cf."ducaluseofferedtotheking"inCYYT11/14/3,hsiang(Wilhelm,61).Kunst,p.267readsdifferently.

38.Forthecustomof"warningandprohibition"toclearthewayfortheimperialprogress,seeHCY1/la,citedinGoodrich.

39.Ode62/1(Legge,105)177/4(Legge,283).

40.SMK2/9a9b.ThestretchedbowtypicallystandsforHeaven'sjustice.SeeLT,ch.77(Lau,139).

41.SuggestionbyNylan.

42.HsinS1/6b.Cf.CTYT54/20/6168(Watson,219),whichtellsthestoryofamagpiewhichdoesnotseethehunterbecauseitisintentonamantisthatitselfhas
eyesonlyforacicadarestingintheshade.

43.Aesop,"TheAss,theCock,andtheLion,"p.55.

44.CWK,p.80,n.11,takesittomeaneachofthetigershasalreadysunkitsteethintheother.Serruysagrees.

45.FollowingFW2/20b.Notethevisualandauralpun,chih .

46.ThebookMaxims,citedinCCYT131/Hsi28/5Tso(Watson,56).

47.LT,ch.44(Lau,105).

No.26.Endeavor

1.NotfollowingWilhelmforthetranslationofku .SeeMKH,I,99(5b)126(19a).

2.MaterialinparenthesesaddedbyCPL2/22a.YTC2/20bprefersAffairsforthetetragramtitle.

3.Literally,"bundletogetherinthehand."

4.THC"Hsants'o"7/4b(p.1017b)definesthethemeof"Endeavor"aswuerh ("withouttwo").

5.See,e.g.,HTYT25/8/11011,125(Dubs,115Knoblock,II,8182)onsinglemindedeffortandCTYT3/2/98/3/13(Watson,37,52Graham,49,64),for
Heavenasacreativeforcethatallowslessercreatures"tobeunique."

6.ThisisthebasisoftheMencianpoliticalprogram,ofcourse.

7.FollowingSMK2/9b.FW6/20bandYTC2/20bunderstandittomeanthatthepettymanis"benighted"or"stupified"(wangrnei ,thoughhiscommentary
simplyfollowsFWandYTC.TheparallelphraseisCYYT22/34/3(Wilhelm,134Kunst,307).Kunstreadsyungwangas"using[it],hewillbewithout."Con

 Page532

ceivably,thelinecouldmean,"althoughthepettypersonforhispartusesit[hardwork],heisleftwithout[successoradvantage]."

8.Literally,"Itisnotwhatapettyman[can]order."

9.CPL2/22aidentifiesshihwu astheactofcreation.

10.Literally,"Heshedslight[orglory]ontheself."Forthelastline,FW2/21areadsyasyu ("from"),sothatthelightproceedsfromtheself.

11.See,forexample,Analects12/4(Waley,163)CYYT17/26/t'uan(Wilhelm,515)ibid.,40/HsiA/5(Wilhelm,299)andDocuments,"Chunghuichihkao,"
par.8(Legge,182).

12.ThisiswhatConfuciusmeantbytheinjunctionto"warmovertheancients"(usuallytranslatedas"reanimatetheold").SeeAnalects2/11(Waley,90).

13.Ode235/6(Legge,431).

14.FY9:25makesdailyrenewalthekeytobothserfgovernmentandgoodgovernment.Theliteraryconceitassociatingthesuperiormanwithfragrantflowersmay
befoundinpoemsattributedtotoCh'Yan,especiallythe"Lisao."SeeSchneider,pp.1747,esp.3233.

15.Literally,"his,""hers,"or"theirs."

16.GeneralsummaryfollowingCWK,p.82,n.5.ThesameargumentmaybefoundinthefirstchaptersofHTYTandFY,bothentitled"AnExhortationtoStudy."

17.YTC2/21atalksofinneraffectingtheouter.

18.Anallusiontothetitleofthecorrespondenthexagram.

19.CPL2/22b.

20.P'eng (literally,"friends"or"friendship").AccordingtoFY1:3,"friendship"means"beingofthesamemind."Cf.SMK2/9b.

21.Literally,"Seeingthearrowrise'byitself,'/Takeasbenefitthefriendshipoffeathers."

22.Literally,"TheirWayisthus."

23.Cf.FY7:20.However,YTC2/22apresumesbothmetaphorssimplysymbolizetheneedforinterdependencebetweenthings.

24.SMK2/9b.Thecanopyismetaphorfortherulerbecauseitprotectsandshadesallbelow.Thechariotismetaphorforpoliticalofficebothbecauseitshasgreat
capacityandbecauseitcanbearheavyburdens.SeeCYYT11/14/2(Wilhelm,61Kunst,267).ContrasttheWestern"shipofstate."Thelowerpartsofthecarriage
oftensymbolizethecommonpeople.

25.SeeCPL2/22b.

26.Feng ,fromAnalects12/19(Waley,168).SMK2/9bspecificallymentionsfenghuainhiscommentary.

27.SeeHSWC6/27(Hightower,221)SY8/la.

28.SincethecanopyandchassisareoneHanmetaphorforHeavenandEarth,theversesalsohintatthegovernment'sroleinkeepingcosmicorder.

29.Literally,"doesnotmatch."Alternately,"jacket,"readingy ,onthebasisofFang4/27/6,9(Serruys,privatecommunication).

30.YTC2/21bequatest'ou ("[thesilkworm's]cloth")withthecocoon.

31.Documents,"Lao,"par.8(Legge,349notinKarlgren).

32.FollowingYTC2/21bCPL2/23b.

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33.YTC2/21bCPL2/23a.Chineseconventionalsocomparestheidealgovernmentwithapotentfragrance.SeetheDocuments,"Chnchen,"par.3(Legge,539
notinKarlgren).

34.YTC2/21bsuspectsthatthecharacterli .

35.YTC2/22a.

36.Or,"Itisagoodomen."

37.Ch'eng ("tofillthecontainer").

38.Thepossessivecheh consistentlyindicatesasuperiorpowerinYangHsiung'swork.FW2/22aacknowledgesthis.SMK2/10ainterpretsthelastlineas,"It
isbecauseofhisinabilitytofulfillhisHeaven[given]decree."YTC2/22asayssimplythatitdoesnothappenwithoutsomethingcausingit.CPL2/23b,however,
emphasizesthatitisthesubject'sownfaultitisnotthatheisfatedtoberuined.CWK,p.83,n.11,saysthatthecompletionofthemyriadthingsdependsonNature
thecompletionofthehumannature,ontheproperkindofendeavor(andsoisnotamatterofHeavenorNature?).

39.WangYaspeaksoftheinescapablefailurewhenendeavorsaremadeduringinauspicioustimes.

40.LT,ch.9(Lau,65).

No.27.Duties

1.Readingha ("tocover").SeeYTC2/22a.

2.SMK2/10areadschaochih as,"[sothateachis]clearabout[its]tasks."

3.Readinghainhain ("earnestly").

4.SMK2/10a.

5.E.g.,LT,ch.37(Lau,81),citedbyYTC2/22b.

6.FY4:11discountstheusefulnessofwuweiexceptinanalreadyperfectsociety.ContraWangYa,whosaysthatthelinesrefertothesagewhohasnothingmore
todooncehehas"rectifiedthebase"(wherethebasemeans"ritual").SuchperfectionseemsprematureinAppraisal1.

7.Analects4/10(Waley,104).

8.FW2/22b.Cf.Analects17/17(Waley,214):"Heavendoesnotspeak,yetthefourseasonsruntheircourse[byitscommand]andthehundredcreatureseach
afteritskindarebornbyit"Mencius5A/5(Lau,1434)andCTYT21/7/32ff.(Watson,97).ThatargumentworkswellwiththefrequentmentioninAppraisal1of
"obscurity"and"thehidden."

9.CYYT39/HsiA/1(Wilhelm,286)forthephrase"simpleandeasy"appliedtomoralaction.

10.Literally,"Affairatthepivot."FW2/22bglossesch'u ("atthebeginning")nodoubt,FanwouldemphasizethatthisAppraisalcomesearlyinthesetofnine.
However,itismorelikelythatYangreferstothePosition2as

 Page534

"center"ofthefirstthreeAppraisalsgoverningThought.SMK2/10aandYTC2/22bclearlyunderstandch'utomean"pivot"(andtherefore,"criticaljuncture").

11.SMK2/10areadsfu ("toassist").

12.YTC2/22bandCPL2/24atakethelastlineas,"tolosetheclearestproofofgoodprinciples."SMKseemstothinkthattherulerruinstheexpressionsofhis
potentialadvisors'wit.

13.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.25(Legge,331Karlgren,33).

14.Documents,"ChungHuichihkao,"par.8(Legge,187notinKarlgren).

15.Analects3/1510/15(Waley,9798150[renum.]).

16.CYYT45/HsiB/1(Wilhelm,326).

17.Cf.THC"Hsanwen"9/1b(p.1028).

18.SeemycommentarytoTHC10/A1above.Forsimilarargumentsregardingtime,seeTHC9/A6THC14/A4.

19.Literally,"Manserving[in]awomanlyfashion."

20.FollowingFW2/23a.Literally,"Hedoesnotreplaceherinsuckling."

21.CCYT45/Huan18/1Tso(Legge,70).AcenturyafterYangHsiung,PanChao,ahistorianandladyinwaiting,wroteherfamousbookontheproperrolefor
women,entitled"Nilchieh" ("LessonsforWomen").ThishasbeentranslatedinSwann(1932).However,numerousstoriesandevenlegalcases(e.g.,CCCS,p.
1181[2b3a])showthatrestrictionsonwomeninHantimeswerefarlessseverethaninlaterdynasties.

22.Literally,"Servinghisservice."

23.FollowingWangYa,definingchia .SeeMorohashi835forthisdefinition.YTC2/23areadschiaas"approaches,"citingCYYT28/45/t'uan(Wilhelm,614).

24.Possiblythecharactery (meaningliterally"jade"andbyextension,"rare")shouldbeunderstoodtomodify"food."Cf.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.18
(Legge,334Karlgren,32).

25.Literally,"Officeiswhathehasasburden."

26.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.18(Legge,334Karlgren,32).Onritualexemptionsandprivileges,seeGoodrich.

27.Itakefanglai ("beginstocomeabout").SeeCYYT7/8/t'uan(Wilhelm,125).

28.Literally,"[Problems]comingfromalldirections,notrescue."

29.ThisisasynopsisofearlyWesternHanargumentsonfengsu .SeeNylan(1991).

30.Inthelastline,"knowswhattodo"canmeaneither"knowstheproperdirection[oftheWay]"or"knowsthemethod."

31.YY33:633readinghu ,citingasproofavariantcharacterinCYYT24/38/shang(Wilhelm,150).

32.FollowingtheeditionsofSungChung,LuChi,andWangYa,notthatofFW2/23b,whichapparentlymiscopiesAppraisal4.

 Page535

33.FollowingWangYa,whonotesthattenisthe"completionnumber,"sothatineffecttheywillneverbeeducable.

34.Forthelastline,readingheng ("toreceive[Heaven's]blessings").

35.Or,"Thematterisagoodomen."

36.ForthelastlineoftheFathomingSerruysreads,however,"Togoagainstwhatonehasheard[orlearned]makestheactagreeable."

37.SC55:2037(notinWatson).Contrastthephrase,"incline[orlend]theear"(ch'ingerh )to"awaitcommands."SeeSC92:2618(Watson,I,218).

No.28.Change

1.FWreversesyin/yangvaluesfortheentirechapter3,whichskewshisinterpretations.

2.WJL3/la,however,saystheNetconstellationinstead.

3.TheSungChungcommentarysays"flyingtoHeaven."

4.Tentativetranslationofthephrasewukaich'iling (inthiscase,"clever").

5.CYYT49/Shuo/2(Wilhelm,264).

6.CYYT50/Shuo/5(Wilhelm,272).

7.THC"Hsantso"7/4b(p.1018b).Nodoubtproperchangeishelpedtogrowbyburgeoningauspiciousyangch'i.

8.ThepostHanCh'ingmingfestivalwasthepossibleinheritorofcertainelementsfromtheHallLustrationfestival.SeeGranet,esp.pp.12936Bodde(1975),pp.
273289.

9.CPL3/la.

10.Literally:"Darktransformation,blockspropriety./Seemslikenature."CWK,p.87,n.3readsjo ("like").

11.Alternatereading,"slightly."

12.CPL3/la.

13.Cf.theparableofOxMountaininMencius6A/8(Lau,16465).

14.HsinS5/3b,citedbySMK3/la.

15.Alternately,"Toturnaroundonhispath."Thecharacterchen (meaning"twist").SeeFang3/23/37.SMK3/latalksofthecarriagewheel,ratherthanthe
carriageboard,turninghence,mytranslation.

16.FW3/lb.

17.ThesamepointismadeinFY5:13,citedbyCWK,p.88,n.4:"TheTaoisnotsomethingnatural[thegentleman]respondingtothetimecreates[it]."

18.ThisseemstobethepointofYTC3/la,whichtalksof"applicationandresponsewithoutfixednumbers."

19.See,e.g.,LH2:34(Forke,I,374)Analects17/7(Waley,211)HY1/2b

 Page536

(Ku,68)ortheopeninglinesoftheHsntzu.Animals,incontrasttohumannature,maybesteepedinblackmudwithoutbecomingdirty.SeeAnalects17/7
(Waley,211).

20.FollowingSMK3/la.Cf.HTYT1/1/16(Dubs,33Knoblock,I,137),whichtalksoftheneedforcarefulselectionofneighborsaftercitingtheAnalectspassage.

21.Tsai .

22.WangYaaddssixcharactershere,"Wofou,feich'iyuch'ih" .ThesecharactersapparentlyhavebeenmovedbymistakefromTHC29/A4.

23.AccordingtoCYYT45/HsiB/2(Wilhelm,328),thesubjectsofthesagerulerdonotfullyrealizehisgenius.Theyonlyrealizethathispoliciesseem"morenatural"
andproductive,thoughtheyunderstandenoughtogravitatetowardshim.Cf.SMK3/la.

24.See,forexample,FY7:218:249:27.

25.SeeCPL3/lb.YTC3/1bimprobablysuggeststhattheversesrefertothegoodofficialwhocouldseizetheempireforhimself,butchoosesinsteadtoremainloyal
tothethrone.

26.SuggestionbyNylan.

27.Graham(1978),pp.43738(B66).

28.AccordingtoSMK3/la,theselinesmaybemakingamorepointedpoliticalstatementaswell.Ahornlessoxistooimmaturetohaveitsfullpowers.Itmay
symbolizetheindividualwholackstheproperauthorityandstrengthtowieldgreatpower(eitherbecauseheistooyoungorundevelopedinhisheart/mind).SMK
assumesthattheregentWangMangwassucha"hornlessox"atcourt.

29.Literally,"Fittingbykingsittoreverse."Alsothiscouldmean,"Thereverseofwhatisfitforkings."SincethisAppraisalisauspicious,Igivethemorepositive
interpretation.

30.Or,"Theirwaysarereversed."

31.CTYT38/14/3537(Watson,15960).Thepassageconcludes,however,withacriticismofConfucianism:"TohopetopracticethewaysofChouinthestateof
Luisliketryingtopushaboatoverlandagreatdealofwork,nosuccess,andcertaindangertothepersonwhotriesit.Themanwhotriestodosohasfailedto
understandtheturningthathasnodirection,thatrespondstothings,andisneverataloss."

32.FollowingFW3/2aSMK3/1bYTC3/2abCPL3/2a.

33.Or,"acrisis."

34.FollowingWangYaSMK3/1bandCWK,p.87,insupplyingpu Tentativetranslation.Seebelow.

35.SMK3/1b,citingHS26:2505.Forfurtherdiscussionoftheproposition"Changesdoesnotchange,"seeLouton,p.113.

36.LSCC15/33a34a(translationafterLouton,111).

37.Translationtentative,followingWangYa,whoreadschch ("notadjusted").Inthatcase,theteamoffourwon'tpulltogether.CWK,p.89,n.10,follows
FW.

38.Literaltranslation:"Ateamoffourhorsesdoesnotgoforward./Andso

 Page537

changeitsdriver./Ateamoffourdoesnotgoforward./Means:Changingthedriveronlythenisgood."

39.See,forexample,FY4:12.

40.SMK3/1bseemstoidentifythe"driver(s)"withtheimperialministers,butthisinterpretationreflectsSungclaimsregardingtheimportanceoftheshih,ratherthan
Hanthought.SeeNylan(forthcoming),ch.3,onthe"Hungfan"inSungcommentaries.

41.Or,"Hedoesnotbringhisvirtuetofinaldevelopment."

42.Or,"Replacementcausedbynotpersisting[invirtue]."

43.Analects13/10(Waley,174).

No.29.Decisiveness

1.Alternately,theverbscouldbereadascausatives.Seebelow.

2.AnalternatereadingofthefirstsentenceoftheHeadtext.AccordingtoCPL3/2b,yangch'i,beingstrongwithin,nowcansoarabovebeingfirmwithout,itcan
dispelyinch'i.Cf.CYYT10/12/hsiang(Wilhelm,447).

3.CYYT17/26/t'uan(Wilhelm,515).

4.Literally,"Whatiswithinisselfruled."

5.SMK3/1b:"Onecanbymeansofnormsandstandardsinsidedecidewithintheheart,butotherswillnotseeitstraces."

6.FW3/2b,e.g.,saysthattheaxsymbolizestheoppositionbetweentheFireagent(patronofthetetragram)andtheWater(patronofAppraisal1).

7.FollowingYTC3/3a.

8.FSTYyiwen2:87.

9.FW3/2bandCPL3/3afindtheaxacomplimentaryarmtothecarpenter'slineandsquare.

10.Forthisimagery,seeFY1:2.

11.Cf.theargumentbyAmerica'sFoundingFathersregarding"ironcages"inTakaki.

12.Literally,"goeswrong[or,isblocked]."

13.Tsai ("begins[with]").

14.Alternately,"whatcenterstheheart,"followingSerruys.Itakethe"centerheart"tomeantheinmostrecessesofthemind.Cf.Ode123/1,2(Legge,185)CYYT
9/11//4,hsiang(Wilhelm,444)HTYT62/17/12(Dubs,176),forexamplesofchunghsin .

15.Iincludeinthegeneralterm"Westernphilosophy"Buddhistphilosophy,whichseessensoryperceptionasoneobstacletoappreciationoftheillusorynatureofthe
cosmos.

16.Sucharelationbetweenthesensesandthemindisposited,forexample,inDocuments,"Hungfan,"par.6(Legge,326Karlgren,30).

17.SeeDeWoskin(1982),pp.2942.

18.ElaboratingonSMK3/lb.

19.CPL3/3areadscheh .

20.Literally,"deafnessandnasalcongestion."YTC3/3adescribestheearsandnoseasput'ung .

21.Alternately,"Itwillbenefitthose'havingplans.'Seebelow.

 Page538

22.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.11(Legge,329Karlgren,30).

23.Evilmenaresaidto"stink,"anotherreasonforthereferencetofoulness.SeeFW3/3a.

24.YTC3/3aCPL3/3a.

25.Literally,"Toeatwhatisnotproperlyhisisshameful."

26.FW3/3a,asearlier,equateswo withthe"commonpeople."

27.Ode112/1(Legge,170).

28.Literally,thelowerlimbs.

29.Translationtentative.Alternately,t'o )forthesakeofthecommonpeople.

30.Or,"haswhathecutsoff."

31.CPL3/3b,however,takesthelowerlimbsassymbolofthe"littleguy"(hsiaojen ).

32."Greatresolve"mayormaynotspecificallyrefertothewiseruler'sdecisiontoexcisealltreasonousmenfromcourt,asSMK3/2asuggests.

33.CPL3/3bemphasizesthatitistheruler'ssenseofjusticethatkeepshissubordinatesoutoftrouble.

34.YTC3/3b.

35.Thatis,youwillbeattacked.

36.Or,"[Using]keng (i.e.,Woodagent,symbolofhumaneness)."

37.ReferencetoOde259/8(Legge,540).Cf.Ode209/3(Legge,370).FW3/4areadsshih ("great"),followingFang1/7/21.

38.FollowingYTC3/4a.

39.Boodberg,pp.3839.

40.Documents,"Yincheng,"par.7(Legge,169notinKarlgren),citedbySMK3/2a.

41.CWK,p.92,n.10,readsmei ,however.

42.Literally,"Bravedwarfsthemyouattack,/Highwayrobbersreceivethefavourofadecisiontobereleased."

43.CPL3/4a.

44.Translationtentative,takingoo ("curved").

45.Deletingli ontheassumptionthatithascreptintothetextfromthelastlineoftheFathoming.Withliretained,thesentenceliterallymeans,"Beneficialtowhat
hasbeentestedfortheartisan."

46.FW3/4a,however,equatesthetoolswithworthyofficials,ratherthanwithpenallaws.

47.SeeChristopher,p.158,onthecurvedorhookedblade.

No.30.BoldResolution

1.FW3/4breadsfang as"inalldirections."

2.Literally,"good"or"skillful,"ifliang (GSR735a=735f),asSerruyssuggests.

3.FollowingSMK3/2ainreadinghsin .FW3/4bappearsto

 Page539

readhsin as"faithfulto,"thoughhealsomentionsthe"growth"ofthemyriadthings.Similarly,CPL3/4bglosseshsin asch'iang ("strengthen").

4.Literally,"whattheyareintendedfor."

5.FollowingFW3/4b.

6.CYYT53/43/hs(Wilhelm,602).

7.Analects13/27(Waley,178):"Imperturbable,resolute,treelike,slowtospeak.SuchisonewhoisneartoGoodness."Cf.FY1:2.

8.CYYT27/43/t'uan(Wilhelm,166):"Onemustresolutelymakeknownthematteratthecourtoftheking."

9.CYYT27/43/hsiang(Wilhelm,604).

10.FY11:33.

11.Wei ("tyranny").Itcouldalsoconceivablyreferto"delusionsofgrandeur."

12.YY33:664,however,readsmanhs as"fills[i.e,preoccupies]themind"YTC3/4b,as"fillsthe[entire]cosmos."ThosemeaningsIhavetriedtoreflectin
theFathoming.

13.FW3/4b.YTC3/4btalksofthe(purportedly)megalomaniacalFirstEmperorofCh'in.

14.FY11:37.

15.Forchen as"stability,"seeShchutskii,pp.14243.Alternately,"propriety"or"goodomen.""Modelof"suppliedbyNylan.

16.Analects7/9(Waley,129).

17.Literally,"Wearingatopauthority,itfillsthehead."

18.YTC3/5atalksofhuamin .

19.Analects20/2(Waley,232).

20.Apunonman ,translatedaboveas"fills."

21.YTC3/5a.

22.However,FW3/5atakesthephrase"morethanenough"tomeanthatthereismorethanenoughviolenceandevilwhenthepettymanrules.Thisworkslesswell
withthephrase"notenough"thanmyownreading,whichfollowsSMK3/2a2bYTC3/5a.

23.CPL3/5a,however,readsshuo ("happiness").Similarly,Serruyswouldread,"Thesuperiormanrejoicesinthetool[i.e.,inthetalentshehas]."The
correspondenthexagramtakesspeechasoneofitssubjectshence,myreading.

24.FollowingtheWJLedition(3/2b).FW3/5asaysch'ijen .

25.SMK3/2b.

26.See,e.g.,PHT2B/3a4a(Tjan,468)Kung8/15b,HoHsiucommentaryKTCY3/18b.

27.FY2:4.NoteYang'sinjunctiontohavea"metalmouthbutawooden[i.e.,plainspoken]tongue"inFY1:1.

28.Analects13/23(Waley,177).

29.Readingchien ("ridgepole,"andbyextension,"highposition")here.

 Page540

30.YTC3/5bemphasizesthattheindividualmaybeunawareofhisowninadequaciesbutthisisnoexcuse.

31.Analects15/38(Waley,201).

32.Ode112/1(Legge,170).

33.Notethevisualpunbetween"pillar"(chu ).

34.Literally,"Itisthestrengththatbearstheburdensofstate."Alternately,"Thekingdomisentrustedtothestrongones."

35.FollowingFW3/5b,ratherthanSMK3/2b,whichwouldmakebotharchitecturalfeaturessymbolizechiefofficials.SMKisrejectedforhisanachronistic
emphasisontheshih.Cf.Mencius1B/9(Lau,68).

36.YTC3/5breadslei ("propermodel").

37.SMK3/2bYTC3/5b6a.EveninShangoracleboneinscriptions,theyang ("sheep"or"goat")isassociatedwithstubbornnessmaintainedattheriskofone's
safety(Serruys,privatecommunication).

38.AddedbyNylan.

39.PresumablythisisthepointofFW3/5b.

40.Cf.E.M.Forster:"Itistheviceofavulgarmindtobethrilledbybigness."

41.Analects1/10(Waley,86).CPL3/5b,however,offersaverydifferentinterpretation.

42.FY2:5:"Whatisnotinaccordwiththemodeloftheancientsages,thenoblemandoesnotimitate."

43.Forchen ,seetheAppendices.Alternately,"[equally]resoluteinthefaceofcalamityandgoodomens,"followingPaulSerruys.

44.SuppliedbytheCPL3/6aYTC3/6a.SMK3/2binsteadsupplies"hisfame."

45.FY3:7.Cf.CYYT40/HsiA/4(Wilhelm,295)Analects2/4(Waley,88).Themodelofcalmnessinadversity,ofcourse,isYenHui,thediscipleofConfucius.
SeeAnalects6/9(Waley,11718).

46.SeeFY6:17.

47.SMK3/2b.

48.However,CWK,p.94,n.11,readsfa ("causetoshootarrows").

49.CPL3/6ainsiststheyare"officersofHeaven."

50.SeeKramers,pp.236,332.

51.YTC3/6aCPL3/6a.

No.31.Packing

1.FW3/6awritestheGhost constellationinsteadoftheNet,butthismustbeanerrorsincethesunentersthelodgeoftheGhostonlyafterthesummersolstice.

2.AccordingtoSMK3/2b,butnotFW3/6a,theDipperpointsSSEthemusicalnoteisF.

3.Readingwei ("obvious").Yinch'iisnascent.

4.Serruysreadsinsteadas,"Althoughyangch'iisgreatlypursuingaffairs,

 Page541

thesmallyin,relyingonwhatispackedbelow,wantstodepart."Serruysisfight,ofcourse,tocarryoveryinassubject,butthecommentatorsunanimouslytalk
ofyangreadyingitselftodepartinresponsetoyin'sactions.

5.CYYT54/56/hs(Wilhelm,675).

6.Themyriadthingsinthefourthmontharealsosaidtotravelwestward.SeeCWK,p.96.ThelastsentenceoftheHeadtextdoesnotspecifywhichagentis
preparingtoleave.Seeabove.Inonesense,bothyinandyangarepreparingtochangeplaces.Both,then,are"packed"andreadytogo,althoughauspiciousyangis
clearlyregardedasthesubjectbytheearlycommentators.

7.Seethecorrespondenthexagramforthesethemes.

8.FW3/6a,however,glosseshsing ("thebeginning").

9.CPL3/6a.

10.SMK3/3a.

11.FW3/6b.

12.Fang8/53/11definesthisas"wildgoosethatflieseastfromthepasses."ModerndictionarieslistitasLeucoblepharoncanadensishutchinsii(theCanadian
goose).Serruysnotesthattheverygraphforthebirdsuggestsitsloudhonkinghencemytranslation.

13.FollowingWangYa.Cf.CPL3/6b.YTC3/6breadsthisas,"Takeswingonthatsouthwind,"arguingthatitperverselyfliesnorth.

14.Literally,"Insidetheycherishtheirmates."

15.NotethatmytranslationvariesfromthatproposedbyYTC3/6b.Yehbelievesthatthewildgoosestandsforyinch'i,whichmovesfromthesouth,hopingto
displaceyang.Inthatcase,thelastAppraisallineshouldprobablyberetranslated,"Within,itcherishes[theambition]tosucceed[toyang'spositionofascendancy]."

16.FW3/6bidentifiesthemwithyangch'iYTC3/6b,withyin.

17.LC18/38/13b(Legge,II,392).Cf.HTYT74/19/98100.ThewildgooseisaconventionalsymbolforanabsentmateintheOdes.SeeWang,p.77.Compare
thefrequentHanreferencestothewildswanassymbolofthefaithfulmarriage.See,forexample,FSTY3:22.

18.SMK3/3adisparagesthegooseforindecisiveness,comparingitwiththepettymanwhocan'tdedicatehimselftotheWay.ContrastthiswithYTC3/6b,which
arguesthebird'ssensitivitytothecoldsymbolizestheexquisitesensitivityandpredictivepowersofthesuperiorman.

19.SMK3/3asaysthatthepettymansodesiresfavorsandhighsalarythatheisreluctanttoleavecourtattheonsetoftrouble.CPL3/6bevenspeculatesthatYang
HsiungherecommentsuponhisownuncomfortablepositionatthecourtoftheusurperWangYang.

20.CYYT21/33/3,citedbySMK3/3a.Wilhelm,p.131,andKunst,p.305,translatedifferently.

21.YTC3/7aadds"[and]obtain"(te ).

22.Literally,"Therearesomecasesfollowingitjoy."Alternately,"Somemakethejoycontinue."CPL3/6breadsas,"Somefollowhimjoyously."YTC3/7areads
as,"Maypromotehisjoy."Thissentencestructure,ofcourse,ispatternedaftertheChanges.Cf.THC24/A5.

 Page542

23.Or,"Hewillmeet[another]inwhomhewillfindjoy."

24.Apunfor"[at]court."

25.FollowingYTC3/7a,whichsays,"Theydonotstoptoeat,"makingtheircaseanalogoustotheselfendangeringwildgooseofAppraisal2.Serruysfollows.
However,thelinecouldconceivablyread,"Theyneverstop[lookingfor]food"sincetheyareinthewintrynorth.SMK3/3asaysthattheydonotstoptheirsearch
forfood.CPL3/6bcommentsthatthebirdshaveenticedotherstoshareintheiruselesssearch.

26.Literally,"Howcould[this]beenoughtorelyupon?"

27.YTC3/7aCPL3/6b.

28.FollowingSMK3/3a.FW3/7a,however,saysthatthek'unisabirdwhich"feedsnonstop"onceitreachesthenorthwherefoodisplentiful.Afterall,asawater
birdthek'unshouldlikethenorth(assignedtotheWaterPhaseinthecosmiccycle.)FW,however,mistakenlyassumesthatAppraisal4isyang(auspicious)invalue.

29.Ode165/1(Legge,253)hasbirdsmakingtheyingying calltolocatetheirmates,suggestingsomeconfusion.

30.CPL3/6b.

31.AddedbyNylan.ThepowerfulWangclan,forexample,camefromanareathatcorrespondstopresentShantungprovince.

32.Literally,it"packstogototheTz'u[River]."

33.Alternately,"Drinkingandfeedingingreatcontent."SeeCWK,p.87,n.7.

34.Cf.CYYT33/53/2(Wilhelm,206):"Thewildgoosegraduallydrawsnearthecliff.Eatinganddrinking,inpeaceandconcord.Goodfortune."

35.FY7:21definesthisastheessenceofpracticalwisdom.

36.Forthisargument,seeWangShumin,3:1375ff.whoarguesthatChuangtzudidnotadvocatetheuninhibitedlifestyleorpromotewithdrawalfromthemundane
world.FW3/7acelebratesthelackofrestraint,thinkingtheselinesareassignedto(auspicious)yang.

37.YTC3/7b.

38.SMK3/3a,ofcourse,emphasizesthis.

39.Tentativetranslation,readingitliterallyas,"Isofbenefittoattackingtheblameworthy."Ihaveadded"unencumbered."However,YTC3/7breads,"Ofbenefitin
campaigning[but]blameworthy."CWK,p.98,punctuatesdifferentlyandsuggeststhedeletionofli ("ofbenefitto").Seefootnote41below.

40.SMK3/3aoffersnocommentaryatall.

41.YTC3/7bsays,"Thoughactionisbeneficial,tolaunchapunitivecampaignwithoutpartnersasaruleisblameworthy."CPL3/7arepeats.CWK,p.98,n.9,also
assumesthatsuchdeedswillbeblameworthy.

42.Thepoemreferstothe"youngersibs."

43.CPL3/6b,however,saystheyare"packedinthecarts."YTC3/7benvisionstheyoungersiblingsrunningbehindthecarts.

44.Deletingchih fromtheFW3/7btext,followingothereditions.Forthesesacrifices,seeSchindlerLC6/2a(Legge,I,314)andCFL6:358.

45.AddedbyNylan:"theworst."

 Page543

No.32.Legion

1.FW3/8awrites,"theNetconstellation,12thdegree."CWK,p.99,n.1,saysitoughttobethe16thdegree.SMK3/3bgivestheTriasterconstellation.

2."To"(y )addedbyNylan.Alternately,"trulyhigh."

3.CWK,p.100,n.2,however,readsch'i ("purifying"),citingCYYT50/Shuo/4(Wilhelm,269).

4.Or,"manifestbrightness."Hsanmaymean"everywherereaching,""makeclear,"or"propagate"here.SeeGSR164t.''Spread[their]lights"isanotherpossible
translation.Thecommentatorsoffernohelp.ThisisalsopossiblyaninternalpunsinceHsanming isthenameoftheGodofFire,anappropriatesymbolforthis
season.

5.LuChiglosseshu ("toprotect").

6.CPL3/7b,however,seesaproblemintheaspirationsofyangch'i,which"hopestobeashighasHeaven,"implyingthatitisoverlyaggressive.Butthelanguageof
theHeadrecallsHsntzu'sdescriptionofthegoodruler.SeeHTYT65/18/3(Dubs,187).

7.Aloosetranslationoftheline,"[Like]fire,itentersears."

8.FollowingCPL3/8a.FW3/8aandtheWJLedition(3/3b)punctuateafterma .

9.FollowingYTC3/8a.Alternately,thecharacterchiang as"general."

10.Literally,"beopenlydisplayed."

11.Thenewsislike"fire"because(1)itisterrifying(2)fireisasymbolforanycrisisand(3)fireisparticularlyassociatedwithwar.Forfireassymbolofacrisis,see
FW3/8a.Forfireandwar,seeCCYT10/Yin4/4Tso(Watson,8).

12.LT,ch.46(Lau,107).

13.SeeNylan(1982),ch.2.

14.WangYareadsas,"soldiersdonotcrossblades"(pingpuchiaojen ).Seebelow.

15.Analternatereadinghaslin .

16.FollowingYTC3/8b.SMK3/3breadspin ("comeshimselffromafar").

17.Literally,"Theunicornmaypledgeitselftohim,/[Becauseofhis]gentility."

18.LT,ch.31(Lau,89).

19.TheChengHsansubcommentarytoOde11saysthatthetipoftheunicorn'shornisfleshy,signifyingitspotentialtofight,butitchoosesnottouseit.SeeShih
1:6.

20.LT,ch.68(Lau,130).Cf.ibid.,ch.46(Lau,107)ch.69(Lau,131)ch.80(Lau,142)andSunT3/3(Griffith,77).

21.Literally,"agrownman."Sometakethistobeageneral.SMK3/3btakesthistobeafamilyheadassymbolforsomeoneinauthority.Allassumethatitrefersto
"someoneinthearmy,"asinthepreviousline.

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22.Readingt'ui ("pushthecrossbow").

23.Tentativereading.Literally,"Inside,he/theytread(s)onit/them,makingaflaw/rift/blemish."

24.Translationtentative.Seeaboveandbelow.

25.YTC3/8bCPL3/8areadlei .FY11:35contraststherulebyforce(whichendsincartsfullofbloodycorpses)andtherulebyvirtue.

26.CPL3/8a.

27.FollowingSMK3/3b4a,whichcitesSunT,sec.28(Griffith,71).Theclantemplehousesthestrategyroom.

28.Translationtentative.Literally,"shaking,arising."FW3/8bglosseschenhsin as"inappearance,fullofanger."WangYabelievesthetiger'sroarrouses
otherstojointhefray.

29.Readingt'eng ,followingSerruys,whoadoptsthisfromCPL3/8b.HS87A:3548(Knechtges,34)showstheleopard"soaring."

30.Literally,"itsselfish[impulses]blocked."CWK,p.101,n.6,understandsthistomean,"overcomesitsprivatemistakes."

31.Literally,"Likeahawk'srising."Forthesamemetaphor,seeOde236/8(Legge,436)HSWC3/13(Hightower,90).Translationtentative.Forvariant
characters,seebelow.

32.SeeOde263/4(Legge,557)forasimilardescriptionofvictoriousKingWu,founderoftheChoudynasty.

33.FY5:1512:38.SMK3/4aemphasizesthatthetwoanimals,thoughrousedtoangerbyevildoing,refusetolettheirpassionsruletheiractions.

34.YTC3/8bseestheleopardasenemyofthetiger.CPL3/8bemphasizestherelativesuperiorityofthetigerovertheleopard(whichsymbolizesthecourageofthe
ordinaryfellow).

35.FollowingCPL3/8b.Certainearlyeditionsreadt'engch'ipi .

36.Readingch'u ,followingYY33:664.

37.Tentativetranslation.Thereduplicativechiehchieh )or"numerous."Conceivably,thereduplicativemightbeusedtoemphasizethoseadjectives.

38.Aloosetranslation,followingSMK3/4a.YTC3/9a,however,readsch'u ("toexhaust"),citingFY10:29:"Whateverexhaustsotherswillwin.Whatever
exhauststheselfwillcausedefeat."

39.Cf.Ode263/3(Legge,557).

40.YTC3/9a.NotethatSunTemploysthesamemetaphor.

41.FollowingSMK3/4a.Cf.FY4:12,whichpraisesthemanwhooverawesotherslessbyhisforcethanbyhisvirtue.Thisstrainofthoughtisclearintheearly
Taoistclassics.ForearlyConfucianism,seeMencius7B/3(Lau,194),disputingaDocumentsclaimthatpestlesfloatedinthebloodshedbythosefightingonbehalf
ofahumaneruler.

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42.YTC3/9asayswalo ("brokenandtattered").

43.SMK3/4aglossesoo )ratherthanupright.ThatGSR2x=2hisattestedbyYenShihku,citedinHS97B:3984.

44.SMK3/4aandCWK,p.102,n.9,takeshihyn (''blind[ones],"i.e.,themasses).AccordingtoYeh,thecommonpeople,seeingthetroopsgoingoutto
battle,wailuntilblindedbytears,knowingthetroopswillfail.

45.Replacingchih meanstocondolewithsurvivorsorwiththosewhohavelosttheirstatesorfiefs.SeeCCYT416/Chao25/7Kung(Malmqvist,2045).

46.FollowingSMK3/4aandCPL3/9a,whosupplytherulerasobjectoftheresentfulstares.

47.Tentativetranslation.

48.FollowingFW3/4a,Serruysreadsas,"Theweaponsarelaiddown."

49.Or,"deathwagons?'Literally,"carriagesfull[ofcorpses]."Cf.FY11:35.

50.CYYT7/7/3,hsiang(Wilhelm,423Kunst,253).

51.FY11:35.

52.Theaxbladeisliterallynotchedorblunted.

53.Alternately,"righttodefend(literally,"tostop[theenemy]"),notrighttoattack."

54.FollowingFW3/9b,whichtakeschiang astheparticle,"aboutto."CPL3/13b,takeschiangas"general(s)."

55.Sincetheaxhandle,ifwhole,isassociatedwithpatterninOde158,thereadermayconcludethatignoringfundamentalpatternshasledtocalamity.

No.33Closeness

1.AccordingtoCPL3/9b,"tojoinforceswithit."Alternately,"isakinto,""associateswith,""getcloseto."

2.FW3/9breadswanlan .

3.And,accordingtoCPL3/9b,"desirousofbeingequal[toHeaven]."

4.CPL3/9b.

5.WangYaremindsusoftheadvantagesforthemyriadthingsoftheconjunctionofyinandyangch'i.Thethingsdependuponyinch'ifortheircompletion.

6.SeeFY5:13.

7.CYYT42/HsiA/7(Wilhelm,307).

8.YTC3/10aCPL3/10areadwufang ("unfathomable"[becauseinfinite]),presumablyadescriptionoftheUnknownhence,theAppraisaltranslation.

 Page546

9.SungChungspeaksonlyofshihshih ("everysingleaffair").FW3/9bapparentlytakesthispoemasadescriptionofthewaterymassbelowthesurfaceofthe
earth.ButIsuggesttracingthemetaphortothe"gateinthecircle"discussedbyDoeringer.ThepeeringthroughthegatebringstomindCYYT34/55/6(Wilhelm,
216Kunst,349):"Peeringthroughthedoor:Quietitiswithoutmen."Foranotheruseofthemetaphorofthe''gapinthewall,"seeMcMahon.

10.FollowingSMK3/4b.

11.FollowingSMK3/4b.

12.CYYT42/HsiA/7(Wilhelm,307).

13.FW3/9bmakesthispoint.

14.FW3/10atakeswo torefertothecommonpeople.

15.CPL3/10aglossestz'u asan"inn,"a"wildplace."Serruystakesitas"campsite[ofwar]."YTC3/10atakesitasahutexposedtotheelements.Forthe
imageryoftheinn,seeCYYT34/56/2(Wilhelm,67677).

16.FollowingFW3/10aYTC3/10a.

17.FW3/10a,citingCYYT42/HsiA/7(Wilhelm,307)CPL3/10a.

18.SMK3/4b,citingOde102/1(Legge,157):"Donotthinkofwinningpeoplefaraway./Yourtoilingheartwillbegrieved."Nylanaddstheconjecturethatthe
"properplace"maystandfortheconscience.

19.YTC3/10a.

20.SeeD.C.Lau'sdiscussionof"gradedlove"inhisintroductiontotheMenciustranslation(p.41).

21.Filial,ch.9(Makra,19).

22.YTC3/10b,however,pointedlycitesAnalects13/2:"Promotethoseyouknow,andthosewhomyoudonotknowotherswillcertainlynotneglect."

23.Literally,"Closetotherancidstench./Inthreedays,hegrowsunaware.Themixture[or,confusion]."Nylanassumesthesmellisyao ("toimitate"),whichisalso
possible.SeeGSR1167e.

24.YTC3/10b,however,says,"[thesubjectofthepoem]becomesonewithit."

25.SeeSY17/12b.

26.CPL3/10b.

27.WangYaremarks,"Theenlightenedrulerdrawsclosetothoseworthyofcloseness"(mingchnch'inyk'och'in ).

28.SMK3/4b.

29.NumerouspassagesintheChangesaddressthistheme.See,e.g.,CYYT8/8/3,hsiang(Wilhelm,428).

30.ThelastlineoftheFathomingcouldalsoberead,"Hepairstheunlikeandthelike."Thiswouldwarnagainsttheevilsofofmisappliedcategoricallogic.See
Graham(1978),p.473ff.(No.6A).

31.FW3/10b11a,however,readssai ("obstruction").YTC3/11aandCPL3/10bfollowFW'sleadandglosssaias"asmallfishbonethatsticksinthethroat,"
thenseethepoemasadescriptionofloyalcriticismaddressedbyalowerofficialtothegoodruler:"Beingclose,and[with]amouth[toremonstrate]./[Straighttalkis
hardtoswallow],/[Like]asmallfishbonestickinginthethroat./[Offeredin]thepresenceofthegreatrulerneverbehindhisback."

 Page547

ThelastlineoftheFathomingcouldalsoberead,"Thegreatrulerdependsuponnotgoingbackonhisword."

32.Literally,"Thegreatrulerconsistsinhavingnoreoccurence."

33.FollowingFW3/11ainreadingfeng giveninmanyearlyeditionsiscorrect,thelinereads,"Todependontheruler'scompleteeffectiveness[or,perspicacity]."

34.InterpretationbyNylan.SMK3/5aoffersnocommentary.FW3/11atakesthe"fineopening"torefertotheleakofstatesecretsatcourt.YTC3/11aassumes
thattheriftreferstotheofficialwhofeelsuncomfortableremonstratingwithhisrulerdirectly,thoughhemaycriticizehimbehindhisback.Thegillsymbolizes"fear"
accordingtoCWK,p.104,n.9.

35.FollowingCPL3/11a.FW3/11a,however,glosses as''babyteeth."

36.Literally,"therewillbenoruler."

37.SeeSY10/2b3aforasimilarobservation.

38.YTC3/11b.

39.WangYatalksvaguelyof"losingwhatisclose."Cf.theproverb,"Cuttingbackthelipsexposesthegums,"fromCCYT88/Hsi2/3Kung96/Hsi5/9Tso
(Legge,145).

40.CPL3/11b.

41.Tentativetranslation,readingmi as"calamityresultingfromcloseness"[referringtotheloyalremonstrantpunishedforhisforthrightness]CPL3/11aassumes
thecalamityresultsfromsecrets(mi)told.SerruysreadsthefirstAppraisallineas,"Makingclosethenearnessofdisaster"andthefirstlineoftheFathoming,
"Nearnessofclose[i.e.,inescapable]disaster."

42.Tentativetranslation.Seebelow.

43.SMK3/5atakespi toreferto"closeness"betweengentlemenwhoareoflikeheart.

44.AfterYTC3/11bCPL3/11a.Seeabove.

45.AddedbyNylan,usingYang'sownassociationof"calamity"with"moralfailing."Forfurtherinformation,seetheIntroduction.

46.FW3/11a,citingFY7:21.

No.34.Kinship

1.SMK3/5anotesthatthesunbyAppraisal8enterstheEasternWellconstellation.

2.AccordingtoFW3/11b.

3.Readingtun referstoyang'sabilitytocoverallthingsthicklyandprotectively.

4.Thischaracterizationofyangch'iisinterestinginsofarasitshowsthedegreetowhichmenofWesternHanacceptedtheMohistidealof"ungradedlove"asthe
foundationforacohesivesociety,withoutexplicitlyrejectingthecounternotionof"gradedlove"putforwardbyConfuciusandMencius.SeeWallacker,p.222ff.
ThisconflatinofConfucianandMohistteachingswasmadepossible

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perhapsbyAnalects12/22(Waley,169),whichassociatesjen ("humaneness")withaijen ("lovingothers").IamindebtedtoDr.AlanChanforthis

observation.NotethatYangHsiungpairstogetherthetwocharactersfor"graded''love(ai [inmytranslation,"humane"])and"ungraded"love(ai [inmy
translation,"loving"]),asiftheywereasingleconcept.

5.Ode223/2(Legge,405)Karlgren(1964),154.

6.ForthestatementthatHeavenonlytakesas"kin"menofvirtue,see,e.g.,CCYT96/Hsi5/9Tso(Legge,146)LT,ch.79(Lau,141).

7.NotfollowingFW3/11bWangYaandYTC3/12a.Seebelowforanalternatereading.

8.Seeabove.FollowingFW3/11bWangYaandYTC3/12a.Formoreongratingteeth,seeBoodberg,pp.39798.

9.Following$MK3/5a.

10.FW3/11bwritesofunrelatedpersons,"Thegoalsarethesamebutthenaturesaredifferent."

11.Readingnei ,followingFW3/11b.Cf.YTC3/12aCPL3/11b.

12.WangYasays,"tochoose."YY33:665wouldreadthischaracterastz'u ,meaning"toconsult."

13.FWedition(3/12a)mistakenlywriteschien .

14.Alternately,"doesnotacknowledge[them]asdependents."Or,"failstoattach[itslarvaeproperly],"followingWangYa.

15.Tentativetranslation.Alternately,"Theflyisutterlyshamed,"whichrequiresreadingpu :"delinquentinfilialpiety."CWK,p.107,n.5,looselytranslatesthe
passage,"[Thesphexteachesthemgoodness,sothat]theyareneitherunrulynorlax."

16.Ode196/3(Legge,334).Cf.Karlgren,"Glosses,"p.104,586.WhatKarlgrendismissesas"anunnecessaryloanspeculation"onthepartofMaJuich'enis
clearlysupportedbythisHanpassage.

17.CPL3/12aisequallycriticalofthesphex,whoishappytocarefortheyoungmulberryflies,thoughtheyarenotitsownkind.

18.SeeFY1:1.ForacitationofthispoemasitbearsonHanfamilylaw,seeCCCS,p.1180(1b).

19.FollowingWangYa,whodefineschichi ("statelyandrespectfulinappearance").CPL3/12athinksitdescribesritualthatisrepeatedandcomplete.

20.SMK3/5b,citingLC21/51(Legge,II,171).

21.Harper(1987),p.572,n.77,quotesShirakawaShizuka :)referredtotheancestralspiritssummonedtosacrificialcelebrations.Thisusageispreservedin
severaloftheOdes.

22.Analternatereadingforwufang is"withoutremedy."

23.Ode223/1(Legge,401).

24.Mencius7A/44(Lau,192).Cf.Analects8/2(Waley,132).,

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25.Analects20/2(Waley,233).

26.Analects2/1(Waley,88).

27.SMK3/5b6areadsfeifu (literally,"lungandstomach")as"dependentsamongdistantkin"onthebasisofacommentarytotheSC.SeeCWK,p.108,n.
10.Itisfarmorelikelythatthephrasereferstoclosekin,aslungandstomacharevitalorgans.SeeMorohashi29328.2.

28.Literally,"[For]closekin,driedmeat./Hisbeingthetrunkiscompletelygood./Thatwhichthesuperiormanperforms."

29.Takingts'ai toreferbothtotalentandtostuff(materials,wealth).

30.Analects1/2(Waley,83).

31.YTC3/13a.

32.Analects8/2(Waley,132).

33.Ode165/3(Legge,255),citedbyWangYa.FW3/12b13aandCWK,p.108,n.10,readthisasinauspicious,assumingthatgirlsofdriedmeatwerepaltry
giftsbestowedbystingyrulerswhofailedtotreattheiradvisorsgenerously.THC"Hsanwen"9/1a(p.1028a),however,specificallyassociatessuchgiftswithgood
fortune.Agiftofdriedmeat,whilerelativelyhumble,ishardlyaninsult.Confuciushimselfpurportedlyacceptedsuchgiftsfromthosewhowishedtobecomehis
disciples.SeeAnalects7/7(Waley,124).Cf.Mencius6B/6(Lau,176),whereportionsofflesharedistributedatthesolstitialsacrifice.

34.Orsimply,"improper."

35.Translationtentative.FollowingSungChung,whoreadsthisas,"Destroyingtheirownrootsbythemselves"(tzuchinch'ikenkai ("tomakesuffer''):"Asit
turnsout,ithinders[or,makessuffer]theself."YTC3/13breadsthisas,"toreturntoone'sownroots"[presumably,intheignorant,immatureself].CWK,p.108,n.
11,follows.CPL3/13awouldtranslateasYTC,butheemphasizesthepossibilityofrebirthinherentinthecycleoftheFivePhases.

36.WangYacommentary,citedinSMK3/6a.

No.35.Gathering

1.Wilhelmtranslatesas"TamingPoweroftheSmall."

2.Literally,man ("fills").

3.Becauseitisjuststartingtogainstrength,yinch'iisnotyetobvious.

4.LuChiwouldtiethiswiththe"roots"mentionedinTHC34/A9."Itforces"suppliedbyNylan.

5.CPL3/13a.

6.E.g.,Mencius3A/3(Lau,97100)TungChungshu,citedinHS24A:1137(Swann[1950],179).

7.Cf.FY9:25,9:27.

8.FollowingSMK3/6ainreadingGSR918pas918gonthebasisofSW.CPL3/13a,however,glossest'ai as"toseekgoodsfromothers."CWK,p.110,n.3,
follows.Thelinethenreads,"When[additional]smalltaxesarenotextorted[fromthepeople]."

9.MentionedbyFW3/13b.

10.FollowingSMK3/6a,whichglossesmo .Literally,"black."

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11.YTC3/13binterpretsthislastphraseas"sothat[eventually]notevenanarticleahair'sbreadthinsizeisleft[toothers]."Suchanextremeexampleofavarice
probablybelongsinalaterAppraisal.

12.See,e.g.,LC6/10(Legge,I,256).

13.Mencius2A/2(Lau,78).

14.AddedbyNylan.

15.YTC3/14aCWK,p.110,n.5.

16.YangHsiungineffectinterjectsthenotionofTimeintotheChuangtzuianargumentabouttheultimateutilityof"uselessness"and"smallness."SeeCTYT3/1/4447
(Watson,35).

17.AfterFW3/14a,whoselanguageisvague.CWK(p.110,n.6),however,believeshsiaohsing isatechnicalterm.Thepoemthendescribesabreachin
ritual:punishmentsduetobegininthefalltakeplaceinmidsummer.YTC3/14abelievesthatthemodifierhsiaoforhsingshowsthatbadgovernment"makeslightof"
itsimproperexactions.

18.Readingcheng ,followingFW3/14a.

19.FollowingCPL3/13b.FW3/14areadsch'upan ).IsuspectYangHsiungchosepanasaverbtoemphasizethecloserelationbetweenthebreedingof
animalsandthefeedingofsilkwormsontrays.SeeSTTH,"Ch'iyung,"9/15aforapictureofthesilkwormtrays.

20.FollowingYTC3/14a.CPL3/13breadsch'un as"silken."Thegraphcouldalsobereadasacausativeverb,"tomakepurewhite"(i.e.,"toclean").

21.LC4/9b(Legge,I,227).

22.ChiaYimemorial,citedinHS24A:1128(Swann[1950],152ff.).Cf.HsinS3/3b5b.

23.See,forexample,Mencius1A/1(Lau,49).Hanritualemphasizedtheruler'sdutytoencourageagriculture,astheemperorhimselfyearlyengagedinritual
"ploughingthefields."SeeBodde(1975),22341.

24.FollowingCPL3/14a.SMK3/6breadsminmien simplyas"smallinappearance."Thelinecouldalsoberead,"Minorresentments."SMK3/6band
CWK,p.111,n.8,readitthatway.CPL3/14atakesmienas"continuous,"buthisexplanationissomewhatconfused.

25.Literally,"Whatissicklyandsmall./Makesthestartofsomethingbig."

26.Sivin(1986),p.156.

27.HFT7:21:117(Liao,I,213).

28.AfterYTC3/14b.

29.PossiblyYangmeanstoimplythatthehusbandandwifehavebeencondemnedtopenalservitude.SeeLC30/3.Inthesecondline,"forhim"hasbeenomittedfor
euphony.

30.Literally,thestate.

31.CPL3/14a.

32.FollowingWangYa.

33.FollowingYTC3/15a.SMK3/6breadsas,"Howcoulditbecriticized?",takingchi .

34.Mencius1A/3(Lau,51).

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No.36.Strength

1.FW3/15areadst'ung .Cf.CPL3/14b.Idonotfollowthisreading.

2.Or,"completelymasculine."

3.CYYT1/1/hsiang(Wilhelm,373),saidofthegentlemanwhomodelshimselfuponCh'ien.

4."Overbearing"isapossibletranslationforch'iangliang (here,"strengthened").SeeFW3/15aonTHC36/F2.CPL3/15asaysyangch'iis"unbending."

5.ThisargumentforflexibilityfrequentlyappearsinWarringStatesandHantexts.

6.Or,"blockingthegoodomens,"followingSerruys.CPL3/15aunderstandsthephrasetomean,[yinalliedwithWater]"hasstrength[outsidebut]notrightatthe
center."

7.Analects15/40(Waley,201).Cf.THC1/A3.

8.THC58/A8describessuchaperson.

9.Forthispoint,seeFY6:16.

10.Hsiu ,citedinCWTT805.67.

11.CPL3/15a.

12.YangHsiungseemstotakeasmall,butsignificantstepawayfromcertainWarringStatesphilosopherswhonamedthecommonpeople,ratherthanthechief
ministers,astheprimary"foundation"ofthestate.Indoingso,Yangreturnstostillearliertraditionsfromthefeudalperiod,suchastheCh'unCh'iuattributedto
Confucius.

13.Fortheparticleyan inthispattern,seeSerruys(n.d.),pp.50,140.

14.Readingch'iangch'iang )ofattendants.SeeYTC3/16a.

15.Literally,"Keenofeyeandear,thereandoverthere,"asintheAppraisal.

16.WangYareadsyung ("directions"),forreasonswhicharenotcleartome.

17.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.6(Legge,32627Karlgren,30).

18.YTC3/16a.

19.Seethediscussiononshih ("politicalpurchase")inCreel,p.77ff.andAmes(1983),pp.65107.

20.SeeFY11:33.

21.SMK3/7areadsitsimplyas"Toovercomemystrength"inotherwords,tohumbleoneselfwhenappropriate.Cf.FW3/15b,whoreadsitas,"Toovercome
myoverbearingnature."Serruysreadsitas,"InovercomingmyselfIgrowstrong."Itakeitas,"[With]strengthtoovercomemyself."Allreadingsarepossible.See
below.

22.Serruysprefers,"InrelationtoHeaven,thereisnolimit."

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23.Readingwuchi ,followingSungChung.FW3/15b,however,readsit,"withoutabase[forevil]."

24.Analects12/1(Waley,162)forthephrasek'ochi .FW10:27talksofthedangersofnotovercomingoneself.

25.SMK3/7a.

26.CWK,p.114,n.8:heis"strong[after]overcominghimself."

27.SeeFY10:27contra"lawswithoutlimits."Cf.theargumentagainstharshormutilatingpunishmentsinHsinS9/1a8a(esp.p.2a)HS23:109799(Hulsew,
33435).Formoreinformation,seeShigezawa.

28.LegendcitedbyYTC3/16b.

29.Bothverbsch'iang mean(1)tomakestrongandvigorous,and(2)tomakeaneffort.SeeGSR710e,22c.

30.FY5:139:25.Cf."Mean,"20/9(Legge,407)andAnalects6/27(Waley,121).

31.Alternately,"'Tiltheend,[helives]byviolence."

32.FY11:33disparagesthestrongmanChingK'oinsuchterms.

33.YTC3/16bcommentsthatwhateverismosthardisalsomostbrittleandliabletobreak.FW3/16bsaysthatnohelpwillbeforthcomingforsuchabully.

No.37.Purity

1.Thephrase"doublyilluminated"(chungkuang )isexplainedbySungChungasreferringtothingshighandlow.CPL3/16b,however,referstothe"raysof
lightfrom[thetwolightsources,]sunandmoon."CWK,p.115,n.2,citestheErhyadefinitionofchungkuang,whichmakesevenlesssenseinthecontext.

2.SungChungcommentary,withreferencetoTHC31/Head.

3.SungChungcommentary.Cf.FW3/16b,whichtalksofthemyriadthings"becomingpureintheirway."

4.SeeFY5:15forthephrasewutsa )andvirtue.

5.Alternately,"gazingattheinside."Seebelow.

6.YTC3/16b.

7.Serruysprefersthisreading.

8.Readingmao ("tocoverup"or"toobscure").Serruyspreferstoreadthis,"Ifonehiddenlymixesupsoastocoverup[i.e.,annul]allcandidness."

9.SMK3/7bCPL3/16b.

10.FY11:33usesthesamemetaphorofawolfpreyingonasheep.

11.CWK,p.116,n.4,readsthisas,"Hereverentlyserveshissuperiors"(chingshunshihshang altogether.

12.FY6:16creditstheperceptivemanwithpowersakintoHeaven's.

13.CYYT45/HsiB/2(Wilhelm,32829).

14.TheLiKuei commentarytoFY6:16defines"lookingup"asseeingtheClassics"lookingdown,"asconsultingwithhumblewoodcuttersandfodder

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gatherers.Cf.thestatementbyTungChungshuregardingConfucius:"Confucius...withrespecttowhatisabovesurveyedthewaysofHeavenandwith
respecttowhatisbelowinquiredofthefeelingsofmen."SeeTungChungshu,"Hsienliantuits'e,"citedinHS56:2515.

15.Serruysreadschen as"goodomens."CPL3/17areadsthelineas,"Thelossofrankisproper."

16.YTC3/17bemphasizesthatthepettypersonoughttohaverefusedofficeinthefirstplace.

17.FollowingSMK3/7b.

18.WangYadefineswufang ("indescribable").CPL3/17aagrees.

19.FollowingLuChiintakingtse ("model").Literally,"RectifyingEarth,[ithe]takesasmodel."Serruysreads,"Therectifyingearthrules[inhim]."Alternately,
"Rectifying[himselfby]theruleofEarth."

20.Cf.Analects6/21(Waley,120),wherethemountain"staysstill."

21.WangYacommentarytalksof"indescribable"brilliance.SMK3/7bsaysthatthesuperiormanlivestemporarilyinobscurityandseclusion.

22.Analects12/1(Waley,162).

23.Serruysreadsas,"Whengazingattime[old]faults."

24,Adding"because."Literally,asintheAppraisal:"Puretime(ly?)seeingfaults."

25.SMK3/8acitesOde260/6(Legge,544):"Anydefectsintheking'sduties/AresuppliedbyChungShanfu."

26.Forthistheory,seeFY3:7.

27.Analects17/2(Waley,209).

28.Literally,"[asifat]thebeginning."

29.Literally,"[Suchis]propriety."Serruysprefers,"agoodomen."

30.Eliade,passim.AddedbyNylan.

No.38.Fullness

1.AccordingtoSMK3/8a,butnotFW3/18a,theDipperpointsduesouththemusicalnoteisFsharp.

2.FollowingSungChung.However,FW3/18aandWangYareadtien ("hidden").However,yangch'ihaslittlenowtodowithdarknessorobscurity.

3.Thepronouncheh indicatesasuperior,soitshouldrefertoyangch'ihere.FW3/18aandCPL3/18a,however,specifythatitisthemyriadthingsthat
"completetheirgoals."

4.CPL3/18a.

5.FW3/18a.

6.CYYT11/14/hsiang(Wilhelm,458).

7.Mo ,meaning"silent."Seebelow.

 Page554

8.Literally,"dark."FW3/18aandYTC3/18barguefor"mysterious"(hsan) .

9.Seethenote7aboveonmo .

10.ProverbquotedinSY16:557.

11."Onreward"addedbyNylan.However,FW3/18bblamestheindividualwhodoesnot"relyon"(andsowaitfor)thepropertimethecoincidenceofFireinthe
tetragramandintheAppraisalleadstoprecipitateaction.

12.CWK,p.118,n.3,readsthelineas,"[Then]canpossesseverything"(nengwusopuyu ).

13.LT,ch.10(Lau,66),repeatedinLT,ch.51(Lau,112).

14.SMK3/8a.

15.Analects4/6(Waley,103)definesvirtueintermsofthewilltobeGood.

16.Analects2/18(Waley,92).

17.YTC3/18b.

18.Or,"plansfor."

19.Cf.THC35/A7.

20.FollowingSMK3/8b,whichreadsch'ench'en ).FW3/18b,however,seemstoreadthereduplicativeas"treatingsubordinatesassubordinates
[shouldbetreated]."

21.Alternately,followingSerruys,"Makesgreatthegateof[that]man."

22.Reversing"humaneandworthy"intheFathoming.

23.YTC3/19a.

24.SMK3/8b.

25.WangYaandCWK,p.118readch'an ("following[inevitablyaftertheother]").

26.Literally:"[He]bearsgoodfortune,whichfills[his]shoulders./[He]raisesupillfortune,[andthen]isentangled./Bearinggoodfortune,raisingupill./Means:Itis
thewayofthepettyman."

27.YTC3/19asaysthephrase"fillstheshoulders"conveys"anarrogantattitude."

28.CPL3/19areadsy ("from").

29.Literally,ch'ing ("[causefor]congratulations").

30.Takingta asaverb.However,theFathomingconceivablyshouldberead,"Inmodesty,greatlypossessing,"asSivinsuggests(privatecommunication).

31.Cf.LT,ch.40(Lau,88)onphenomenalexistenceasruledbycyclicalreversal.

32.Readingyi ("tosuppress").Moreliterally,yimeans"toladleoutfrom."

33.Punctuatingafterying becauseoftherhyme.

34.Literally,"Nearingthelatertumbling."

35.YTC3/19bemphasizesthat"evenasageoraworthy"cannotescapefromdangerifthetimingiswrong.

36.SeeHsing1/8a.

37.Thecharacterying means"blazing,""dazzling,""deluding."

 Page555

38.FW3/19a.

39.SeeTHC5/A6.Cf.HTYT102/28/15(notinDubsorKnoblock)forthemethodof"maintainingthefull."

40.Literally,"doesnotsave."

41.ThecommentatorsciteLT,ch.40(Lau,101).Cf.ch.9(Lau,65).Alternately,"Heaven'sWayisdisobeyed."

42.SeeFY8:2324forYang'sunequivocaldiscussiononthispoint.

No.39.Residence

1.Certaincommentatorswouldsupplych'ihere,onananalogywithotherHeadtexts.

2.LuChiglossesch ("toactwithgreat[evenoverbearing?]strength''[soastoprotectthings].)

3.Thesinglecharacterho ("brilliantlyflourishing"),followingFW3/19band(2)as"shiningbrilliantly,"followingFY8:23.

4.FollowingSungChungcf.CPL3/19b,whoreferstoOde237/6(Legge,440)andSMK3/9a,whichsaysthecharactertu ("shelters").Alternately,tumeans
"measure"(here,"togrowtofullmeasure"),asinTHC52.SeeFW3/19b.

5.SungChungcommentary.

6.CYYT23/37/t'uan(Wilhelm,570).

7.CPL3/19b.

8.CYYT23/37/t'uan(Wilhelm,570).

9.ClassicalChinesedoesnotusuallydistinguishactivefrompassiveverbs.Thelinecanthenmean,"Neitherpraisingnorblaming[others]or"Neitherbeingpraised
norbeingblamed."Hence,mytranslation.Thecommentatorscannotseemtodecidebetweenthealternativeseither.Seebelow.

10.FW3/20a:"Hedoesnotseekareputation."

11.Analects6/1414/2615/25(Waley,pp.11819187198[renum.]).

12.YTC3/20aandCPL3/19bexplaintheselinesintermsofwuwei ("nonpurposiveactivity").

13.Literally,"Thewomanreceivesthemfromthemotherinlaw[or]paternalaunts."SMK3/9aapparentlyreadsas,"Theyoungwifehashermotherinlawserve
her"sincehesayschinfanshihkuch'engchih ("The[young]wifesupplantshermotherinlawinhertasks").

14.Readinghuo (3d.personpronoun)nounfre

 Page556

quentlyoccursinCYYT.FW3/20areadshuo asyu ("akinto"),thensays,"Itislikebeingwashedinmud."Thisisimpossiblephonologically.

15.SMK3/9a,however,takesthistomeanthatthemotherinlawisassigneddegradingtasks(fulaojuchihshih .("pathway").Hesays,however,thatthe
youngwife"washes[herself]onthepath,''makingapublicspectacleofherself.

16.CPL3/19b.

17.SeeSMK3/9aYTC3/20b.

18.Readingk'un .

19.SMK3/9aemphasizesthathisearlytrainingprepareshimforthatjob.FW3/20areferstothefilialinterestthatYangHsiung'ssecondsondisplayedintheTHC.

20.FollowingCWK,p.121,n.6.

21.Literally,"bodies."

22.Forthisreasons,dogswereoftensacrificedwhencornerstoneswerelaidformajorconstructionprojects.Fortheearlydomesticationofpigsanddogsin
Neolithictimesandtheuseofthedoginsacrifice,seeChang(1977b),pp.95,152,261.

23.HS27B(A):1398,whichcitesChingFang ).

24.Thebinomechoulu boatallaroundissafelysecured."ThisispossiblehereandintheFathoming.

25.WangYacommentary.

26.SMK3/9bCWK,p.122,n.7.

27.AddedbyNylan.

28.ThisisacommonanalogyinChankuoandWarringStatestexts.

29.GSR716ameans"sacrificialoffering,""feast,"or"toenjoy."Mytranslationofpuhsiang triestoreflectallthreepossiblemeanings.CPL3/20bsayspu
hsiangmeanshe"cannotgetfoodordrink."CWK,p.122,n.8,seemstoagree.

30.SMK3/9btalksofpettypersonswhocannotgetalongwiththeirbettersintheclan.

31.CWK,p.122,n.8,seemstoblametheheadofhouseholdforthisilljudgeddecision.Hethensaysallthefamilymembersrebelafterbasicfoodandwater
suppliessuffer.

32.FW3/20bisconcernedwiththeeffectontheancestraltempleofferings.

33.Byputtinghimselfintheshafts,accordingtoSMK3/9b.

34.CYYT23/37/3(10)(Wilhelm,146).

35.AccordingtoCPL3/20b,thedoublingofladlesshowsthatthefirstsetofladleshasalreadybeenbroken.Iassume,however,thatitshowsignoranceofor
disdainfortheproprieties.

36.Forfurtherinformation,seeChang(1977a),pp.6266.

37.SuggestedbyNylan.

38.SMK3/9b.

39.YTC3/21b,readspi ,equatingthedoublingofladleswithanincreaseinthenumberoffemales(bythishemeansconcubines).

 Page557

No.40.Law

1.FW3/21bmistakenlygives35degrees.

2.Ascover.

3.Ode260/1(Legge,541).

4.Forexcellentdiscussionsofthetermfa ,seeCreel,13562Bodde(1981),17194.InFY4:10,4:12,faisreservedfor"model."

5.Analects2/3(Waley,88).

6.Cf.CYYT30/48/t'uan(Wilhelm,630).Itisthisequitabilitythatthe"wellfield"economicsystemepitomizes.SeeMencius3A/3(Lau,97100).

7.FY1:2.

8.CYYT45/HsiB/2(Wilhelm,328if.).

9.Or,followingYTC3/22a:"[Hence,his]ability."

10.FW3/21bandSMK3/10atakethe"WayofCentrality"preservedinthe"Hungfan"chapterasthesubjectofthissentence.YTC3/21aspecifiesthepersonas
subject.

11.Analects11/16(Waley,156):"Togotoofarisasbadasnotfarenough."Thenotionofcentralityasitappliestopoliticsisfullyexploredinthe"GreatPlan"
chapteroftheDocuments,citedbySMK3/10a.SeeNylan(forthcoming),ch.1.

12.FW3/21bandYTC3/22glosspu ("good"),sothatthelinesays,''Iflevelandlinearenogood."Serruysreadsthislineas,"Ifthelevelandlinearenot
consideredessential."

13.CIS,I,13.

14.CPL3/21b.

15.YTC3/22a.

16.YTC3/22bglossesthereduplicativelulu ,meaning"nothingoutoftheordinary."

17.ForthevariousclaimsmadeabouttheConfuciancanon,includingthatregardingtheprofundityoftheclassics,seeHenderson,ch.4,esp.p.130.

18.SMK3/10a.

19.FW3/22a,however,appearstoequatethethreadwiththesubjectsandtheropewiththeruler.

20.Forthetermtat'ung seeDocuments,"Wuch'eng,"par.5(Legge,31112notinKarlgren)SC61:2121(Watson[b],11).Forthesequencebywhich
goodruleisestablished,see"Learning,"par.5(Legge,359).

21.IsthiswhyConfuciusissaidtohave"fishedwithaline,butnotwithanet"?SeeAnalects7/26(Waley,128).

22.YTC3/23a,however,readsthisas,"Correctingbyourblamelessway."

23.Documents,"TaYtoo,"par.11(Legge,59notinKarlgren).

24.I.e.,overthesides.

25.Literally,"[Since]itisnotavalleyitisnotagorge."FollowingFW3/22bYTC3/23aandSerruys.Itisjustpossiblethatfei ("runningunchecked").

 Page558

26.Apun.For"flood"onecouldalsoread"error,""excess,"or"loss."SeeGSR197b.

27.Or,"Lawsarerecklessandunrestrained."

28.AddedbyNylan.Ku ("valley")isaloanfor"whatisgood."SeeGSR1202a.

29.CPL3/22b,followingWangYa.Cf.FY4:1211:33,forexample,ontheFirstEmperorofCh'in.

No.41.Response

1.SMK3/10baloneofthecommentatorscorrelatesthistetragramwithHexagram31("Influence")oftheChanges,arguingthatYangHsiung's81tetragramsinthe
Mysteryrefertoonly60hexagramsoftheChanges,inimitationofthekuach'i ("Hexagram/SolarPeriod")theoryofChingFang(7737B.C.).WhileTetragram
41showssomeconnectionwithHexagram31initstitleandtext,withgreaterfrequencyitalludestothetitleandimageryofHexagram30(Seebelow.).Thereisalso
indisputableevidencethatYang's81tetragramsrefertoall64hexagramsoftheChanges.IthereforefollowthemajorityofcommentatorsinassigningTetragram41
toHexagram30.Forfurtherinformationonkuach'itheory,seeCh'Wanli,pp.9298.

2.AccordingtoFW3/23a.

3.FollowingCPL3/22b,whichglossesthecharacterhsin .Seebelowforotherpossiblereadings.

4.Literally,"tothelow[regions],"butthebluntedusageforhu mustbeusedsinceyinisalreadybelow.SeeTHC35/Head.

5.ThesummersolsticebeginswithAppraisal5,accordingtoFW3/23awithAppraisal6,intheWJLedition.Tetragram1,markingthewintersolstice,isentitled
Center.

6.YangmaywishustorecalltheTripleConcordancecalendarnewlyinauguratedinlateWesternHan.Forfurtherinformation,seeSivin(1969),173.

7.LT,ch.32(Lau,91).

8.ThemostimportantofsuchcorrelationscurrentinYangHsiung'stimearelistedinMengHsi's(fl.69B.C.)"commentarybychapterandverse"totheChanges.See
MH,69.Fortheglosses,seeCYYT19/30/t'uan(Wilhelm,536)19/30/hsiang(Wilhelm,537)50/Shuo/4(Wilhelm,536)54/tsa(Wilhelm,536)45/HsiB/2
(Wilhelm,336)respectively.

9.Forhsinasahomonymicvariantofshen ,seeCYYT46/HsiB/3(Wilhelm,338).

10.Shengchao ishisglossforhsin.

11.ProfessorCh'enShuncheng ofNationalTaiwanUniversity,ChineseStudiesDepartmentmadethissuggestion(personalcommunication).Thesame
phrasecouldalsobetranslatedeitheras"[its]soundcommencing"oras"soundportent."

12.Forthetranslationofthedescriptivebisyllabicrhymesloju ("arranged").YTC3/23btakesbothcompoundssimplyas"intermixed"

 Page559

(panpanerhsheng ).Thepoeticresonanceoflojulijuisincreasedsinceloandliaresynonymousintwoadditionalinstances:First,bothmean"to
_55D0B1D97CF143232
meetwithacircumstance,"asinFang7/49/23.Second,bothrefertowovenenclosures,adefinitionwhichrecallstheimageofnetsfoundinthecorrespondent
Hexagram30oftheChanges.

13.Apun,sincethecharacterli(hereandinthefirstAppraisalline)meansboth"net[like]"and"toadhere."

14.NodoubtthisexplainswhySMK3/10boffersnocommentaryhere.

15.CYYT42/HsiA/8(Wilhelm,308).

16.CPL3/22b23a.

17.TheHan"TreatiseonthePitchStandards"alsosaysHeavenis6andEarth5,sinceHeavenhassixch'iandearthFiveFlavors.SeeHS21A:981.A
numerologicalsystembasedon6,ratherthan5,isfoundincertainearlyWesternHantexts,suchasHsinS.Cf.onearlyChangescommentary,whichsays,"Heaven
issix.Earthisfive.Thatitisconstantrulefornumbers."SeeMKH,I,53(la).

18.BoththeMysteryandtheModelSayingsdenouncewhateveristsa .See,forexample,FY2:56.

19.YTC3/23b.

20.Cf.LT,ch.32(Lau,91),ch.61(Lau,122),ch.66(Lau,128).

21.PaulSerruysprefers,"Itnegateswheretheyarecorrect."Thetranslationfollowsanumberofcommentators(includingSungChung,LuChi,WangYa,andSMK
3/10b)inreadingchen ("tobewilling")instead.Notethatthephrase"unionofspheres"issuppliedbyNylanforthetranslationofthethirdlineoftheAppraisal
above.

22.FW3/23b.

23.ForthetheoreticalcorrelationbetweenthemusicalsystemandEarthlych'i,seeBodde(1959).

24.CYYT40/HsiA/3(Wilhelm,294).

25.CYYT40/HsiA/3(Wilhelm,294).

26.Cf.LT,ch.73(Lau,135),whichspeaksofitsmesh"whichisnotfine,yetnothingslipsthrough."Cf.THC40/A7.

27.SeeFY10:26.Cf.THC40/A6.

28.FW3/23bassumes"us"refersto"themasses."Clearly,"us"representsthetargetshunted.

29.CPL3/23breadsthisas,"Theycastthenetoverthewildreaches."SMK3/11a,however,punctuatesbeforechih ,citingOde207/1(Legge,363).Inthat
case,thecharacterindicatesthat,"[incidents]areabouttoarise."

30.HsinS7/4b5a.Cf.Mencius1A/3(Lau,5152).

31.Analects2/3(Waley,88)ibid.,4/13(Waley,104).

32.Thetermchen byFW3/24a.Forfurtherinformation,seetheAppendix.

33.Or,"Itmakesshudder[i.e.ruffles?]itsscales."

34.Or,"Asthedragonsoars,itshivers."

35.CYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,341).

36.Thetranslationofthecharacterch'eng ("toriselikesteam"),areferencetothefactthat"firech'iascends."

 Page560

Similarly,YTC3/24bandCPL3/23bglossitaschin ("advances").Thelinewouldthenmeanthattheblazingfireofyangch'iascendstoheaven.

37.Cf.THC35/Head.

38.Literally,"tostrengthenhisdecline."

39.FW3/24a,however,readsying ("oughtto").ForanalternatereadingbySMK,seebelow.

40.Readinglei .SeeCWK,p.128,n.9,citingtheErhya.Alternately,"Theyhatetodefeat[theirown]class[ofmen]."

41.Cf.THC36/A8,whoselanguageisalmostidentical.

42.FollowingFW3/24a.Foranearlyoccurenceofthecompoundpallei tosignify"the[proper]type[ofofficial],"seeLSCC20/8b10b.Thelatecommentators
talkof"hatingyin'sdefeatof[all]yangtype[things]."SeeCPL3/24aandYTC3/24b.

43.SMK3/11a,readingthesecondlineoftheAppraisalas,"Thosewhorespondwillbenumerous.Right."

44.CYYT40/HsiA/5(Wilhelm,299).

45.WangYareadswei (heretranslatedas"summons").

46.Takingyingch'i .

47.Or,"Thegreatmorninglight,itreachesthelimit."Thecharacterli referstothe"trellislike"appearanceofmorninglightshimmeringonthehorizon(Paul
Serruys,privatecommunication).

48.Orsimply,"stop,"followingLuChi.

49.FW3/24bthinksthesubjectofthislineis"yinch'i."Itakeitas"change."

50.FW3/24b,forexample,bringsupthecaseofYao,whoinhisoldageabdicatedinfavorofhiswiseofficialShun.SeeDocuments,"Yaotien,"par.14(Legge,
32Karlgren,4).

51.SMK3/11a.Cf.YTC3/25aandCPL3/24b.

52.CYYT19/30/3(Wilhelm,120).

No.42.GoingtoMeet

1.Moreliterally,"goupwardsagainst[yang]."SeeGSR769d.

2.AddedbyNylan,basedontherootmeaningofsu ("togoupwardsagainst").YTC4/1atalksofwarningthemyriadthingsagainstwelcomingyinch'i.

3.SeealsoNeedham,II,23291.

4.FollowingFW4/1a,whichomitsthecharacterying ,however.ButSMK4/1areadsGSR579cas579a,forhesaysthatthemeetingisnot"accordingtothe
properWay."

5.Literally,"haswhathedeviatesin."

6.FY1:3says,"Pairs(p'eng )thatarenotofonemindare[only]couplesonthefaceofit."

7.Alternately,"hidingin."Seebelow.

8.Literally,"Heighteggs,[it]changesthem."

 Page561

9.FW4/1a.Cf.HNT12:349.

10.CPL4/1a.

11.Cf.CYYT37/61/2,2hsiang41/HsiA/6(Wilhelm,701,305):"Acranecallinginthedark,/Makesitsyoungrespondtoit."Unaccountably,CPL4/1a1btalks
of"badpeoplerespondingtobadpeople."

12.Takingching ("tostimulate").

13.NotethatSMK4/1arearrangesthewordorder,makingit"Illomensnuminouslyprecedeawareness."

14.However,CWK,p.130,n.5,definescheng ("[spontaneously]summon").

15.CPL4/1b.

16.YTC4/1bquotestheRituals(li )tothiseffect,butIhavenotbeenabletolocatetheexactcitation.

17.Translationtentative.Ireadsha ."Always"addedbyNylan.

18.NeoConfucianism,however,tendstowardstheprudish.Significantly,CPL4/1btakesthisasasceneofsexualseductionthatignorestheproperritualsgoverning
betrothalandmarriage.

19.SeeMencius4A/15(Lau,124).

20.Cf.SY8/3b.

21.CPL4/2areadsch'eng ("carriage"),thenarguesthatthecolorofthecarriageisinsufficientreasontoesteemit.

22.YTC4/2a.

23.Literally,"Blackandyellowmutuallymeet."

24.FW4/2aarguesthattheuseofthereduplicativeemphasizesthatbothHeavenandEarthrespond.

25.FW4/2a.

26.Or,skyandearth?

27.CYYT47/HsiB/4(Wilhelm,34243),citedbyYTC4/2a.Forthepossibleoriginofthecontrastbetweenblackandyellow,seeAllan(1991),pp.30,65.

28.SeeSMK4/1a.ExamplebyNylan.

29.SMK4/1bYTC4/2aandCWK,p.131,n.9,takehsiehhou ("relaxedandhappy").SeeMorohashi39173.135067.17and35067.185.Iadoptthe
usagefoundinOde118/2(Legge,180),wherethebinomedescribesahappymeeting.

30.CCCS,p.1181(2b),wherekoufu ("toinsultone'sfather")seems

 Page562

tobealegalterm.PerhapsYangHsiungoffersaseriesofpunshere,withGSR112candhou etymologicallyrelatedbothto112e(thethemeof"meeting")
andto112g("insult").Cf.YTC4/2a.

31.CCCS,p.1180(1b).

32.CPL4/2ab.

33.Translationtentative.FollowingSMK4/1b,whichglossesfu ("tobowthehead").Seebelow.

34.However,YTC4/2bandCPL4/2btalkofthesuperiormanconfrontingthetroublewithbowedhead,hopingthat"softness"(ritualabnegation)eventuallywill
defuseviolentanger.Bothcommentatorscitethe"Mean"10/3(Legge,389)insupportoftheirinterpretation:"Toshowforbearanceandgentlenessinteachingothers,
andnottorevengeunreasonableconductthisisthestrengthofthesouthernregions.Thesuperiormanmakesithisstudy."TheycouldalsociteLT,ch.22(Lau,
79),whichequates"bowingthehead"withfinalpreservation.

35.Readinglei (akindofbirdnet),thenarguesthatthewateris"trappedin"thewallsoftheadjoiningroom.

36.YTC4/2b.

No.43.Encounters

1.YTC4/3a.

2.CPL4/3a.

3.However,YTC4/3adefinesyu ,yangch'imeetingyin.AccordingtoCh'en,thetwocosmicpowersfightinthedarknesshence,thereferencetodreams:"In
darkobscurity,[yin]meetsthegod[likeyang],/[Yang]reachesthespirit[yin]./Dreams[display]rectitude."

4.SeeYTC4/3a.FW4/3aandSerruysreadshih ,sothelinewouldread,"Manydreams[display]goodomens."

5.TheHanChineseknewseveralincompatibletheoriesofdreaminterpretation.Sometimestheyarguedthatadreamapparitionrevealsthesubjectoftheindividual's
recentthoughts,aperfectlyacceptableexplanationeventoday.Sometimestheyspokeofthesoulwanderingoutsidethebodyduringdreamsinafullyconsciousstate
akintowaking.Andsometimestheyenvisionedthedreamasasortoftelepathiccommunicationbetweenthedreamerandthespiritworld.(Hence,thegloomwith
whichConfuciusreportshisinabilitytoenvisiontheDukeofChouinhisdreams,inAnalects7/5[Waley,123].)See,e.g.,Documents,"Shuoming,"par.3(Legge,
25051notinKarlgren)"T'aishih,"par.5(Legge,291notinKarlgren).Formoreondreams,seeBrown,C.TheentireissueofAsianArt3:4(Fall,1990)isalso
devotedtodreamsinChina.

 Page563

6.KT13/37/6b(Rickett[a],169),citedbyYTC4/3b.

7.Readingch'ungch'ung ("unfixedinhiscomingsandgoings").

8.FollowingtheargumentofFW4/3ab,whichtextinsertsshou ,sothatthelinereads,"[He]willnotacceptinstructionsfixedforhim."TheWJLedition(4/1b)
deletesshou,however,onthebasisofscansion.WangYareadstheline,"[Lackingknowledgehimself,]hedoesnotascertainit[thatwhathemeetshasknowledge
andsocan]teach."

9.Analects1/2(Waley,83).

10.FollowingFW4/3b,whichreads:"Nottogo,nottocome,nottoseek"(puwangpulaipuch'iu (''notgoingorcoming").

11.SMK4/1b2aCPL4/3b.

12.FW4/3bYTC4/3b.Cf.thefigureofLiuhsiaHui praisedinAnalects18/2(Waley,218),4/14(Waley,1045).

13.YTC3/3bsays,"exhaustedfromdancingforalongtime."CPL3/3bfollows.WangYareadsas"courageousbutimpoliteinappearance"(yungerhwulichih
mao ).

14.T'uijen .Iuse"opener"fort'uijensincethetermemphasizestherootmeaningofthewordanditsassociationwiththemouth(assignedtoAppraisal4and
west).Forthecontroversyoverthetranslationofwuas"shaman"or"shamaness,"seeKeightley(1989)Mair(1990a).Mairprefers"magus."Note,however,that
YY33:666readst'uijenas"inhabitantofthewetlands."TheAppraisalthenreads,"Exhausted,/Amanofthewetlandsmeetswithrain./Danger."Toomuchof
anything,evenagoodthing,isliabletobedangerous.

15.CPL4/3breadsas,"Noonetoblamebutoneself."

16.Schafer(1951).

17.FW4/3bCPL4/3b.,

18.YTC4/3b.

19.FY1:2.

20.However,FW4/4areadspi ("if").

21.YTC4/4a.

22."Eagertodefend"suppliedbyNylan.FollowingSMK4/2a,whichtakesfei .,

23.ContrasttheunluckyaccountrenderedinYTC4/4a,however.YTCseesacaseofthe"ruler[or]fatherwhotreats[themanofhonor]shamefully."Sucha
rejectionisclearlyundeservedsuchmistreatmentisnothis"properfate.",

24.CYYT28/44/6,hsiang(Wilhelm,613Kunst,327).,

25.FollowingSMK4/2a.

26.YTC4/4a,however,understandspushengsang assangchihshen

 Page564

("theextremeofdestruction"),apparentlytakingpushengas"unparalleled."
_615DE1D97CF143234

27.Itispossiblethatthisstandsforhumancombatantswearinghorns.Forsuchfeatsofstrength,seeLewis,pp.15760Loewe(1990).

28.SMK4/2a,however,takesthehornassymboloftheshih whoresistsaninsult.

29.Readingti ("tobuttagainst")."Theenemy'sblow''suppliedbyNylan.

30.FollowingYTC4/4bCPL4/4a.However,FW4/4breadsthisas,"Insomecasesbroken,hishorn/Hitsbelow,woundingthefoot."Note,however,thatSMKin
SPPYreadspu ("lowregions")givenintheWJLedition,whichfollowsFW4/4b.

31.Literally,"Howcan[theblow]bewardedoff[completely]?

32.YTC4/4b.

No.44.Stove

1.AccordingtoSMK4/2a.

2.Reading torefertothecollectiveunitofthemyriadthings("them").However,CPL3/4takesthefirstthirdpersonpronountorefertoyang,andthesecond,to
refertoyin.CWK,p.136,n.2,seemstoagreewithme.

3.Forexample,seeDocuments,"Shuoming,"par.2(Legge,260notinKarlgren):"Doteachmewhatshouldbemyaims.Betomeastheyeastandmaltinmaking
sweetspirits,asthesaltandprunesinmakingtastystew.Givemeyourhelptocultivateme."ComparethiswiththefigureofButcherTinginChuangtzu.Contrast
thiswiththecomparisonofthecookingstovetotheevilrulerwhoemployshisfavorite(sinceasinglepersoncaneffectivelyblockthedoorofboththecourtandthe
stove).SeeHFT16:39:295(Liao,II,19697).

4.CYYT,31/50/t'uan(Wilhelm,642).

5.SeeGirardot,p.180.

6.SeeSY17/14b.

7.SeeYTC4/5b.Cf.CCFL3/5/10b(Gassmann,65).

8.CYYT54/tsa(Wilhelm,641).Cf.THC/A4.

9.Shih ).CWK,p.136,n.3,agrees.Serruystakesthesentencetomeanthatthereisnofirewood,butseeApp.3below.

10.FW4/5aemphasizesthathehasnopracticalaccomplishments.

11.CYYT33/54/6(Wilhelm,212Kunst,347).Contrasttheauspicious"tripodthathasfoodinit,"seeninCYYT31/50/2(Wilhelm,195Kunst,339).

12.CPL4/4b.

13.Theword"golden"hereandbelowprobablyreferstothecolorofpolishedbronze,ratherthantothematerialusedinmakingthetripod.

14.Literally,"outstanding."Fang6/42/24defineschieh .

15.Ipresumethatyi indicatesafundamentalkinshipfoundinposterity.

 Page565

FW4/5aglossesyiasy ,("havingasurplus[capacity]"or"extra[food]").CPL3/4bglossesyi aschungk'ung ("[its]centerempty").

16.ContrastLiao'stranslationoflienchen as"fidelityandintegrity,"then"mercifulandfaithful."SeeHFT16:39:29319:49:346(Liao,II,193,289).

17.SMK4/2b(underBuddhistinfluence?)talksofnotbeingdesirousofexternalthings,however.

18.FW4/5a.

19.CPL4/4b.

20.SMK4/2b,thoughvague,seemstopreferthisreading.

21.FW4/5aYTC4/5a,andCWK,p.136,n.5,however,readpin asbrackishwaterhence,"filthy."

22.Hsin .

23.Theli isatripodwithhollowlegs.

24.FW4/5b,however,says,"Therewardisnotincommensuratewitheffort"(shangpushihlao ).ComparethewordinginFY13:43.

25.Alternately,"Time,weuphold."FW4/5btakesthistomean,"Timelyisourbeingoffered[toworthies],"wherewo .

26.AddedbyNylan.

27.WangYanotesthatthesteamerisavesselwithrelativelysmallcapacityascomparedwiththetripod.Whilethisistrue,theemphasisseemstobeonpreparation
forachievement.

28.However,SMK4/2bdefinesshang ("toboilorstew")sothatthelinereads,"Thelargetripodcanbeusedforcooking"inritualacts.CWK,p.136,n.6,
definesshangasasmallcookingpot.

29.FW4/5bsaysthetripodsymbolizestheemperorthegoblet,thefeudallordsenfeoffedbyhim.

30.SeeSMK4/2bCPL4/5aandYTC4/5b.

31.AddedbyNylan.

32.FW4/6atakesthisas"afeast[offeredby]thegreatman[i.e.,theruler]."

33.CYYT3/1/yen(Wilhelm,380).Theterm"greatman"referstoanyonewiththequalitiesneededtobeaneffectiveruler.

34.BythetimetheCh'unCh'iuwascomposed,thewordtsai (originally"butcher")wasalreadyusedastitleforahighofficial.SeeCCYT5/Yin1/4Kung,9
Kung(Legge,6Malmqvist,71).ForHanviewsonthis,seeFSTYCC,pp.24142,n.1.FortheanalogouspositionofthebutcherinearlyGreeksociety,see
Detienne,pp.1113.

35.Forasimilardescriptionofthedutiesoftheprimeminister,see,SY2/2bFSTYyiwen4:133,forexample.

36.SMK4/2bdefinesouwu asthesoundofgagging.

37.SeeMencius5B/6(Lau,156),wheregiftsofmeattoworthiesareaccompaniedbycultivatedexpressionsofhumilityontheruler'spart.

38.CPL4/5b.

39.Translationtentative.FW4/6aandotherstakewei assalary"handed

 Page566

over"tocommissionedofficials.CWK,p.137,n.10,takesweias"stores"ofgrain,whichsymbolizegovernmentsalary.

40.Or,"slander."SeeCPL5/5b.

41.FW4/6aandYTC4/6a.CPL4/5blooselyfollows.

No.45.Greatness

1.Notethatthetetragramsclusteringaroundthesummersolsticedonotaddthewordch'ihere.

2.CPL4/6a,however,says,"Yininsilencewantstoemptyyang.Yang,unawareofitsdeceit,wantstomakeitflourish."

3.YY33:66667showsthatp'eng ("makeabundant").

4.Fortheinternalpuny canalsomean)"tocircleorrevolve,"asinYTC4/6b.

5.CYYT34/55/hsiang(Wilhelm,67274).

6.Forfurtherinformation,seeNeedham,III,210ff.Pokora,pp.11617,citingTPYL2/6b7a.

7.FollowingSungChung.

8.Forexample,hsiao .

9.SMK4/3asays,"beinghidden,itisnotyetseen."Itakethe"darkness"torefertothe"deeplymysterious"characterofallBeing.

10.SMK4/3aYTC4/6bCPL4/6a.ForHanusage,seeHsinS9/4b.

11.FollowingSMK4/3a,readingl ("plans").

12.Thereferencehereistoabronzechiselusedtopolishorcarvebone.Notethepunbetweenthecharactersl (here,"grinddown").

13.SeeMencius2A/2(Lau,7680)onthecausesoftheneedlessfrettingandfrustrationthatimpairbodilyfunctions.

14.Analects2/15(Waley,91).

15."Learning,"ch.3(Legge,363).

16.Cf.Ode102/1(Legge,157),citedbySMK4/3a,whichalsocriticizesoverlyambitiousthoughts,thoughwithadifferentmetaphor:"Donottrytocultivatefields
toolarge./Theweedswillonlygrowmoreluxuriantly."

17.Thecharactersmenhsiao normallyrefertothesuburbsjustoutsidethecitywalls.See,forexample,YTL8/6b(notinGale),wherethebinomeclearlyrefers
tothenearsuburbs,withrelativeeaseofaccess.SMK4/3a3b,however,takesthegateassymbolofwhatisoutsidethesuburbs,assymbolofwhatisfaraway.

18.SeeFSTY2:20(Nylan,407)foroneexample.

19.YangHsiungmayalsobecriticizingtheofficial'sfailuretodevoteallhisenergiestocourtactivities.Thiswouldmaketheostentatiousdisplayparticularly
objectionable.SeeYTC3/7a.

20.Apunsincebothmeaningscomefromli .

21.CPL4/6bglossestao (here,"knife")as"knifemoney."Hethengoes

 Page567

ontoarguethattheindividualhasspentallhiscapitalinenlarginghishouse,takingnothoughtofthefuture,whileboastingtoothersofhiswealth.

22.Pao as"weedcovered"or"filthy."

23.Literally,"overcomes."FW4/7b,however,readsk'e ("ableto").

24.InHanterms,therulertakesas"central"theteachingsofthe"GreatPlan"chapteroftheDocuments,alsocalledthe"WayofGreatCentrality."Forfurther
information,seeNylan(forthcoming).

25.YTC4/7b.

26.Serruysreadsas,"Beinggreat,onefailsinthesmall.Beingmany,onefallsinthefew."

27.SMK4/3breadstheselinessimplyascriticismoftheindividual'sfailuretorectifyhimselfatthefirstsignofwickedness.

28.Literally,agiftoffood.

29.FollowingFW4/7bandYTC4/7b.Alternately,readingGSR579h ("tomakeapainfuleffort").

30.Theku isreservedforwinedrinking,whichiscriticizedintheDocuments,"Chiukao"(Karlgren,4346Legge,399412).

31.Forthesamemetaphor,seeSY7/lb.Forwallsofpoundedearth,seeKnapp,pp.5455.

32.YTC4/8areadsmieh ("emptiness").

33.Onlyafterlivingoutthenaturallifespancanthequalityofanindividual'slifebeassessed.ComparethequestionaskedofSocrates,"Canonebesaidtobetruly
happyifhehasnotyetdied?"

34.NotethatbothFW4/8aandCPL4/7athinktheAppraisalinauspicious.CPLreadsmieh ("destruction").Suchchangesseemunnecessary.SMK4/3boffers
nocommentaryhere.

No.46.Enlargement

1.FollowingSungChungandWangYa,glossingyi ),followingWuMi(whocitestheShuowen).

2.FW4/8aSMK4/3b4aandothersreadshih "joining[with?]").

3.SMK4/4aglossesk'uo .

4.See,forexample,CPL4/7b.

5.See,forexample,Ode241/1(Legge,449).

6.HFT7:21:123(Liao,I,225):"Thelargestvesselisslowlyfilled."

7."Mean,"ch.1,par.5(Legge,359).

8.YTC4/8a.Thefoundationthatneedstobestraightenedcouldconceivablyrefertoharmoniousfamilyrelationsaswell.SeeAnalects1/2(Waley,83),1/8(Waley,
85).

9.Literally,"Manyarethosethataidandmakeupright."YTC4/8btakesfanfu ("barrier,""boundaryfence").SeebelowforSMK'srenderingoftheline.

 Page568

10.Chen ,meaning"correctorientation.")Fromthis,itcomestobeusedofthosewhomakeinsubordinateprinces"straightenup"("keepinorder").SeeOde261/1
andKarlgren(1964),p.128.Forfurtherinformationonthesetaperingsupportsframedontheirlongsidesbylateraltimbers,seeKnapp,pp.5457onthe
constructionofhangt'utampedwalls.

11.YTC4/8b.

12.SMK4/4aappliestheentireversetoselfcultivation,thoughFW4/8bapparentlytakestherulerassubject.SMK4/4athenreadsthelastlineoftheFathoming
as,"Assisting[or,"flourishing"?]andcorrecting,[such]isrectitude."

13.Literally,to"enchamber"(shih ).

14.Specifically,awomanwholacksauterinecanal.

15.FollowingFW4/9aandYTC4/9aforthedefinitionofy .

16.Forthephrasechingying ,seeOde205/3(Legge,361).

17.YTC4/9a.

18.SMK4/4asaysthatthecultivatedindividualuses"righteousnessandtherites"toenlargehimselfintheWay.

19.Cf.themodemexpressionhuk'ou .

20.Conceivably,thegatewayscouldalsorefertothesenses,oftenregardedinChinaas"gatewaystothesoul."CPL4/8amistakenlycriticizestheindividualforonly
attendingtowhatisexternal.ThatisnotYangHsiung'spointhere.

21.Itakek'uei issuppliedfromtheFWedition(4/9a).

22.Forthisreading,seeYTC4/9a.Cf.CPL4/8b.

23.Analects6/15(Waley,119).

24.Readingchingfeng onthebasisoftheSPPYedition.ThisisacaseoftextusdifficiliorsupportedbyparallelsintheOdes.

25.AstockphrasefromtheDocumentssignifyingthechieffeudallordsintheempire.

26.Thereduplicativep'ingp'ing ("numerous"),followingSMK4/4aandYTC4/9a.Ifollowthefirstreading,onthebasisofOde237/6(Legge,440).

27.InarchaicChinese,yi givestheflavorof"againstallexpectations."(Serruys,privatecommunication).Yicomestomean"this"onlyinlateWarringStates,with
textsliketheChuangtzu.GivenYangHsiung'sarchaizingtendencies,hemaywellmeanustoreaditintheoldersense.Inthatcase,thelineshouldreadsomething
like,"Astounding,whatvirtuebegets."

28.FollowingSMK4/4binreadingyi ("measure,"''norm").

29.Mencius6B/15(Lau,181).

30.SeevonFalkenhausen(1989)and(forthcoming).Thesamelinecouldalsoberead,"Benefittodrambellassemblages."FollowingCPL4/9a.SeeOde178/3
(Legge,287).

 Page569

31.Cf.theexampleofthecanopyintheprevioustetragram.

32.Reading (GSR1185x).

33.LT,ch.44(Lau,105).

34.SMK4/4bandCPL4/9a,alludingtoMencius1A/34(Lau,5152).

35.FollowingWangYa.

36.CYYT2/1/yen(Wilhelm,383).

No.47.Pattern

1.Accordingtocommentators,Yangreadsthehexagramtitlewiththefireradical .

2.Analects6/16(Waley,119).Aloosertranslationofthispassageappearsbelow.

3.FY4:11,forexample,talksofHeavengivinghearingandsighttoman,sothatmancanusethesefaculties"toseeritualandtohearmusic."Cf.FY7:19onthe
relationbetweenthesensoryorgansanddiscernment.

4.Analects3/8(Waley,9596).

5.Analects6/18(Waley,119).Cf.FY3:8forasimilarpassage.

6.CYYT30/49/5,6hsiang(Wilhelm,192).Cf.FY2:56(2x).

7.Analects8/19(Waley,136).

8.Mencius7A/24(Lau,187).

9.FY5:15defineswen ("tofollow").

10.FY3:5.

11.NotethatoneeminentscholararguesthatYangHsiung'sTHC47outlinesthefirstdetailedandcoherentaesthetictheoryinChina.SeeKnechtges(1976),ch.5,
p.90ff.Hegoestoofar.Byequating"pattern"with"form"and"plainness"with"substance"or''content,"hemakesYangHsiung'sversessoundatoncemoreabstract
andofmorelimitedapplicabilitythantheyare.HistranslationworksagainstYangHsiung'spredispositiontomakeconcreteimagesfunctionasmultiassociational
patterns.

12.Cf.FY1:3.

13.SeeAnalects3/8(Waley,96).

14."Mean,"ch.33/1(Legge,43031).

15.FollowingSMK4/4b,whichreadshui ("fivecolorembroidery").Thesamecharacterreadaskueicanalsomeanthepointwherethecollarmeetsinfront,the
beltcord,oreventhebuttons.

16.Ch'ia referseithertoalinedgarmentwithoutwaddingortherectangularlapelofacourtrobe.

17.Analects5/9(Waley,109).

18.CCYT357/Chao5/Tso3(Legge,604).

19.Readingfu ("great")(GSR1233a=1233h),contrarytothecommentators.

20.CPL4/9atakes"greatpattern"(towen )asthe"pronouncementsofthesageemperors."

21.LT,ch.41,45(Lau,102,106),citedbyYTC4/10ab.

22.Analects219(Waley,90).

23.Literally,"Ornatelike,refinedlike,/Thetigerandleopardare

 Page570

patternedlike./IfdoesnotpleaseHeaventheyarebad./Theornamentationandrefinement,theyareobstructing./Means:Howwoulditbeenoughtobe
praised?"Seebelowforanalternatereading.

24.Cf.FY5:14.

25.FY2:6saysthebeasts'markingsareyichien .

26.FollowingWangYainreadinghsiang ,sincethetwocharactersareofteninterchanged.SeeGSR714jand716a.

27.CPL4/10a.

28.FollowingWangYa.

29.Knechtgesreadsyungju as"deserved."

30.Documents,"Yaotien,"par.20(Legge,3738Karlgren,5).

31.CCYT130/Hsi27/5Tso(Watson,52).Forfurtherinformation,seeKeightley(1990),esp.pp.2325.SeeHsinS1/13aontheuseofclothestodisplaystatus.

32.Cf.theImageofGodmotifinChristianity.Formoreinformation,seePelikan,ch.7.

33.FW4/11aandCPL4/10atalkoftheriver'sflow.

34.Apunforhungwen .

35.Fang2/16/30glosseschin (GSR381d=?381e).Inthatcase,thelinemeans,"Whilechickenshavemorethanenoughgrain."Otherwise,thelinemeans,
"Chickensaregivengrain."Mytranslationattemptstocapturebothmeanings.

36.WangYaoffersnocommentaryonthefinalline,butgivenhisequationofthepheasantwiththemanofpurity,itcouldbereadas,"Inbadtimes(nan ),[the
hermit]feedsinsecret."

37.FY3:8alsocondemnsthemountainpheasantastoodecorative.

38.SeeWangYa.Cf.YTC4/11a.

39.SMK4/5a,however,arguesthatitisbettertoretirefromgovernmentserviceintimesofdecline.

40.Cf.thekupi ("grainpatterned"pijade).ThesameargumentismadeinFY2:4.Thephrase,however,canalsobereadsimplyas"grainandcloth."See
below.

41.Serruysreadsas,"Itislostintime."

42.HS24A:112832(Swann[1950],15462).Analternatereadingofferedbymanycommentatorsmakesmuchthesamestatement,thoughitisbasedondifferent
punctuation:"Intricatecarving,/Grainandclothareneglectedattherighttime./Patternsasexpectedgrowchaotic./...."

43.ByHantimes,fufu referstothedramaticallycoloredceremonialgarbreservedfortheuseofhighofficialsparticipatinginthemostsolemnritualoccasionsat
courtortheancestraltemple.Forfurtherreference,seeDocuments,"KaoYaomo,"par.12(Legge,80Karlgren,11)SY19/lb.Serruyspointsoutthatinthe
bronzetextsthetermfufusimplyreferstofiguredembroideriesinwhiteandblack,andinblackandbluegreenpatternsrespectively.Thisissupportedbythe"K'ao
kungchi"sectiononfiguredembroideryinCL.

44.Variouscommentators,includingCWK,p.145,n.10,readtang as"should."Thelastlinewouldthenread,"Oughttousetheessential."

 Page571

No.48.Ritual

1.AccordingtoFW4/11b.

2.FW4/11b.

3.FW4/11b.

4.SeeFingarette.FY3:8treatsritualasabalancebetweenouterexpressionandinnersubstance.

5.Li isausualHangloss.

6.HTYT,ch.19(Dubs,pp.21346).

7.SeeCCYT27/Huan2/fu(Legge,40).

8.CYYT52/hs(Wilhelm,435).

9.Literally,"grandfatherandfather"(tsuni ),atermthatoftenindicatestheancestralshrine.

10.Li (GSR562a=597d).Inarchaicpronunciation,thetwowordsarealsohomonyms.

11.SMK4/5b.

12.SMK4/5b.Similarly,CPL4/11asaysthatwalkingontiptoefocusesundueemphasisonwhatcomesbehind(theheel)andobscuresorcrusheswhatcomes
before(thetoes).ClassicalsupportcomesfromLC2/1(Legge,I,100).NumerousexamplesarefoundinHanportentliterature.Oneanecdotedrawnoriginallyfrom
theTsoCommentaryequates"highstepping"withthetotalabandonmentofpropervirtue.SeeHS27B(A):135455,citingCCYT39/Huan13/fu1(Legge,60).

13.See,forexample,LSCC9/9a.

14.AddedbyNylan.

15.LT,ch.24(Lau,81).

16.CPL4/11a11bsays,"deferential,asifseeingtheirformssolemn,asifhearingtheirwords."

17.Ode32/1(Legge,5051),174/2(Legge,276),forexample.

18.CCYT152/Wen5/fu1(Legge,241).

19.CommentarybyWangYatothefollowingAppraisal.

20.Literally,"Itisnotitstruth."

21.ThispossiblyreferstotheMohistdictum:"Knowingisdifferentfromhavingapictorialidea."SeeGraham(1978),p.471.HantextsalsoattributetoMenciusthe
saying,"Asstoriescirculate,theylosetheirpoint[ofreference],justaspaintedimagesfailtocapturealikeness."SeeNylan(1982),p.360.

22.SMK4/5b.Cf.FW4/12aYTC4/11bandCPL4/11b.

23.YTC4/11bsaysthatthe"reality,nottheform"movesothermen.

24.CCYT357/Chao5/3Tso(Legge,604),citedbySMK4/5b.Itisalsopossiblethatthepoemwascomposedtoremindusofanadditionaltruth:Alltypesof
likenesses(includingtheliterarymetaphor)candeceive.Cf.PlatoinTheSophist(231a).

25.Cf.FY5:1213,whichpraisesimitation.

26.TheearlycommentatorYFansaysthatbotharefamousfortheirformationsinflight(anotherpattern),butpeacocksrarelyfly.SMK4/5b6acreditsthe
peacockwithpatternedplumageandthewildgoosewithastatelywalk.Contrastthewildgooseherewiththatintheprevioustetragram.MTYT64/39/47

 Page572

talksofthe"ceremonialgaitsandwinglikegestures"oftheConfuciansitcriticizes.MytranslationofthepassagefollowsEno,p.53.

27.Pi canalsomean"arrowhead."Seebelow.

28.Alternately,"Inerror,hedestroysthebestowedNineArrows."FollowingFW4/12bYTC4/12aandCPL4/11binreadingshih ("Heaven'')intheWJL
edition.IfweaccepttheWJLvariant,thelinemustmeansomethinglike,"Errorsruinthebestowals[from]theninthempyrean."

Forkuosanghsichiushih ,WangYareadskuoch'anghsi
_8B0B1D97CF143237 ,whichmeanssomethinglike,"Tooverturnthegiftofblackmilletwine."
_8EF11D97CF143237

29.SeeFW4/12bandCPL4111b,whotakepien ("Heavenly").Iuse"dignity"inthearchaicsense,meaning"emoluments."

30.ForfurtherinformationontheNineConferralsbestoweduponthefeudallordsbytheSonofHeaven,seePHT3A/8a10b(Tjan,I,504ff.).

31.FollowingCPL4/11b.

32.CYYT31/51/t'uan(Wilhelm,197).

33.CCYT69/Chuang23/3Tso(Watson,57Legge,105).

34.Mencius4A/3(Lau,119),citedbyYTC4/12a.

35.CPL4/12atakesch'a as"order."

36.FollowingtheWJLedition(4/6a)inreadingta as"simply,""straightforwardly,"whichpresumablyconveystheeasewithwhichtherulerordershiskingdom
withritual.

37.SMK4/6areadsinstead,"Theemperoruses[this]tomounttoHeaven."CPL4/12areadsteng as"goingup,"seeHentze.

38.ThiswasapopularmetaphorinHan.SeeSC92:2622(Watson,224)HS87B:3544(Knechtges,32),3565(Knechtges,48).

39.Analects11/16(Waley,156).

40.Documents,"Choukuan,"par.19(Legge,533notinKarlgren).

41.Readingch'Jan .

42.FollowingtheFWedition(4/13a)inreadingming .

43.Forthesamemetaphor,seeHsinS2/5b.

44.SeeCPL4/12a,whichbelievesthecompoundreferstoamourningcapofcoarsechien .

45.Literally,"gold."CPL4/12areadschin .

46.Readingcheng .Cf.FW4/13a.

47.Taking"nine"tosignifyingthehighestyangposition,asintheexpressionyungchiu .SeeCYYT1/l/yen(Wilhelm,383).

48.ContrastthiswithCYYT1/1/yung(Wilhelm,10),whichspeaksof"Somanydragonswithoutheads.Felicitious."

49.CPL4/12b.

 Page573

No.49.Flight

1.Or,"ismanifestlyforceful."FW4/13b,however,readschangch'iang ("overbearinganddestructive").

2.Or,"stealthily."

3.SungChungtalksof"minuteyinintheinsidewantingtocomeoutfromtheearth."

4.CYYT52/hs(Wilhelm,550).

5.ContrastCPL4/12b,whichreadschueng ("scar").

6.Or,"remade."FW4/13bwouldreadthisasthetracesofthewater'sobliteratingactionleave"noscars."

7.Cf.LT,ch27(Leu,84):"Goodtravelersleavenotrack."ThisentireparagraphaddedbyNylan.

8.FW4/13bemphasizesthatthepresentdangerisonly"small"(presumablybecausewearestillatApp.1).

9.See,forexample,SMK4/6bYTC4/13aandCWK,p.149,n.3.

10.SMK4/6b,however,callshim"terrified."

11.FollowingSungChung.

12.LC24/36(Legge,II,2289).

13.Cf.YTC4/13a.

14.Analects2/24(Waley,93).

15.Tentativetranslation,drawingupontherootmeaningofching ("toforce"),takingthefirstlineasadescriptionoftheriderwho,wantingtospurhishorseon,
digshisthighsintothesaddleforabettergripbeforewhippingthehorse.Inthatcase,thefirstlinecouldalsopossiblymean"topressits[i.e.,thehorse's]rump."
Therefore,intheFathomingItranslateasifthepossessivepronounch'ireferstothehorse.

16.Translationtentative,meaning:"As[thebandits]approach,[he]happenstosee[them]."SungChungreadsthisas,"Thereapproacheswhathehasseen,"which
emphasizestheimminentnatureofthedanger.Cf.CPL4/13a.

17.Ch'iao referstowhatis"tallandbentorpointedattop."Withreferencetotrees,itreferstothosewhoseupperbranchesaresparse.

18.Thephraseweits'ung ("longandfineinappearance").YTC4/14asaystheupperportionsofthetreeare"flourishing."FW4/14aissomewhatvague.

19."Stopandthen"addedbyNylan.However,FW4/14apresumesthatthebirdspassbythegroveoftrees,sincetheyare"aplacewherebirdsdonotgather."FW
comparesthetalltreestotherulerthebirds,tothepettymenwho"regardhimandthengoaway."Unfortunately,FWignorestheclearsenseofthepassage.Heis
directlycontradictedbySMK4/6bandCWK,p.149,n.6.

 Page574

20.Seethe"CryofSorrow"legendinFSTY2:10(Nylan,36370).

21.CPL4/13acommentary.

22.SMK4/6b.

23.AddedbyNylan.

24.SMK4/6bYTC4/13b.

25.WuMi,however,readsts'ui ("totread").

26."Isimminent"addedbyNylan.

27.Cf.theLinetextsattachedtothecorrespondenthexagram.

28.SungChungcommentary.

29.Thismayexplainwhysomeofthecommentatorsrefertooneadmirabletraitassociatedwiththeotter:filialpiety.SeeLC5/286/2(Legge,I,221,251).

30.SYJ8/19breadslu ("tocarryoff[anycrops]").

31.Readinghsi refersto"cookedorpreservedfood."FW4/14bWangYaYTC3/14aCWK,p.150andSerruysthereforereadthislineas,"Wastingthe
resultofourcooked[offerings]."

32.YTC4/14aandCPL4/13breadjih ("tolose").

33.Forthemetaphorofsowingandreaping,seeDocuments,"P'ankeng,"par.9(Karlgren,21Legge,227).

34.AddedbyNylan.

35.SMK4/7a.

36.CPL4/13breadsthepoem,"Manyhunts,nocatch./Wastingthe[farmer's]efforts[by]our[trampling]thefootpaths...."CWK,p.150,n.8,hasthehunter's
catch,whichhasnotbeensecurelytied,escapinginthepursuit,thefarmer'sfieldsaremined.

37.SungChungglosseschi ("tocomenear"),meaningthatthebirdhasanarrowescape.

38.YTC4/14areadstseng ("silkstring").Thisemendationisunnecessary.

39.Alternately,"Itispreciselythewingsthatitbindsup."FollowingWangYa,readingyi ("stringattachedtothearrow").

40.FollowingWangYaandSMK4/7a.

41.Alternately,"[untilthefeetgrow]calloused[fromwalkingsofar]."YTC4/14bandCPL4/14asaythatp'ienp'ien ),makingitdifficulttowalk.SeeGSR824
p',q'.

42.Readingtaote ("toget")insteadofte("character"or"power").CWK,p.150,n.11agrees.

No.50.Vastness

1.FollowingSungChung.

2.FollowingLuChi,whosaysthingsarek'ungchin ("emptyandused

 Page575

upinappearance").Cf.CTYT93/33/64(Watson,374).

3.Cf.English,whereboth"vast"and"wasted"arefromasingleLatinroot,vastus,meaning"waste''or"empty."

4.CPL4/14aglossestangtang as"boundless,withoutaplacetogo."

5.SeeFW4/15a.

6.SeeSMK4/7a.

7.FollowingFW4/15a,whichexplainst'ang ("simple,""ignorant,""thoughtless").

8.Literally,"whenunrestrainedattheinside."

9.FollowingSMK4/7aandCWK,p.151,n.3.Serruysprefers,"Ifyoudonottaketheinitiative[tofollowtheWay],therewillbedanger[orharm]."YTC4/14b
andCPL4/14breadthisas,"[Though]hedoesnot[yet]act,itis[still]dangerous."

10.Literally,"benefitsfor[those]driftinginthedark."

11.Tentativetranslation,followingFW4/15b,whotakessu :"totestandascertain[bytheoraclebones]."

12.FollowingFW4/15b.YTC4/15atakeslungling ("luminousinappearance"),onthebasisofYangHsiung's"SweetSprings"fu,recordedinHS
87A:3528(Knechtges,20).Knechtgessays"glimmersandglistens."

13.Tentativetranslation.Alternately,"Itisnotyourproperplace."CPL4/14bsays,feierhsoneng ("notwithinyourcapacities").

14.Tentativetranslation.CWK,p.152,n.6,takest'ang ("fairmindedandwithout[selfish]desires"),onthebasisofTHC"Hsanch'ung"(p.1015a).
Serruys,however,prefers,"Expending[energies]withoutpredilections."

15.AnalternatereadingfortheFathoming,thoughitrepeatstheAppraisalgraphforgraph.

16.NotethemisprintintheWJLedition,whichreadstzu .

17.Analects4/10(Waley,104).

18.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.14(Karlgren,32).

19.Lu .

20.See,forexample,SC92:2629(Watson,I,231).

21.Cf.LSCC15/4bandHsinS2/5a.

22.Forthesamemetaphor,seeSY17/4b.

23.FollowingFW4/16a.

24.Cf.CWK,p.152,n.8,whichreadsitasputuhsiang ("Nottoenjoybyoneself").

25.FollowingFW4/16a.

26.Analects4/25(Waley,106).

27.Mencius1A/2(Lau,50).

28.Literally,"Dawn'slightshinesforthonthemarch."

 Page576

29.Literally,"Ingoingforth,hedoesnothavethatwhichtofollow."

30.YTC4/15b.

31.HTYT89/23/68(Dubs,313notinKnoblock).

32.Shou referstotheactofhookinginwithasickle.

33.SMK4/7bYTC4/15bandCPL4/15breadmu ).Theremayalsobeanallusiontothe''washing"daysallottedgovernmentofficialssincetheyimply
"puttingone'saffairsinorder."

34.Translationtentative.Seebelow.

35.Literally,"thegain,noreturn."CWK,p.152,n.11,followingFW4/16bandtheWJLedition(4/8a),takesfeijou asabinome.ThenextAppraisalline
wouldthenread,"Hisgainnoreturn[fortheoutlay]."

36.Cf.HsinS2/5a,whereavaluablepotisthrownatarat.

No.51.Constancy

1.AccordingtoSMK4/8a.

2.Or,generations.

3.CYYT20/32/t'uan(Wilhelm,546).

4.Forthemetaphoroftheinkline,seeHNT9/8b(Ames,182).

5.Literally,"notdecline[asthesunatdusk]."

6.YTC/16breadsast'ihsingyiyeh ,thenequates"divinemeasure"withritualand"sacredmodel"withthepenalcode.

7.HTYT108/32/12(notinDubsorKnoblock).Cf.LT,ch.21(Lau,78).Forthesametermappliedtocosmicprinciples,seeLSCC25/4b.ContrastMencius
7A/26(Lau,188),whichuses"holdingfasttotheOne"tomean"holdingoneextremeview."

8.Mencius7A/4(Lau,182).

9.LikeWater,withwhichthisPositionisaligned,therulerbecomesaninexhaustiblesourceofcharismaticpower.

10.CYYT45/HsiB/1(Wilhelm,326),citedbySMK4/8a:"ThemovementsofAllunderHeavenwhenalignedcorrectlybecomeuniform."

11.Thetextsays,"bearingaloft...treading...."

12.CPL4/16aoffersanotherreadingofthepoem,whichfocusesupontheinterdependentnatureoftheritualandpunitivearmsofgovernment.Iftherulerupholds
bothritual(the"inklineofthegods")andthepenalcode(the"sacredmodel"),hewillbeabletorulethemasseseffectivelysothathispowerisnevereclipsed.Note
theassumptionthatritual(alignedwithspring)takesprecedenceoverlawevenatthispointinthecalendaryear.CPL'sreadingdependsuponavariantcharacter,
however.

13.Wei ("secluded"),theproperdescriptionofwomen'sconduct.

14.WangYa,however,punctuatesaftern ,givingthereading,"[If]the"inner"chambersconstantly[areoccupiedby]debasedwomen,/Propriety[or,"chastity"]
indanger."WangYafaultsthemanforbringinglowclasswomeninto

 Page577

thehousehold.YTC4/16bseemstothinkthatwomeningeneralaredebasedsincetheyarepreoccupiedwiththingsoflittlevalue(wei ),likecosmetics,rather
thanwiththedevelopmentofgreat"constants"likefemalechastity.

15.SeeLuHsn'sessay"MyViewsonChastity"inhisSelectedWorks,II,1124.

16.Or,"TheWayoftheRulerenlightens."

17.SeeHS27C(C):147980.

18.SeeDocuments,"Hsienyuyite,"par1(Legge,21314notinKarlgren),citedbySMK4/8a.Thesamelinescouldconceivablyrefertoonewho"dailymakes
hisvirtueconstant/Forthethreeyears[ofmourning]hedoesnoteat."ThisseemslesslikelyinviewofApp.4.

19.InChinese,asinEnglish,theterm"course"canreferbothto"orbit"and"courseofconduct.''

20.Brown,H.,p.67:"Therearethree...effects[onthemoon]whicharelargeenoughtobedetectedwiththenakedeye.Oneofthese,calledvariation,isa
wobbleinthemoon'smotionduetothefactthatduringpartofeachmonththesunandearthpullitinthesamedirectionandtheninoppositedirections....Asecond
effect,callederection,isduetotheeffectofthesun'sgravitationalattractionontheellipticityofthemoon'sorbit....Finally,thereisathirdeffect,...calledannual
inequality,whichisduetothefactthatthesun'spullonthemoonvariesthroughouttheyearbecausetheearth'sorbitiselliptical."ThattheChinesenoticedthis
wobblingisprovenbySC27C(B):1458.

21.YTC4/16b.

22.Chin12/1b(Ho,12122).

23.Onepossibletranslationforwhatliterallyreads,"his[or,their]verticality,his[or,their]horizontality."Seebelow.

24.SMK4/8btalksofthewarpandwoof.

25.SeeYTC4/16b17aCPL4/16b.Cf.CYYT40/HsiA/3(Wilhelm,294).

26.FW4/17bsays,"Havinggotten7,hegrasps9."

27.THC28/A2usesthesimilarlanguage.

28.CPL4/17aregardsthisasanattackoninsatiablegreedorambition.Havingachievedat7,theindividualstillwishestopushonto9toacquiregreaterbenefits.
Suchmoralweaknessfinallyspellsruintotheindividual.YTC4/17a,however,seesthisassymbolofthe"inconstant"mind,unabletoholdfirmlytoanyfixedposition
(Wemightsayheisalwaysat"sixesandsevens.").

29.Readingshuai inordertomaintaintheauspiciouscharacteroftheline.Forareadingwhichretainsshuai,seeYTC4/17aandCPL4/17a,whobothinterpret
theconstantflowofthewaterasanevilomenoftheunfixednature.CWK,p.155,n.9,agrees.

30.Takingch'eng as"tomeetinbattle."SeeGSR896c.

31.Mencius2A/2(Lau,7680).

32.AddedbyNylan.NotethatSMK4/8boffersnocommentaryhere.Thissuggeststhedifficultyoftheline.

33.Cf.HFT7:21:120(Liao,II,215)

34.LT,ch.71(Lau,133).

35.ThecommentatorsWangYaandSMK4/8bseethemagicianhealersassymbolsofworthiescometoadvisetheruleraboutgovernmentpolicy.

 Page578

No.52.Measure

1.FollowingFW4/18b,readingjih .

2.FollowingFW4/18b.SungChungsays,yinnow"moves"(tung ),areversaloftheusualvaluesassignedtoyinandyangch'i.

3.FW4/18bsaysthatthereduplicativesaremeanttoconveythespeedofthechanges.

4.FollowingWangYaandYTC4/17b.CPL4/17bsaysthatyangisforcedtostopitselfinthefaceofyin'sincreasingpower.

5.CYYT37/60/1,4,5,hsiang(Wilhelm,69697).

6.Forfurtherinformation,seeWheatley,pp.41175.

7.FollowingFW4/18b,takingtu ("self").

8.Documents,"T'aichia,"par.67(Legge,202notinKarlgren).

9.FollowingYTC4/18aonthebasisofAnalects9/16(Waley,142)andFY1:2.Alternately,tse refersto"grace"or"blessings."

10.FY1:2.

11.SeeFang13/85/96,whichdefineslai (alsoreadlan)as"ruin,""destruction."

12.Literally,"theerrorsfromsmallmeasurements,"followingthetextusdifficiliorintheFWedition(4/18b):hsiaotuchihch'a .

13.CIS,I,13.

14.YTC4/18a.

15.CPL4/18breadschingying ("makingplans").

16.FY8:24usesthesamemetaphor.

17.FY9:24.

18.SeeTHC42/A3forthemetaphor"timber"="talent."

19.FollowingWangYa.

20.Thereduplicativeverbindicatesthattheactioniscarriedoutrepeatedly,evencontinuously.FW4/19barguesthatthereduplicativeformoftheverbchien
indicatesthatthesuperiormanexaminesthreeareas:AllunderHeaven,himself,andothers.SMK4/9a,however,insiststhatthetruegentlemandoesn'ttakehisown
feelingsasmeasure,butonlylookstoHeaven'simages(forexample,thestarrypatternsinthesky)forinspiration.Cf.YTC4/18bandCPL4/18b.

21.FY4:9.

22.AddedbyNylan.

23.CYYT44/HsiA/114(Wilhelm,320,294).

24.Itakekuei astheverb"todrawregulatinglines."SeeGSR875a.However,SMK4/9areads,"nottouselawsandinstitutionstomeasure[or,advise?]
oneself."

25.Alternately,"toloathe,""tofault."Notethatthesamegraphalsomeans"tomeasure.''

26.WangYacontraststhebinomemingch'a withghosts,whileYTC4/18bandCPL4/18aseemtothink"thoseofkeeninsight"are"ghosts."IfollowCCYT
360/Chao6/fu1(Legge,609).Cf.Filial,ch.16CTYT83/29/84(Watson,336)andMTYT49/31/9.

27.FW4/19breadstheseastwoseparateaspects:stoninessandredness.For

 Page579

him,thestonesymbolizesfirmnesswhilerednessstandsforloyaltyandintegrity.

28.Literally,"Theoutstandingknight,himwetakeasalogicalcertainty."Theterm"knight"isanarchaismbyHanshih thenrefers,accordingtotheeminentHan
historianHansBielenstein,to"thepoolofpotentialcandidatesforofficeplusactualofficeholders"(privatecommunication).

29.SMK4/9a9breadsas,"possiblewithhimtohavepromiseskept."

30.Notethepunbetween"stone"(shih)andshih .

31.SeeTHC48/A2above.

32.AddedbyNylan.

33.Readingtai .

34.Readingshan ,followingSMK4/9bratherthanFW4/20a,becauseofthesenseofthepassage.

35.FW4/20aremindsusthattensignifiescompletion.

36.LuChiglossestsao ).FW4/20agivesthevariant:"Accumulatedgoodnotenough./Fortenyears,noreturn./Accumulatedgoodnotenough./Means:Cannot
managetocomplete[therectificationofaffairs]."(MaterialinbracketssuppliedfromFW'scommentary.)Thisreadingseemslesslikely,sinceYangHsiungfollows
Hsntzuinassumingthataccumulatedactsofgoodnessworktostrengthenaman'sresolvetodogood.

37.WangYa.

38.CYYT16/24/6,hsiang(Wilhelm,508Kunst,287).

No.53.Eternity

1.TheearlycommentatorsSungChung,LuChi,FW(4/20a),WuMi,andWangYaallassignHexagram32hereCPL4/19aandYTC4/19afollow.SMK4/9b
correlatesthistetragramwithHexagram13,FellowshipwithMen,however.

2.FollowingSungChung.AnalternatereadinggivenbyCPL4/19b(partlybasedonFW4/20a)comparesyinch'itoahegemonwhoforcesyangtoretirewhenits
strengthgivesout.Therefore,yangch'i"graciously"givesitsposition(analternate,ifforcedreadingofthephraseyiweny .).

3.SeeHulsew(1955)Nylan(1982),92141.

4.CYYT20/32/t'uan(Wilhelm,546).

5.FollowingSMK4/9binreadingt'i ("toerr[inappointing]").

6.Literally,"Theeldestson,himhetakesasconstant."Alternately,"Theconstantruleoftheeldestson."

7.SeeSMK4/9b.

8.ThecontroversyisrecordedinWCYY2930,whichcitesCCYTI/Yin1/1Kung(Malmqvist[a],6870).Forfurtherinformationonthathandbook,seeMiller.

9.AnanecdotetothiseffectisgivenbyYangHsiung'scontemporary,LiuHsiang,inSY3/8b9a.

10.YTC4/20b,however,takestheverseasportraitofthemodeleldestson:"Neitherneglectfulnoratfault./Theconstancyoftheeldestson./Neitherneglectfulnorat
fault./Meaning:Hemakeseternalthewayoftheancestors."

 Page580

11.FW4/20b,however,appearstolaytheblameontheson,who"insideharborsneglectandfaults."

12.Deletingwei ,bothtorepeatthelengthofthepreviousthreecharacterlineandtopreservebettersense.However,ifweiisretained,thelineparallels
THC36/A5:"Thoughhehasnotyetgot[office,][he]hasnoblame."FW4/20bSMK4/9bandYTC4/20breadthelinethisway.

13.Analects15/29(Waley,199).

14.SeenotestothesecondlineoftheAppraisal.CPL4/20a,however,givesadifferentexplanationinthelightoftheFivePhasescorrelations.

15.Readingpin ("secondarywife").However,allextantcommentariesreadthelinedifferently("Thattheguestleadsistoforeverlosethehost."),makingthefirst
andsecondlinesparallelexamples.

16.FW4/21aandSMK4/10abothsaythattheestablishmentoftheThreeGuideLinesleadstotherulerbeinghuangchi .Forfurtherinformation,seethe
Documents,"Hungfan,"par.916(Legge,32833Karlgren,3032).

17.Alternatereadings:"Theeternal[nature]oftheThreeGuideLines,"or"TheThreeGuideLines,them[he]takesaseternal."

18.CCFL12/53/6b.Forfurtherinformationonthehistoryofthesankang ,seeHsDaulin.

19.Forchungchi referredtothatprocesswherebytherulerinducesworthycandidatestocontributetheirtalentstoofficesoastomaximizehisownpowerat
thecentralcourt.

20.Tentativetranslation.Serruysreadsas,"Ifgreatnessismadelonglastinginregardtoblessings."

21.Literally,"Heentersinthedarknessofwhathehasachieved."Notethedeletionofthecharactery ("adecayinganddarksituation").SMK4/10a
attributesthisdarknesstothepettyman's"notknowingregretorfear."

22.SeeTHC39/A1.

23.FollowingSMK4/10a.

24.CPL4/20b.

25.Literally,"Foreverthereby[i.e.,bymeansofthenewgrowth]theywindarounditsplaceswhichhavenothing."

26.Thereissomeconfusionovertheexactidentificationofthisplant.Thecharactershih )istoppedbythe''grass"radical.

27.Cf.THC39/A9.

28.Literally,"Makinglonglastingwhateverisnotontherighttrackwillbeillfortuned."

29.Meaninghislifespan,orpossiblyhisappointment.

30.YTC4/20b.

 Page581

31.Alternately,"Foralongtime,torejoiceandfeelatease."Mytranslationtriestohintatthefinalstageofthecycle.

32.Thephrase"happyandatease"isthetypicalcharacterizationofthegentleman.SeeSY6/8a.

33.Documents,"Hsienyuyite,"par.6(Legge,216).Cf."Chunghuichihkao,"par.9(Legge,183)Ode255/1(Legge,505)HSWC10/13(Hightower,335).

34.SuggestedbyNylanonthebasisofYTC4/20b.

No.54.Unity

1.Notethetwodifferentusesofshang withinthesingleHeadtext.

2.CPL4/21adefinest'ung as"feelingsympathyfortheirtroubles."

3.SeetheSungChungandWangYacommentaries.

4.FW4/22a.

5.SeeWangYa.

6.CPL4/21a.

7.Cf.Mencius2B/1(Lau,85).

8.SeeespeciallyMencius2A/6(Lau,8283).

9.SeeSungChungandSMK4/10b,forexample.

10.FY3:9.

11.E.g.,LT,ch.38(Lau,85),citedbyCPLcommentarytoTHC54/F3.Cf.MTYT29/17/1231/19/545/27/72,forexample,orHsinS1/9a,whichtalksof
matters"beingasclearasblackandwhite."FW4/22aremindsusthatblackisthecolourofwater,thepatronPhaseforthisposition.

12.YTC4/21a.

13.Analects2/14(Waley,91).

14.FW4/22aandSMK4/10btakefeifei ("ornate,""elegant").

15.Analects13/23(Waley,177),citedbySMK4/10b.

16.SMK4/10b.

17.Also,SMK4/10bdirectlycontradictsnumerouspassagesintheAnalectsthatwarnagainstassociationwithevilmen.See,e.g.,Analects4/7(Waley,105)6/19
(Waley,119)7/21(Waley,127)9/27(Waley,147)15/7(Waley,195).

18.YTC4/21a.

19.ProposedbyNylan.SMK4/10bsaystheonebeakstandsfortheirunitedintentiontocombatinsultthesametailstandsfortheirremainingintactattheend.FW
4/22asaysthatthebeakstandsfor"harm,"sothatthebeakandtailunitedmeansthatnoharmwillbedone.

20.Also,Appraisal2correspondstoFire,whosesymbolistheRedBirdofthesouth(i.e.,thesun,theultimatesourceofauspiciousyang).

21.Tentativetranslation,basedpartlyonFW4/22a.Serruysreadsshih :"Heidles[i.e.,takeshisease]innotbeingblack."YTC4/21a21bandCPL4/21atalkof
failingtofullyunderstandthatblackiswrongsinceitisgivenlittlefurthernotice(anotherkindofonesidedness).CWK,p.163,n.5,givesaconfusedexplanation.

 Page582

22.YTC4/21a21bandCPL4/21apreferpuch'u ,"[hedoes]notgetridof[evil]."CWK,p.163,n.5,follows.

23.Thesameimagerymayhavehadsexualconnotations.SeeLiY'sJoupuman(Kuhn,35).

24.Analects16/1(Waley,203),citedinCWK,p.163,n.6.

25.FollowingtheWangYaedition.FW4/22bandYTC4/21bread"grain" (areferencetoofficialappointment)insteadof"hub."

26.Forthespokesmetaphorusedtoshowapoorfit,seeCYYT8/9/3(Wilhelm,42Kunst,257).

27.YTC4/21bspeaksofthe"hub"as"[theruler'sabilitytodisperse]salaryandrankbywhichheencouragesworthies"atcourt.

28.Forfurtherinformationontheproperwayto"utilizethemasses,"seeAmes(1983),pp.14252.

29.FollowingWangYaandSMK4/10b.

30.CompareotherHansayings,suchas"Manymouthsmeltmetal."CPL4/22aagreeswiththisgeneralinterpretationoftheverses,butobjectstotheapparentjump
insubjectfromwheelstojade.Therefore,hereadsthethirdlineoftheAppraisalas,"Numeroushairy[oxen]overturnthejade[carriageoftheruler],"takingoxenas
symbolsofpettymen.

31.Literally,"sharingasingleorder."

32.Documents,"Yaotien,"par.19(Karlgren,4).Cf.CCYT65/Chuang21/2Tso(Legge,105)66/Chuang23/3Tso(Legge,112)395/Chao21/2Tso(Legge,
671).

33.CYYT45/HsiB/2(Wilhelm,331).

34.Takingchiu ("toprotect").

35.Foralternatereadings,seebelow.SYJ8/19b20asaysyen ("stars").

36.CPL4/22a.SMK4/11asaysthateveningrainisnotequallybeneficialtoalltypesofplantsinallsituations.NotethatPosition7correspondstothe"evening"of
one'slife.

37.Punctuationunclearandthetranslationistentative.WangYatakes"hisperson"astheobjectoftheverb"toabandon"(ch'i as"handovertorobbers."
CWK,p.164,n.10,presumesanauspiciousreading,citingAnalects15/8(Waley,195)inhissupport.

38.Takingcheh torefertoasuperior,suchasHeaven.

39.SC47:1909,thebiographyofConfucius,talksof"men...whoputthemselvesinperil."Theyarethosewhocriticizeothersandexposeothers'stupidity.

40.Thismay,ofcourse,refertoYangHsiung'sownsuicideattempt.

No.55.Diminishment

1.AccordingtoFW5/la.

2.CYYT26/41/t'uan(Wilhelm,590).

3.SeetheLinetextsforHexagram41.

4.Thesinglecharacterming carriesthesensesof"whatisdark"and

 Page583

"cover"(i.e.,"whatishiddenaway"fromtheeye).SeeGSR841a.FW5/lawouldaddthephrase"[likeWater]."SMK5/latalksofallthishappening"inthe
hiddendarknesswherenonecansee."

5.FollowingLuChi.

6.LT,ch.22(Lau,79).

7.Readinghsing ("tobecomevisible").Thealternatereadingwouldbe:"Thattheheartisdiminishedandthatitstrikesitself/Therebytakesforminhisperson./The
heart'sdiminutiontakingforminhisperson/Means:Heconfinesitatcenter."

8.Reflectingthetwosensesofhsing )inLine2oftheAppraisal.

9."Learning,"ch.6(Legge,367).

10.SeeSMK5/la,citingAnalects6/12(Waley,118[renum.]).

11.See,forexample,YTC5/lb.

12.Or,"Indesires,herestrainshimself."

13.SMK5/lapointsoutthatAppraisal3isthe"highpoint"forthelowertriad.FortheWesternHannotionsregardingtheneedtokeeplinesofcommunicationopen
betweensuperiorandinferiorwithoutriskoflesmajest,seeNylan(1991).

14.Literally,"Adecreaseinregardtogoodorder."

15.Mencius4A/1(Lau,1178).

16.The"now"addedbyNylan.

17.SeeWangYa.SMK5/1b,however,takesthesubordinateassubjectfortheverse,ignoringthe"centrality"ofAppraisal5.

18.Contrastthephrasech'anyu ("disclosethehidden")inCYYT48/HsiB/5(Wilhelm,344).

19.Or,"arenoteven[lydistributed]."

20.SMK5/1btalksofthestubbornrulerwhodoesnotdistributegoodsfairly.

21.SeeHFT,ch.20(Liao,I,172),e.g.

22.CPL5/lb.

23.Or,"faults."

24.CYYT26/41/4,4hsiang(Wilhelm,593).

25.Cf.Ode58/2(Legge,98).CWK,p.166,n.9,however,readsthisas"sapflowingdown."

26.Cf.Mencius6A/8(Lau,16465)onOxMountain.

27.HTYT1/1/7(Dubs,32Knoblock,I,136),citedbySMK5/lb.

28.CYYT13/17/6(Wilhelm,75Kunst,273).

29.SeeLoewe(1979),pp.86126WuHung,pp.10841.

30.See,forexample,CYYT5/5/t'uan(Wilhelm,411),26/24/t'uan(Wilhelm,505),and37/61/t'uan(Wilhelm,699).

31.SeeNeedham,III,21016,describingtheK'ait'iencosmologicaltheory.

32.SeeTHC1/F9FY12:40,e.g.

33.YTC5/2bdiscussestheinevitablecyclesofriseandfall.However,CWK,p.166,n.10,talksofthenobleman'swillingnesstosacrificehimselfforthesakeof
others,asheequatesthehighmountainwithextremedanger.

 Page584

No.56.ClosedMouth

1.HNT3:35says,"Toexhalech'iisto'bestow.'Toinhalech'iisto'transform.'"Ithereforetake"it"torefertoch'i.SMK5/1bsaysthatthefirst"it"referstoyin's
"form"(hsing astheverb"togetto."TheHeadtextthenreads,"Yindoesnotgettotransformyangdoesnotgettobestow."

2.Alternately,"obstructed,"readingho (GSR766zforitscognate766a).

3.LSCC18/5a.

4.CYYT10/12/hsiang(Wilhelm,448).

5.Alternately,"notparticipating."

6.Literally,"Thehusbandinwifelyfashiontakes[his]place."

7.LiYn,p.38citingFangnei,9a.ForHannotionsofsexuality,seealsoGulik,pp.5590andHarper(1987).

8.FW5/3a.

9.CPL5/2bsuggeststhathe"bemoans"thepossibleexhaustionofhisch'i,soheisunwillingtoshareitwithothers.

10.SuggestionbasedonYTC5/2b.

11.CYYT37/60/2,hsiang(Wilhelm,696Kunst,359),citedbySMKcommentarytoAppraisal3.

12.Literally,"Closedoffinregardtoblood."

13.YTC5/2b.

14."Learning,"vi.4(Legge,367),citedbySMK5/2a.

15.Literally,"doesnotexchange"(puchiao ).

16.FollowingFW5/3a,ch'ini ).

17.Fortheliteraltranslation,seethenotestothefirstlineoftheAppraisal.

18.ThedebateoverthesocialconsequencesoferemitismbecameincreasinglyimportantinEasternHan.Forfurtherinformation,seeNylan(1982),ch.2,esp.p.
120ff.

19.Literally,"Nottosuccour,nottobecustomary."CWK,p.167,n.6,readschen as"nottoloan"(GSR455p=455r).

20.Lei ,whichistranslatedaboveas"affect."

21.BasedonFW5/3a,thoughthecommentaryistootersetobeconclusive.Cf.CCYT11/Yin4/Tso6(Watson,8).

22.CWK,p.167,n.4,deletesthepu ,butthisseemsunnecessary.

23.Literally,"Rottenvermin,themheharvests."Alternately,"Themiserlinessofrottenvermin."

24.ThisisthepointofFW5/3b,whichspeaksofimproperlyhightaxes.

25.FollowingSMK5/2a.

26.CWK,p.165,n.8,however,readsthisas,"closedofffromthehighlands."

27.NotethevariantintheWJLeditionofSMK5/2a.

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28.Cf.the"Mean,"27.ii,whichtalksofgreatvirtue"fulltooverflowing"(Legge,422).

29.Theexilemaybeindicated.ForthehillparkintheChangesliterature,seeCYYT15/22/5(Wilhelm,93Kunst,283).

30.Takingt'i ,followingSMK5/2a.FW5/3bassociatest'iwithone'skin.

31.CWK,p.164,n.9,simplyequatesitwith"bonesandflesh."

32.SMK5/2a,however,suggeststhattheydonotreachtheappendages.

33.AddedbyNylanonthebasisofCPL5/3b.

34.SeeFW5/3bSMK5/2aCWK,p.164,n.9.

35.ThisispossiblyanattackupontheMohistcallforfrugality.

36.Literally,"Trulyitdriesthedriedmeat."

37.YTC514b.

38.SMK5/2b.

39.FW5/4aYTC5/4aandCPL5/4acontrastthedriedmeatwiththegeneroussacrificeoftheoxinAppraisal8,arguingthatpaltrygiftscannotsecuregood
fortune(including"goodfaith")eitherfromthegodsorfromone'scompatriots.

No.57.Guardedness

1.CPL5/4a.FW5/4atalksof"aboveandbelow,"presumablyareferencetothis.

2.CYYT20/31/4(Wilhelm,124Kunst,301).

3.Documents,"Chnch'en,"par.14(Legge,543notinKarlgren),citedbySMKincommentarytothefollowingAppraisal

2.Cf.LC17/11(Legge,II,96),citedbySMK5/2b.

4.FY4:12identifies"lessendesires"asateachingofChuangtzuthatYangHsiungadopts.

5.P'eng canmeanboth"double"and"friends,"sincetheoriginalgraphshowsstrungcowryshells.

6.FW5/4a:YTC5/4aCWK,p.171,n.3.CPL5/4a,however,takes"shuttingthedoublewindows"asadescriptionoftheTaoists,whoinrefusingtoviewthrough
theworldthroughthelensesoftheAncientsretaintheiroriginalpossession.

7.Literally,"IsnotasgoodastheOne'sbeinginone'spossession."

8.Literally,"Atcenter,heiswithoutthatwhichheuses."SungChung'scommentarytakesthistomeanthathelacksthetoolsforselfpreservation.YTC5/4bfollows.

9.ThephrasecomesfromHTYT108/32/12(notinDubs).However,CPL5/4btakesthisascriticismoftheoverlyrigidpersonalitywhichblindly"graspsatcenter,
andsofailstorecognizecontingencyandchange."

10.CYYT29/48/1(Wilhelm,185Kunst,335).

11.See,e.g.,Analects1/16(Waley,87):"Hedoesnotgrievethatotherpeopledonotrecognizehismerits.Hisonlyanxietyislestheshouldfailtorecognizetheirs."

12.Readingken (GSR416)withthemouthradical.YTC5/4bdisagrees.

 Page586

13.Lien ("sidecorner").

14.Thepunthenreads,"thecornerlacksan[adequate]defense,"followingLuChiinglossinghu (GSR49x=49f).

15.AddedbyNylan.

16.Alternately,"Preservingcentralityinordertoharmonize."

17.Serruysprefers,"agoodomen."Alternately,"[For]marquiseswhocovenant,[suchis]propriety."

18.CCYT234/Cheng13/2Tso(Legge,38182).

19.LT,ch.80(Lau,142).

20.Readingpu istakentomean"donotkeeptooneplace."

21.YTC5/5a.

22.Thecharactertui canrefereithertothepestleortothetreadle(alsocalledthetilthammer)inprimitivethreshingmachines.Foranearlyreferencetothetreadle
forpoundinggrain,seeHuanT'an,Hsinlun,citedinYKC15/3b(Pokora,12021).

23.Or,"tojoinwithwhattheoldonesholdto[asprinciple]."

24.CWK,p.172,n.11,glossesy ("surpass"),followingSungChungandYTC5/5b.Ycouldalsomean"tocorrect"or"toheal,"areadingpreferredby
Serruys.

25.Documents,"Ch'inshih,"par.45(Legge,628Karlgren,81),citedbySMK5/3a.

No.58.ClosingIn

1.AccordingtoSMK5/3b.

2.Fortheveryinexactusageofthetermspien inearlytexts,seeSivin(1977)andSivin(1990).

3.FollowingSungChung.SungChung'scharacterizationofyang,however,isnotconsistentwithhisremarksonyin.

4.SeeCWK,p.173,n.2.

5.SeeSMK5/3bCWK,p.173,n.2.forthefirstviewCPL5/5b,forthelatter.Notethatthesameverbs"headingagainst"and"acceding"areusedofthepolitical
process,wherebythethroneistransferredeitherthroughviolenceorbypeacefulmeans(i.e.,byaccessionorbyabdication).

6.ThisistheShuokuaglossforHexagram57,thecounterpartofthistetragram.

7.WangYacommentaryglossesitasho .

8.AddedbyNylan.CPL5/5bwouldemphasizetheirimpotenceinthefaceofcruelyinch'i.

9.However,CPL5/5breadsch'ung ("tolifttheeyebrowtogazeupward"[expressinghighambitions]).

10.Tentativetranslation.SMK5/3btreatshsi ("to

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gatherin").Serruysthinksitrefersto"concentrating"ontheirambitions.Cf.FW5/6a,whichreadshsiasshun ("toconformwith"),sothatthelinetalksof
"followingtheirintentions.''Seebelow.<EndPopupText>

11.Theterm"freeandeasywandering"appearsofteninearlyliterature,withbothpositiveandnegativeconnotations.SeeOdes79/2(Legge,131),146/1(Legge,
215),and186/1(Legge,299),forexample.AlsoseeHSWC5/2(Hightower,160)andthefirstchapterofChuangtzu.

12.Takingtz'uinthesenseof"makegroworincrease"and"belovingtoward."WangYareadstz'u ("this").NotealsothatFW5/6atakeswater,withits
propensitytooverflow,asthesubjectoftheentirepoem.

13.SMK5/3b.

14.Or,"heaimsforpropriety."CPL5/6atakestheverbshe literallyas"toshootanarrow."

15.FollowingFW5/6a.SMK5/3b,however,readsy ("toletout[thearrow]").

16.Thislastlineissomewhatpuzzling.FW5/6bsays,solipufang,kujuwuyeh ("Thehasteofhisdesireforprofitislikethedance'sgoingto
therhythm.").CWK,p.174,n.5,follows.

17.SMK5/3b.

18.Analects1/14(Waley,87).

19.FollowingWJL5/3b,ratherthanCWK,p.173,inreadingthetextusdifficilior.

20.Y .(GSR98a=954d).

21.See,forexample,OuyangHsiu's(100772)famousessay,"OnFactionalism."

22.However,CWK,p.174,n.7,readspi ,meaning"tostoreaway").

23.Severaleditionsread"goldandgrain"(chinku ).

24.SMK5/3bclearlydependsuponthepunbetweench ("togive[others]").

25.YTC5/6a.CPL5/6bfollows.

26.Literally,"yellow."

27.Forexample,YTC5/6bandCPL5/6b,onthebasisofFW5/7a.Cf.SMK5/4a,whichtalksofthegentlemanandhisaides.

28.Serruystakestheverbas"confined,""tuckedin,"followingMorohashi28693.Hepointsoutthelinguisticconnectionbetweenhsi .

29.FollowingFW5/7aCPL5/7aandCWK,p.176,n.9.

30.However,CWK,p.175,n.10,takessui ("tohavesuccess").

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31.YTC5/7areadsti ("tocausetocometo"),sothatthesentencereads,"Itwillmerelyproveusefulinbringing[it,i.e.,death]toyourownclan."CWK,p.175,
n.11,follows.

32.Anapparentexceptiontothegeneralrulethatcheh intheTHCreferstoHeavenortheruler.Alternately,"exterminatesits[i.e.,Heaven's]types[i.e.,good
men]."

33.SMK5/4a.

No.59.Massing

1.SMK5/4asaystheHornconstellationinstead.

2.AlthoughSMK5/4areadsch'ung ("aggregating").

3.Forthetetragramtitleglossedaspi ("toclose"),seeMKH,I,115(7a).

4.Seethe"Introduction"forthis.Cf.THC62/A7.

5.AsnotedbySMK5/4aYTC5/7b.

6.CYYT28/45/t'uan,hsiang(Wilhelm,61416).

7.Takingwu ,followingstandardHancosmologicalusage.Cf.FW5/7b.

8.FollowingWangYa.Serruyspreferstoread,"Ghostsandspiritsareusedbywhatiswithout[form]andnuminous."

9.CCFL6:19:62definesshen asperceptiblechangeeffectedbyanunseencause.Cf.HTYT7/3/27(notinDubsKnoblock,177),84/22/35(notinDubsor
Knoblock).

10.YTC5/7a.

11.Literally,"Inpleasure,theyareexcessiveandinerror."

12.AddedbyNylan.

13.Serruyswouldreadinstead,"Themanyghosts,ittheyregardasgateway,"takingmen asaverb.

14.Forfurtherinformation,seeHsiaoNylan(1982),pp.175209andSchwartz(1985),1639.

15.The"elders"mayalsorefertoworthyministers,whosepreceptsrevealthecosmicpatternstomenofvirtue.ThisisapparentlytheunderstandinginFW5/8a.This
seemslesslikelyinviewofYang'suseofthepronoun"his"(ch'i ),however.

16.Thespiritoftheshe ,thegodofthesoil,residesinthethicket.SeeMTYT81/46/65(notinWatson).SeealsoCWK,p.177,n.5.

17.Followingearlyeditionsinomittingpi as"jadetabletandtally."

18.Readingjung ("labor,""laborious"),asinFW5/8a.

19.Fortheexpressiontsopi ,seeOde107/2(Legge,164),which,however,translatesitas,"stand[orstep]asidetotheleft."Cf.CPL5/7b8a.

20.CPL5/7b.

21.CWK,p.177,n.5.

22.YTC5/8acriticizes"leadingthesheeptothethicket"asasymboloftheindividual'soverrelianceuponthespirits,and"holdingthejadetablet"asasymbolofhis
overrelianceuponcourtposition.However,thereisnoreasonforthegoodministernottorelyuponhisruler.

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23.Theyu ("topilefirewood[forsacrifice]"(GSR1096h).Mostlikely,thecorrectwordingispreservedinthemoredifficultversion.

24.Thetermreferstoallrelationsinthepatrilineallinefromgreatgreatgrandfathertogreatgreatgrandson.

25.Alternately,"toextend."

26.YTC5/8aseemstothinkthatastinkyplantwaschosentoshowthattheninedegreesofkinsharedthesamefortune,whateveritmightbe.

27.FW5/8b,forexample,talksoftheoathsofallegiancemadetotheSonofHeaven.ForthecommensalmealincontemporaryGreeksociety,seeDetienne,esp.p.
13.

28.Alternately,"Excessandruination."

29.Literally,"Fearinghis/their(?)ghosts,upholdinghis/their(?)rituals./Wantonlytocausebenightedhess...."FW5/8bomitsthepossessivepronounsinhis
commentary.CWK,p.177,n.7,equatesthesecondch'iwiththe"ancestraltemple"onthebasisofFW.

30.See,forexample,ch.9oftheFSTY.

31.CCYT77/Chuang32/fu(Legge,120)

32.LC2/22(Legge,116).

33.Chiu means"pigeon,"abirdsaidtousurpthemagpie'snest.Alternately,chiumeans"tocollect[together]."SeeGSR992h.

34.Byscreeching.SeeMorohashi3458.Alternately,fa means"toattack."

35.FW5/8b9a.

36.Inthe"Owl"fubyChiaYi,theowlsymbolizestheslandererinparticular.SeeSC84:2497(Watson,I,510).NoteWangYa'smoreauspiciousinterpretationof
theAppraisal:"Theowlandthekiteareintheforest./Screechedat[by]thosemanybirds./Theowlandthekiteareintheforest./Meaning:Theyareabusedbythe
many."Inthatcase,thelineservesasacautionarytaletothosewhousetheirpresentstrengthandvicioustendenciestodestroyothers.Eventually,theywillreceive
theirjustdesertsatthehandsofthosewhomtheyhaveharmed.Cf.SMK5/4b.

37.FollowingSerruys,Itakehui ("category")sothatthesentencereads,"[There]gatherthoseinthecategoryoffamily[i.e.,friends]."Cf.YTC5/8b.

38.CPL5/8b,however,offersadifferentreadingfortheAppraisaltext:"Sniveldrips,coilingdown[from]thenose./Theclanencircles[thecorpselike]hedgehog
[spines]."

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No.60.Accumulation

1.NotethatWilhelmtranslatesthisasthe"TamingPoweroftheGreat,"readingthecharacterch'u inasecondsense.

2."Everything"isimpliedinbothsentences,sincenodirectobjectisspecifiedforthetransitiveverbs.

3.SMK5/5atalksofaccumulatingattheircenter.

4.See,forexample,theargumentationofHFT,ch.2221(Liao,I,169227).ForanuancedinterpretationofHanFei'stheories,seeWangHP.

5.Or,"whatobstructs."

6.FW5/9breadsinstead,"Tomakeafoundationfornext[year]."

7.CPL5/9a,however,givesanotherreadingformingchi ,sayingthatthepettymandoesevilinsecretinhopesofachievingvisibleworldlysuccess.

8.FollowingYTC5/9a.Chiehhsin .

9.Or,"Accumulatingwhat[others]holdtobeuseless."

10.SungChungandSMK5/5a.Cf.FW5/9b.

11.However,ifweadoptthereadingsoftheSungWeikanandSMK5/5a,fan (GSR195m=195g),referringtothecoveredcarriage.Inanycase,notethe
visualandauralpun.

12.SeeFW5/10aandCWK,p.180,n.5,forexample.

13.SeeYTC5/9b.SMK5/5aarguesinsteadthatthecarriageflapsindicatethefullnessofhisvirtue.

14.Alternately,"[They]stealwhatisinshortsupply."

15.Cf.THC43/F4.

16.Forthis,seeMencius3A/3(Leu,98).

17.SMK5/5atalksoftheAoGranarybelongingtotheCh'indynastyfallingintothehandsofHsiangY .

18.YTC5/9bCPL5/9b.

19.Analects12/18(Waley,167).Cf.Ode256/2(Legge,511).

20.LT,ch.44(Lau,105).

21.Cf.LT,ch.58(Lau,118)CCYT333/IHsiang31/1Tso(Legge,563).

22.Alternately,"Greatlyfull[and]broadlydispensing."

23.FollowingFW5/10aYTC5/9b.Serruysprefers,"Themenhegetsarewithoutpeer."

24."All"addedbyNylan.

25.Wang,wangcheyeh .

26."Learning,"10/20(Legge,379)beforethebreakafterthebreak,10/68(Legge,375).

27.Tentativetranslation.FW5/10areadsthisas,"Thestoresareapparent,"takingk'uei andthesecondasafinalparticle.Cf.Ode98/1.Serruyswouldtakeyen
erhmoreliterallyas"[his]demeanor."

28.FollowingCPL5/10a.YY33:667readsk'uai ,butthisemendationisunnecessary.

 Page591

29.FW5/10a10b,however,readsshou ."Only"addedbyNylan.

30.ThecommentatorscitetheChangeslines,"Ifamancarriesaburdenonhisbackwhileridinginacarriage,heencouragesthievestodrawnear....Carelessness
aboutstored[items]temptsthieves[tosteal]."SeeCYYT42/HsiA/7(Wilhelm,3078).

31.Alternately,"Itissimply[dueto]whatwentbefore."

32.CYYT4/2/yen(Wilhelm,393),citedbySMK5/5b.

33.Forwei ("follows").

No.61.Embellishment

1.FollowingFW5/10bYTC5/10bandCPL5/10b.ButSMK5/5bassignsTHC61toHexagramno.22,Ornateness.Forcommentsontheunreliabilityofcertain
correlationsproposedbySMK5/5b,seethenotestoTHC41/Head.

2.AccordingtoFW5/11a.

3.Notethattwoearlyeditionswritethearchaiccheh here.Thatusagewouldindicatehighstatus.

4.Readingyu as"most,"asintheOdes.

5.WangYacommentary.

6.CPL5/10b.

7.Note,however,thattheWangYaeditionomitsthefirsttwocharacters,sothattheentireAppraisalreads,"[In]speech,hedoesnotusespeech."SeeWJL5/5b.

8.Mencius5A/5(Lau,143).

9.Analects5/10(Waley,109[renum.]).Cf.Analects1/142/184/224/24.

10.FW5/11a.

11.Serruysreads,"Havingnosubstance,heisornamented."

12.Readingfu ("usage"or"function").Thelinethenreads,"Withpatternputfirst,laterlossoffunction."

13.Alternately,"losesgoodomens."

14.FortheTaoists,seeLT,ch.80(Lau,142),forexample.

15.YTC5/10b.

16.Analects3/8(Waley,95).

17.SMK5/5b6a.

18.Literally,"yellow."Omittingch'iu ,followingSMK5/6a.

19.Alternately,"Theyellowbrush,itheconsidersofbenefit."

20.FY5/14,citedbySMK5/6a.

21.CYYT4/2/yen(Wilhelm,395).

22.Severaleditionsreadk'ou insteadhere.

23.Mytranslationreflectsbothsensesofli ("illicitsounds")[inthecontextofmusic].

 Page592

24.SeeMencius1A/1(Lau,49).

25.Literally,"theytrulyapply[thewayof]theHeaven'sFemale."Forthephrase"Heaven'sFemale,"seeLT,ch.61(Lau,122+Notes),wherethemetaphorisoneof
a"huge,boundaryless,bottomless,genital,...thevagina"thatgestatesalllivingthings(LiYn,p.65).SMK5/6atakesthebinometorefertotheocean,however.

26.FollowingFW5/12a.SMK5/6a,however,readsit,"Timeswhenoneshouldnotspeak."Serruysprefers,"Ifheisnotfittospeakofthe[present]times,..."The
firstFathominglinerepeatsthefirstAppraisalline,thoughmyowntranslationreflectstwopossiblemeanings.

27.Literally,"beingsubtleinwordingmakesthesuperiorseesuspected[points]."SMK5/6areadsthisinsteadas,"[Oryouwill]bedoubtedbythesuperior."

28.SMK5/6areadsthisinsteadas,"Itisnottimeforstraighttalking."

29.Adding"else"inordertomakethemeaningauspicious,tobetteraccordwithitsyin/yangvaluation.

30.FW5/12asaysthatbluntnessalonecannotclarifyamatter.SMK5/6acitesAnalects19/10(Waley,226):"Agentlemanremonstratesonlyafterheistrusted.If
hedoessobeforeheistrusted,[hissuperior]willassumethatheisbeingvilified."ThatsuggeststhatSMKwouldhavethegoodpersonsayaslittleaspossiblehere
(anotherpossiblereadingforweiytz'u ).

31.Itakethereduplicativeasadescriptionofshrillcries.However,forSMK5/6bandCWK,p.183,n.10,thereduplicativeindicates"incessantcries."

32.Tentativetranslation.Thereduplicativeyy ("theappearanceofhavingnoknowledge").SeeMorohashi252.4.

33.FollowingSMK5/6bCWK,p.183,n.11.Alternately,"itcanbejudgedsuperior."

34.SMK5/6bandCWK,p.183,n.11,citingCYYT29/47/t'uan(Wilhelm,625).

35.SeeGSR782aforthethreerelatedmeaningsofpo (1)white,(2)bare,and(3)clearlyunderstand.

No.62.Doubt

1.NotethedisputeabouttheChangescorrelatetothistetragram.SungChung,LuChi,andWangYacorrelateitwithno.57,LayingtheOffering.FW5/12b
correlatesitwithno.51,ArousalSMK5/6b,withno.22,Grace.

2.Or,"areharmed"[byyin'svigorousactivity],followingLuChiFW5/12bandCWK,p.185,n.2.

3.Or,"disintegrate."

4.CPL5/12a,however,readsthisas,"[Yinfindsyangatdifferenttimes]seemingtoberight,seemingtobewrong."

 Page593

5.CWK,p.185,n.1,contraststheexternalornamentationofTHC61/Headwiththepresentdecay,suggestingthatthismakesfordoubt.

6.FW5/12b.

7.LuChiFW5/12bandSMK5/6b.

8.CPL5/12a.

9.Or,asWangYareadsit,"inamuddle."

10.Or,followingSerruys,"goodomensandstraightness."CPL5/12a,however,reads .

11.Or,"turnback[i.e.,reverse]theself."Seebelow.

12.FollowingCWK,p.185,n.4.Alternately,"Trustworthinesswillnotbefaraway."

13.LT,ch.45(Lau,106).

14.Mencius2A/2(Lau,7677).

15.Literally,"Receivesincreasingly[or,'this']distresseddistressed."

16.ReadingGSR46b'=46i'.However,FW5/13areadstsu ,allendingingwitharchaicChinese.SeeGSR1131m,1115b,952a.

17.SMK5/7aYTC5/12bandCWK,p.185,n.5,however,readas,"[Though]indoubt,to[wrongly]force[one'swaytoseeming]clarity."SMK5/7acites
Analects2/17(Waley,91):"Toknowwhenyouknowit,toknowwhenyoudonotknowit,thatis[true]knowledge."andLC1/3(Legge,I,62):"Donotpositively
affirmwhatyouhavedoubtsabout.''

18.YTC5/12bspecificallyties"theold"to"elders."

19.Analects16/10(Waley,206).Cf.ibid.,1/10(Waley,85),10/14(Waley,150).

20.Documents,"ChungHuichihkao,"par.8(Legge,183notinKarlgren)

21.Hsiung .Iassumethelatter.However,YTC5/13areadsitas,"Whenyellow[dirtappearsin]red[mud],itismistakenlythoughttobegold."

22.Averyloosetranslation.TilefirstlineoftheFathomingrepeatstheentireAppraisalexceptfor"gold."

23.SungWeikanandCWK,p.186,n.7,emphasizeitsshinehence,mybeliefthatarsenicdisulphide(realgar)isnotthemineraldescribed.However,itispossible
thatthetextreferstohematite,astheWangcommentarysuggests.Hematiteisanironoxidesometimesfoundinrocksthatalsobearpyrites("fool'sgold").Yang
Hsiungmayhaveconfusedthetwomineralsinhismind.IamgratefultoNathanSivinforthisinformation.

24.Themanufactureoffalsegoldwassufficientlywidespreadtoprovokeanimperialedictin144n.c.againstit.SeeHS5:148(Dubs,I,323).Onarsenicsulphides
andearlyalchemy,seeNeedham,V:4,295,318.Mercurywascombinedwithothermetalsfrequentlyinthepresenceofarsenicsulphides.Arsenicalsulphidewas
alsousedinthepreparationofarsenicalcopper,whichwasincludedinamedievallistof"golds"discussedinibid.,V:2,252.Earlyrecipesfortheelixir(datingfrom
A.D.300and507)containrealgarand/ororpiment.Seeibid.,V:2,83:V:4,217.Mostelixirsweremixturesofmercuricandarsenicalcompounds.

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Foranearlypassagethatapparentlyviewsrealgarasarudimentaryformofgold,seeHNT4:17a18b,astranslatedinMajor(1991),p.70.

25.SMK5/7a.

26.Literally,"Whenonedoubts,thenhewill[still?]haveawaytoverify,"assumingthatso .

27.Alternately,"Theenlightenedkinggivescommand."Or,followingFW5/13bandWangYa,"Itillustratestheking'scommands."

28.WangYa.Fortheinstitutionsofming ,seeDobson(1968).

29.SY1/4a.

30.Readingkueihunyi ,whichhavebeendeletedfrommostlateeditions,exceptforYTC5/13a.YTCcomparestheghoststopettymen,whomistrustproper
authority.Thesentencethenreads,"Astoghostsandsouls,theydoubtthetrue,whichisdangerous."IftheTHCfollowstheChangesforthebinomechenli,
however,thenthephrasemeans"thedeterminationisthreatening."

31.SW2A/11baexplainsthiscompoundas"asighofuncertainty."Serrnyssays,"Withasighofdoubt,onesighs,"meaningthatthesighsaredoubled.OnlyCPL
5/13atakesthisonomatopoeiccompoundtorefertothesoughingofthewindthroughthetreesandcaves.YTC5/13a13btakesthistorefertothe[evil]cryofcrow
andfox.

32.However,FW5/12btiesthecrowtothesun,sothatthislinewouldmean,"Astringedarrow[shotat]thesuninthetrees."

33.SMK5/7a,however,readsthisas,"Exchangingeyeforear:Danger."Serruyswouldfollow.

34.FollowingCWK,p.186,n.9.Alternately,followingYTC5/13a13b,theonomatopoeiccharactersconveythecryofthefoxandthecallofthecrow.

35.SeeOde41/3(Legge,68).

36.YTC5/13bhasthefirstlineoftheAppraisalsymbolizehowthepettyman(associatedwiththeghosts)issuspectedbythenoblemanandthenextlines,thenoble
person'sbeingdeludedbythepettyman(symbolizedbyfoxandcrow).Thismaybeoverlyschematic.CPL5/13agivesaslightlydifferentversioninwhichthehunter
ismisledbythesoughingofthewindintothinkingthatcrowandfox(bothillportents)exist,whentheydonot.

37.FollowingYTC5/13aCPL5/13a13bandCWK,p.186,n.9.

38.YTC5/13bandCWK,p.186,n.10readitas,"Whenoneisoverturnedby[extreme]doubts,..."Cf.CPL5/13b,whichreadschen ("crazed").

39.Allearlyeditionsreadchiu here.TheWJLedition(5/7b),however,deleteschiu,presumingaduplicationofcharacters.

40.GSR1209a1208h.NotealsothepunsGSR598f=598h("toachieve")=598e("todelude").

No.63.Watch

1.SMK5/7breadspi ("mother").CPL5/14aseemstosaythatasyintakes

 Page595

overthecorporeal,yangbecomesevermoreinsubstantial,likeamother'scorpseYTC5/14a,thatyangisabouttoperish.

2.FW5/14btalksofyangnourishingtherootsofthingsbelowearth.

3.CPL5/14a.

4.CYYT40/HsiA/4(Wilhelm,294),citedbyCPL5/13b.Cf.Peterson(1982),p.100,foradifferenttranslation.

5.Analects12/4(Waley,163).

6.FW5/14b.YTC5/14aemphasizesthelatentpowerofhislight.

7.SMK5/7bemphasizesthatthoughthasjustbegunYTC5/14a,"awaitingthepropertime."

8.CPL5/14a.

9.YTC5/14aCPL5/14a.

10.CWK,p.188,n.4.

11.Kan referstothepostsintheframeworkusedinbuildingtampedearthenwalls.Fromthisderivestheextendedmeaningof"tosupport."

12.SMK5/7b.

13.YTC5/14b.

14.Certaineditions,however,readping ("frontpartoftheface").See,e.g.,CWK,p.188,n.6.

15.FollowingCPL5/14b.YTC5/14b,however,readsthisslightlydifferently.

16.SMK5/7bCWK,pp.18889,n.6.Ofcourse,themancouldsimplyhaveappliedtoomuchpowder.

17.ChiaYi ,citedinSC84:2495(Watson,I,511).

18.SeeCPL5/15a.

19.FollowingFW5/16aCWK,p.190,n.11.Literally,"Ornaments[thesky]totheeasternquadrant."

No.64.Sinking

1.FW5/16asaysHexagram58instead.YTCandCPLfollow.

2.FollowingFW5/16a.CWK,p.191,n.1,saysitshouldbe9degrees.

3.Alternately,"thinksof[i.e.,longsfor],"followingSungChungwhoglosseshuai .

4.SungChungcommentary.CPL5/15arepeats.

5.FW5/16asituatesthePalaceintheshadowyregionsbelowthesurfaceoftheearthCWK,p.191,n.2,follows.YTC5/15bandCPL5/15b,however,equate
theMysteriousPalacewiththenorthernmostregionsoftheearth.

6.SMK5/8abelievesthatthetitlech'en ("tolookcovertly").FW5/16a,however,explainsthetitleintermsoftheunionofyinandyangfarbelowthesurfaceof
theearth.

7.Serruyswouldsay,"thegoodomen."

8.See,e.g.,LC1/12(Legge,I,45455),and2/1314(Legge,I,470).

9.ConsiderthecaseofPaoyinthenovelDreamoftheRedChamber.

10.LC12/12(Legge,I,454).

11.SungWeikanandCPL5/15bdefinemien .

 Page596

12.ContrasttheselineswiththeCYYT33/54/2(Wilhelm,666Kunst,347):"theoneeyedmanabletosee."

13.LT,ch.12(Lau,68).

14.CTYT45/17/8587(Watson,188).

15.Thetermreferstothingsstillinthewomb,ortheveryyoungunabletosustainthemselvesapartfromtheirmothers.

16.CWK,p.192,n.7,takeschou asacompoundmeaning"spoiledgruel.''

17.Forthesamemetaphor,seeCTYT45/17/87(Watson,188).

18.Followingtheearliesteditions.However,FW5/17aWangYaCPL5/16aYTC5/16bandCWK,p.190,n.8,readp'iao .Inthatcase,the"light"refersto
thefavorablereputationofthesuperiorman.

19.Literally,"Seeing[or,making]clearthebenefitsprofitstherebyrectifies[it]in(for?)theking."

20.Literally,"Nettedlike,boundlike."ReadingGSR123aas"[what]binds."Cf.THC41/A1.However,SMK5/8breadsthephraselijulouju ),another
possiblereferencetoLiLou(?).Theversesthenlamentthoseofkeeninsightwhosegreedandbloodlustovercomestheirbetterinstincts.CPL5/16btakeslilouto
describetheskinoftheprey"separated"(i.e.,rayedortom)fromthemusclebythepowerfulbeaksofthekitesandowl.

21.Notethesoundpunbetweenli .

22.However,FW5/17aYTC5/16bCPL5/16bandCWK,p.193,n.10,readp'an ("fine[i.e.,clear]eyes"),implyingthatvisionhasbeenrestored.

23.Literally,"bloodlike."

24.Curiously,SMK5/9aassumesthatthebloodreferstokaotse ("theridge[ofahillormountain]").Theindividualiscriticizedforparingawaytoomuchfrom
thecommonpeople.YTC5/16bandCWK,p.193,n.11,follow.

No.65.Inner

1.AccordingtoSMK5/9a,theDipperpointsWNWthemusicalnoteisAsharp.

2.FW5/18a.

3.CYYT33/54/hsiang,t'uan(Wilhelm,664).

4.ExampleaddedbyNylan.Seefootnote20below.

5.FW5/18a,however,glossesch'iu (GSR992p).NotethevariationbetweenwhatisrecordedofFWinSMK5/9aandintheFWedition.

 Page597

6.Serruys:"Hestartswithwhatisattestedinfemales."

7.Thisistheargumentofthe"GreatLearning."CPL5/17aremindsusthattheOdesbeginswiththe"Kuanch"song,interpretedasacelebrationofthefaithful
marriage.

8.YTC5/17ab.

9.FollowingWJL(5/9a),ratherthanFW5/18a,inreadinghu tomaintaintheinauspiciouscharacteroftheline.

10.FollowingFW5/18a.CPL5/17atakesitsimplytomeanthe"bedintheroom,"sinceyellowsignifieswhatiscenter.

11.SungWeikan,quotedinSMK5/9a.

12.ThefirstsuggestionismadebyNylanthesecond,byCPL5/17a.

13.WangYa,however,glossesyi ("match"or"mate").

14.FW5/18a,however,glossesk'an ).

15.SeeLC22B/4(Legge,II,431).

16.CPL5/17bunderstandstheselinesasreferringtoWangMang'susurpationoftheHanthrone.

17.WangYa,however,readsp'ao ("tobesatedwithfood").However,itismorelikelythatwehaveanallusionto"theshabbyhempengown"ofAnalects9/26
(Waley,144).

18.Literally,"Thenoblemanprofits[fromthedragon'sexample],anduses[it]tomarryafinelady."Hsi means"afinelady."SeeGSR960.Serruysprefers,
"Whatthegentlemangainsasprofit,heusestotakeaconsort."

19.Literally,"Andonmeetingbycustomarylaw,theyareequal,"sincethesubordinateclauseshouldnotfollowthemainclause.ThetranslationfollowsSMK5/9a
andYTC5/18a,whichreadyung ("great").CWK,p.195,n.7,wantstoreadthislineas,"Treating[householdmembersbythe]Mean[produces]joy."

20.AsFW5/18bremindsus,inthetraditionalbetrothalandnuptialceremoniesofancientChina,thebrideintroducedtothegroom'shousefindsherfuturehusband
comingouttogreetherpersonally.SeeLC22B/2(Legge,II,429).

21.CPL5/18a.

22.Thatis,towardthebedchamber.SeeFW5/19aYTC5/18a.

23.YTC5/18a.

24.FW5/19aspeaksof"the[proper]timebeingpast."

25.Equallypossiblereadingsformankung inthethirdlineoftheAppraisal.ThefirstisgivenbyCWK,p.196,n.8thesecond,byYTC5/18a.

26.FW5/19atakesho .

27.Adding"soon"toclarify.SMK5/9b,however,readsyu as"anexpressionofcongratulations."

28.Forwu as"togiveexternalorconcreteformto,"seeCTYT28/11/62

 Page598

(3x)(Watson,123):wuwu .

29.SMK5/9breadsinsteadas,"Thingsaredelightedtogettheir[proper]category."CWK,p.196,n.9,follows.

30.CYYT18/28/5(Wilhelm,527).

31.Analternatereadingfornieh inthelastline.

32.Ode264/3(Legge,561).

No.66.Departure

1.BothSMK5/9bandFW5/19binitiallyassignTHC66toWater,butthisiswrong.SeeFW5/19bcommentarytoApp.1foracorrection.

2.Readingthecompoundwuwang accordingtotheHancommentators.SeeMKH,I,101(8a).Wilhelmtranslatesthehexagramtitleas"Innocence."

3.Anumberofglossesareofferedforthecompoundch'ouch'ang (''anxious,perturbed,notknowingwheretogo").CWK,p.198,n.2,followsCPL.

4.SeeOde242/2,3(Legge,457).

5.FW5/19b20aSungWeikancommentary.

6.See,e.g.,HS27B/A:235455.Cf.LC2/1(Legge,I,100)CCYT330/Hsiang30/5Tso(Legge,556).

7.Yulu .

8.SMK5/10a.Cf.Ode17/1(Legge,27).Hemayevenhavebeenimplicatedinshadydealings.SeeYTC5/19b.

9.AsnotedbyCPL5/19b.

10.FollowingFW5/20a20b.

11.WeknowthatthisAppraisalshouldbeauspicious,sinceitiscorrelatedwithluckyDay.CWK,p.198,n.6,assumes,however,thatYangHsiungdepartsfrom
hisregularschemaofalternatingyinandyanglines.FollowingYTC5/19b,CWKtakesthelinesasdescriptionoftheunfortunateestrangementoffathersonand
rulersubject.Typically,however,suchdeparturefromtheschemaonlyoccursinthelaterAppraisalsassociatedwiththedeclineofthecycle.

12.Readingmi (GSR598m),followingbothFW5/20bandSMK5/10a.

13.Hecrossesthecourtyard,thenraiseshishem,possiblytorelievehimselfoutsidethehouse.

14.SMK5/10a.SeealsoHS27B/A:1396.GSR598f=598e?

15.Literally,"[by]hisownperson,"meaning"onhisowninitiative."

16.LT,ch.9(Lau,65).Cf.ibid.,ch.77(Lau,139).

17.ThemostfamousexampleoftheofficialwhoreadilyleaveshispositionisLiuHsiahui(despitesomecriticalremarksbyConfucius).SeeMencius5B/1(Lau,
150)6B/6(Lau,175).Forimperialcessions,seethestoriescollectedbyAllan(1981),pp.2754.

18.Documents,"KaoYaomo,"par.14(Legge,60Karlgren,11).

19.Morespecifically,theterm"threedeaths"mayhavebeenselectedtoremindusofthethreesuccessivehistorianswhochosedeathratherthanfailto

 Page599

recordtheirruler'smisdeeds.SeeCCYT304/Hsiang25/Tso2(Legge,51415).

20.Readingchi ,followingFW5/21a.

21.Literally,itis"suspended."SeeCWK,p.199,n.10.

22.TheHsin("Heart")constellationisinScorpio.TheFireStaristhe"heartofthedragon"foundintheEasternPalace.SeeCCYT352/Chao4/1Tso(Legge,596).

23.SMK5/11aCPL5/20b.CWK,p.199,n.11,follows.FW5/21a,however,takesthistorefertoWood'srelationwithMetal.For"seekingme,"cf.the
languageofTHC12/A1,basedonCYYT5/4/t'uan(Wilhelm,406).

No.67.Darkening

1.AtentativetranslationforthehexagramtitlebasedonHancommentaries.SeeMKH,I,102(2b),whichdefinesitintermsofyimingweian ("totakethe
lightasdark").Othercommentatorsassociateitwith"the[eye]sight'ssidewaysglance"orwith"insidecultivatedandenlightenedwhileoutsidegentleandcompliant"or
withlighthiddenaway,"locatedintheearth."SeeMKH,I,48(1b)89(6b)and131(3b).Kunst,p.311,believesthatthehexagramtitleoriginallyreferredtoa
''callingpheasant."Butthereareotherindicationsthatitrepresentsanarrow,abow,awound,aplace,andatribe.SeeKunst,pp.77,88.

2.CYYT23/3/hs(Wilhelm,564,566).

3.Ibid.,t'uan(Wilhelm,565).

4.WangYa.

5.CPL5/20bthinks"together"referstotheagentsMetalandWater,whicharebrightwithin.Thisseemsfarfetched,however.CWK,p.201,n.3,citesLT,ch.41
(Lau,102):"Thewaythatisbrightseemsdull."

6.YTC5/20b,however,readsyuchen asadescriptionofthesuperiorman,whois"profound[and]rightlyoriented."

7.FollowingWangYa.

8.CWK,p.201,n.3.

9.CPL5/20bsuggeststhatYangHsiungspeaksofhisowneffortstoenlightenanage.

10.FollowingCWK,p.201,n.4.

11.Alternately,"HethinksitenlightenednottoseetheWay."

12.FY3:9.

13.FW5/22aandWangYareadpi ("greatly").AccordingtoFW,oncethereisgoodorderinthefamily,itwillalwaysbeextendedtooffice.Therefore,itcanbe
saidto"gooutside."

14.CWK,p.201,n.5,followingFW5/21b22a.

15.AddedbyNylanonthebasisofFW5/22a.However,CPL5/21aandYTC5/21adonotbelievethatthereversaloftheusualyin/yangvaluescaneverbegood.

16.However,CWK,p.201,n.6,wantstounderstand"categories"(lei ).FW5/22atakesleitoreferto"[proper]types[ofadvisors]."The"GreatLearning"is
onlyoneofmanytextstolinkgoodadvisorswith"precioustreasure."See"Learning,"par.10(Legge,376).

17.FW5/22acallsthe"goldencasket"a"beautifultreasure."

 Page600

18.Forthesymbolofthemetalboundstrongbox,seetheDocuments,"Chint'eng"("MetalboundCoffer")(Legge,351ff.Karlgren,3536).SMK5/10b,however,
saysthatthemetalcasketmoregenerallysignifiesthedegreeofsecuritythatgoodlawsandinstitutionsbringtothestate.CWK,p.201,n.6,follows.CPL5/21a
seesinthemetalcasketareferencetoeventsinA.D.8,whenacertainAiChang ,anunscrupuloussycophant,triedtocurryfavorwithWangMangbypresenting
acoppercasket.SeeHS99A:409596(Dubs,III,25455).

19.Thatis,itspositionathighnoon.

20.Chitzu isassociated,ofcourse,withthecorrespondenthexagram.SeeCYYT23/36/5(Wilhelm,142).Hexagram36istiedtodestructionandexecutionin
CYYT54/tsaMKH,I,147(14a).

21.See,e.g.,Ode303(Legge,636ff.).Cf.WangYaCWK202,n.8.YTC5/21bsaystheswallowsymbolizestheapproachingcold.

22.Afterall,theofficialwiththesurname"Darkbird"(hsianniao )wasinchargeofcalendricalmatters.SeeCCYT392/Chao17/3Tso(Legge,667).

23.SMK5/11a.Hsntzubemoansthe"lightsinkingintotheearth"intheopeninglinesofhisfu.SeePankenier(1990b),451.

24.Readingthischaracterashsiao ,followingWangYaratherthanFW5/22b.

25.Omittingtsun ,followingthetwoearliesteditionsofSungChungandLuChi(ratherthanFw)tomaintainthefourcharacterline.Withnocharacteromitted,the
linereads,"Virtueiswhattheyareabouttofollowandgoforwardto."

26.Forthesamemetaphor,seeKT10/30/16a(Rickett[b],407).

27.FollowingSungWeikan,literally"oneeyeblind"(yimumang ).Cf.YY33:668FW5/22b.

28.FollowingWJL(5/11a)inreadingchen )[ideaof]straight."

29.Serruysbelieves,however,thatyu describesthe"assisting"eyeratherthantherighteye,sincebotheyesareneededforabalancedview.

30.FW5/22btalksofhisfailingtodistinguishworthyministersfromfalse.

31.Sincehui referstothelastdayofthelunarmonth,itisaclearsymbolforadeterioratingpoliticalsituation.

32.Alternately,"Inadarkageseeingveilsforwhattheyare."

33.Takingchen as"tobetriedandtrue."Serruysprefers,"Itisbeneficialtotheomenprediction[thattakesplace]inanotbright[age]."

34.Literally,"Onedoesnotgain[by]alonebeingbright."

35.ExamplecitedbySMK5/11a,whichquotesCYYT23/36/5(Wilhelm,142).NotethatKunsttranslatesdifferently.

36.CPL5/22a,however,citesthefamousfisherman'squerytoCh'Yanasking,"Whentimesaredirty,whynotgowiththecrowd?"SeeSC84:2486(Watson,I,
505).

37.FollowingYTC5/22a.

No.68.Dimming

1.AccordingtoFW6/la.

2.Takingchen ,followingthecommentators.

 Page601

3.TheHeadtextrecallsTHC67/A2,whichspeaksof"blindlyforgingahead."Inbothcases,theverbcheng isused.

4.CPL6/laassociatesthetetragramtitle("Meng")withitshomonymmeaning"dream."

5.SeetheWangYacommentary.

6.FW6/laexplainsthattheWaterlineconquerstheEarthagentthatrulesthetetragram.Presumablythisaccountsforone'spowersofperceptionbeingmuddied.

7.CWK,p.204,n.4,citesHTYT80/21/39(Dubs,268notinKnoblock).

8.Mencius7B/20(Lau,198).

9.FollowingFW6/2a.

10.FollowingWangYaandCWK,p.204,n.7,inreadingp'an ,sothatthelinereads,"Itiswheremencollidewitheachother.

11.FW6/2a.

12.FollowingWangYa,takingli ("tomeetwith").AnalternatereadingisgivenintheFathoming.

13.Tentativereadingforying ("weak").Alternateliteraltranslation,"[He]doesnotfinditfittingtoflickerandbeweak,"followsWangYa.CWK,p.205,n.8,
agrees.

14.FW6/2aandWangYareadaiai instead,sothatthepunchlinereads,"Thecenterdoesnotobscure."

15.FollowingYTC6/2a.

16.Followingmosteditionsinreadinghao ("treachery").Ifthealternatereadingisadopted,thelinemeans,"Dimsightedastotreachery."

17.However,FW6/2apunctuatesaftermeng .FWassumesthatthepoemisluckysincewhatisunclearchangestoclear.

18.Serruysprefers,"Dimmingthegood,itheabhors."

19.However,YTC6/2aandCPL6/2bboththinkthelineinauspicious,assumingthedim"light"tobeinadequatetothetask.

20.Readingchia (GSR15i=15d).Cf.Ode47/1(Legge,76),citedbyYTC6/2b.

No.69.Exhaustion

1.CWK,p.207,n.2,readsch ("fearful")insteadof"agitated."

2.CYYT29/47/t'uan(Wilhelm,624).

3.SeethecommentarybySungWeikan,whoreadsch .

4.CPL6/2b.

5.Alternately,"Sopeoplelovecentrality."FW6/3a,however,readschung ,("loyalty").

 Page602

6.Thisreadingissupportedbythemainargumentofthefamous"Hungfan"chapteroftheBookofDocuments.

7.FW6/3a.

8.SeeYTC6/3aforthis.

9.Analects15/2(Waley,193).

10.FW6/3atalksofthesuperiorcurbinghisowndesiressoastoimprovethecommonpeople.

11.Alternately,"Sothatthepeoplebecomeuncentered."

12.LSCC14/6/15b16a.

13.PresumingAnalects15/30(Waley,199).Thatiswhythepunctuationshouldnotread,ch'iungszu,ta .

14.Or,"aredessicatedanddiseased."

15.Analects12/9(Waley,165),citedbySMK6/2a.

16.San ).

17.PerhapslikePoYiandShuCh'i,hesupsonastewofwildherbsonly.ForfurtherinformationabouttheHandiet,seeYYingshih(1977).

18.Analects6/9(Waley,117)beforetheellipsismarkafter,ibid.,6/5(Waley,116).Cf.ibid.,8/10(Waley,134).

19.Ode233/3(Legge,423),citedbyYTC6/3a.

20.CPL6/3b.

21.SMK6/2a.

22.Alternately,"tostumbleinto."See,forexample,theWangYacommentary.

23.Followingthecommentators,Itakethe"report"(lu )asthewrittendocumentgrantinghimrelease.See,forexample,CWK,p.208,n.9.

24.FollowingYY33:668,readingt'a ).

25.Aloosetranslationfor,"S/hemeetswithwhatiscoincidentalbadluck."

26.ThesamemetaphorappearsinCKT18:43(Crump,282).

No.70.Severance

1.AccordingtoWangYa,thissignifiesthat"itisnotused."

2.FollowingWangYa.However,Serruyspreferstoreadsha shai("reduced").Forthismeaning,seeGSR319d.

3.CYYT15/23/t'uan(Wilhelm,501).

4.CPL6/4b.

5.CYYT15/23/t'uan(Wilhelm,501).

6.CYYT15/23/hsiang(Wilhelm,501).

7.FollowingSMK6/2b.

8.CPL6/4b.

9.SuggestedbyNylan.

10.CPL6/5a.Cf.YTC6/4b.

11.Alternately,"Hecanhavewhatheperfects."

12.FW6/5atalksof"beingwithoutselfishinterest."

13.Analects16/9(Waley,203[renum.]),citedbyCWK,p.210,n.6.

 Page603

14."Theuseof"addedbyNylan.Thetermfuma referstotheinnertwohorsesinasetoffourthatbearthemainweightofthecarriage.Thewordfuisused
becausethehorseshave"submitted"totheshaft.

15.Readingp'eng ].

16.Notethatthecommentatorscannotdecidewhethertherainbowsandcloudsrepresentgoodorevilomens.WangYaSMK6/3aandCPL6/5btakebothas
evilomens.YTC6/5a5b,however,takestheclouds(butnottherainbow)asagoodomen.ButHY1/9bclearlyshowscontemporarymetaphoricalusageforHan:
"Unethicalministersovershadowtheworthyjustasfloatingcloudsobscurethesunandmoon."(MytranslationfollowsPankenier[1990b],p.439,notKu,p.93).

17.Itispossiblethatwo ).

18.HFT19:49:339ff.(Liao,II,275ff.)

No.71.Stoppage

1.WilhelmtranslatesthehexagramtitleasKeepingStillKunst,343,asCleaving.TheHancommentariesassociateHexagram52withstoppingorwithgatekeepers
keepingthedoorshut.SeeMKH,I,136(15b)33(4a).

2.Serruysprefers,"Yin,beinggreat,causesthingstostandstillinrelationtowhatisabove.Yang,beinggreat,causesthingstostandstillinrelationtowhatisbelow."

3.CPL6/6a6b.

4.FW6/6a6b.

5.SungChungcommentary.

6.CYYT53/hs32/52/t'uan,hsiang(Wilhelm,65254).

7.Forthephrase"knowwhentostop,"seeibid.Cf.LT,ch.44(Lau,105).

8."Learning,"par.23(Legge,35657),citedbySMK6/3a.

9.Followingtheearliesteditions,ratherthanthevariantinFW6/6b,forthefirstFathomingline.

10.SMK6/3a.

11.YTC6/6aandCPL6/6bassumethattheageisunfavourablesothatthedriverawaitsmorefavorablecircumstancestoproceed.

12.Ku ("delusion").Cf.YTC5/6a.

13.Cf.Analects5/19(Waley,112).

14.SeeFW6/6bCPL6/6a.

15.ReadingGSR90ctentativelyas90f.Otherwise,shuprobablyrefersto"scattered"fruits.However,FW6/7aequatesshuku ("thin").

16.FW6/7a.

17.AddedbyNylan,sinceAppraisal4correspondstoministerialrank.

 Page604

18.FollowingFW6/7a.Cf.WangYa,whichtakesch'iu ("tofix").

19.YTC6/6balsoemphasizestheruler'simpartiality.

20.Readinglien .

21.Readingch'ih( (GSR1681),a"funeralcarriagewithsolidwheels."

22.Readinglieh ("cracked").CWK,p.214,n.9,agrees.

23.YY33:669equateslin ,meaning"towalkwithdifficulty."SeeSW2B/41a.

24.Literally,"Totheend,doesnotstop[actinginthisway]."

25.Cf.themetaphorofarrowsthat"return"inOde106/3(Legge,162).

26.CWK,p.214,n.10.

27.FW6/7bWangYaSMK6/3b.

28.ThismayrefertoHTYT107/31/35(notinDubsorKnoblock),citedbySMK6/3b:"Abowistemperedbeforeoneseeksstrengthfromit.Ahorseis
domesticatedbeforeoneseekstamenessinit.Ashihismadetrustworthyandhonestbeforeoneseeksunderstandingandabilityofhim."

29.YTC6/7a.

30.FollowingYTC6/7a.However,CPL6/7bglosseschu (meaning"wheelrim'').Thisseemsunlikely.

No.72.Hardness

1.WilhelmtranslatesthehexagramtitleasKeepingStillKunst,343,asCleaving.

2.CPL6/8a.

3.Analects17/3(Waley,208).

4.CYYT51/Shuo/10(Wilhelm,275).Cf.ibid.,12/16/2(Wilhelm,69Kunst,271)47/HsiB.4(7)(Wilhelm,342).

5.FW6/8bCWK,p.216,n.5andPaulSerruysprefertoreadling ("ice"),meaning"Firm,thoughnotfrozen."TheFathomingrepeatsthis.

6.FollowingSMK6/4b.CPL6/8breadsthisasawarningabouttheneedtokeepsecretssothatno"leaks"occur.

7.Readingti ,meaningthe"stem"or"base"offlowersorfruit.

8.Cf.SY5:132forthesameargument.

9.HY(p'ien1and3)developsthisargument(Ku,63737982).

10.Forthisargument,seeHS4:116(Dubs,I,241),anedictofEmperorWenofHan.

11.FollowingSMK6/4b,whichreadstien as"thecrownofthehead."

12.YTC6/8bremindsusthathillsarethe"heads"ofEarth.

13.Tosmashone'sheadagainstarockyhilloratreewasamethodofsuicideinthepreCh'inperiod.SeeCCYT139/Hsi31/3Kungandibid.,181/Hsan2/4
Tso(Legge,290).

14.Takingku astwoadjectives,thoughSMK6/4b5aunderstandsthemasverbobject:"relyingon[his]firmness."

 Page605

15.Chen literallyreferstothedeterminationoromenverifiedbytest.

16.Or,"method"or"direction."

17.Forfurtherinformation,seeSW10A:202aandHNT8/16b.

18.Readingyi ,followingSMK6/5b.

19.CYYT35/56/6(Wilhelm,219Kunst,351).

No.73.Completion

1.FW6/9breadshsiao .ThisisfollowedbyYTC6/9a.

2.FollowingFW6/9b.

3.SeethecommentarybyLuChi.ItsactionissofearsomethatinsomeeditionsitisnowapotheosizedforthefirsttimeasGreatYin.SeeSungWeikanandCPL
6/9b.

4.CPL6/9b.

5.HY1/la(Ku,63).

6.LT,ch.45(Lau,106).

7.CPL6/9btakesthisasadescriptionofyangch'ihiddenbelowthesurfaceoftheEarth.Itseemsthatyanghasnomerit,sinceallthingstendtowitheranddieatthis
timeoftheyear.Nevertheless,intheunseenregionsyangnurturesthemyriadthingssothattheyreturntolifeinthespring.

8.FollowingYY33:669,readingtai .Serruyspreferstoreadthisline,"Thoughnotyetachieved,itisnearlyso."AthirdpossibilityadvocatedbyWangYais,
"Thoughnotyetachieved,itisperilous."

9.CYYT45/HsiB/2(Wilhelm,331).

10.Alternately,"Thevirtuethatcompletesisstrong."SeeCWK,p.220,n.5.

11.Serruysprefers,"If[his]centeringiscomplete,..."or"Ifoneisfullycomplete,..."

12.TheFWedition(6/10b),however,readsjang ("modesty,""selfdeprecation").Themeaningcomesoutmuchthesame.

13.Thephrasek'ueiso ,ascitedinHTYT15/6/1(Dubs,77Knoblock,I,222).Cf.ibid.,23/8/8868/18/78.Knoblocktranslatesthecompoundas"conceited
andvulgar"Dubs,as"paltryandinsignificant."

14.Tentativetranslation.Serruysreadsinsteadas,"WhatHeavensendsdownruinsthegoodomens."

15.Or,"Completionisexhausted."

16.Alternately,"Thenoblemandoesnotregard[it]ascomplete."

17.FollowingSMK6/5b,whichcitesCCYT242/Ch'eng6/7Tso(Legge,397).

No.74.Closure

1.FollowingSMK6/6a,whichglossestieh ("inmutualcontactexchangingplaces").

2.CWK,p.222,n.2,however,takesthistomeanthatyinfullyappropriatesyang,sothatthereisnowonlyoneentity.Eitherdescriptionpointstoanim

 Page606

balanceinyin/yang.Cf.THC"Hsants'o"7/5a(p.1018),whichtalksofthistetragramintermsof"closingthetwo."Also,CYYT52/hs(Wilhelm,48990).

3.FW6/11bdefineschih ("toblockup'').

4.FollowingYTC6/10b,takingthisasasymbolof"nofit."Alternately,"wobbling."FW6/11bandCWK,p.222,n.3,definewuni ("unsteady").

5.CYYT41/HsiA/6(Wilhelm,306).

6.FollowingWangYa.YTC9/10breadshsi ("hides").

7.Readinglao ,followingWangYaSMK6/6aCPL6/11aandCWK,p.222,n.6,ratherthanFW6/12a.

8.CYYT14/21/2(Wilhelm,492Kunst,281).

9.CWK,p.222,n.6,however,assumesthatthegoodmancovershisnosetocurbhisowndesires.However,HanChinese,asopposedtolaterBuddhists,seldom
praisedasceticismforitsownsake.

10.SuggestionbyNylan.

11.YTC6/11aalsoemphasizesthewasteengenderedbythewronggovernmentalpolicies.

12.CYYT15/21/3(Wilhelm,88Kunst,281),citedbySMK6/6a.

13.Takinghanghang ("abundantgrace").

14.YTC6/11aquoteslinesbythehistorianSsumaCh'ien (ca.A.D.100):"Tobatheinpreciousoils./Tosingofhardwork."

15.Literally,"[Tryingto]tightlyfit[together]its(his?)faultsdivergences."Themetaphorisoneofjammingthetwosidesofthegatetogetherdespitetheirlackoffit.
Alternately(?),"shuttingthedooronhisfaults"(i.e.,ignoringhisfaults).Or,followingFW6/12b,readingchih (making"fine"or"dense").

16.CPL6/12a.

17.FollowingtheWJLedition(6/6b).

18.SMK6/6bandCWK,p.223,n.11,however,assumethatspring,withitsredtipsandwhitesprouts,isprefiguredhere.

19.FW6/12b.Cf.YTC6/11bandCPL6/12b.ThereisaprobablereferencetoChinesealchemy(bothchemicalandphysiological)here.KoHungusescinnabaras
oneexampleofmetamorphosis,foritis"naturallyred"butcapableof"whitening"sothatit"lookslikelead."SeePPT16/2a(Ware,263),citedinNeedham,v(2),63
foracomparableWesternexampleofthe"albification"ofcinnabar,seeConnell,p.21.OfinterestalsoareNeedham,v(3),150on"TheOriginsofAlchemy"and
ibid.,V(5),239forphysiologicalalchemy.Manyearlyalchemicalrecipesmentionminium(redoxide)andwhitelead.

20.Pankenier(1990a).

No.75.Failure

1.Or,followingSerruys,"Hedeeplygiveshimselfthesubtlesigns."Or,byapunwhenchi ,"Hedeeplycriticizeshimself."SeeFW6/13a.

 Page607

2.CPL6/13areadsmieh notas"destroy"butas"submerge."SinceAppraisal1correspondstowater,ifweimitatethelimpidandemptyqualitiesofwater,the
knifebladeplungesinwithoutdoingharm.

3.Assumingthatling ("omen").YTC6/12aCPL6/13aCWK,p.225,n.4,followhereandintheFathoming.

4.Or,readingcheng,"tofearomens."Literally,"Hedoesnotknowtofearminute[signs]."

5.SMK6/6b.

6.Literally,"goingtotheend."FW6/13a13b,however,takestsu ("worried,""atwit'send"?).

7.FollowingWangYainreadinghs ("tobeconcernedabout").

8.WangYareadssung ("careful")CWK,p.225,n.5,as"selfrestrained."

9.Orpossibly"practices."SeeMorohashi24664.However,asinTHC62/A3,YTC6/12aCPL6/13aandCWK,p.225,n.5,readtsu as"source"ofthe
heartWangYa,as"master."

10.FollowingtheFWedition(6/13b)inwritingchenglu .Otherwise,thefinallinereads,"Helosestheright[amount]ofincome."

11.Ode300/7(Legge,629).Cf."Glosses,"p.184.

12.Documents,"Mushih,"par.5(Legge,302Karlgren,29).

13.CWK,p.226,n.11,readsas,"Change[whennearly]inthecoffin"[i.e.,atdeath'sdoor].

14.SMK6/7a,however,hasthisdescribethedyingmanwhoinstructshisdescendantsfromhisdeathbed.

No.76.Aggravation

1.Alternately,chieh means"special,""lackingamate."SeeFang6/42/24.

2.However,somecommentators,includingCWK,p.227,n.2,sayli ("tomeet").

3.ButFW6/14btakeslei ("causedisaster").

4.YTC6/13bandCPL6/14breadthecognateshih ,however.

5.Forparallelism,followingtheSungChung,SungWeikan,andWangYaeditionsinreadingthevariantneishang ("recognizesitasharmful").CWK,p.228,
n.4,agrees.

6.CCFL8/30/11bSY1/10bLHCC14:295(Forke,I,119),whereheiscalledKingYeninobservanceofanEasternHantabooandFSTY5:41.

7.Ifchiang ,itmeans,"Heisunabletoadvance."

8.Ode165/5(Legge,255)Documents,"Chiukao"(Legge,399412Karlgren,4346).

9.CPL6/14b.

10.Forchn seeLC12/10(Legge,I,453).Itusuallyreferstofoodleftoverafterthefirstrepast.Itcanalsorefersimplytocookeddishes.SeeGSR468x,436.

 Page608

11.TungYunghadlosthismotherinchildhood,sothepoemonlymentionshiscareofhisfather.ForaHandynastydepictionoftheTungYung story,seeWu
Hung,pp.28991.Mytranslationcloselyfollowsp.291.

12.Seeibid.,pp.3034fortextandillustration.

13.Takingy as"levelwith"(?).Alternately,itmeans"and."

14.Readingssu asthefinalparticle,asinOde199/1.SeeSerruys(n.d.),PartII,on"TheVerbs'tobe'...."

15.Literally,"Theyregardhimashome."

16."Four"deletedbyNylan"hisrealm"addedbyNylan.Thisreading,whichplaysoffadifferentsenseofman insteadofFourStates.

17.ThemetaphorcomesfromFW6/15b.

18.LT,ch.76(Lau,138).

19.Alternately,"Seawaterinfloodsflying."

20.FollowingFW6/16ainreadingpi .

21.Or,accordingtoFW6/16a,ordinarypeoplearesobenightedinthisagethatthey"cannotbemadetounderstand...."sothattheystoptheevil.

22.Also,seeHS26:1305,wherecomets(symbolizedbythebirdshere?)reachtotheMilkyWayortheWeaverGirl(2x).ForthelegendoftheWeaverGirland
Oxherd,seeLoewe(1979),pp.11215.Bothoccurencesportendviolence.

No.77.Compliance

1.Alternately,"harmonizes."

2.Literally,"withoutendpoints."

3.Forthesignificanceofhuntun,seeGirardot,p.25ff.

4.Fortheassociationofyangch'iwiththesquareandwith"edges,"seePowers(1978).

5.Cf.thedescriptionofwomengiventhroughoutdeBeauvoir.

6.CYYT4/2/yen(Wilhelm,394)AccordingtoCYYT51/Shuo/11(Wilhelm,274),"K'unmeans'motherhood.'"

7.CYYT3/2/t'uan(Wilhelm,386).

8.CYYT3/2/t'uan(Wilhelm,388).

9.SMK6/8atakestheseasfourvirtuesleadingtouprightbehavior.

10.SeeCYYT4/2/6,yen(Wilhelm,395Kunst,243).

11.Thecharacterkao isthetechnicaltermfora"twomontholdfetus."

12.Serruysprefers,"Thewomanitburdens."

13.SeevanGulik,pp.132,147.

14.Forachangeinthemeaningofthetermjen inHantimes,seeWallacker,p.221ff.

15.Cf.LT,ch.6(Lau,62).

16.E.g.,Analects1/16(Waley,87)LT,ch.22(Lau,79)andLT,ch.24(Lau,81).

17.SeeCYYT42/HsiA/7(Wilhelm,306).

18.Cf.CYYT3/2/4(Wilhelm,14Kunst,243).

19.Anotherpun,sincehuang refersalsotoyellowEarth.

 Page609

20.Cf.CYYT3/2/t'uan(Wilhelm,388),andtheargumentationofthe"Hungfan"chapteroftheDocuments.

21.SeeGirardot,p.150ff.

22.CYYT42/HsiA/7(Wilhelm,307).

23.Or,"onallsides."

24.Averyloosetranslation.SeetheAppendixforchen.

25.Thepossessivecheh signifiestheDecreeofasuperiorpower,beitHeavenortheruler.

26.YFan commentaryontheImagestoOppression(Hexagram47),ascitedinSivin(1974),p.52.

No.78.OntheVerge

1.Serruysprefers,"fords"or"crossesthestream."IfollowFW6/18a,whichglosseschi .

2.Alternately,with444scansion,"Yang,extending,isabouttoreturn.Itbeginstogointothelowerregions."

3.CYYT39/64/hsiang(Wilhelm,716).

4.LT,ch.64(Lau,125).

5.Thecharactersui referstothecountenanceshiningwithvirtue.SeeMencius7A/21(Lau,186).

6.Readingthisliterallyas,"Easeonaccountofthisfollows."However,Serruysprefers:"Beingatease,itismadealater[worry],"where"it"refersto''attainingfull
perfection."

7.SeetheWangYacommentary.FordifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternnotionsofcreation,seeMote(1972).

8.Tacheh however,chehnormallyreferstosmallbirds.

9.AwellknownanecdoteregardingDukeP'ingofChin(r.557532)employsthesameimagerytolamenttheduke'slackofgoodadvisors.SeeSY8/1a,8a.

10.Followingseveralcommentators,readingshih .Serruys,however,preferstoreaditas"failstobe."

11.Cf.CYYT26/42/t'uan(Wilhelm,597),citedbySY8/1a.

12.Or,"kicking"(?),sincepa .

13.Literally,"Theirharmisnotfaraway."

14.Cf.SY8/1a.FollowingFW6/19aSMK6/9a.However,CWK,p.235,n.10,regardsthisasmetaphorforthesagewhoriskshisownlifewhenhehastensto
saveothers.

15.Readingpo as"tospreadout,""tobringforth."

16.FW6/19aandCPL6/19athinkredsilkwormsareold.WangYaandYTC6/17bsaythatdiseasedsilkwormsarered.

17.FW6/19a.

18.YTC6/17b:"Rottenabilitiesareplacedinaruinoussituation."

No.79.Difficulties

1.Alternately,fang means"justnow."

2.SungWeikancommentary.

3.FollowingFW6/19binreadingweichienhsing ("notyetseenthe

 Page610

form")also,adding"its."However,mostearlyeditions,includingSungChungandSMK6/9b,readchienweihsing ("Oneseesthatithasnotyettaken
_5F1C1D97CF14337
form.")insteadofweichienhsing.

4.YTC6/18bCPL6/19aandCWK,p.137,n.3.FW6/19binexplicablytakeswo torefertoyinch'i.

5.Literally,"Freezingicefrom/inicethaws,"preferringthetextusdifficiliorpreservedinWJL6/9b,basedonearlyeditions.ContrastFW6/19bCPL6/19b.

6.Literally,"missesthewood."FollowingFW6/19binequatingch'uai ,apparentlysignifying"vegetationdroppingdown''(privatecommunication).Cf.
Serruys(1984),p.699,no.217.TheSWthereforeputsbothcharactersinthesamephoneticset.SeeSW5A:99,6B:29.Notethedifferentsolutionsby
YTC6/17bandCPL6/19b.

7.Alternately,thesubjectofthepoemcouldbeaman,whowalksacrossthemeltingriveroficeandisunabletodisciplinehishorse.

8.Takingtuan asan"immatureorinfertilefetus"which"rots."SeeFY9:27forthis.

9.CWK,p.237,n.6.

10.WangYaYTC6/18a.

11.CWK,p.237,n.7,readsch'in ("illness,"andso"calamity"ingeneral).

12.ThelatterreadingpreferredbyFW6/20aWangYaYTC6/18aandCWK,p.137,n.6.TheformerreadingisreflectedintheAppraisaltranslationthelatter,
intheFathoming.

13.Thisisthelocusclassicusforthereduplicativech'uanch'uan ("theappearanceofbeingheavilyladenandtardy").CPL6/20a,however,thinksthe
reduplicativeindicatesa"flood"ofcarriages.

14.FW6/20btakeschenchen ("difficulttocausetocomeout").

15.FW6/20bandYTC6/18bbothreadchin inanolderformcouldbemistakenfortheolderformofyin.

16.Fortheequationofpreparingafieldforplantingwithclearingaplaceofevil,seeHS38:1992therethephrase"deeplywetill"signalstheaudiencethatthe
usurpingLclanwillbeexecuted.

17.Someeditionsreadhsiehchieh ,onevariantnameforthemarvelousanimal.Formoreinformationonthebeast,seeTHC72/A8.

18.Literally,"onemakesthehsiehchihbuttwiththehorn."

19.Or,"Intheend,thereby[thehsiehchih]goesstraighttowardstheoften

 Page611

ders."SMK6/10awritesfan .Allothereditionswriteshih ,referringtothosewhoseconductisdeflected(i.e.,criminal).Shihistobepreferredsinceit

preservestherhyme.

No.80.Laboring

1.Severalearlyeditions,however,addmou ("planning").SeeSMK6/10aCWK,p.238.

2.Serruysprefers,"Laboring[for]thosewithasenseofobligation."

3.WangYareadsk'ungk'ung (''havingintegrityandhonesty").

4.Literally,"Diligence,hehasitinemotion."

5.Forthisargument,see,e.g.,Analects1/6(Waley,84),1/7(Waley,84),1/2(Waley,83).CPL6/21aciteshereOde155/1(Legge,233):"Withloveandwithtoil
Inourishedthem."

6.SeeGSR5837a.

7.Seebelow.

8.Thisreduplicativesuggestsahighpitchedandinsistentcry.

9.SeeFW6/21bSungChungWangYaandYY33:669

10.Analects7/19(Waley,127[renum.]).

11.FollowingFW6/21b22aSungChungandLuChi.Someothereditionsreadk'uang ,however.

12.Cf.CYYT24/39/1,3,4,6,hsiang(Wilhelm,582Kunst,317)forthesamephrase.CWK,p.240,n.7,however,takeschien ("troubles"),andthe
reduplicativeas"repeatedobstacles."

13.YTC6/19b.

14.Serruysprefers,"Itwillbedefeating,"whichreadsGSR341aas341e.

15.SeeSW2B/46a,whichdefineschi ("diligentandquick").Althoughthereduplicativecanalsodescribe"reverentdemeanor,"Serruysunderstandsitas
"withtrepidation,"takingtherootmeaningas"trampling."SeeGSR798k.

16.Shuang ("bright,""enlightened").

17.Mencius3A/4(Lau,102).

18.FY8:38,looselytranslated.

No.81.Fostering

1.Kunst,p.293,hasthehexagramtitletranslatedas"Jaws,"however.

2.Literally,p'eng alsomeans"tocollapse,""todeflate."CWK,p.242,n.2,arguesthatbothreadingsapplyhere.

3.Literally,"soaks,"readingou ("hides").Inthatcase,yanghidesthemyriadthingstoprotectthemfromculminatingyinch'i.

4.CYYT18/27/t'uan(Wilhelm,521).

 Page612

5.FW6/22bandCWK,p.243,n.3,definemei ("tomakeflourish").

6.SeeFY5:1213,ascitedinYTC6/20b.

7.Cf.KT16149/4a(Rickett[a],163).

8.YTC6/21areadsyan ("great"),butthisseemslesslikelysincethisisanearlyAppraisal.

9.However,CPL6/23areadsp'ienp'ien ,meaning"towheelaroundinsoaringflight,"apparentlyonthebasisofFW6/23a,whichtalksofswallowsbothflying
andeating.Cf.MKH,I,30(3a),whereasimilarglossisfound.CWK,p.243,n.6,follows.

10.Literally,"Theirintentionsare'invasive',"followingCPL6/23a,whichdefinesthereduplicativeas"likeoccupying[another's]position."SeeGSR778b.Cf.YTC
6/21a,whichdefinescheh as''havinggottenthis,looking[greedily]atthat."

11.Literally,"Itisadvantageousandusefulingoingontheattackanddoingbusiness,"meaningtheswallowsprovideamodelorformulaforsuchactivity.Notethe
hedgerhymeinGSR778and38b.

12.FollowingFW6/23b.Cf.CWK,p.243,n.6,citingSW6B/130b.

13.CPL6/23a.

14.SinceAppraisal4iscorrelatedwiththebureaucracy,perhapsthoseatcourt,likeTzushuYiofold,careonlyforpersonalprofit.SeeMencius4B/10(Lau,92),
citedbyYTC6/21a:"Thoughhisadvicewasnotfollowedwhileinoffice,thisdidnotpreventhimfromgettingtheyoungermembersofhisfamilyintohighoffice....
Hewastheonlyonewhohadhisown'vantagepoint'therein."

15."Even"and"old"areimpliedintheoriginal.

16.Fu means"tohatch."

17.SMK6/11b,however,speaksofthemyriadthings'inabilitytorequite(paofu )suchmarvelousvirtue.

18.Followingthetextusdifficilior,onthebasisofaparallelinOde47/2.Asecondreadingwouldbe:"Rising,heattains,"followingFW6/23b,whichwriteste .
Cf.CWK,p.242,n.7.

19.However,YTC6/21bandCPL6/23breadtz'utz'u ("insecure"),whichdescribestheattitudeofthoseofferingsacrifice.

20.CPL6/23bsaysthatalthoughtheomenhasbeentakenfromafattenedox,andthesacrificialmeatseatentofattentheparticipants'bodies,theydonotrealizethat
deathisnearathand.

21.FollowingLuChi.

22.FW6/23b.Fortheassociationofbloodsacrificeswithheterodoxcults,seeStein(1979).

23.SeeYTC6/21bandCWK,p.244,n.8,citingCTYT90/32/47(Watson,360).

24.YTC6/22aassumesthattheysymbolizethe"illness"thegentlemanmustcure.Cf.WangYa.

25.ThefirstcharacterizationcomesfromSMK6/11bthesecond,fromYTC6/22a.

 Page613

26.FW6/24a,however,arguesthatitisthesmallboyandthewomanwhohavenothingtodowithoneanother.

27.CPL6/23b.Cf.YTC6/22a.

28.ThisisapopularHanpun.

29.SeeCWK,p.244,n.11.

30.SeeCWK,p.245,n.1.

Autocommentaries

Hsanch'ung

1.NotethatFW7/1aspeaksof"givingbirthtothecountryofkilling."

2.Literally,"tobeorphaned."

3.FW7/1asays,"[because]thingsarenewlyborn."

4.FollowingCWK,p.248,n.8.However,Serruysreadsthisas,"[preserves]manyold[things]."

5.Foronedefinitionof"squareness,"seeCYYT4/2/yen(Wilhelm,393)40/HsiA/4(Wilhelm,296)48/HsiB/7(Wilhelm,349).SeealsoPeterson(1982).

6.AnallusiontoHTYT108/32/12(notinDubs).

7.Forthisconcept,seeLC9/1(Legge,I,36465).

8.Readingthecharacterasjih ,onthebasisofFW7/1b.

9.AsFW7/1bsays,towaitfortherighttimetomove.

10.Or,"EaseisequitablewhileWatchisbiased."

11.However,CWK,p.251,n.26,readsch'i ("stalwartness").

12.Literally,huai ("whatisharboredinthebreast").

13.Or,"tothecountryside."

14.FW7/2bsays,becauseitmarkstheSummerOnsetsolarperiod.

15.Tentativetranslationoftheverbchih basedonFW7/2aHsHan,citedinWJL,p.1006b.However,CWK,p.222,n.1p.252,n.35,readsas"joinwith."
Sincethetetragramisalignedwiththehexagram"Bitingthrough,"oneistemptedtoreadthemeaningof''cutthrough"here.

Hsants'o

1.Or,"revolves."

2.AccordingtoHsHan,thisreferstotimelinessandthings.

3.Literally,"variegated."

4.FW7/3bsays,"seeingdifficulty,torecoil."

5.Cf.Ode114/2(Legge,175)foracomparableuseofthisreduplicative.

6.SeetheHsHancommentary,citedinWJL,p.1017a.

7.AccordingtoFW7/3b,"ofthingsastheyshedtheirdriedhusks."

8.Forthismeaningofhsiehhang ,seeOde28/2(Legge,43).SeeKarlgren(1964),p.109,n.71.

9.Or,"no[preferred]direction."

10.Or,"noduality."

11.Tentativetranslationofchiehhoerh .FW7/4atakesittomean,"Alljointhetwo[where'two'referstoyinandyangch'I]."

12.YY33:670readsch'eng .

13.FW7/4btakesthistomean"parsimonious,"however.

 Page614

Hsanli

1.FW7/5aglossesthisli (GSR24),meaning"tobedispersed."Mytranslationattemptstocapturebothmeanings.

2.Literally,"categories."

3.Literally,"takesasstuffandfashions."YTC7/3bsays"givesbirthtoandnourishes."

4.FollowingFW7/5a,whichclearlyassumesareferencetotheprimevalchaos.CPL7/2btakeshswu .YTC7/3bsayssimplythatthisreferstoHeaven.

5.Or,it"givesbirthtowhatisround"[i.e.,thesun],"followingFW7/5a.Sivinprefers,"[thethings]areproducedbyitscompass."Serruysprefers,"comestolifein
the[Heavengiven]nature."

6.FW7/5a,however,glossesmo ("numbers"or"calculations").

7.FW7/5btakes"thesevering"astheseparationofpureyinfrompureyang,andthe"joining"astheadmixtureofyinandyang.CPL7/2bfollows.

8.Theheavensmovetowardtheleftwhilethesunmovestowardtheright.TheymeetintheircircuitsattheWinterSolstice.

9.IamgratefultoPaulSerruysfordifferentiatingchungshih .AccordingtoFW7/5b,thismeans,"Nonearetardyorhasty,nordotheystrayfromtheirorbits."
CPL7/2bfollows.

10.Cf.CYYT40/HsiA/3(Wilhelm,294).Forfurtherinformation,seePeterson(1982).Serruysprefers"naturaltendency"forch'ing .

11.CPL7/3asaysthatthesageseekshisoriginsinhumannaturesoastopredictindividualfate.

12.HeavenEarthMan,accordingtoFW7/6aYTC7/4bandCWK,p.267,n.12thesun,moon,and[other]heavenlybodies,accordingtoCPL7/3a.Ifollow
FW.

13.FW7/6asaysthisreferstoyinandyangrespectively,sinceyiniscorporealand"muddy"whileyangisetherealand"pure."CPL7/3abelievesthephrase"thick
andthin"referstotherelativeendowmentsgiventodifferentthingsbyHeaven.Iftheendowmentis"thick,"manisbornif"thin,''thenathing.

14.SeeCYYT29/47/6(Wilhelm,184)forthedefinitionofwunieh .Cf.YTC7/4b.

15.Thismayalsorefertothefactthatyinisassociatedwithharvesting,ratherthandispensing.FW7/6acitesCYYT51/Shuo/11(Wilhelm,275)insupport.

16.Tentativetranslation,basedoncertainpassageswherethebinomeychou unambiguouslyreferstospacesandtimes(e.g.,HNT11:178).Sivincomments
thathe"doesnotfeelateaseinterpretingychouastwoabstractionsthatcanbeidentifiedwithmodernorevenAristoteliancontinua."Heprefers"spaces"and
"times"astranslation"tokeepthemconcrete"(privatecommunication).However,Serruysthinksychouheredescribestheupperandlowerworlds,withreference
totheKait'ienastronomicaltheory,whichhasHeavenlikeahugedomedvaultperchedontheflatplateofEarth.Inthatcase,thepassagesays,"Forthisreason,
whatenclosesHeaven,itwecallthe'sideeaves.'

 Page615

Whatopensbutfromthe'sidecaves,'itwecallthe'canopy'[i.e.,thevaulteddomeoftheheavens]."

17.However,FW7/6breadsso ("numbers").

18.Or,"omens."

19."Theheavensandthesuncrosspaths"refersclearlytotheangle(roughly23)betweentheequator,paralleltowhichthestarsmove,andtheecliptic,onwhichthe
sunmove.IamindebtedtoSivin(privatecommunication)forthisinformation.

20.FW7/7areadsliu .Hethentakes"deathandlife"torefertothemoon'swaxingandwaning.

21.Or,are"incessantly"produced.CWK,p.269,n.22,readsch'an ,followingFW7/7a.CPL7/5aattributestheunceasingproductionofthemyriadthings
totheslightdisjunctionbetweentheannualcyclesoftheheavensandthesun.

22.Literally,"whatAllunderHeavenhasunited."

23.Including"benighted"membersofthehumanrace.

24.Or,"rendersmysterious."

25.Literally,"makesasecretofthatbywhichitiswhatitis."ComparethelanguageofLT,ch.34(Lau,93).

26.NotehowbeautifullyYangHsiungpunsontheantonymiccognatesmiao .

27.Translationtentative.Alternately,"bringingintofullplay."SeeCWK,p.271,n.31.

28.CPL7/4atakes"it"tomean"thephrasing[oftheMystery]."

29.FollowingFW7/8a.CWK,p.271,n.32,however,readschi ("cometo").

30.Tentativetranslationofk'uangch'ifouchehu ,basedonYTC7/6aandCPL7/4b,whosay,"Ithasneverbeenthecasethatthosewhodidnotseek
[theMystery]wererespondedto."HsHansays,"Howmuchmoreunlikelywoulditbethecase[thatthereisaresponse]forthosewhodonotdo[this]?"(See
WJL,p.1019a.)Serruysfollows.FW7/8a,however,readsitas,"HowmuchlesswoulditbethecasewithwhatisnottheMystery?''

31.ThelanguageistakenfromHTYT73/19/63(Dubs,306).

32.FW7/8areadswang .

33.Takingchien .Serruysprefers,"toembracinglytakecontrol."

34.I.e.,fate.

35.HsHan,however,readshshsing ("emptyandwithoutform").SeeWJL,p.1019b.FW7/8bfollows.

36.Tentativetranslation.MytranslationofthesetermsisbasedonTHC"Hsanying"7/9a(p.1022a).

37.Tentativetranslation.CWK,p.272,n.46,readsthisaschihliyangy ("toorderandtonourish").

38.NotethetypicalHanconfusionof"graded"and"ungraded"love(jen ).SeeWallacker.

 Page616

39.LoosetranslationofthephraseliehS .Thematchescouldpresumablybemadeinsocietyatlarge(forexample,amanoftalent"matches"agovernmentpost)
andincategoricalthinking.FW7/9aapparentlytakesitinthelattersense.

40.CPL7/5atakes"fitting"toreferto"propertiming."

41.CWK,p.273,n.50,arguesthatthecharacterchih ("tobemasterof").

42.Or"dangerous."

43.Followingtheusagefortang ("towash")Serruysreadsitas"tospread."

44.Literally,"comparatively[or,'measurably']manifest."FW7/9baddstzu here.

45.SeeGSR833z,fortherelatedmeaningsof"settles,""quiets,"and"finishes."

46.YY33:670readst'i ,meaning"tomakeclear."CWK,p.273,n.55,follows.Forthewholepassage,cf.LT,ch.77(Lau,139).

47.YTC7/8asaysthat"it"ineachcasereferstotheMystery.

48.YTC7/8areadst'ojan ("securely").

49.MostcommentatorstakesheriandmingtorefertothegodsofHeavenandEarthrespectively,andbyextension,toyinandyangch'i.SeeCPL7/6a,for
example.

50.Thatis,HeavenEarthMan,thetriadicrealms.However,anunnamedcommentatortoTHCSB7/10aassumesthatYangrefersheretoLT,ch.42(Lau,103).

51.FW7/10bequatespei (category).

52.Thatis,thenineAppraisals.SeeFW7/10b.

53.Literally,so"therearenohardcorners."

54.Theseareconstellationsoftheeasternandwesternquadrantsofthesky.

55.Theseareconstellationsofthesouthernandnorthernquadrantsofthesky.

56.Literally,"makethemrevolve"[inthemindorwithastronomicalinstruments].

57.The'SevenRegulators'referstothesun,moon,andfiveplanets.Fortheoriginaluseofthisterm,seeDocuments,"Yaotien,"par.16(Legge,33Karlgren,4).
TheJasperTemplateandJadeLevel(seebelow)alsofigureinthesamepassageofthe"Yaotien."

58.Tentativetranslation.FW7/10breadschi ("center"),meaningthecircumpolarstars.CWK,p.275,n.64,agrees.

59.ThisphrasecanrefertoeitherthePolestarortheCalendarthatwasbegunin104B.C.Forfurtherinformation,seeLoewe(1974),pp.1736.TheHanChinese
didnotdistinguishbetweentruenorthandthePolestar.

60.Literally,"pushthrough."

61.ByHantimes,scholarswereconfusedabouttheexactnatureofthehsanchi.Somebelievedittobeanastronomicalsightingtubeothers,anarmil

 Page617

larysphere.Foramodernsolution,seeNeedham,III,334ff.HoPengyoke,pp.5966.BoththeJasperTemplateandtheJadeLevel(seebelow)alsoreferto
certainstarsintheNorthernDipperconstellation.FW7/11atakesbothtermstorefertothesestars,butitisunclearwhetherYangHsiungreferstocertainstarsinthe
nightskyortophysicalinstrumentsusedonearthinastronomicalcalculations.

62.Ifthisreferstoanastronomicalinstrument,itmaybesomekindofjadetransversetube.

63.TheFWeditionmistakenlyreadsjen .

64.Cf.CYYT39/HsiA/1(Wilhelm,280).

65.Or,"continuewithoutend,"followingFW7/11b.Seeabove.

66.Notethetwosynonymousbinomeshere.Thetwosyllablesinthesecondbinomesharethesameinitial,final,andtone.

67.Literally,"theendthreadthat[can]notbedrawnout."Inotherwords,withthehelpoftoolsliketheMysterywemovefromseeingvisibleimagesto
comprehendingtheunderlyingpatternsofexistence.

68.Andsoknowthemintimatelyaspartofasinglesystem.

69.Fromthesummersolsticetotheendoftheyear,becauseatthesummersolsticethesunisintheEasternWell,asouthernconstellation.

70.FW7/13asays,"thecoldburnsoldgrasses."

71.Fromthewintersolsticeon.Atthewintersolstice,thesunisintheOxherd,anorthernconstellation.

72.SeeNeely.

73.YTC7/11asaysthatatthewintersolsticetheDipper(nowbelowthehorizon)startstotravelfromtheeast,whereasatthesummersolsticetheDipper(now
directlyoverheadinthesky)startsitsreturnfromthewest.

74.AccordingtoFW7/13b,thisreferstothegodsofHeavenandEarth.

75.CWK,p.279,n.85,however,sayssimply,"conjoin."

Hanying

1.Takingk'ai inhiscommentary.Forthephilosophicalimplicationsofho,seeBroschat,pp.13133.

2.SeeTHC"Hsanli,"footnote16forthecompoundychou .

3.YTC7/11bglossesshih ("sack,""bag,""bellows"),areferencetothebulgingshapeofHeaven'svault.

4.Midnightisconsideredtheoriginofday.Thefirstdayofthelunarmonthistheoriginofthemonth.Thewintersolsticeistheoriginofthelunaryear.Thechiatzu
yearistheoriginofthesixtyyearcycle.

5.The"span"isequalto8Haninches,whilethe"pace"isequalto6Hanfeet.SeeLoewe(1961).AccordingtoCWK,pp.28384,n.3,YangHsiungrefersto
measurementsbythegnomon.Serruyspreferstoreadthesentence,

 Page618

"Heavenoriginatedthespanandpace[measurements]."TheWJLedition(p.1021a)movesthecharacterpu severallinesdown.

6.FW7/13breadshun .

7.Translationtentative.FW7/14adefinesp'inshu ("categoriesofthings").

8.WithinthenineAppraisals,nos.13,46,and79makeupthethreeTables.

9.Thatis,thenineAppraisalsineachtetragram.

10.FW7/14a,however,defineskualo ("flowinto[oneanother]").

11.Thatis,whatevercluesexisttothehandlingofthings(tuanhs ("settleuptheirwork").Inthatcase,one"separatesout[individual]tasks.''

12.CWK,p.285,n.10,however,says,"whichareinterwoven."

13.FollowingCWK,p.286,n.12,inreadingching .AccordingtoCWK,thissaysthattheiractivitybecomespredictableoncecalendarsareestablished.

14.Each30odddegreesofthefullsky.ThiscouldalsorefertothetwelveEarthlyBranches.

15.Forthisphrase,seeDocuments,"Yaotien,"par.16(Legge,33Karlgren,4).

16.Forthisdefinitionofchen ,seeGSR455p.

17.SeeDocuments,"Hungfan,"par.4(Legge,324Karlgren,30).

18.FW7/15areadsy ).

19.Forfurtherinformation,seeBodde(1959).

20.Takingchi refersto"savingthecommonpeople."

21.Literally,"flowing."

22.However,CWK,p.287,n.19,readschien ("companions"),perhapsimplying"alternates."Formoreonthemusicsystem,seeTHC"Hsanshu,"footnote18.

23.Thisreferstothecorrelationsofthetwelvepitchpipeswiththetwelvemonthsofthecalendar.

24.FollowingHancosmologicalaccountsintakingwu ,ratherthanabsolutenothingness.

25.FW7/16breadsy ,followingCWK,p.287,n.22.

26.Thisstatement,ofcourse,agreeswiththeTaoistaccountofantiquity.Asweshallsee,however,YangHsiungsoongoesontodisparagethisstressfreesociety.
ManypassagesintheFYandTHCshowthenobleperson"worrying."E.g.,FY6:18saysthatthesageworrieswhenhisattemptsatpersuasionarenotinaccord
withtheWay,thoughhedoesnotworryaboutwhathecannotchange(another'sreceptionofhispersuasions)THC11/A3,A7showapprehensionsleadingto
reform.SinceLT,ch.20(Lau,76)clearlytiesthe"exterminationof

 Page619

learning"to"havingnoworries,"YangHsiungcannotdescribethetruesageas"unworried."

27.Thiscouldmeanboththatonedrillstogetattheessentialsubstance[i.e.,wisdom]oftheturtleandthatoneboresintoone'sownsoultofindessentialanswers.

28.FW7/16bdefinesch'ien (GSR731fas731a),sothatitmeans"takentogether."

29.Forching ,Serruysprefers,"intuitivesense."Basically,chingreferstothe"quintessential,"asinotherpassages.

30.Moreliterally,"Whensinglemindedconcentrationusesthebonecracksandmilfoil,thespiritspushfortheirchanges.Whensinglemindedconcentrationuses
thoughtanddeliberation..."

31.Literally,"itshavingwhatitfollows."FW7/17aquotesAnalects7/1(Waley,123),whereConfuciussaysofhimselfthathe"transmitsbutdoesnotcreateonhis
own."

32.Anattempttocapturetherangeofassociations(including"undifferentiated"and"complete")forthecosmogonictermhn .

33.FollowingFW7/17binreadingch'eh ("tobeworriedabout").

34.Literally,"thetrunk."Serruyswouldtranslatethisas"capacity."

35.Readingch'ung ("theend").

36.Literally,"notspreadaround."

37.Or,"naturaltendencies."FW7/18asays,"Iftherewerenopatterns,therewouldbenowaytoseetheessentials.Iftherewerenophrasings,therewouldbeno
waytoseeactualconditions."

38.Literally,"haswhatadheres[orcontinues]andwhatcomplies[orconforms]."

39.Thedefinitionofthefourkeytermsusedinthisparagraphistentative.Thecommentatorsprovidelittlehelp.FW7/18asays,"Yin is"falconsbeing
metamorphosedintopigeons."However,YTC7/16bsaysthatyinmeans''beingbasedonwhatexistsfromold"hsnmeans"followingtheircompletedlaws"ke
means"changingwhatisoldorflawedaboutthem"andhuameans"changingtheiroldhabits."Foradiscussionofsimilarproblemstranslatingcomparableterms
foundinthe"GreatCommentary"totheChanges,seeSivin(1977)andSivin(1990).Inthesecondpaper(p.10),Sivinconcludesthatyinandhsnareadaptive
change,thatkoischangeofsomethingintoitscategoricalopposite,andthathuaischangethataffectsidentity.Roth,p.92,similarlytranslatesyinas"adaptation."

40.Or,"weregardthemasdivine."

41.Or,"weregardthemasfitting."Quitepossibly,sinceshen referstothegodofthesoil(i.e.,Earth),wehavehereamorepointedreferencetowhatispleasing
tothegodsofHeavenandEarth.

 Page620

42.Or,"reason."

43.Literally,"aresynonymouswiththeefficacyofsuccessandfailure."

44.Seethe"Introduction"forYangHsiung'stheoryofhumannature.AsFW7/19awrites,"[Man]receivesthemfromHeaventheycannotbechanged."

45.SeetheminorchangeinwordingproposedbyYY33:671.

46.Atentativetranslation.SeeTHC16/A4.

47.ThisdescriptionrecallsthecommentarytoHexagram11("T'ai"):"Inside(referringtothelowertrigram),itisyangandoutside(referringtotheuppertrigram),itis
yininsideitisstrongandoutsideitiscompliant."Thissituationreflectstheperfectionthatderivesfrombalance.seeCYYT9/11/t'uan(Wilhelm,441).

48.Or,"hecanusebeinglower[than]others."

49.Or,"assist."

Hsanshu

1.Suchtermsascheh,kung,andshangdesignatemovablenotescomparabletodo,re,mi,etc.asusedintheAngloAmericanchoralmusictradition.Forfurther
information,seevonFalkenhausen(forthcoming),p.208ff.

2.Forthedutiesandapplications,seeDocuments,"Hungfan,"par.6(Legge,32627Karlgren,30).

3.SeeKT9/13b(notinMaverickorRickett).

4.Takingyi ,onthebasisofmanyHanpuns.

5.Deletingthephrasetato onthebasisofYY33:671,whocitesFW.

6.Alternately,"troops."

7.Or,withradical9insteadof149,"usurpation."

8.Or,"writing."

9.Ortall.

10.Deletingthephraseweili ("Itisritual."),becauseofrepetition.

11.Literally,the"essence."

12.FW8/11aYTC8/6bandCWK,p.320,n.199,tiethisto"planting"crops.

13.Or,accordingtoFW8/11a,"boundarywalls."

14.Thatis,affairshavingtodowithwomen.

15.Or,withradical75insteadof93,"outercoffins."

16.Thesemaybethoughtofasthenamesoftonalities.InthepreHanperiod,therewerevariouswaystoindicatethissystemofpitchstandards.YangHsiungadopts
thenomenclaturesimilartothatfavoredintheChouli.

17.Falkenhausen(forthcoming),p.212if.,showsthatthenomenclatureandsignificanceofthetitlesforthepitchstandardsvariedovertime.Therefore,Itranslate
onlythenameoftheimportantHuangchungpitchstandard.Forallofthese,seePianalso.

18.Theimplicationsofthisareasfollows:Thesixmalepitches(alsoknownastheSixBeginnings)jointhesixfemalepitchstandards(alsocalledtheSix
Intermediaries)inasinglemusicalsystemcoveringtherangeofoneoctave.Thesixfemalepitches,astheiralternatenameimplies,occupythepositionsinbetweenthe
sixmalepitchstandards.YangHsiungreferstothe"SubtractingorAddingaThirdMethod,"aformulatogenerateafullsetoftonesincertainintervallicrela

 Page621

tionstooneanother(comparabletothefamousSpiralofFifthsinWesternmusicaltheory).Bythismethod,theentireseriesoftwelvenotescanbegenerated
fromtheYellowBellpitchbyaprocessofalternatesubtractionandadditionofamusicalthird(inChineseterminology,producinga"superior"or"inferior"
generation).

19.See,however,CWK,p.327,n.250.

20.PresumablybecauseitreleasesWater,thepatronphasealignedwithno.1.

21.HereIsummarizetheChinesetext,whichranksbothsiblingsandbureaucraticscalesfromlower/lowertohigher/higherinninegrades.

22.Literally,"compasslikeplanning."

23.Tentativetranslation.FW8/17asaystzuju meansthat"[thethoughts]havenotyetbeencarriedout[intoaction]."YTC8/11asaysitmeans,"already
decided."CWK,p.328,n.256,agrees.Serruyssaysthephrasemeans,"tobetruetooneself."

Hsanwen

1.Translationtentative.CWK,p.334,n.4,defineschih ("toplant,""toflourish").

2.ThesefivemanticformulaearetreatedascounterpartstofourfoundintheChanges:yan .ForfurtherinformationontheFourQualities,seeShchutskii,pp.
13656.

3.SeeCWK,p.334,n.5,onthis.

4.Literally,thewhiteundyedstuffonwhichcolorsandpatternswillbeplaced.

5.SeeGSR1224g.CWK,p.334,n.14,however,definesch'u as"toencounter."

6.AreferencetoCYYT42/HsiA/8(Wilhelm,313),wherethephrasech'ulei ]itsowntype."FW9/2aequatesthiswith"beingborn."

7.Readingchiu ,followingFW9/2a.Cf.WJL,p.1028a.

8.ThelastsixsentencesareomittedinTHCSB9/2a.

9.FollowingFW9/2bintakingthisasanexclamation.

10.CWK,p.337,n.25,takespo commentaryinWJL9/1a(p.1028a).

11.Alternately,"Lastingtotheend,itmakesthemhidden[orprofound]."

12.Readingt'i ,sinceliisseldomusedasaverb.Otherwise,thephrasemeans,"topayritualcourtesy[to]thedivine."

13.Literally,"toconceal[himself]andshut[himselfofffromtheworld].MyreadingfollowsFW9/3a,whichsaysofthenobleman,"modelinghimselfonthehidden,
heacts."Notethattheseactionscorrespondtotheannualroundoftheseasons.

14.Or,"Ianswer,..."

15.Literally,is"mixed."

16.ProverbbasedonCYYT2/1/yen(Wilhelm,382).

 Page622

17.Literally,"initiating"or"creating"(tso ).

18.Thissignifiesthatthehorseisreadyandofvaluablestock.

19.Orsimply,"inprosperity."

20.Or,"makegrow."

21.Thereare3"Tables"ineachAppraisal:thefirst,composedofApp.13thesecond,ofApp.46andthethird,composedofApp.79.

22.Tentativetranslation.Chueh* couldalsomean"cutoff."SeeGSR296a.

23.THC"Hsanwen"9/2a(p.1029a),followingFW9/6bininterpretation.

24.Literally,"patternedandenlightened."

25.Throughtrueunderstanding,toseethelimitsofboth.

26.Or,"heplumbstheverymeaningofconditions."

27.Or,"wouldmakehissoulapproach[aperfection]withtheghostsandghosts."

28.Cf.thelanguageofFY5:13.

29.Thatis,whatever"goesagainst"hisgoodfortune.

Hsanyi

1.MaterialinbracketssuppliedbyFW9/8a.IuseFW,ratherthanWJL,asthebasicedition.

2.Translationtentative.FW9/8atakeswei )tomeansomethinglikethe"insandouts"ofaffairs.

3.Aloosetranslationfortsao ,asinAnalects5/17.

4.Cf.Documents,"Chiukao,"par.2(Legge,399Karlgren,43).

5.Thissentencemaybegarbled.Forfurtherinformation,seeCWK,p.349,n.17.

6.Inothercontexts,ni means"tomeasure"or"estimate."Here,however,asinYangHsiung'sbiographyandChangHeng'sassessmentofYangHsiung,theverbis
clearlyusedinanothersense:"tomakelike,""toimitate."Cf.HS87A:3515(Knechtges,13)HHS59:1897.

7.Or,thewarpofacloth.

8.FollowingFW9/9binglossinghaohuang )(SeeMorohashi28909.8CWTT29550.13)andthe"expendingandwasting"ofresourcesinsacrificialofferings.

9.Literally,"nodirection."Inotherwords,theycanoperateanywhere.

10.Serruysreadschi :"Borderingthemtherearenorules."

11.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.5(Legge,326Karlgren,30).

12.Forsymmetry,YangHsiunghereaddsthephrase"andfive."

13.Forfurtherinformation,seeHulsew(1955),p.103ff.

14.Cf.Documents,"Yaotien,"par.35(Legge,48[par.renum.]Karlgren,7).

15.Forthisexpression,whichreferstothedirectionalwinds,seeLC19/3(Legge,II,93)CCYT13/Yin5/5Tso(Legge,19).

 Page623

16.Literally,"donotdislikeareanother."Alternately,"donotbecomesatedwithoneanother"or"donotwoundeachother."Yi givesavisualpun:thebodyisshot
withanarrow,symbolofthepenis.

17.Or,"Manactsasmanthingactsasthing."

18.SW2A/34adefinestse .Therefore,theemendationsuggestedbyCWK,p.354,n.46,isunnecessary.

19.Serruysprefers,"flapsandgathers[wings]."

20.Cf.theTingKuan commentary(Han)totheChanges,citedinMKH,I,43(6a).

21.Presumably,becauseallthedistinctpotentialsareevenlydistributedamongvariouslivingthings,withnoonethingmonopolizingallofthem.SeeFW9/11b.

22.Thisisaproverb.SeeHTYT12/5/32(Dubs,74Knoblock,I,207)HY1A/4a(Ku,74).

23.PossiblyareferencetotheHeavenlygodsandEarthlyspirits?

24.Orpossiblyonthesundial.

25.Forthisdefinition,seeTHC"Hsanying"7/8a(p.1021a).

26.Literally,"divinelyenwombs[all]."Punctuatingdifferentlyafterpao ,incontrasttoWJLorCWK(p.346),whichapparentlyreadthisasthe"Heavenand
Earthactsasthedivinewomb[gestating]normsandchange."(However,CWK,p.355,n.54,somewhatcontradictsthis.)Thechangeinpunctuationprovidesa
slightlybetterrhythmicscansion.

27.AnapparentallusiontoCYYT39/HsiA/1(Wilhelm,286),whichassociates"beingeasy"and"beinglonglasting."Cf.CYYT41/HsiA/5:"Beinggoodatmakingit
easyandsimplematchesthatofthehighestpotentvirtue."Formoreonthis,seePeterson(1982),9194.However,KaoHuaimin,p.283ff.proposesadifferent
understandingfortheCYYTpassage.NotealsothatYTC9/9btranslatesfayi as"laws[or,norms]change."

28.Seethe"Hsanwen"autocommentaryformoreonthesefiveterms.

29.Literally,"getitsrectification."

30.Literally,"therewillbeno[other,better]choice."

31.However,Serruystranslateskai as"arrange."

Hsant'u

1.Serruysreadstu ("generally,""altogether")hewouldtranslateitas"tobringtogether,""tocluster."

2.Literally,"arecarried[likeavehicle]to."

3.Asynonymfortetragrams.

4.Literally,thebull'seye.Otherwise,thesentencemustmeansomethinglike,"AsaruleindarknessoneorientsoneselfbytheNorthernDipper,"glossingchih ,
followingFW10/1bandCWK,p.360,n.4.

5.Justastheplanetsnevertraveloutsidethebandofthezodiacalconstellations,sunandmoonhaveabandoftheskyinwhichtheyappeartotravel.

6.FollowingFW10/1b.

7.FollowingFW10/1b,readingt'uili .FW,however,readsthephraseas"plantocalculatethecourseofthestars."

8.Meaningthesequentialorderofthestemsandbranchesusedtoindicate

 Page624

theperiod,theday,andthecyclicalyear.

9.MytranslationreferstoSW12A/246b,wherek'ung .However,FW10/2aunderstandsthistomean,theyare"extremelysubtle[tools]."Possiblythephraseis
apunningreferencetotheholesthatpiercethepitchpipes.Seebelow.

10.Readingtsai (GSR943v=943i).

11.Thesecorrespondtoaperiodoffourmonths,fromthe11thtothe2dmonths,accordingtotheHancivilcalendar.

12.TTLC5/71/1b.

13.FollowingFW10/2a.

14.CWK,p.362,n.10,glossestsan .TsancouldalsoconceivablyrefertotheAppraisalsoftheTHC.

15.CWK,p.361,n.10,equatestheOriginwithyangch'i.

16.Thisrefersbothtoyangch'iandtoaconstellationintheeasternsky.Serruysprefers,"TheeaststirstheGreenDragon."

17.CWK,p.362,n.12,seemstoready .Thereisavaguegraphicallusiontotheastronomicaltheorybywhichthecosmosiscomparedtoacarriage.

18.Thesecorrespondtothenextfourmonths(months36)intheHancivilcalendar.

19.Serruysprefers,"symbolizeHeaven'srenewingthelight."

20.Thatis,yinisrousedtogerminatebytheculminationofyangch'i.

21.Byyangch'itothesouthernregions.ContrastCYYT28/46/t'uan(Wilhelm,620).

22.Thesecorrespondtothelastfourmonthsofthelunaryear(months710).

23.FW10/3adefinestheHeaven'sRootasthewintersolsticeandthefirstdegreeoftheOxherdconstellation.

24.SeeGSR324p.FW10/3adefinesyueh ,meaning"toinspect"or"toexamine"byboringinto.

25.FW10/3asaysthisistheepithetforthetenthmonth.Asyellowstandsforthecenter,itmaysimplyrefertothepureyangnowhiddenbelowtheearth'ssurface.
SeeYTC9/12aCPL10/3aCWK,p.364,n.22.

26.TheGreatHandlereferstothehandleofthePolestar.

27.FW10/3bsuppliesthe"like"(ju ).YTC9/12afollows.Fortheexpression,"cloudsscudding,"seeCYYT1/1/t'uan(Wilhelm,370).Thematerialinbracket
suppliestheHanassociationfortheimage.

28.Literally,"treatsasdomain."However,FW10/3breadstien ),meaning"toposition."

29.FollowingFW10/4a,ratherthantheusualdefinitionofshenming inthatsense.

30.Followingtheearliesteditionsinreading"one"ratherthan"two."FW10/4a,forexample,reads,"Heavenhasasingleway."YTC9/13afollows.Cf.

 Page625

THCSB10/3b.Iftherearetwoways,theyarepresumablyyinandyang(=HeavenandEarth),basedonCYYT40/HsiA/4(Wilhelm,301):"Asingleyinand
asingleyangconstitutetheWay.Whatcontinuesitisgoodnesswhatcompletesitisthe[moral]nature."CWK,p.266,n.32,howevertakesthetwopathstorefer
toprimalonenessandmultiplicity.Cf.WJL,p.1032bCPL10/2b.

31.Here"three"standsfortheentiremultiplicityofthings"inthetriadicrealmsofHeavenEarthManwhile"one"referstotheprimevalTao.

32.Actually,eachCoursecorrespondsto40and1/2days.YangHsiunghasroundedoff.

33.Serruysprefers"makes[it]preserveduntotheCenter."

34.Literally,"beingdispensed."SeeCYYT1/1/t'uan(Wilhelm,620).

35.Documents,"Hungfan,"par.33(Legge,343Karlgren,35):"theachievementofa[naturally]endedlife").

36.SeeFW10/6bforaslightlydifferentexplanationforthis.

37.Readingk'ang ,followingtheWJLedition.

38.FollowingYTC9/15bCPL10/4aCWK,p.371,n.71.

39.ThismayrefertotheAppraisals,whicharegroupedbytwosaccordingtodirection,withnumbersoneandsixalignedwiththenorth,numberstwoandseven
alignedwiththesouth,andsoon.SeeFW10/8aCWK,p.372,n.73.

40.Inthe729Appraisalsassignedto81tetragramsthereare365yanglinesand364yinlines.

41.Theidentificationofthesefourisdisputed.FW10/8bequatesthecompasswithHeaventhesquarewithEarththelinewithnorthsouthandthelevelwitheast
west.Seethefollowingsentence.CWK,p.373,n.77,equatesthemwithPositions3and84and92and7and1and6respectively.

42.Literally,"attainedandexamined."

43.Literally,"hasthenumberssixandnine."PresumablyYangreferstothefactthat36stalksareusedinthedivinationprocess.36iscomposedofmultiplesof6and
9.

44.ThismayrefertothetwoprinciplesofHeavenandEarth,followingCYYT43/HsiA/1011(Wilhelm,308),wherethenumber2isassignedtoEarthand9is
assignedtoHeaven.However,FW10/8breadsyi ("tostraighten").

45.CWK,p.274,n.81,saysthisequals729,thenumberofAppraisals,butthatfigureisdisputedimmediatelybelow.

46.Onecommentatorsuggeststhateachmovesketchedherecorrespondstoapassageof1,539yearsintheGrandInceptioncalendar.

47.SeeSivin(1969)forthevariousconcordancecycles.

Hsankao

1.Itakeshenhsiang asacompoundphrase,basedonFW10/10a.CWK,p.378,n.2,however,arguesthatthe"divine"referstoHeavenandyang,whilethe
"imaged"(i.e,whathasform)referstoEarthandyin.FW10/10aidentifiesthetwoasHeavenandEarth.Morelikelytheyareyinandyang.AsCYYT42/HsiA/8
(Wilhelm,310)says,"ChangehastheGreatUltimatethisgivesbirthtotwoforms."

 Page626

2.Or,"spherical[heavens],"accordingtocertaincommentators.

3.Representedbythreedifferentkindsoflines:theunbroken,oncebroken,andtwicebrokenrespectively.

4.ThenineAppraisalsattachedtoeachtetragramthatmirrorthenineempyreanrealms.

5.Readingy ,followingFW10/10b.

6.CPL10/7a,basedonFW,takesthistomeanthatAppraisals1and6aretosomeextentparallel,asare2and7,3and8,and4and9.

7.Where"lesser"indicatesyinch'iortheevennumberedAppraisals,while"greater"indicatesyangandtheoddnumberedAppraisals.

8.Readingao ,onthebasisofFW10/11a.

9.Literally,"iswhatkeepspentupthetransformingessence."Thefollowingthreesentencesareidentificalinstructure.Notethatthenorthwestissaidtobethe
directionofpureyin.

10.SeeTHC1/A1.

11.Tentativetranslation,takingGSR458b=458d.Serruysprefers,"Heaventurninggivesasign."

12.FW10/11breadst'ui ,onthebasisofCYYT45/HsiB/1(3).

13.FW10/11btakeskuei (literally,tohaveaconjunction).YTC9/19atakesas"tocut[eachother]"becauseeclipsesconcealpartofeitherthesunormoon.

14.Thatis,thelightmaterialrisestothetop,whiletheheavysinks.

15.Thedailycourseofthemoonis13degrees,whilethesunonlymoves1degreeperday.

16.However,CWK,p.381,n.14,preferstoreadwang ("toshine"),sothephrasewouldmean,"TheFivePhasesshineinturn."

17.Antares,partoftheHeartconstellationalignedwithwinter.

18.Meaning,therelativepositionsoftheconstellationsareclearindicatorsoftheseasons.

19.AccordingtoCPL10/8a,thismeanstherevolutionsofthesun,moon,andvisibleplanetstakeplaceinthosedirections.

20.TheFivePhasesintheMutualProductionCycle.Forfurtherinformation,seeNeedham,II,253ff.

21.TheFivePhasesintheMutualConquestCycle.Forfurtherinformation,seeibid.

22.Forsimilarlanguage,seeCCYT1/Yin1/Kung1(Malmqvist,68).

23.SinceneitherthesunnortheDipperwaxandwaneinappearance.

24.Literally,"empty"ofconstancy.Forthistranslation,seeCPL10/8a.Cf.YTC9/20a.

25.Alternately,thesentencecouldbereadas,"TheconstantandthefullareusedtoorderthePositions,"wherehs (asabove)referstothenineAppraisals,
followingtheChangesusage.

26.However,CPL10/8areadsninghsi ("withoutworry"),meaningit"causesnoworry"incalculatingit.

27.Thatis,itdisperses.

28.Thatis,itgathersin.

 Page627

29.ShaoYung took"abundanceanddeficiency"torefertomoreorlesslightinthecourseoftheday.SeeCWK,p.383,n.23.

30.Thisbinomech'iaoch isonlyfoundintheMystery.Foritsmeaning,IfollowFW10/13a.

31.Onecompleterevolutionofthesunpassesthroughslightlymorethan1degreeofthesky.SeeFW10/13a.

32.YangHsiungtalksspecificallyofthefirstandlastdayofthelunarmonth.

33.FollowingWJL10/4b(p.1035b).SW7A/141bdefinest'iao asthemoonappearingintheeastonthefirstdayofthelunarmonth.

34.Thetermts'eni means"tolosetheregularcourse."Thiscanrefertoretrogrademotions,toirregularitiesinspeed,andsoon.

35.Theterms"maleandfemale"areusedtodescribethelongerandshortermonthsbythesolarcalendar,accordingtoCPL10/8b.However,FW10/13bsaysthe
maleisthesunandthefemale,themoon.

36.Literally,"inregardtowhateverhasnoend."Or,forthe"unending[processes]."

37.Readinglun ,followingCPL10/8b.

38.Foradefinitionofthis,seetheessayentitled"EvolutionoftheMystery."

39.Readinghunhun ("confused,unknowing").

40.FollowingFW10/14a.Thisreferstothefactthatallthingswane.However,CPL10/9areadsch'ung as"tocrashagainst."Hetakesthesentencetomeanthat
luckymenmeetwithgoodluck,whileunluckymenmeetwithbadluck.

41.Literally,"Nearandfar,withoutconstancy,bycategoryproceedsometimesmany,sometimesfew,affairsareaccomodatedtowhatisclear."

42.Tentativetranslation.SeeDocuments,"T'aishih,"par.3(notinKarlgrenLegge,627):"Thedaysandmonthspassaway."CWK,p.384,n.32,contradictsCPL
20/9b.

43.SeeGSR720n'1124g.However,seeFW10/14b.

44.However,CWK,p.384,n.32,readserht'ao ("increasethenurture").

45.Literally,"arenotexhausted."NotethanthebinomeshenmingcanrefertothespiritsofHeavenandearthaswell.SeeTHC"Hsuant'u,"footnote27.

46.HereYangHsiungsuggeststhatitisfarlessdifficulttojudgehumanconductthanitistodefinethelogicallypriorphenomenalpatternsuponwhichthesesocietal
patternsarebased.

 Page629

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CliffordGeertz,"Centers,Kings,andCharisma:ReflectionsontheSymbolicsofPower,"inLocalKnowledge:FurtherEssaysinInterpretiveAnthropology(New
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GIRARDOT:

N.J.Girardot,MythandMeaninginEarlyTaoism:TheThemeofChaos(huntun)(Berkeley,1983).

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ChaunceyS.Goodrich,"SomeRitualPrivilegesinEarlyImperialChina,"JournaloftheAmericanOrientalSociety111:2(AprilJune,1991),27782.

GRAHAM:

A.C.Graham

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(1981):SeeTranslationsCited.

(1989):DisputersoftheTao:PhilosophicalArgumentinAncientChina(LaSalle,Ill.,1989).

GRANET:

MarcelGranet,FtesetchansonsanciennesdelaChine(Paris,1929).

GULIK:

RobertHansvanGulik,SexualLifeinAncientChina:APreliminarySurveyofChineseSexandSocietyfromca.1500B.C.till1644A.D.(Leiden,1961).

HALL:

DavidL.HallandRogerT.Ames,ThinkingthroughConfucius(Albany,1987).

HARPER:

DonaldHarper

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JamesA.Hart,"TheSpeechofPrinceChin:AStudyofEarlyChineseCosmology,"inRosemont(1984),pp.3565.

HATTON:

RussellHatton,"AComparisonofch'iandPrimeMatter,"PhilosophyEastandWest32:2(April,1982),15975.

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DavidHawkes,Ch'uTz'u:TheSongsoftheSouth:AnAncientChineseAnthology(Boston,1959).

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JohnB.Henderson,Scripture,Canon,andCommentary:AComparisonofConfucianandWesternExegesis(Princeton,1991).

HENTZE:

CarlHentzewithChewonKim,"GttergestalteninderltestenchinesischenSchrift,"intheirKoundChiwaffeninChinaundinAmerika(Antwerp,1943),pp.
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HIGHTOWER:

JamesR.Hightower,"ReviewofAlfredHoffmann,DieLiederdesLiY(937978)FrlingsbltenundHerbstmond.Koln:GrevenVerlag,1950,"Harvard
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HO:

HoPengyoke,TheAstronomicalChaptersoftheChinshu,withamendments,fulltranslationandannotations(Paris,1966).

HOYEN :

Luny ,comp.andannot.byHoYen(SPPY).

HOUWAILU :

Chungkuossuhsiangt'ungshih (Beijing,195763),5vols.

HOWARD:

JeffreyA.Howard,"ConceptsofComprehensivenessandHistoricalChangeintheHuainantzu,"inRosemont(1984),pp.11931.

HSIAO:

HarryHsiniHsiao,FilialPietyinAncientChina(Ph.D.dissertation,HarvardUniversity,1978).

HSIAOHAN :

"ChangshaMawangtuiHanmuposhukaishu 9(1974),4044.

HSIAOKUNGCH'UAN:

AHistoryofChinesePoliticalThought,trans.byFrederickW.Mote(Princeton,1979).

HSCHOYN::

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HSCHUNGSHU (Chengdu,1988).

 Page639

HSDAULIN:

"TheMythofthe'FiveHumanRelations'ofConfucius,"MonumentaSerica29(197071),2737.

HSFUKUAN :

"YangHsiunglunchiu" ,(HongKong,1975),II,439562.

HSHAN (d.1133)commentarycitedinWJL.

HULSEW:

A.F.P.Hulsew

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IKEDASUETOSHI :

"Tendo*totenmei" 28:1(1968),2439.

IKEDASHUZO* :

"Hogen*noshiso* 29(1977),3246.

JUANYAN :

Hsingmingkushun (SPTKsopenno.98).

KALINOWSKI:

MarcKalinowski,"LestraitsdeShuihudietl'hmrologiechinoiselafindesRoyaumescombattants,"T'oungpao72(1986),175228.

KALTENMARK:

MaxKaltenmark,"TheIdeologyoftheT'aip'ingching,"inFacetsofTaoism:EssaysinChineseReligion,ed.byHolmesWelchandAnnaSeidel(NewHaven,
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KANAYAOSAMU :

Shitounmei (Kyoto,1986).

KAOHENG :

Chouyitsalun (Chinan,1979).

KAOHUAIMIN :

HsienCh'inYihsehshih (Taipei,1975).

KARLGREN:

BernhardKarlgren,GlossesontheBookofOdes(Stockholm,1964).

Seealso"TranslationsCited."

KAUFMANN:

WalterKaufmann,"TheMathematicalDeterminationoftheTwelveLasPerformedbythePrinceLiuAninhisHuainantzu(SecondCenturyB.C.),"

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DavidN.Keightley

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(1990):"WherehavealltheHeroesGone?:ReflectionsonProtagonists,Art,andCultureinEarlyChinaandEarlyGreece,"(unpublishedpaperdatedApril,1990).

KENNEDY:

GeorgeA.Kennedy,"InterpretationoftheCh'unCh'iu,"JournaloftheAmericanOrientalSociety62(March,1942),4048.

KNAPP:

RonaldG.Knapp,China'sTraditionalRuralArchitecture:ACulturalGeographyoftheCommonHouse(Honolulu,1986).

KNECHTGES:

DavidR.Knechtges

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(1977):"TheLiuHsin/YangHsiungCorrespondenceontheFangyen,"MonumentaSerica33(197778),30925.

(1978):"UncoveringtheSauceJar:ALiteraryInterpretationofYangHsiung's"ChCh'inmeiHsin,"inAncientChina:StudiesinEarlyCivilization,ed.byDavid
T.RoyandTsuenhsuinTsien(HongKong,1978),pp.22952.

(1982):SeeTranslationsCited.

KNOBLOCK:SeeTranslationsCited.

KROLL:

J.L.Kroll,"DisputationinAncientChineseCulture,"EarlyChina15(1990),11845.

KUCHIEHKANG :

(1930?)"Ch'inHant'ungyitiyulaihoChankuojentuiyshihchiehtihsianghsiang" ,inKSP,II,110.

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"RyoshiShunju*Fujihenko*" 22(July,1961),2026.

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RichardAlanKunst,"TheOriginal'Yijing':AText,PhoneticTranscription,Translation,andIndexes,withSampleGlosses"(Ph.D.dissertation,Universityof
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KURITANAOMI :

"Jodai*Shinanotensekinimietaru'ki'nokannen" (Tokyo,1949.)

KUTINER:

FritzAlexanderKuttner,"AMusicologicalInterpretationoftheTwelveLsinChina'sTraditionalToneSystem,"Ethnomusicology9:1(Jan.,1965),2238.

LAU:

D.C.Lau,"Onthetermch'ihyingandthestoryconcerningthesocalled'tiltingvessel',"inSymposiumonChineseStudiescommemoratingtheGoldenJubilee
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BertholdLaufer,Jade:AStudyinChineseArchaeologyandReligion(Chicago,1912rpt.,NewYork,1974).

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MarkEdwardLewis,SanctionedViolenceinEarlyChina(Albany,1990).

LIYN :

"Mawangtuifangchungshuyenchiu" ,forthcominginWenshih35(1992?),2147,ms.trans.byKeithMcMahon(pagesnumbered169).

LICHINGCH'IH:

"ChouYishihtz'uhsk'ao" 8:1(1947),168.

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"Yinyangwuhsingshuochihlalyan" ,KSP,V,34362.

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U.Libbrecht,"Prana*=Pneuma=Ch'i?,"inThoughtandLawinQinandHanChina:StudiesDedicatedtoAnthonyHulsewontheOccasionofhis
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JamesJ.Y.Liu,TheChineseKnightErrant(London,1967).

LIUDAJUN:

"APreliminaryInvestigationoftheSilkManuscriptYijing,"ZhouyiNetwork1(1986),1325.

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LOKENTSE :

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LOUTON:

JohnLouton,"ConceptsofComprehensivenessandHistoricalChangeintheLshihch'unch'iu,"inRosemont(1984),pp.105117.

LUCHI (d.250)commentarycitedinWJL.

LUHSN (pseudonym):

SelectedWorksofLuHsn(Beijing,195659),3vols.

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VictorH.Mair

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KeithMcMahon,CausalityandContainmentinSeventeethCenturyChineseFiction,MonographiesduT'oungPao,XV(Leiden,1988).

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MORAN:

RichardEdwinMoran,"ExplorationsofChineseMetaphysicalConcepts:TheHistoryofSomeTermsfromtheBeginningstoChuHsi(11301200)"(Ph.D.
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MORIMIKISABURO* :

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DaiKanWajiten (Tokyo,1960rpt.,Tokyo,1984),13vols.

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Taiko*nokenkyu* ,InstituteofOrientalCultureMonographKyoto,1943).

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MarthaCravenNussbaum,TheFragilityofGoodness:LuckandEthicsinGreekTragedyandPhilosophy(Cambridge,1986).

NYLAN:

MichaelNylan

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DavidW.Pankenier

(1990a):"Sandai( )AstronomicalOriginsofHeaven'sMandate,"unpublishedpaperfromthe6thInternationalConferenceontheHistoryofScienceinChina,
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WillardJ.Peterson

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RulanChaoPian,SongDynastyMusicalSourcesandtheirInterpretation,HarvardYenchingInstituteMonographSeries,XVI(Cambridge,Mass.,1967).

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J.G.A.Pocock,"ChingandCh'uan,VirtueandPrudence:PolicyandInnovationinChineseandWesternPoliticalThought"(unpublishedpaperdatedJanuary12,
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TimotheusPokora,"TheLifeofHuanT'an,"ArchivOrientalni31(1963),179.

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PORKERT:

ManfredPorkert,TheTheoreticalFoundationsofChineseMedicine:SystemsofCorrespondence(Cambridge,Mass.,1985).

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MartinJosephPowers

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UNOSEIICHI :

"Gokyo*karashishoe" (1952),114.

VANDERMEERSCH:

LeonVandermeersch,LaFormationduLegisme:RecherchesurlaConstitutiond'unePolitiquecharacteristiquedelaChineancienne(Paris,1965).

WALDRON:

ArthurWaldron,TheGreatWallofChina:FromHistorytoMyth(Cambridge,1990).

WALEY:

ArthurWaley,

(1933):"TheBookofChanges,"BulletinoftheMuseumofFarEasternAntiquities5(1933),12142.

(1934):TheWayandItsPower:AStudyoftheTaoTeChingandItsPlaceinChineseThought(London,1934rpt.,NewYork,1958).

WALLACKER:

BenjaminWallacker,"HanConfucianismandConfuciusinHan,"inAncient

 Page650

China:StudiesinEarlyCivilization,ed.byDavidT.RoyandTsuenhsuinTsien(HongKong,1978),pp.21528.

WANG:

C.H.Wang,TheBellandtheDrum:ShihchingasFormulaicPoetryinanOralTradition(Berkeley,1974).

WANGLICH'I :

"Taotsangpen'Taotechenchingchihkuei't'iyao" 4(Oct.,1980),337360.

WANGSHUMIN :

Chuangtzuchiaoch'an (Taipei,1988),3vols.

WANGYA commentarycitedinWJL(dated809).

WATSON:

BurtonWatson,EarlyChineseLiterature(NewYork,1962).

WHEATLEY:

PaulWheatley,ThePivotoftheFourQuarters:APreliminaryEnquiryintotheOriginsandCharacteroftheAncientChineseCity(Edinburgh,1971).

WU:

WuHung,TheWuLiangShrine:TheIdeologyofEarlyChinesePictorialArt(Stanford,1989).

WUMI (d.1181)commentarycitedinWJL.

YEARLEY:

LeeH.Yearley,"AConfucianCrisis:Mencius'TwoCosmogoniesandTheirEthics,"inCosmogonyandEthicalOrder:NewStudiesinComparativeEthics,ed.
byRobinW.LovinandFrankE.Reynolds(Chicago,1985),pp.31027.

YENLINGFENG :

(1973)ChouCh'inHanWeichutzuchihchienshumu (Taipei,1973),5vols.

(1980):MawangtuiposhuYichingch'upuyenchiu (Taipei,1980).

YU:

AnthonyC.Yu,"'Rest,Rest,PerturbedSpirit!'GhostsinTraditionalChineseProseFiction,"HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies47:2(Dec.,1987),397434.

Y:

YYingshih

(1965):"LifeandImmortalityintheMindofHanChinese,"HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies25(196465),80122.

(1967):TradeandExpansioninHanChina(Berkeley,1967).

(1977):"Han,"inChang(1977a),pp.5583.

(1987):"'OSoul,ComeBack!'AStudyintheChangingConceptionsoftheSoulandAfterlifeinpreBuddhistChina,"HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies47:2
(Dec.,1987),36395.

 Page651

YFAN (d.233)commentarycitedinWJL.

ZHAO:

ZhaoQigang,AStudyofDragonology,EastandWest(Ph.D.dissertation,UniversityofMassachusetts,1988).

ZINSSER:

HansZinsser,Rats,Lice,andHistory(Boston,1934).

TRANSLATIONSCITED

BELPAIRE:

LecatechismephilosophiquedeYangHiongtse,trans.byBrunoBelpaire(Brussels,1960).

CHAVANNES:

LesMmoireshistoriquesdeSemaTs'ien,trans.byEdouard*Chavannes(Paris,1967),6vols.

CRUMP:

ChankuoTs'e:Intrigues,trans.byJ.L.Crump(Oxford,1970).

DUBS:

TheWorksofHsntze,trans.byHomerH.Dubs(London,1928).

TheHistoryoftheFormerHanDynastybyPanKu,trans.andannot.byHomerH.Dubs(Baltimore,193855),3vols.

FORKE:

Lunheng:ThePhilosophicalEssaysofWangCh'ung,trans.byAlfredForke(Berlin,1907rpt.,NewYork,1962),2vols.

GALE:

DiscoursesonSaltandIron:ADebateonStateControlofCommerceandIndustry,trans.byE.M.Gale(Leiden,1931).

GASSMANN:

TungChungshu,Ch'unCh'iufanlu:ppigerTaudesFrhlingundHerbstKlassikers,trans.byRobertH.Gassmann,SchweizerAsiatischeStudien/Etudes*
AsiatiquesSuissesMonographie,VIII(Bern,1988).

GRAHAM:

Chuangtzu:TheInnerChapters,trans.byA.C.Graham(London,1981).

GRIFFITH:

Suntzu:TheArtofWar,trans.andintro.bySamuelB.Griffith(Oxford,1963).

HIGHTOWER:

Hanshihwaichuan:HanYing'sIllustrationsoftheDidacticApplicationoftheClassicofSongs,trans.byJamesRobertHightower(Cambridge,Mass.,1952).

HO:SeeHoPengyokeinSecondarySources.

KARLGREN:

TheBookofDocuments,trans.byBernardKarlgren,BulletinoftheMuseumofFarEasternAntiquities22(1950).

 Page652

KNECHTGES:

TheHanshuBiographyofYangXiong(53B.C.A.D.18)trans.andannot.byDavidR.Knechtges,OccasionalPaper,ArizonaStateUniversityCenterforAsian
Studies,XIV(Tempe,Arizona,1982).

KNOBLOCK:

Xunzi:ATranslationandStudyoftheCompleteWorks,trans.byJohnKnoblock,I(Books16)(Stanford,1988)II(Books716)(Stanford,1990).

KRAMERS:

K'ungtzuchiay,trans.byDr.R.P.Kramers(Leiden,1950).

KU:

AChineseMirrorforMagistrates:TheHsinyofLuChia,trans.,annot.,andcriticalintro.byMeikaoKu(Canberra,1988).

KUHN:

Jouput'uan(ThePrayerMatofFlesh),trans.byFranzKuhn[renderedintoEnglishbyRichardMartin].

LAU:

Laotzu,Taoteching,trans.andintro.byD.C.Lau(Harmondsworth,1963).

Mencius,trans.andintro.byD.C.Lau(Harmondsworth,1970).

LEGGE:

TheConfucianClassics,trans.byJamesLegge(Oxford,1890s),5vols.

LiChi,BookofRites:AnEncyclopediaofAncientCeremonialUsages,ReligiousCreeds,andSocialInstitutions,trans.byJamesLegge,TheSacredBooksof
theEastSeries,XXVIIXXVIII(Oxford,1885rpt.,NewHydePark,1967),2vols.

LIAO:

TheCompleteWorksofHanFeiTzu:AClassicofChineseLegalism,trans.byW.K.Liao(London,1939),2vols.

MAKRA:

TheBookofFilialPiety,trans.byMaryLeliaMakra(NewYork,1970).

MALMQVIST:

(a):"StudiesontheGongyangandGuuliangCommentaries,I,"BulletinoftheMuseumofFarEasternAntiquities43(1971),67222.

(b):"StudiesontheGongyangandGuuliangCommentaries,II,"inibid.,47(1975),1969.

NYLAN:

SeeNylan(1982)inSecondarySources.

POKORA:

Hsinlun:NewTreatiseandotherWritingsbyHuanT'an,trans.byTimotheusPokora(AnnArbor,1965).

RICKETT:

(a):Kuantzu:ARepositoryofEarlyChineseThought,trans.byW.AllynRickett(HongKong,1965),I.

(b):Guanzi,trans.byW.AllynRickett(Princeton,1985),II.

 Page653

SOURCES:

SourcesofChineseTradition,comp.byWm.TheodoredeBary,WingtsitChan,andBurtonWatson,withcontributionsbyYipaoMei,LeonHurvitz,andothers
(NewYork,1960).

SWANN:

SeeSwann(1932),(1950)inSecondarySources.

THOMPSON:

SeeThompsoninSecondarySources.

TJAN:

Pohut'ung:TheComprehensiveDiscussionsintheWhiteTigerHall,trans.byTjanTjoeSom(Leiden,1949),2vols.

TURNER:

AGoldenTreasuryofChinesePoetry,trans.byJohnA.Turner,S.J.(HongKong,1976).

WALEY:

TheAnalectsofConfucius,trans.byArthurWaley(London,1938).

TheBookofSongs,trans.byArthurWaley(London,1937).

TheNineSongs,trans.byArthurWaley(London,1955).

WARE:

Alchemy,Medicine,andReligioninChinaofA.D.320:The''NeiP'ien"ofKoHung(Paop'utzu),trans.anded.byJamesR.Ware(Cambridge,Mass.,1966).

WATSON:

TheCompleteWorksofChuangtzu,trans.byBurtonWatson(Columbia,1968).

HanFeitzu:BasicWritings,trans.byBurtonWatson(Columbia,1964).

Hsntzu:BasicWritings,trans.byBurtonWatson(Columbia,1963).

Motzu:BasicWritings,trans.byBurtonWatson(Columbia,1963).

RecordsoftheGrandHistorianofChina,translatedfromtheShihchiofSsumaCh'ien,transbyBurtonWatson(NewYork,1971),2vols.

RecordsoftheHistorian:ChaptersfromtheShihchiofSsumaCh'ien,trans.byBurtonWatson(NewYork,1958)[forselectionsfromSC,citedasWatson
(b)].

TheTsochuan:SelectionsfromChina'sOldestNarrativeHistory,trans.byBurtonWatson(NewYork,1989)[citedforselectionsfromCCYT]

WILHELM:

TheIChingorBookofChanges,trans.byRichardWilhelm[renderedintoEnglishbyCarlF.Baynes],BollingenSeries,XIX(Princeton,1950).

YANG:

SelectionsfromtheRecordsoftheHistorian,bySzuma[sic]Chien,trans.byYangHsienyiandGladysYang(Beijing,1979).

<><><><><><><><><><><><>

 Page655

PartialIndexofCommonImages
Note:ThisindexisdesignedtohelpthereaderbecomefamiliarhimselfwithsomeimagesusedbyYangHsiung.GiventhemanylayerednatureofYang'spoetry,it
caninnowaybecomprehensive.However,studyofthisindexmayintroducethereadertothesystemunderlyingtheMystery.Imagesofdeath,forexample,are
largelyconfinedtothelateAppraisalsineachtetragramimagesoflight,incontast,tendtothebefoundintheearlyAppraisals.

abyss,THC3/5

THC4/2

THC7/2

THC9/9

THC19/Head

THC20/8

THC40/7

THC42/2

THC45/1

THC49/5

THC65/9

THC66/12

THC78/8

THC79/Head

THC80/9

THC81/1

aging,THC9/7

THC23/9

THC24/7

THC55/4

THC57/9

THC75/5

THC81/5

archery,THC25/3

THC50/7

THC58/7

THC62/7

THC68/3

THC71/8

architecture,THC30/6

THC40/34

THC46/12

THC52/45

armsandlegs,THC25/6

THC29/5

THC56/7

THC70/5

arrows,THC6/5

THC7/Head

THC22/5

THC25/8

THC26/4

THC30/9

THC48/5

THC49/8

THC58/7

THC49/8

THC50/7

THC62/7

THC62/9

THC64/3

babies,THC3/3

THC9/1

THC17/4

THC22/3

THC80/3

backs,THC6/2

THC6/3

THC14/5

bandits,THC29/8

THC46/4

THC49/9

THC54/9

THC60/5

THC62/5

THC75/Head

barriers,THC4/19

THC15/6

THC20/1

THC29/2

THC29/3

THC67/2

bees,THC72/4

THC72/5

THC72/6

THC72/9

belly,THC6/2

THC6/3

THC15/2

THC15/8

THC19/6

THC29/5

THC30/2

THC58/5

THC68/1

THC68/2

THC69/5

THC70/1

THC81/5

belts.Seerestraints

bindings.Seerestraints

birds,THC7/5

THC18/5

THC22/4

THC31/2

THC31/4

THC31/5

THC32/4

THC36/2

THC47/67

THC48/4

THC49/4,5,7,8

THC50/7

THC50/9

THC54/24

THC58/4

THC58/6

THC59/8

THC61/8

THC62/7

THC63/5

THC63/6

THC63/8

THC64/4

THC64/5

THC64/7

THC65/6

THC67/6

THC75/8

THC76/9

THC78/45

THC81/4

birth,THC6/8

blockage,THC2/1

THC56/78

blood,THC10/9

THC19/4

THC32/9

THC34/2

THC42/8

THC56/2

THC59/5

THC61/8

THC64/9

THC70/9

THC76/2

boat,THC3/9

THC20/8

THC28/6

THC39/5

THC78/8

THC80/9

bolt,THC4/3

THC8/1

bones,THC8/4

THC56/2

THC70/9

THC74/5

THC76/1

THC81/5

bow,THC62/9

THC71/8

THC81/Head.Seealsoarcheryarrows

carriages,carts,orchariots,THC2/5

THC3/58

THC9/5

THC10/9

THC13/6

THC26/4

THC27/2

THC28/6

THC28/8

THC23/9

THC32/3

THC32/8

THC39/7

THC47/5

THC53/5

THC54/5,7

THC57/6

THC60/4

THC63/6

THC71/2

THC71/57

THC71/8

THC79/6

THC80/9

center,THC1/Head

THC1/3

THC1/8

THC2/1

THC2/8

THC3/2

THC6/2

THC6/8

THC7/5

THC11/5

THC15/1

THC15/5

THC17/2

THC20/2

THC20/3

THC22/1

THC23/3

THC25/5

THC26/8

THC29/2

THC34/1

THC36/1

THC37/2

THC38/1,THC40/2

THC42/8

THC43/2

THC43/8

THC44/2

THC45/5

THC46/7

THC52/1

THC52/2

THC53/5

THC55/2

THC56/5

THC57/2

THC57/5

THC58/2

THC62/5

THC68/2

THC68/6

THC69/1

THC69/2

THC70/1

THC71/5

THC72/2

THC72/3

THC73/5

THC75/5

THC79/3

THC79/5

THC80/1

THC80/2

THC81/2

THC81/3

 Page656

"centerheart,"THC4/2

THC6/2

THC23/3

THC29/2

THC34/1

THC55/2

THC62/3

THC81/2

chen,THC1/1

THC3/3

THC5/3

THC7/4

THC8/3

THC8/6

THC10/8

THC11/7

THC13/1

THC13/7

THC14/6

THC15/9

THC16/1

THC16/8

THC16/9

THC18/6

THC21/6

THC22/4

THC23/9

THC25/4

THC26/8

THC27/9

THC28/1

THC29/9

THC30/2

THC30/8

THC34/9

THC35/2

THC36/1

THC37/4

THC37/5

THC37/9

THC39/5

THC41/5

THC42/1

THC42/4

THC42/5

THC43/1

THC43/3

THC44/2

THC47/1

THC50/3

THC51/2

THC51/7

THC52/6

THC53/2

THC55/5

THC57/5

THC57/7

THC58/2

THC61/2

THC61/4

THC62/1

THC62/4

THC62/7

THC63/6

THC64/1

THC64/3

THC64/4

THC65/1

THC66/7

THC67/1

THC67/9

THC68/Head

THC68/4

THC68/8

THC71/7

THC72/2

THC72/8

THC73/8

THC76/2

THC76/8

THC77/1

THC77/3

THC77/9

THC81/2

child,THC12/1

THC43/2

THC46/3

THC78/8

THC81/7.Seealsobabies

circle,THC2/19

THC74/1

citywalls.Seewalls

clothing,THC2/4

THC7/6

THC22/3

THC22/7

THC22/8

THC42/4

THC47/14

THC47/5

THC47/89

THC48/89

THC49/2,THC61/2

THC65/4

THC66/5

THC76/5

clouds,THC8/9

THC17/5

THC70/7

contention,THC25/Head9

THC32/Head9

cosmicwomb,THC3/Head

court,THC42/8

THC54/6

THC66/5

cowries,THC13/8

crab,THC14/1

crawling,THC9/1.Seealsobabiesleaping

cries,THC23/3

THC24/3

THC24/9

cripples,THC18/9

crown,THC30/3

darkness,THC5/1

THC20/4

THC28/1

THC29/2

THC31/9

THC32/1

THC43/1

THC45/1

THC50/2

THC52/6

THC55/1

THC58/12

THC60/1

THC67/1

THC67/9

THC68/6

THC68/7

THC68/8

THC76/1

THC79/1

dawn,THC19/2

THC31/4

THC50/7

THC67/1

death,THC1/9

THC6/8

THC17/7

THC21/8

THC24/7

THC31/8

THC32/1

THC33/9,THC43/8

THC45/9

THC54/9

THC59/7

THC68/9

THC75/9

ditches,THC10/8

THC49/2

divination,THC12/2

domesticanimals,THC28/5

THC35/5

THC39/4

THC43/8

THC44/7

THC47/7

THC48/4

THC49/3

THC56/8

THC57/4

THC59/4

THC76/5.Seealsohorses

dragon,THC1/3

THC4/1

THC41/5

THC42/2

THC65/5

THC74/3

drill,THC8/1

dwarfs,THC12/7

THC29/8

ears,THC20/7

THC27/9

THC29/2

THC29/3

THC32/6

THC37/3

THC62/7

THC64/1

THC70/1

earth,THC5/5

THC69/4

THC77/4.Seealsofields

echo,THC21/2

eclipse,THC51/3

THC51/4

eggs,THC11/7

THC42/2

THC79/4

eye,THC15/2

THC15/8

THC19/6

THC22/9

THC32/1

THC37/3

THC42/4

THC48/2

THC62/7

THC64/2

THC64/3

THC67/2

THC67/8

THC70/1

fabric,THC33/7.Seealsoclothing

feasting,THC9/4

THC16/6

THC23/4

THC27/5

THC31/5

THC34/4

THC44/6

THC58/3

THC59/2

fields,THC19/Head

THC30/5

THC32/1

THC35/5

THC43/5

THC47/8

THC49/6

THC75/6

THC81/3

fire,THC8/8

THC32/1

THC38/78

THC41/6

THC44/9

THC66/8

fish,THC40/7

THC48/6

THC69/6

THC75/8

THC81/8

flowers,THC26/6

THC26/7

THC33/Head

food,THC44/19

THC64/5

THC69/5

THC70/4

THC76/4

foot,THC10/8

THC18/4

THC19/Head

THC43/9

THC48/1

THC48/2

THC49/2

THC49/9

THC69/7

THC69/8

fragrance,THC26/2

THC26/6

THC26/7

THC33/4

THC74/4

friends,THC2/7

THC19/2

THC19/4

THC26/4

THC43/5

THC58/4

THC70/7

 Page657

fruit,THC7/3

THC26/6

THC26/7

THC70/6

THC71/4

THC75/6

gag,THC8/1

gate,THC4/3

THC11/5

THC33/1

THC38/34

THC42/8

THC45/4

THC46/45

THC57/Head

THC70/3

ghosts,THC24/7

THC50/8

THC52/7

THC59/1

THC59/3

THC59/6

THC62/7

THC76/3

THC81/8

gold,THC2/5

THC18/6

THC22/6

THC23/7

THC36/7

THC46/2

THC62/5

THC67/4

THC77/5

THC81/5

grasses,THC9/3

THC66/5

hall,THC7/6

THC16/Head

THC39/4

THC46/5

THC66/1

harvest,THC1/7

THC35/5

THC56/4

head,THC18/9

THC30/3

THC48/9

THC63/4

THC64/9

THC70/9

THC72/9

heart,THC2/1

THC6/2

THC7/1

THC14/5

THC17/2

THC24/4

THC26/Head

THC26/3

THC29/1

THC29/7

THC30/2

THC31/1

THC48/2

THC49/2

THC55/2

THC58/6

THC60/2

THC63/2

THC68/2

THC69/3

THC70/1

THC70/8

THC75/3

THC76/3

THC80/1

THC80/8

THC81/1

THC81/5

hills,Seemountains

hinge,THC27/2

horn,THC18/4

THC22/9

THC23/8

THC30/9

THC43/7

THC43/9

THC54/2

THC54/3

THC58/9

THC75/8

THC79/89.Seealsowildanimals

horses,THC28/5

THC49/3

THC71/2

THC71/5

THC71/7

THC71/8

THC79/2

house,THC2/5

THC4/7

THC4/9

THC6/9

THC20/5

THC23/6

THC39/19

THC67/8

THC71/5

THC74/3

THC76/6

THC79/2

hunting,THC9/2

THC12/5

THC43/5

THC50/5,7,9

THC58/7

THC62/79

THC64/7

husband/wife,THC6/4

THC6/7

THC32/3

THC35/7

THC56/1

THC65/5

THC65/7

THC65/8

THC68/9

ice,THC38/7

THC41/6

THC79/Head

THC79/2

illness,THC4/8

THC19/7

THC28/7

THC51/8

THC51/9

THC55/7

THC70/2

THC70/6

THC70/8

THC71/3

THC73/4

THC75/7

THC81/8

immaturity,THC12/19

THC28/1

THC31/8

inner/outer,THC6/3

THC9/Head

THC13/1

THC15/2

THC29/Head

THC35/Head

THC46/8

THC63/2

THC65/Head

innovation,THC10/7

jade,THC2/4

THC46/2

THC47/1

THC50/3

THC54/5

THC57/6

THC60/7

THC69/9

THC72/2

jar,THC40/5

THC74/5.Seealsovessels

journeys,THC3/57

THC31/19

leaping,THC9/6

THC52/3

THC73/3

light,THC9/2

THC11/3

THC12/3

THC13/2

THC19/2

THC20/Head

THC20/6

THC26/2

THC32/Head

THC35/2

THC37/Head

THC38/6

THC41/9

THC50/2

THC51/1

THC62/1

THC63/1

THC63/9

THC64/6

THC66/2

THC67/2

THC67/6

THC67/7

THC67/9

THC68/57

THC71/1

THC74/3

THC78/6

magicsigns.Seeportents

magicians,THC43/4

THC51/9

THC75/7

male/female,THC4/1

THC6/4

THC6/7

THC27/4

THC27/8

THC32/3

THC35/7

THC42/4

THC43/3

THC51/2

THC55/1

THC61/5

THC64/1

THC65/19

THC68/9

THC75/8

THC77/2

THC77/3

marshes,THC13/5

THC21/4

measures,THC52/Head9

THC54/6

medicine,THC15/7

THC19/7

THC21/5

THC64/8

THC75/7.Seealsoillness

ministerialremonstrance,THC8/14

mirror,THC12/8

THC68/4

moon,THC1/6

THC19/1

THC51/4

THC66/8

THC67/5

THC68/8

THC75/9

mountains,THC3/5

THC3/7

THC3/9

THC9/3

THC13/7

THC13/9

THC14/9

THC20/9

THC21/4

THC36/9

THC55/9

THC56/6

THC59/7

THC60/Head

THC69/6

THC72/7

THC72/9

THC79/6

THC80/9

THC81/3

mouth,THC25/8

THC33/7

THC56/1,3,5

THC70/3

THC77/6

 Page658

mudormuck,THC4/1

THC12/2

THC28/3

THC39/2

music,THC24/3

THC24/5

THC24/6

THC41/2

THC46/8

nets,THC22/4

THC23/2

THC40/7

THC41/34

THC58/78

THC64/7

newsprouts,THC11/9

THC17/1

THC39/9

THC41/6

THC53/7

THC65/7

noses,THC59/9

THC70/3

THC74/4

oldage.Seeaging

omens.Seeportents

Oneness,THC1/1

THC14/Head

THC14/2

THC57/2

THC77/8

parasites,THC9/8

THC16/7

THC56/5

THC70/8

parentchildrelations,THC27/7

THC32/3

THC33/3

THC39/23

THC39/7

THC42/7

THC53/1

THC53/2

THC53/4

THC65/3

THC66/4

THC76/4

THC77/2

THC81/7

pillarsorposts,THC30/6

THC36/3

THC36/9

THC46/2

THC52/4

THC52/5

THC71/5

pivot,THC2/2

THC27/2

pools.Seeabyss

portents,THC17/5

THC42/3

THC68/8

THC70/7

THC73/8

THC76/2

THC76/8

THC771/

THC77/2

THC77/9

poverty,THC5/4

THC5/7

prison,THC21/9,THC69/7

probe,THC15/7

profit,THC14/7

THC17/1

THC21/8

THC25/4

THC28/4

THC43/6

THC58/3

THC64/6

THC74/5

rain,THC5/9

THC26/9

THC43/4

THC54/7

THC56/9

THC57/8

THC63/4

THC65/9

restraints,THC2/4

THC4/4

THC9/9

THC11/8

THC21/Head

THC21/9

THC22/1

THC22/2

THC22/3

THC22/4

THC22/7

THC22/8

THC24/4

THC26/3

retreat,THC17/23

THC17/6

THC17/9

river,THC3/9

THC20/9

THC47/6

THC55/9

THC60/Head

THC79/6.Seealsowater

rope,THC40/56

THC76/8

roots,THC3/2

THC7/2

THC7/4

THC21/4

THC30/8

THC31/6

THC34/9

THC46/1:THC45/3

THC48/3

THC55/8

THC61/9

THC68/2

THC75/6

THC77/Head

THC77/3

THC81/1

THC81/3

ruler,THC1/5

THC4/1

THC5/3

THC20/4

THC21/5

THC43/7

THC51/3

THC51/5

THC63/3

THC64/6

THC65/2

THC66/4

THC78/1

sack,THC77/56

sacrifice,THC16/4

THC56/8

THC59/4

THC81/6

shadow,THC21/2

silk,THC28/3

THC35/5

THC47/1

THC60/7

THC78/9

souls,THC1/9

THC28/Head

THC42/3

THC63/Head

speech,THC61/1

THC61/3

THC61/4

THC61/5

THC61/6

THC61/7

THC61/8

THC61/9

spiders,THC26/5

THC43/6

stairs,THC19/9

THC46/5

THC55/3

THC66/3

THC69/7

stars,THC34/6

THC81/9

stone,THC4/5

THC16/3

THC22/6

THC48/2

THC52/8

THC55/6

THC60/3

THC71/9

THC72/1

THC79/4

THC79/5

THC79/7

THC79/8

storehouses,THC4/2

THC75/6

stove,THC39/6

THC44/1

THC44/3

THC44/9

THC69/9

strength,THC3/4

THC3/5

THC23/7

THC32/5

THC44/4

THC60/3

sun,THC1/5

THC9/7

THC13/6

THC19/1

THC20/4

THC41/9

THC51/3

THC63/9

THC67/5

THC70/7

THC75/4

THC75/9

THC78/6

teacher,THC12/1

THC69/3

teeth,THC23/4

THC25/9

THC30/9

THC33/8

THC34/1

THC74/5

THC75/5

thunder,THC21/3

THC21/6

THC21/7

THC21/8

THC32/6

THC61/6

time,THC1/9

THC8/4

THC14/4

THC17/6

THC18/1

THC18/2

THC22/8

THC24/2

THC27/3

THC28/2

THC35/5

THC35/9

THC36/2

THC68/9

THC73/8

THC79/7

tongues,THC8/8

THC61/34

THC61/9

tools,THC3/7

THC6/6

THC7/7

THC7/8?

 Page659

THC20/5

THC21/5

THC22/5

THC29/1

THC30/4

THC39/5

THC57/8

THC77/6

THC78/3

THC78/7

towers,THC7/7

tree,THC7/3

THC7/9

THC8/6

THC13/3

THC15/3

THC16/3

THC17/8

THC23/7

THC39/9

THC41/1

THC49/4

THC49/5

THC53/7

THC59/8

THC62/7

THC66/1

THC66/2

THC69/4

THC71/4

THC71/9

THC75/8

THC79/2

THC79/8

unicorn,THC32/2

valley,THC5/9

THC7/2

THC7/3

THC40/9

vessels,THC5/6

THC27/7

THC39/7

THC40/5

THC44/35

THC48/5

THC57/8

Void(=mind),THC6/1

THC10/6

THC75/1

waiting,THC18/3

THC18/7

walls,THC11/9

THC16/9

THC39/Head

THC45/8

THC46/1

THC46/2THC46/9

THC49/9

THC52/45

THC65/7

war,THC1/2

THC16/9

THC25/9

THC32/19

water,THC1/7

THC3/9

THC8/8

THC19/5

THC20/9

THC25/2

THC28/6

THC42/9

THC49/1

THC52/2

THC55/9

THC57/6

THC61/5

THC69/6

THC76/9

weapons,THC8/7

THC16/8

THC16/9

THC25/7

THC29/1

THC29/6

THC29/9

THC32/19

THC64/9

THC75/1

wells,THC39/6

THC40/5

THC40/9

THC54/6

THC76/8

wildanimals,THC6/5

THC12/5

THC12/9

THC16/5

THC16/7

THC25/8

THC25/9

THC30/6

THC30/9

THC32/4

THC32/5

THC43/8

THC47/4

THC47/67

THC49/5

THC50/5

THC62/9

THC63/8

THC69/6

THC76/5

THC81/7

wind,THC21/3

THC31/2

THC61/6

wood.Seetree
Page661

Index
Note:Thecorrelations(astrological,directional,andmusical,hexagramatic)assignedtoeachtexagrammaybefoundonpp.8083therefore,theyarenotindexed
here.ThepagenumbersfortetragramsandautocommentariesmaybefoundintheTableofContentstorepeatthatinformationherewouldberedundant.Tetragram
andautocommentarytitlesarethereforeindexedonlywhentheyarecitedinotherchapters.

Certainwords,giventheirfrequentoccurrence,areindexedonlyastheyrelatetoselectedtopics:Thosewordsare:Appraisals,Fathomings,FivePhases,Heads,
nobleman,pettyman,Tao,Virtue,Way,Yangch'i,YangHsiung,Yinch'i,Yin/yang.

Accumulation(THC60),424,426

"AdmonitionagainstWine,"6

Advance(THC20),182,424,427

Aesop,118,158,205

aesthetictheory,569n.11,571n.21

age/aging.Seeoldage/aging

Aggravation(THC76),425,427

agriculture,95,108,16364,203,205,221,229,24547,300,330,550n.23

ai("undifferentiated/ungradedlove"),contrastedwithjen,23940,328,431,547n.4,615n.38

AiChang(fl.A.D.8),600n.18

aijih,defined,4648

importanceinTHC,4647,480n.198

alchemy,176,36061,593n.24,606n.19

almanacs,486n.304

Analects,1,35,40,56,302,312,487n.312

cited,37,90,98,10910,117,135,143,150,31213,324,382,417

ancestors,11,579n.10

templeof,347,420,570n.43

tieswith,282,293,313

tombsof,335

worshipof,259,282,293,302,304,316,346,34750.Seealsofilialpietyancestrallinepatrilinealline

Ancients,585n.6

assages,137,182,190,313,396,409,415,482n.227

consulted,14950

imitatingthe,287,296,303,305,406

loveof,254

teachingsof,115,128

Wayofthe,88,143,326,366,376.Seealsoculture,inventionof

Antares.SeeHeartconstellation

antiquity.Seeculture,priortoTaoists,primitivistvisionof

AoGranary,590n.17

apocrypha,62,91,478n.178,487n.312,507n.7

"AppendedTexts."See"GreatCommentarytotheChanges"

Appraisals(tsan),anomaliesin,46,94

asmicrocosm,30,8486,88

correlationsof,433,459

phrasingin,453

modelledonLinetexts,11,73

readindivination,13,31

repeatedinFathomings,xii

relatedtodirection,625n.39

relatedtorank,11,459,603n.17

relatedtotime,1012,27,3031,4546,8485,246,455,598n.11

structureof,11,92,94,122,183,434,459

Ying/yangFivePhasesvaluesfor,11,131,268.SeealsoindividualcosmicphasesHeadtexts

Approach(HEX19),507n.1

Aquinas,Thomas,xi

archery,122123,203,379

architecture,123,243,290,292

asmetaphor,540n.35

courtyards,146,326,336,374

decorationof,342

dedicationof,556n.22

palacestructures,171

structuralsupportsin,171,225,249,258,291,32021,39091.Seealsocitywallshangt'usumptuaryregulations

Aristotle,614n.16

AristotelianMean,183

arts,303,324

polite,65,69,157,198

technicalarts,xi,44,6061,171.Seealsomagic,occultartsMystery,artsof

Ascent(THC7),21,423,428

asceticism,283,341,345,606n.9.Seealso"lessendesires"sensorydesire

astrologists.Seecosmologists

astrology/astronomy,8,16,97,120,125,316,455,624n.17

Yang'sinterestin,61.SeealsocalendarGrandInceptionCalendarHunt'ienastronomicaltheoryKait'ienastronomicaltheoryTripleConcordancecalendar

autobiography.SeeYangHsiung

 Page662

autocommentaries,3

relatedto"TenWings,"8,11,14

cited,173,175,214,344.Seealsoautocommentarieslistedbytitle

AutumnEquinoxsolarperiod,327

AutumnOnsetsolarperiod,26,315

"awaitingfate"(houming),38,54,56,17677.Seealsoming

axismundi,86,9798,134,176,287,289,325

barbarians,288,498n.37.SeealsoNineBarbarians

Barrier(THC4),19,102,423,427

belly,symbolismof,121,162,164,181,22021,224,345,367,379,38586,420,461,500n.7,514n.10

benefit,maximizationof,4849

benevolence.Seejen

benevolentgovernment.Seejuststate

Bible,63

biography.SeeYangHsiung

Birdconstellation,431

black.Seecolorsymbolism

BoldResolution(THC30),425,426

BookofChanges(Yiching),asbestClassic,8,3334,465n.3,470n.78

asClassic,xi,4,63,467n.32

booksimitating,114,467n.30,468n.37

commentariesto,11,88,108,492n.45

Confuciusstudies,7

earlycoretextof,7172,88

differentarrangementsfor,468n.43,469n.46

genesisof,67

Hanviewsof,78

methodofdivinationfor,27,72,469n.56

prototypeforTHC,xi,1,615,1819,21,2425,2729,3334,73,86,8889,103,108,147,258,267,326,468n.43

traditionof,108,118,141,197,482n.230

cited,88,95,104,10910,112,114,118,122,14041,146,152,155,158,169,176,179,18890,195,200,210,214,219,223,227,234,252,258,
270,275,282,298,306,315,32122,332,33436,341,355,358,368,371,382,385,389,393,398,407.Seealso"GreatCommentary"hexagramsLine
texts"TenWings"

BookofDivination,488n.17

BookofDocuments.SeeDocuments

BookofOdes.SeeOdes

BranchingOut(THC9),423,426

bronzes,28182,284,349

Buddhism,220,283,502n.9,537n.15,606n.9

bureaucraticselection,5,123,136,169,220,249,28485,299,313,333,35354,386.Seealsocareeradvancementofficialsministerspatronageruler

BurningoftheBooks,33,470n.79

butcher.Seechef

ButcherTing,564n.3

Calamity(setof3Appraisals),12,185,209,217,230,234,242,246,254,257,293,355,455,45859,461.Seealsogoodfortune/calamity

calendar,44,268,423,43334,45758,600n.22,618n.13

canon.Seeclassic

CanonofSupremeMystery(T'aihsanching),asChinesesumma,xi,1,5760

asclassic,5562,97,465n.2

ascomprehensive,45,60

asdivinationclassic/manual,1114,2735,7172,460,469n.67

astool,617n.67

commentarytraditionto,xii

coretextdefined,73,88

dateofcompilationfor,3132

innovationin,813,28,62,508n.33,

philosophicalimportanceof,12,5,6162

structureof,917,73,45658

styleof,7475

symbolsystemof,xi,43848

underlyingthemesof,4647,5861.SeealsoBookofChanges

careeradvancement,86,8990,111,125,182,220,333,353,363

categoricalthinking,33,55,6061,6568,118,140,159,165,168,187,190,252,273,295,315,355,377,546n.30,616n.39.SeealsoKeytermsYin/yang
FivePhasestheory

categories(lei),6768,42930,432,434,450,455

defined,456,599n.16

Catullus,272

center,asauspicious,91,266

ascreativebalance,18,84,436

asMean,183,289,33738,342,391,45051

associationsof,95,154,266,444.Seealsoconsciencegoodfaithheart/mindMeanWayofCentralityyellowCenter(THC1),18,2223,25,86,423,426,
446,457,458

asmicrocosmforHeads,8485,92,94,267,44853

"centerheart"(chunghsin),6970,109,111,121,194,220,240,360,537n.14.

 Page663

Seealsoheart/mindKeytermsMean

CenterPerfection(chungchi),325

centeringtheself,70,87,183,253,263,459

chance.Seecoincidence

changch.See"commentariesbychapterandverse."

ChangHeng,1,622n.6

change,431,481n.217defined,43637

Change(THC28),425,427,446,45758

"ChangeastheOnlyConstant"theory,57

Changes.SeeBookofChanges

chaos,inpresent,90,435

primordial,2,58,6465,68,84,86,96,235,254,287,385,406,449.Seealsocosmogonicstages

charismaticPower,8,49,65,315,351,354,382

defined,431.SeealsoVirtue,ascharismatic

chastity.Seegender

chef/butcher,symbolismof,282,284,386,565n.34

chen,28,88defined,7172,469n.60,489nn.48,50,51,53.SeealsoIndexedThemes

Ch'enPenli,31,111,144,176,267,305

ch'eng.Seeintegrity

ChengHsan,487n.3

Ch'engKengwang,349

ChiTzu,37778

ch'i,335,431,449,453,455,462

aroused,198,336

cyclesof,51,96,351

defined,4,6365,327

depletionof,94,107,421,452

Earthly,559n.23

fiery,559n.36

"floodlike,"96,194,317,338

generationof,3,130,429

graphicformof,6364,488n.4

patrimonyof,60,326,335,480n.189,

propertiesof,6365,185,201,332

relatedtoming,37

ch'i,primordial.Seechaos,primordialch'i,quintessential,64,27475,277.Seealsocollectivereponsibilitycosmogonicstages,HeadtextsforTHC181

yangch'iyinch'i

ChiaYi,204,300,589n.36

ChiaoKan,467n.30468n.37

Ch'ien.SeeCreative(HEX1)

chihming("knowingming"/"recognizingfate"),35,44,47,65,94,116,226,238,429,471nn.92,93,478n.178,484n.251

chihyi("holdingfasttotheone"),15758,315,341,424

defined,576n.7

Ch'in(dynasty).SeeAoGranaryBurningoftheBooksFirstEmperorofCh'in

Chinesephilosophy,debatesin.Seephilosophicaldebates

ChingFang,8,1518,558n.1

ChingK'o,552n.32

Ch'ingmingfestival,214,535n.8

Choudynasty,templeof117

tombsof,335.SeealsocosmogonicmythDukeT'anfu,KingWenKingWuT'ienming

ChouTunyi,489n.48

Chronicles(Ch'unCh'iu),4,63,487n.312,565n.34

ChroniclesofMr.L(Lshillch'unch'iu),217

ChuHsi(11301200),2,466n.8,475n.124,489n.48

Chujung,442

Ch'Yan,498n.49,532n.14,600n.36

Chanhs,443

ChuangTsun,466n.13,470n.85

Chuangtzu,58,8687,91,103,229,297,420,472n.98,473n.105,481nn.208,212,482n.227,485n.274,505n.13,529n.6,542n.36,585n.4

Chuangtzu,cited,87,150,203,564n.3

cinnabar,322,606n.19

circle,definedforChina,470n.71,492n.4

citywalls,148,290,31921.Seealsoarchitecturecivilizationculturesocialorder

clan.Seefamily

classic,5762

defined,55,62,462,465n.2,484n.259

Hanviewsof,79.SeealsoFiveClassics

ClassicofFilialPiety(Hsiaoching),237

clepsydra,434,455

ClosedMouth(THC56),424,428

Closeness(THC33),425,428

ClosingIn(THC58),424,426

Closure(THC74),425,428

clothing,symbolismof,99,35657,570nn.31,43

coinage/currency,15556,455,469n.61

coincidence,141,27880,385,507n.18

ColdDewsolarperiod,368

collectiveresponsibility,327,346,355

colorsymbolism,356

ofblack,34,88,183,216,32829,345,355,407,443,581n.11

ofgolden,11011,345,412,420

ofgreen,93,438ofred,34,105,155,400,412,440

ofwhite,34,138,216,32829,355,358,400,440

ofyellow,88,93,103,11011,253,275,333,338,345,

 Page664

colorsymbolism(cont.)

357,369,407,412,420,444,495n.9.SeealsoYellowCenter

CommandingGeneral,442

"commentariesbychapterandverse,"1,465n.4

"Commentaryonthe

Judgments."SeeJudgments

"CommentaryontheImages."SeeImages

community,56,129,141,148

breakdownof,97,148,194,261,265,393,399,404,420

creationof,69,71,101,108,167,182,216,237,301,303,321,32830,337,351,385,394

idealvisionsof,47,165,207,23435,369,373,398,420

needfor,49,181,195,212,298

CompendiumofAnnotations(Ts'angChiehhsntsan),467n.27,472n.100

Completing(manticformula),449,456

Completion(THC73),425,428,446,457,459

Compliance(THC77),425,427

Confucian,defined.SeeJu

ConfucianClassics.SeeFiveClassics

ConfucianWay.SeeWay,Confucian

Confucianism,asstateorthodoxy,5,89,55,62,502n.19

asTool,42,176,195,222

defined,485n.276

focusonsocialrelations,48,165,207,229,313,387

idealsof,89,32223,397

mastersof,198,341

oneducation,236,290

ongovernment,243,304,319

onritual,4142,113

traditionof,45,62,65,68,94,182,222,240,253,258,316,322,382

vs.heterodoxy,264.Seealsoapocrypha

FiveClassicsgreatnessHanConfucianismhumannatureindependenceindividualmasterslistedbynamepunishmentsritualWay,ConfucianYangHsiung

Confucians,agreementwithTaoists,160,206,544n.41

debatesamong,3839,63,32324

influencedbyLegalists,131

vs.Legalists,98,245,250,304,387

vs.Mohists,60,486n.299,474n.112,547n.4572n.26

vs.Taoists,9091,107,237,356,536n.31.SeealsoHanConfucianismJuphilosophicaldebates

Confucius(551479B.C.),72,146,582n.39,598n.17

anecdotesabout,141,237,524n.9,529n.54,549n.33,562n.5

author/editorofclassics,63,129

studentofChanges,7

supremesage,1,5,47,53,106,14243,158,417,475n.125,483n.242

"uncrownedking,"39

defininggoodness,9091,97,162,165

Hanviewsof,479n.178,553n.14

oneducation,69

ongovernment,269

onming,33,39,56

onritual,301

cited,35,39,47,6869,91,96,110,114,116,131,142,147,149,17273,189,203,21011,237,242,25455,287,295,29798,307,328,354,357,
360,38687,393.SeealsoAnalects"reanimatetheold"YenHui

conscience,8,70,97,104,142,146,183,190,193,219,236,252,254,320,33234,338,344,351,360,366,373,377,394,416.Seealsoheart/mind

consideration(shu),47,68,162,304.Seealsoreciprocity

Constancy(THC51),24,424,427

constantnorms,5152,65,9394,151,215,258,315,422

aspropersubjectofstudy,46,59,480n.190,481n.208.SeealsocosmiclawFiveConstantRelationspatternritual

constellations,correlationswithindividualtetragrams,8083,32021

constructionprojects.Seearchitecture,citywallshangt'u

Contact(THC16),424,428

Contention(THC25),424,427

continuity,defined,43637

Contrariety(THC6),20,423,427

correlativethought.Seecategoricalthinking

cosmicbalance,88,189,243

cosmicharmony.Seeharmony

cosmiclaws/norms,44,124,159,213,257,262,269,344,350,420

onretribution,37,17475,194,200.SeealsoHeaven'sNetTaoYin/yang

cosmicorder.Seeorder,cosmic

cosmicorigin.Seecosmogonicstages

cosmicpattern.Seepattern

cosmicprocess.SeeTao

cosmicsack/womb.SeeHeavenTao

cosmicunity,87,200,327,425.SeealsoTao,asone

cosmicway.SeeWay

cosmogonicmyth,466n.12,609n.7

cosmogonicstages,23,10,20,22,68,84

 Page665

86,88,94,118,156,161,235,41011,429

defined,2,90.Seealsochaos,primordial

cosmologists,8,38,44,46,49,57,6061,588n.7

courage,171,173,203,221,22324,226,234,307,360,419,517n.3

defined,430

Covering(manticformula),449,456

creation.Seecosmogonicstages

creationmyth.Seecosmogonicmyth

creativeact,defined,436,471n.89

Creative(HEX1),15,448,452,479n.187,492n.45,551n.3

Culmen,431

culture,306

inventionof,7,41,58,121,123,185,263,26869,27879,317,330,391,412,43435,45455,469n.61

priorto,435,476n.145,483n.240.SeealsopatternsagesTools

dance,345

DarkBird,378,600n.22

Darkening(THC67),425,426

death,19,27,40,48,51,58,86,106,107,111,139,143,148,173,196,200,231,233,236,238,257,272,27980,302,324,332,33435,34950,36263,
368,370,374,381,388,411,429,486n.288

defined,94,381,421

definedas"good,"124,290,459.Seealsooldageritesmourningwar

Decisiveness(THC29),425,427

Decree.SeeMing

DecreeofHeaven.SeeT'ienming

Defectiveness(THC10),424,426,446,45758

Deference(HEX15),20

Deficit(intercalaryApp.),455,460

Departments(lineoftetragrams),10,435,45758

Departure(THC66),424,426

desire,13638,145,162,181,194,19899,233,344,36768,423

destiny.Seeming

development,431,481n.217

defined,436

DiagramoftheMystery(Hsant'u),14,454

diet,inHan,602n.17

Difficulties(THC79),425,427

DifficultyStarting(HEX3),19,107

Diminishment(THC55),424,427,428,446,457,459

Dimming(THC68),425,428

Dipper,67,9798,242,321,43334,457,462,617nn.61,73,623n.4.SeealsoPolestar

DirectorofPublicWorks,443

"DiscussionofMusic."SeeHsntzu

DiscussionoftheTrigrams(Shuokua),14,438,461

DispellingObjectionsfu,6,465n.2

DispellingRidiculefu,6,34

disputation,defined,431

Divergence(THC11),22,424,426

divination,41,7172,118,150,211,435,438,455,460,482n.230

defined,29,3435,14950,469n.61,471nn.88,94.SeealsoBookofChangesCanonofSupremeMysteryyarrowstalks

divine(shen),29,34,47,155,475n.125

defined,19,28,158,167,201,469n.49,481n.217,528n.29,588n.9.Seealsogodsheart/mindnoblemanVirtue,asdivine

diviner'sboard,469n.67

DoctrineofMutualInteractionbetweenHeavenandMan,45,64,269,27374,480n.189

"DoctrineoftheMean"(Chungyung),100,291,297,469n.59

Documents(Shangshu),xi,4,63,114,404,470n.79,472n.101,473n.102

cited,146,196,208,222,299,305,343.Seealso"GreatPlan""Ykung"ch

Doubt(THC62),424,427

DowagerEmpressWang,180,497n.15

dragon,symbolismof,85,8990,108,270,27374,37071,45052,519n.13

Dragonconstellation,431

DreamoftheRedChamber,595n.9

dreams,277,562n.5

duality,65

ofmind,15657,19394,252

DukeHsiaoofCh'in,132

DukeofChou,374,465n.7,562n.5

DukeP'ingofChin,609n.9

DukeTanfu,102

DukeWenofChin,133

DukeYiofWei,516n.31

Duties(THC27),425,428

duty(yi),4,35,86,92,199,21014,221,256,271,279,307,341,371

andrites,117,137,195,328,568n.18

defined,431,460.Seealsofamily

 Page666

Earth,18,84,434,454

ascenter,91,93,116,214,245,33334

asdivinationresult,2728

asmodel,116,33334,408

aspatronphaseforHan,491n.28

assquare,429,431,434

assupremeentity,42,45,437,453,486n.284

cosmicphaseforAppraisals,110,245,44445

cosmicphaseforHead,266

graphicdepictionof,9,2728

numbersfor,26768

Wayof,3,113,458.Seealsocolorsymbolism,ofyellowFivePhases,enumerationordersofHeavenandEarth,godsofHeavenEarthMan

EarthlyBranches,45960,618n.14

Ease(THC23),424,427

EasternStar,150

EasternWellconstellation,617n.69

eclecticism.Seetsa

eclipse,404,461

education,14849,207,27778

defined,69,104

inwomb,408SeealsoConfucianismConfuciusfamily,assocializingagentstudyteacher

EightDirections,460

EightMusicalAirs,455

EightTrigrams,252

ElaboratedTeachings(Wenyen),1314

ElaborationoftheMystery,1314,9394,454,491n.26

cited,87,9091,9394,97

Embellishment(THC61),24,424,426

emblem,7,46

EmperorAiofHan,1,3132,497n.15

EmperorP'ingofHan,305,324

EmperorCh'engofHan,1,497n.15

EmperorWenofHan,604n.10

EmperorWuofHan,24445,294

EmperoroftheCenter,86.SeealsoHunt'un

emptiness,3,9091,112,283,287,294,332,357,401,451Seealsohumility

Emptiness,primal,429,433

Encounters(THC43),423,428

Endeavor(THC26),424,427

enfeoffment,303,385,534n.11

Enlargement(THC46),423,427,446,45758

equality,defined,121,500n.4,529n.6

betweensexes,370,597n.19

ofexperience,237.Seealsomoralrelativism

equinoxes,15,2224,26,182,186,189,219,355,359,362,365

equitabletreatment.Seekung

eremitism,101,112,337,345,570n.36,584n.18

Eternity(THC53),10,424,427

evil,defined,430

solutionto,355

EvolutionoftheMystery(Hsanli),14,454,627n.38

Exhaustion(THC69),425,426

''ExhortationtoStudy."SeeHsntzu

exorcism,389,505n.40

ExpellingPovertyfu,52,500n.29

Extending(manticformula),449,456

Fayen.SeeModelSayings

Failure(THC75),425,427

fairness.Seekung

family,302,313,338,387,403,567n.8

assocializingagent,69,23637,23942,278,34850

clanorganization,261,337

elderyoungerrelations,261,302,34849,455,460

extended,282,428

feelingsas"natural,"227,235

husband/wife,120,124,178,180,211213,246,259,273,276,316,323,325,336,36872,376,381,407,429,460

marriage,368,597n.7

parent/childrelations,29,48,65,104,124,23637,24041,263,275,276,279,325,40405,416,429

father/sonrelations,4,259,275,373,432,455,460,462,598n.11

propertydivisionwithin,261

subversionof,26061,403,428.Seealsogenderroleshierarchylawpatrilineallinesuccession

Familylineintetragrams,10,28,435,45758

FanWang,8788,94,105,111,117,132,136,139,291,307,317,350,468nn.41,43

Fangyen.SeeRegionalPhrases

fate,11,35,62,201,209,382,614n.11.Seealsochihmingmingpredestination

"Fathomings"("Ts'e"),xi,1314,73,454

favor/blame(hsiuch'iu),52,435

feasting,169,212,24142,284,34748,589n.27

filialpiety(hsiao),41,48,68,254,277,305,348,369,40405,464,574n.29.Seealsoancestors,family

"findtheircategories."See"followitstype"

Fire,434

correlationsof,86,88,9293,125,155,202,203,215,257,344,441

 Page667

42

cosmicphaseforAppraisals,2,7,86,103.SeealsoFivePhases,enumerationordersof

FireStar,37475,462,599n.22

FirstEmperorofCh'in,251,294,396,498n.37,539n.13,558n.29

FiveBlessings,94,478n.172

FiveClassics,4,33,45,97,129,259,295,311,318,487n.1,552n.14

asinconsistent/flawed,55,63,150

asinfallible,4,202,415,557n.17

asorthodoxy,468n.35

assupremeentities,45,137,139,142,456

asTools,8,106,123,130,185,26263,269,395,412

defined,55,63

studyof,8,69,106,128,146,264

cited,89,110,112,157,241,265,30304,320.SeealsoClassicsbyindividualtitlesages,asauthorsof

FiveColors,366

FiveConquests,462,626n.21

FiveConstantRelations(wuch'ang),4,15,121,471n.85

defined,49,191.SeealsoThreeGuideLines

FiveExcellentMaterials,434.SeealsoFivePhases

FiveGauges,159

FiveMutilations.SeeFivePunishments

FiveNotes,366

FivePhases,16,42,4445,6568,84,86,214,434,453

ascosmogonicstage,2

correlationwithHeads,16,8083,266

enumerationordersof,11,66,43945,462,626n.20.SeealsocosmogonicstagesFiveGaugesPrincipleofMaskingYin/yangFivePhasestheory

FiveProductions,462,626n.20

FivePunishments,455,512n.40

FiveRecorders,434

FiveSacredMountains,456

FiveTastes,281,284,565n.25

Flight(THC49),423,427

"floodlike"ch'i.Seech'i

"followitskind/model"(ch'ulei),66,118,179,202,621n.6

Following(THC19),424,427,446,45758

force,appropriateuseof,16970,523n.28

dangersof,170,173,190,196,226,233,251.SeealsoVirtue,war

Formlessness,primal,3,347,429,431,449,461

ForestofChanges.SeeYilin

Fostering(THC81),25,425,428

FourGreatRivers,456

FourQualities.Seemanticformulae

FourStates,188,405,523n.24

freedom.Seeindependence

Freud,307,373

friends/friendship,101,109,125,130,16870,187,208,211,216,237,238,241,249,260,275,313,34142,345,387,400,428,460

FrontierMyth,229

Frostfallsolarperiod,379,388

frugality,296,585n.35

FuHsi.SeePaoHsi

FullCircle(THC2),19,423,426

Fullness(THC38),425,426

gaps.See"nogap"

GardenofSayings(Shuoyan),131,361

Gate(betweenlifeanddeath),236,349

Gathering(THC35),425,427

genderroles,forfemales,124,211213,357,407,534n.21,576n.13

importanceoffemalechastity,316,366,369,371,577n.14

male/female,178,180,258,316,357,366,372,403,429,455,458,463,505n.43.Seealso"constantnorms"equality,ofsexesfamily"rectificationof
names"sex/sexualattraction

gentleman(chntzu)defined,162,245,295,418.Seealsonoblemannobility

geomancy.Seemagic

ghosts,29,200,277,314,34750,361,404,421,438,443,45254,463,473n.105

gnomon,432,455,617n.5

godofFire.SeeHsanming

godofthesoil(she),349,528n.38,588n.16,619n.41

gods,3,29,36,61,16568,200,212,235,252,274,27778,28283,286,293,298,301,31415,339,347,34950,420,435,438,45254,463,473n.105

assupremeentity,42,453,486n.284

GoingtoMeet(THC42),423,427

good,defined,430.SeealsogreatnessVirtue

goodfaith(hsin),18,68,84,101,110,167,275,322,342,345,420

aspatronvirtueforHan,494n.50

defined,431

GoodFaithatCenter(HEX61),18

goodfortune,defined,438

 Page668

GoodFortune(setof3Appraisals),12,168,187,216,455,45859,461

goodfortune/calamity(fuhuo),256,417,433,449,451,460

defined,5152,43738

goodlife,3738,44,51,189,473n.107,478n.172.Seealsoluck

goodluck/badluck(chihsiung),52,317,429,43435,450

goodness,4,8,61,101,138,195,283,320,382,425

asdivine,47,4951

asimpartial,142,210,250,31112,360,529n.4

capacityfor,61,8889,104,190,215,223,258,282,296,30203,328,333,341,360,419

commitmentto,6869,128,136,151,158,171,178,219,224,252,255,278,332,376,394,400,414

constraintsto,56

habituationto,65,71,14546,181,190,195,215,237,244,271,323,355

importanceofmodelsfor,454

promoting,266,338,392

roots/trunkof,153,167,23637,242,348,419.Seealsohumannaturejensinglemindedhess

"gradedlove."Seejen

GrandAccord,424

GrandAccumulationSum,460

GrandCenter,460

GreatColdsolarperiod,21,131

"GreatCommentary"totheChanges,9,14,55,58,245,267,428,433,454,456

cited,18,58,84,88,217

GrandDecline,271

GrandRule(tat'ung),26465

GrandInception(t'aich'u)calendar,15,30,431,469n.45,625n.46

GreatHandle,458,624n.26

GreatHeatsolarperiod,300,306

"GreatLearning"(Tahseh),337,389,597n.7,599n.16

"greatman,"139,143,183,256,284,313,521n.11.Seealsogreatness

"GreatOath."SeeDocuments

GreatPeace,293

"GreatPlan"(Hungfan)ch.ofDocuments,9294,98,154,201,211,312,468n.40,567n.24

Hanreadingsof,342

GreatSnowsolarperiod,413

GreatUnknown,236

GreatWay,513n.29

GreaterColdsolarperiod,21

Greatness(THC45),423,426

greatness,45,14142,297,326,485n.283,506n.22

defined,4849,51,151,154,287,294,482n.220,486n.286

GreenDragon,457,624n.16

Guardedness(THC57),424,427

GuideLines.SeeThreeGuideLines

habituationtogoodness.Seegoodness

HallofLight,165

Hanchi.SeeHsnYeh

HanConfucianism,70,100,341

adherentsof,7,14,266

assynthesisofpreCh'inphilosophies,45,8,39,67,91,131,547n.4

debatesin,63

fundamentalquestionsof,118

masters/scholarsof,7,61,68,215,350,354,375,396

TungChungshuas"father"of,39,44.SeealsoConfuciansConfucianism

Hancourt,3132,90,184,231

legitimacyof,7,32,34,39,45,61,486n.303,491n.28

patronsfor,494n.50,495n.9

HanFeitzu,65,387,482n.223

Hanrulinghouse.SeeHancourt

Hanshu,31

hangt'uconstruction,148,291,320,568n.10

Hardness(THC72),425,427

harmony,cosmic,22,184,23435,266,269,325

inheart,301

social,269,329,342.Head(Shou)text,asmicrocosm,21,2627

defined,10,453,455

relatedtoAppraisals,31,42,73,162

structureof,10,1516,153,450

dominionovertime,10,1516,2627,30,42,273,457,468n.41

samplesgiven,1826SeealsoTHC181/Headscommentary

Heartconstellation,375,599n.22,626n.17

heart/mind(hsin),112,191,277,301,34546,387,444

as"godlike,"199,450,552n.12

asseatofemotions,121,162,193,379,414,419

asseatofgoodness,190,407

asseatofintellect,37,58,70,121,141,159,161,164,193,219,315,328,398,414,419,435,450,459

asseatofwill,344,416

assensoryreceptor,58,162,164,220,295,361

asunseenruler,70,236,253,383

developmentof,296,301,390

functioningof,56,190,263,311,359

failuresof,168,307,359,536n.28

metaphorsfor,103,109,152,

 Page669

252,28788,320,372,406,497n.17,500n.5.SeealsoconsciencehumannaturenatureandDecreeselfcultivationthinking"unmovedmind"Void

Heaven,269,345,385

artsof,456

asamoral,3738

asconstantpattern,100,216,296,344,414,449,456,578n.20

asdivinationresult,2728,266

asmodel,29,9698,101,237,292,409

asoriginofbad,298,343,397,605n.14

asoriginofGood,56,269,341

asround,429,431,434

assupremeentity,42,45,437,45354,486n.284

defined,36,38,5657,175,194,356,374,473n.105,518n.3

graphicdepictionof,9,2728

interventionist,3738,60,17475,259,292,34345,397,417,463,605n.14

kinshipwithMan,3637,5657,67,101,432

numbersof,26768

Wayof,3,96,101,113,209,337,458,529n.4,553n.14.SeealsoHeavenandEarthHeavenEarthManTime,asimposedT'ienming.heavens,movements
of

HeavenandEarth,97,287,292,438,449,458,625n.44

asmaterialentities,64,8687,170,206,335,418,429,43133,437,452,45657

asmodels,5758,87,93,97,113,217,247,263,26667,26970,292,317,432,450,453,45556,463

assupremeentities,42,124,161,451,453,456,625n.30

aswomb,275,418,623n.26

creativeaspectsof,463

godsof,3,245,429,431,433,458,616n.49,617n.74,627n.45

metaphorsfor,532n.28

Wayof,3,101,209,456,460

HeavenEarthMan,13,50

astriadicrealms,5,810,13,46,51,72,120,158,164,175,266,282,292,317,319,332,457,477n.164,625n.31

indivination,9,13,27

separatefunctionsof,392,452,458,462.Seealso"nogap"

HeavenlyOrigin,433,456,463

HeavenlyStems,446,45960

heavens,movementof,429,434,614n.8,615n.19,626n.19

Heaven'sBarge,406

Heaven'sCompensation,463

Heaven'sFemale,357,592n.25

Heaven'sMandate.SeeT'ienming

Heaven'sNet,194,269

Heaven'sRoot,457,624n.23

Heaven'sWay,113,374,437,450,555n.41

Heaven'swill,35,53,97,101,139,257,322,492n.17

heirapparent.Seesuccession

hermits.Seeeremitism.

Hexagram/SolarPeriod(kuach'i)system,1517,558n.1

hexagrams,7,910,1417,435,454

hexagrams,arrangementsof,28

relatedtotetragrams,5,910,16,1823,84,107,113,127,154,174,219,223,231,239,263,279,282,28687,301,319,347,372,375,379,381,385,
392,399,468n.34,558n.1.SeealsoChingFang

Hidden(manticformula),449,456

hierarchy,4

divineoriginof,48,321,432,476n.139,485n.279

incosmos,24,433

infamily,4,302,315,323,373

inpolitics,129,232,31516,373

insociety,71,90,121,165,21113,232,259,269,278,321,416,432

inTHC,1011.Seealsopatternrank,insociety

HoKuantzu,478n.175

HoYen,474n.124

HoldingBack(THC17),424,426

HoldingTogether(HEX8),239

"holdingfasttotheone"(chihyi).Seechihyi

Homer,63

Horace,480n.195

HouChi,515n.30

HouPa,465n.2

Hout'u,444

Hsitz'uchuan.See"GreatCommentary"totheChanges

HsiangY,590n.17

Hsiang.SeeImages

hsiehchih,394,415

hsin(goodfaith).Seegoodfaith

Hsindynasty.SeeWangMang

Hsinlun(NewTreatise).SeeHuanT'an

HsHan,469nn.69,70,613n.6,615nn.30,35,621n.10

Hskua.SeeSequenceoftheHexagrams

HsShen,487n.3

hsanhseh.See"MysteryLearning"

Hsankao.SeeRevelationoftheMystery

Hsanli.SeeEvolutionsoftheMystery

Hsanshu.SeeNumbersoftheMystery

Hsant'u.SeeDiagramoftheMystery

Hsants'e.SeeFathomings

 Page670

Hsants'o.SeeInterplayofOppositesintheMystery

Hsanwen.SeeElaborationoftheMystery

Hsanyi.SeeRepresentationsoftheMystery

Hsanying.SeeIlluminationoftheMystery

Hsanming,443,543n.4

Hsanniao,600n.22

Hsntzu,5657,301,472n.98,473n.105,474n.117,490n.69

YangHsiungre,103,115,146,485n.269,579n.36

Hsntzu,"DiscussionofMusic,"197

"ExhortationtoStudy,"485n.273,532n.16

cited,69,137,157

HsnYeh,465n.2

HuanT'an,1,62465n.2

huangchi("sovereignperfection"),580nn.16,19

Huangti.SeeYellowEmperor

Huhai,498n.37

human,defined,328,416,453,481n.211

humannature,asdistinctfrombestial,99,104,151,168,190,306,328,536n.19

atbirth,37,39,58,60,65,6870,125,128,296,341

basicneedsof,41,49,57,68,162,181,195,245,345,500n.7,514n.10,515n.32

defined,37,67,485n.275,614n.11

derivedfromHeaven,453

developmentof,38,53,416,533n.38

metaphorsfor,216

potentialforperfection,41,49,5354,56,61,65,88,104,125,166,190,215,264,393,419

relatedtoming,37

theoriesabout,2,39,5657,67,466n.8

YangHsiungre,2,58,68,104,454,466n.8,485n.275,486n.286

humanportents,46,49,68

humanehess(jen),92,99,165,190,193,221,224,236,239,242,244,256,263,270,289,297,303,331,354,376,451,547n.4

defined,430.Seealsoaigoodness,Virtue

humility,91,11317,154,25354,256,294,297,334,357,373,396,451

elevatedtoamajorvirtueinHan,11314

Wayof,373

Hunt'ienastronomicaltheory,87,98

Hunt'un,385

HundredAffairs,432

HundredCorporealBodies,434

HundredLords,292

HundredNorms,434

HundredSalariedOfficers,455

HundredSchoolphilosophers,36,38,59,129,131,142,301,354,486n.288

"Hungfan."See"GreatPlan"

husband/wife.Seefamily

Icarus,270

illness.Seemedicine/medicaltheory

IlluminationoftheMystery(Hsanying),14,454,479n.178

Images(Hsiang),1314,73,127,375,470n.80,609n.26

immaturity,104,14853,19495,238,242

"immersion"(ch'ien)insage'smind,34,39,61,250,475n.125

immortality,xi,51,172,176,322,335,345

seekersof,5759,361

Increase(THC13),424,427,428

independence,Confucianviewof,138,172,22930

inheritance.Seefamily

pattilineallinesuccession

Inner(THC65),424,426

integrity(ch'eng),28,31,65,86,88,101,107,109,1.12,168,190,192,219,226,282,29697,301,302,304,315,317,322,341,380,454,469n.59

InterplayofOpposites(Tsakua),14,426

InterplayofOpposites(Hsants'o),14,454

jade,symbolismof,6869,99,287,311,32930,342,393,493n.38

JadeLevel,431,617n.61

JasperTemplate,431,617n.61

Job,414

Jouput'uan.SeeLiY

journey,metaphorof,103,141,143,157,163,215,22630,351

Joy(THC24),424,426

Ju("Confucian"),asorthodox,2

"trueConfucian"defined,60,328,356,487n.305.SeealsoConfuciansHanConfucianism

Jushou,440

JuanHsiaohs,465n.4

JudasIscariot,156

Judgments,7,14,19,25,113,154,469n.44,470n.80

juststate,91,97,121,176,192,221,260,301,32829,405,524n.16,544n.41

defined,19899,24344,483n.235

metaphorfor,533n.33

justwar.Seewar

 Page671

Kait'ienastronomicaltheory,28687,614n.16

KanChungk'o,486n.303

KeepingSmall(THC5),20,423,426

KeyTerms,xi,293

KingCh'engofChou,361,374

KingChuangofCh'u,404

KingT'angofShang,151,261,269

KingWenofChou,137,189,372,492n.12

KingWuofChou,155,511n.32,544n.32

KingYuofChou,527n.16

Kinship(THC34),425,428

knowingming.Seechihming

KoHung,606n.19

Koumang,439

KuChiehkang,487n.1

kumagic.Seemagic

"Kuanch"ode,597n.7

KuanChung(d.645B.C.),142

k'unbird.Seemagicalbirds

kung("equitabletreatment"/"fairness"),95,121,192,202,206,230231,253,256,328,330,407,424,430

K'ungAnkuo,475n.124

Laboring(THC80),425,426

laissezfaire.Seenonpurposiveactivity

language,36,48,68,72,267,337,356,449,456

patternin,54

Laotzu,45,91,297,472n.98,480n.197

YangHsiungre,35,196,466nn.8,14

Laotzu,cited,24,107,109,113,117,142,15354,194,210,231,255,318,332,342,366,374,396,405,410

law,151,191,202,222,263,269,276,333,346,377,394,452,482n.227,538n.46

Hanfamily,548n.18.SeealsocosmiclawsLegalistspunishments

Law(THC40),425,427

learning,158,264,313,619n.26.Seealsostudyteachers

Legalists,8,48,98,131,319,351,394.SeealsoConfuciansindividualauthorsbynamejuststatelawrulerYangHsiung

Legion(THC32),425,428

legitimacy.SeeHanlegitimacysuccession

"lessendesires,"341,585n.4

LesserColdsolarperiod,107,125

LessonsforWomen(Nchieh).SeePanChao

LiKuei,591n.23

LiLou,596n.20

liming("establishingfate"),60,485n.271

Lisao.SeeCh'Yan

LiY,582n.23

life,defined,453

LineTexts(Yao),7,9,1112,73,470n.80,477n.160,479n.187,574n.27

LiuHsiahui,563n.12,598n.17

LiuHsiang,1,131,579n.9

LiuHsin,1,61,487n.310

LiuPang,590n.17

Liurulingclan.SeeHancourt

logic.Seecategoricalthinking

Logicians,67,103,107,216,322,479n.179

longevity.Seeimmortality

Lu,63,117,536n.31

LuChi,23

Lclan,610n.16

LuK'ai,470n.68

luck,33,42,71,9899,207

relatedtoVirtue,52,62.Seealsoming

Lunheng.SeeWangCh'ung

lunarlodge(constellation),30,125

Lustrationfestival,535n.8

LuxuriantTalentdegree,502n.20

magic,54,71,400

geomancy,350

kumagic,38990,603n.12

occultarts,369.Seealsoexorcismnumerology

magicalbirds,249

k'unbird,228

phoenix,249

wanch'u,36667

magicians,4445,278,402,440,478n.178,577n.35

male/femalerelations.Seegender

Man(astriadicrealm),28,55,60,96,263,266,298,301,332,336,430

asdivinationresult,2728

graphicdepictionof,9,2728

partakingofdivine,5155,87,435

Wayof,3,5152,59,101,113,165,204,337,43638,458.Seealsohumannature

Manch'eng,99

MandateofHeaven.SeeT'ienming

Maneconstellation,462

manticformulae,ofChanges,88,489n.53,621n.2.Seealsochen

Massing(THC59),424,428

MasterHuainan(d.122B.C.),123

Master.SeeConfucius

Mawangtui,468nn.39,40,470n.77

Mean,the,93,9798,124,146,163,183,204,209,241,263,289,319320,337,

 Page672

Mean,the(cont.)

357,407,420,456,597n.19.SeealsoDoctrineoftheMean

Measure(THC52),10,424,427

mediantimes,indivination,1213

medicine/medicaltheory,120,164,18182,188,214,217,285,318,33638,36768,40203,421

Mencius,2,60,65,70,472nn.98,99,473n.105,476n.141,517n.3,547n.4

vs.Hs1B011Cntzu,5657

YangHsiungre,484n.269

Mencius,cited,65,128,143,155,181,223,231,247,313,380,571n.21.Seealsojuststate

MengHsi(fl.69B.C.),8,558n.8

merchants,95,229,330,357,420.Seealsoprofit

Metal,434,correlationsof,192,196,221,250,262,44041

cosmicphaseforAppraisals,116,125,191,215,224,358

cosmicphaseforHeads,191,306,392.SeealsoFivePhases,enumerationordersof

metamorphosis,defined,436

milfoil.Seedivination

MilkyWay,406,608n.22

mind.Seeheart/mind

ming(Decree),andVirtue,35,3738,4041,476n.141

asimposed,35,3839,56

asking'scommand,36,39

aspersonal,53,60,331,409,533n.38

defined,409,431,472n.99,487n.312

earlynotionsof,3540,53,474n.110

questionsabout,3538

relatedtohumannature,37

relatedtoTime,430

YangHsiungre,3435,3947,5456,62.SeealsochihmingConfuciusfatepredestination

ministers,70,464,517n.17,588n.15,603n.17

chief,155,282,284,387,506n.24,531n.35,540n.35,567n.9.Seealsoofficialremonstranceruler

Mired(THC3),19,423,427

miser,33739

misfortune.Seegoodfortune/calamity

Motzu,281,474nn.112,117.SeealsoMohists

ModelSayings(Fayen),1,6,35,57,115,129,131,559n.18

cited,93,125,127,149,210,223,263,328

Modesty(HEX15),113

Mohists,60,472n.98,571n.21,585n.35.SeealsoConfuciansLogiciansYangHsiung

monopolies,245

moon,aschangeable,46263,577n.20

movementsof,317,429,451,455,457,46263,626n.19

symbolismof,86,92,178,316,377,603n.16

moralaction,defined,298

moralchoice,11,35,39,58,179,334.SeealsogoodnessVirtue

moralintegrity.Seeintegrity

moralrelativism,9,5759,529n.6

mourningrites.Seerites,mourning

Mt.T'ai.SeeTaishan

music,8,63,70,19799,408,470n.73,527n.6,528n.29,559n.23,569n.3,591n.23,620n.1

ancientmastersof,277,376,434.Seealsopitchstandards

MusicalNotes,445

MusicmasterLinglun,434

MusicmasterTzuch'un,507n.35

MutualConquestCycle.SeeFiveConquests

MutualInteraction.SeeDoctrineofMutualInteraction

MutualProductionCycle.SeeFiveProductions

myriadthings.Seewanwu

MysteriousPower,255

Mystery,activemodeof,432

approachingthe,432,470n.72

artsof,43445,characteristicactivitiesof,50,42833,461

distancingthe,432

hsandefined,24,42930

primalstateof,59,8687,428

quiescentmodeof,432

Wayofthe,50,430,432,461.SeealsoCanonofSupremeMysterycosmogonicstagesTaoutility,MysteryasultimateinWay

"MysteryLearning"(hsanhseh),12

MysteryPalace,365,388,595n.5

MysterySprings,421.SeealsoYellowSprings

names.See"rectificationofnames"

Nank'uai,482n.230

natureandDecree(hsingming),91,429,451.Seealsohumannatureming

neoConfucianism,2,64,521n.16,561n.18

NineAffairs,448

NineApertures,448

NineArrows,30304,572n.28

NineBarbarians,288

NineCauldrons,282,284

NineConferrals,30304

NineCourses,458

 Page673

NineDecades,448

NineDistricts,431

NineDwellings,461

NineEarths,447

NineEmptyPositions,43334,459,461

NineHeavens,446

NineOrders,448

NinePositions.SeeNineEmptyPositions

NineProvincesofChina,10,394,457

NineSites,458,461

NineTripods.SeeNineCauldrons

NineteenOldPoems,525n.21

"nogap,"55,5859,70,23436,414,425,479n.180

gap,defined,47,49,200,481n.212.Seealsoharmonyunion

nobility,defined,69,169,258,382

nobleman,asgodlike,450

imitatingTao,50,255,336,396,418,450

vs.pettyman,190,198,203,224,245,250,272,296,304,313,353,357,363,366,382,425,431,45152,460.Seealsogentlemannobility

nonpurposiveactivity(wuwei),4,97,115,187,210,467n.20,508n.31,533n.6,555n.12

NorthPole,98

Nchieh(LessonsforWomen),534n.21

numbers,asfactorinintrepretation,3031

NumbersoftheMystery(Hsanshu),14,2731,66

NumenPark,372

NumenPool,37273

NumenTerrace,372

numerology,2,8,44,118,215,26768,434,454,459,559n.17,625n.44

correlationsof,438445

occultarts.Seemagic

Odes,xi,4,63,69,73,110,114,161,402,404,467n.21,473n.102,597n.7

cited,111,117,12830,133,197,205,220,224,240,242,262,295

officials,99,109,111,129,155,345,374,402,538nn.29,46,570n.43

assignedtoApp.4,99,105,128,137,162,220,224,228,256,288,308,603n.17,612n.14

in/nearretirement,100,138,196,307,570n.39

shih,322,537n.40.Seealsobureaucraticselectioncareeradvancementministerspatronageremonstranceruler

oldage/aging,149,200,363,370,405,417,425

App.7symbolizes,138,371

virtuein,40,70,196,34950,452

omens.Seeportents

OntheVerge(THC78),425,426

oneness,120,15658,428

primal,8688,315,450,453,625n.30.Seealsocosmogonicstagesduality

onesidedness,157,159,160,162,328,330.Seealsogoodness,asimpartial

Opposition(THC8),423,426

oraclebones,71.Seealsodivination

order,8,453

divinecosmic,28,36,71,120,277,369,438,532n.28

integrated,264,296

social,41,62,55,68,90,108,120,122,124,207,252,295,330,33334,336,395

OuyangHsiu,587n.21

"Owl"fu,589n.36

Oxherdconstellation,30,406,608n.22,617n.71,624n.23

Packing(THC31),23,26,276,425,428

PanChao,534n.21

PanKu,1,465n.1.SeealsoHanshu

PanPiao,480n.189

Pandora'sbox,182

PaoHsi(FuHsi),252,435

PaoHsien,475n.124

Paoy,595n.9

pattilineallineofdescent,11,241,258,262,304,316,32324,365,36971,407

patronage,184,299,516n.20

pattern(wen),125,26263,43637,442

aseternalconstant,9,86,125,26970

cosmic/inNature,8,65,84,88,96,101,16465,181,25253,266,269,277,286,29596,315,323,330,391,456,588n.15,627n.46

moral,88,181,295

cultural,54,29596,299

divinederivationof,186,299,321,391

opposedtoplain,29496,298,356,423,449,619n.37

seasonal,100,315

societal,181,18586,266,295,432,437.SeealsocultureFiveConstantRelationsHeavenandEarthlanguageritual,aspatternsages,imitatingpattern
Virtue,aspattern

Pattern(THC47),423,426

Penetration(THC14),424,428

philosophicaldebates,3538,48,5657,6063,6768,8990,131,304,32324,356,486n.288.SeealsoConfucianshumannatureYangHsiung

 Page674

phoenix.Seemagicalbirds

phrasing,asfactorininterpretation,3031,436,453,463,619n.37

pitchstandards,268,445,455,620nn.16,17,18

pitchpipes,269,429,432,43435,455,457

Plato,571n.24

pleasure,198,334,348

PoYi,602n.17

PolarOppositionsoftheMystery(Hsanch'ung),14,453

Polestar,98,616n.59,624n.26.SeealsoDipperNorthPole

portents,72,125,129,172,188,259260,269,271,274,282,295,299,316,365,381,397,399,404,40607,420,605n.14

texts,theoryof,6,44,67,571n.12.SeealsocosmologistshumanportentsYin/yangFivePhasestheory

Position,98,106,12930,208,255

asfactorinming,4147,58,317

dangersofhigh,130,133,15556,160,185,187,242,271,333

defined,42

relatedtoAppraisals,436.SeealsoNineEmptyPositions

poverty,52,11415,134,143,343,483n.233

advantagesof,5253,11617

practicalwisdom,37,42,158,175,253,288,302,353

defined,430,443,476n.146

predestination,57,6061,474n.112,475n.130,485n.273,533n.38.SeealsomingTime,asimposed

"preserveoneself"(tzushou),31,141,181,37677,470n.75,517n.9

PrinceCh'ungerh.SeeDukeWenofChin

PrincipleofMasking,45,479n.185

privacy,256

profit,101,189,24445,25556,27879,345,367,399,427,612n.14

Confucianviewofseeking,116,160,204,229,160,313,530n.25

pronounusage,493n.39,519n.20,528n.29,533n.38,553n.3,582n.38,609n.25

prosepoems(fu),1,56,15,35,52,137,478n.170,480n.201,490n.69,498n.49,499n.29,503n.10

proverbs,135,140,145,157,164,187,199,205,209,219,231,257,263,291,308,320,357,396,505n.41,519n.22

Provinces(lineoftetragram),10,435,45758

punishments,4,60,86,9293,147,152,156,164,191,202,207,212,219,221,224,231,250,254,262,265,26970,304,323,337,423,450,452,524n.
16,576n.6.SeealsohsiehchihConfucians,vs.LegalistsLegalistsYangHsiung,vs.Legalistslaw

Purity(THC37),425,426,446,45758

QueenMotheroftheWest,228,335

quietists,114.SeealsoTaoists

rain,significanceof,118,339,37172

Rainfallsolarperiod,156,165

rank,insociety,11,176,221,224,285,302,30405,308,313,353,364,398,414,455.Seealsohierarchy

Reach(THC15),424,426

"reanimatetheold"(wenku),35,55,62,532n.12

Receptive(HEX2),15,448

reciprocity(shu),97,139,162,165,213,259,271.Seealsoconsideration

RecordofRitual(Lichi),350,366

"RecordonMusic"(Yehchi)in,197

rectificationofnames,6768,86,93,108,235

RedBird,581n.20.Seealsosun

RedHeaven,421

RedStench,112,498n.44

"RefutingSorrow"fu,498n.49

RegionalPhrases(Fangyen),6,472n.100

Regions(lineofhexagrams),10,435,45758

relativism.Seemoralrelativism

Release(THC21),22,424,427

remonstrance,13134,142,172,176,185,224,333,358,504n.16,522n.31.Seealsoruler

RepresentationsoftheMystery(Hsanyi),14,45455

Residence(THC39),425,428

Resistance(THC22),424,427,428

respect/reverence,asfactorinperfection,252,302,305,339,350

Response(THC41),23,423,427

Return(HEX24),19,9697

RevelationoftheMystery(Hsankao),14,454

rhetoric,13134,504nn.20,21.Seealsolanguageremonstrance

righteousness.Seeduty

rites,betrothal/marriage,70,368,370,

 Page675

561n.18,597n.20

court,299,570n.43

family,259

mourning,70,143,227,351,354,363

imperialploughing,550n.23.Seealsoenfeoffment

Rites(Li),4,63,467n.21.SeealsoRecordofRitual

ritual,59,123,269,300,305,339,350,360,412,569n.3

adherenceto,89,253,412

asbalance,277,571n.4

asceremony,241,299,303,333,570n.43

asconstraint,59,164,345

ascourtesy,70,99,202,299,306

asdecorum,303,333

asemotionaloutlet,198,265

aspattern,70,191,249,30304,516n.18

asrepetition,516n.18

as"root"ofgoodness,59,166,304,476n.139,533n.6

assacred,47,50,59,71,96,165,167,254,284,303,325,415,576n.6

asTool,412

basisof,302

defined,41,47,7071,164,301

formsof,30203,326

graphfor,301

internalized,219

lapsesin,46,166,199,305,326,34850,404

metaphorsfor,321,419

powerof,303

purposeof,53,7071,96,121,16769,180,185,198,30405,342,349,477n.164

studyof,4,47,4950,412.SeealsoFiveConstantRelations"sumptuaryrules"

Ritual(THC48),423,428

ritualdance.Seedance

ritualfeasts.Seefeasting

ritualgifts,285,304

ritualobligations,4

ritualparaphenalia,294.SeealsoNineConferrals

ritualprerogatives,304,534n.26.Seealsohierarchy,rank,insociety

ritualprohibitions,4,70,99,150,244,278

romanticlove,525n.21

ruler,67,347,376,388,405,452

abdicationof,272,560n.50,586n.5,598n.17

ascenter,67,97,183,221,32930,33334,391,397,402

asdragon,108,270,370

as"fatherandmother,"236,240

exemplary,86,9293,160,172,184,213,224,231,232,237,250,262,268,270,282,293,316,323,325

failuresof,100,105,236,292,300,329,388,405

likesun,91,155,184

likeTao/yangch'i,187,20102,206,210,245,328,529n.2

othermetaphorsfor,100,105,108109,143,160,199,204,208,211,218,225,233,242,251,321,330,33839,532n.24,557n.19,564n.3,608n.16

ruler/advisor,346,376,378,386,394,402,599n.16,609n.9

ruler/commonerrelations,4,24,96,211,23234,239,246,26870,273,279,292,294,300,305,31415,323,329,334,33839,35354,38384,391,
394,399,408,411,429,432,454,460,462,598n.11

ruler/feudallords,204,284,29293,30304,342,349,405

ruler/officialrelations,96,105,142,145,156,208,211,213,221,228,23536,250,268,282,285,302,309,317,319,333,34546,358,364,38687,
464,505n.43

ruler/ministerrelations,124,130,172,188,204,249,284,387,464,588n.22

techniquesof,38,243,246,394

Wayofthe,316,425.SeealsoGrandRuleremonstranceritualsuasiveexample

sacrifice,70,72,168,170,180,212,244,298,300,30304,314,316,33839,342,34647,34950,420,454,519n.26,520n.20,528n.38,556n.22,622n.8

blood,612n.22

sages,9,71,104,264,45455,618n.26

asauthorsofClassics,150,253,483n.240,495n.21

asmodels,8,34,61,71,88,183,185,225,253,264,287,29697,382,399,411

asdivine,29,61,139,274

asimpartial,216

asmediators,88,289

defined,2,29,162,395,430

identificationwith,43,137,253

imitatingpattern,8688,262,295,321,356,409,429,453,471n.86

likeTao,18687

likeyangch'i,227

mindof,39,87,161

perfectionof,121,159,253,372,456

Wayof,284,359.Seealsoculture,inventionofindividualsageslistedbynameWay,the

sagehood,asgoal,65,86

visionof,7

sagekings,asidealrulers,92,123,151,155,162,164,190,200,211,214,216,265,26869,293,304,313,323,330,359,415,569n.20

studyof,8,61,69,291

"schools,"472n.98

selfcultivation,8,35,52,57,65,70,97,115,127,13637,154,214,249,251,279,282,291,300,309,344,393,400

defined,8,6869,229

metaphorsfor,99,109,287,306.Seealsotransformation

 Page676

selfexamination,109,145,188,270,360,363

selfpreservation.See''preserveoneself"

selfsacrifice,173,233,304,331,409,418,583n.33

sensoryperception,58,121,152,277,341,366,454,537n.15,568n.20

SequenceoftheHexagrams(Hskua),14,423

sericulture,245

SevenMansions,457

SevenRegulators,431,434,616n.57

Severance(THC70),425,428

sex/sexualattraction,108,165,260,27475,314,336,345,37071,390,561n.18,584n.7

shamans/shamanesses.Seemagicians

Shangdynasty,63,71,72,96,145,155,189,37778

ShangYang,132,250

ShaoHao,440

ShaoYung,627n.29

she(godofthesoil).Seegodofthesoil

shen("divine/divinities").Seedivinegods

ShenTao,513n.23

shih("knight/official").Seeofficial

shih.SeeTimeliness

ShuCh'i,602n.17

Shun(sageking),53,275,299,510n.23,560n.50

Shuokua.SeeDiscussionoftheTrigrams

Shuowen,472n.100

singlemindedconcentration,2829,99,15758,195,206,258,279,313,315,341,435

Sinking(THC64),424,428,446,457,459

SixBeginnings,435

SixDirections,457

SixExaltedOnes,463

SixIntermediaries,435

solarperiods,defined,1516,30

solstices,10,1516,22,26

summer,251,26667,271,27576,433,617nn.69,73

winter,18,22,25,30,84,95,271,418,432,617nn.71,73,4,624n.23

SongsofCh'u,73

Sophists.SeeLogicians

souls,70,94,289,309,318,362,44041,452,461,562n.5

spacesandtimes.Seeychou

speech.Seelanguage

spheroidalheaventheory.Seehunt'ientheory

spirits.Seedivineghostsgods

SpringandAutumnAnnals.SeeChronicles

SpringEquinoxsolarperiod,26

SpringOnsetsolarperiod,26,144,156

squareness,defined,153,409,423,511nn.12,13,613n.5

ssu,119,12223

Ssuk'uch'anshucatalogue,2

SsumaCh'ien,470n.85,606n.14

SsumaHsiangju,501n.21

SsumaKuang,2,24,88,94,100,305

commentarycited,87,91,98,104105,117,128,146,163,172,17576,196,267,27172,307,349,373

SsumaT'an,472n.98

standardhexagrams(chengkua),defined,15

stars,asfactorininterpretation,3031,46,6061,434,43940,44244

StartledfromHibernationsolarperiod,174

state,dissolutionof,102,286,330,371,378

state,just.Seejuststate

Stoics,480n.195,488n.10

Stomachconstellation,205

"stonewife,"292

Stoppage(THC71),2526,425,427

Stove(THC44),423,427

strategicposition.SeePositionShenTao

Strength(THC36),11,425,426

study,4,383,495n.21

defined,480n.205.SeealsoAncients,imitatingtheconstantnorms,aspropersubjectofstudylearningritual,studyofsagekings,studyof

SuHsn,2

suasiveexample,103,123,151,180,184,208,210,213,221,242,244,26263,274,313,323,333,354,382,452,523n.28

succession,lawsof,32325,373

symbolsoflegitimate,284.SeealsoHancourt,legitimacyof

SummaTheologica.SeeAquinas

SummerSolsticesolarperiod,15,18,23,280

SummerOnsetsolarperiod,26,226,613n.14

sumptuaryrules,4,70,99,137,288,299,352,356,364,570n43

 Page677

sun,movementsof,429,433,435,451,455,457,46263,614n.8,626n.19,627n.31

symbolismof,22,91,15455,163,178,184,228,316,36465,377,411,519n.13,603n.16.Seealsoruler,likesun

sundial,434

SungChung,1,356

SungneoConfucians.SeeneoConfucians

Surplus(intercalaryApp.),455

"SweetSprings"fu,575n.12

Tables,433,451,618n.8,622n.21

T'aihao,439

T'aihsanching.SeeCanonofSupremeMystery

T'aishan,24849,251

tampedearthconstruction.Seehangt'u

Tao,5,101,286,387

apprehensionof,103

ascosmicorigin/basis,3,68,287,315,344,433,625n.31

ascosmicsack/womb,102,408

aseternal,51,53,325

asgoal,55,95

asimmanentcosmicprocess,23,53,61,64,68,72,84,86,360,428,436,461

asone,27,63,8788,195,315,436

defined,3,95,535n.17

conformitywith,266,291,366

ineffablenatureof,51,53,61,67,70,167,18687,236,287,301,306,356,428,430,450

modelfor,59

"reversal"asWayof,66,95,114,160,257,413.SeealsocosmogonicstagesMysterynobleman,imitatingTaoruler,likeTaosages,likeTaoWay

Taoists,8,104,187,202,207,352,356,374,585n.6

primitivistvisionofantiquity,207,435,476n.145,483n.240,618n.26.SeealsoConfuciansindividualmasterslistedbynamequietismSheriTaoYangHsiung
Way,Taoistanalysisof

Task,defined,431

taxes,243247,334,399.Seealsojuststate

teacher,162,282,37980,383

defined,149.Seealsogoodness,importanceofmodelforlearningstudy

technicalarts.Seearts

temporalassociations.SeeChingFang

TenThousandMeasures,159

"TenWings"(Shihyi),1,7,11,1314,33,423,426,438,470n.80

tetragrams.SeeHeads

thinking,287,435

defined,161,295,39899,431

metaphorfor,455.Seealsocategoricalthinkingstudy

Thought(setof3Appraisals),12,127,136,140,149,150,153,166,175,183,186,190,219,227,236,263,287,334,344,393,398,401,410,413,416,
455,45859,461

ThreeGuideLines,322,32526,580nn.16,17.SeealsoFiveConstantRelations

ThreeModels,461.SeealsoHeavenEarthMan,astriadicrealms

ThreeReigns,429.SeealsoHeavenHeavenEarthMan,astriadicrealmsT'ien

T'ienming,3637,40,56,6061,91,209,218,305,401,473nn.102,106,512n.32

Tigerconstellation,431

tilthammer,340,586n.22

Time,434

asaspectofming,xi,4047,158,350

asdistinctfrom"times,"475n.138

asimposed,4346,53,56,59,94,198200,272,452,477n.161

assupremeentity,42,45,45354

asunpredictable,4447,5354,449

defined,4244,211,477n.160.SeealsoYin/yangFivePhasestheory

timeliness/timelyopportunity,14,35,4344,57,89,93,103,158,175,20809,246,249,284,428,451,535n.17

defined,477n.160

times,asfactorsininterpretation,3031,470n.72,475n.138

TingKuan,623n.20

Tools,107,150,297,386,538n.46

asfactorinming,4047,58,412

defined,4142,299,476n.143

misuseof,42,217,287,343,392,41112

utilityof,106,260,264,435.SeealsoConfucianism,asToolculture,inventionofFiveClassics,asToolsritual,asToolVirtue,asTool

transformation(hua)byvirtue,121,183,208,214,216,27374,293,303,33334,400,453,481n.217,519n.1

"TreatiseonthePitchStandards,"559n.17

triadicrealms.SeeHeavenEarthMan

trigrams,7,454.Seealsohexagrams

TripleConcordancecalendar,558n.6

tsa("mixed"/"eclectic"),55,143,559n.18

Tsakua.SeeInterplayofOpposites

Ts'angChiehHsnTsan.SeeCompendiumofAnnotations

 Page678

Tsocommentary,171,212,350,571n.12

TsouYen,38,485n.274

T'uan.SeeCommentaryontheJudgments

t'uilei("inferencebyanalogy"),6667.Seealsocategoricalthinking

TungChungshu,217,325,478n.170,490n.69,553n.14.SeealsoHanConfucianism,Tungas"father"of

TungHsien,31,497n.15

TungYung,405,608n.11

Turtleconstellation,431

TwelveEarthlyBranches.SeeEarthlyBranches

Tzuch'an,307,473n.106

Tzufan,133

Tzuhsia,29596,474n.112

TzushuYi,612n.14

uncrownedking.SeeConfucius

"undifferentiated/ungradedlove."Seeai

"unifythewill"(yichih),313,347

Unity(THC54),424,427,428

"unmovedmind,"177,199,317,360,419

utility,89,35253

Mystery,asultimatein,430.SeealsoTools

VastBase,434

Vastness(THC50),424,427

veilingone'slight,37578

Virtue,316,365,437,456

asbase/root,354,423

ascharismatic,56,90,98,157,159,167,176,180,208,283,293,335,364,415

asdivine,101

asfactorinming,xi,35,4047,58,138

aspattern,59

asTool,250

defined,41

"hidden,"175,254

offensesagainst,137,237,571n.12

pure,25152

pursuitof,54,136,151,174,195,250,451

rewardsfor,3637,4243,4753,60,110,130,17577,185,255,279,284,299,337,351,353,363,382,409.SeealsocharismaticPowerdutyfilial
pietygoodnessjen

Void,asmetaphorformind,121,142,223,401

Waiting(THC18),424,426

wanch'u.Seemagicalbirds

wanwu("myriadthings"),effectofYin/yangon,15.SeealsocosmogonicstagesTHC181/Headsandcommentary

wang(disease),177

WangCh'ung,1,465n.2,474n.113,475n.130,487n.312

WangMang,6,29,32,305,324,469n.67,536n.28,597n.16,600n.18

clanof,542n.31

YangHsiungre,2,6,31,184,465n.7,467n.28,497n.15,498n.44,517n.9,541n.19.SeealsoDowagerEmpressWang

WangPi,18,24

WangYa,111,380

war,16970,202,219,222,23035,323,342,347

WarringStates,philosophicaltextsof.SeeHundredSchools

Watch(THC63),424,426

Water,30,434

correlationsof,30,84,88,9293,109,181,203,276,317,344,357,406

cosmicphaseforAppraisals,86,88,192,202,252,258,268,287,306,332,338,347,372,389,419.SeealsoFivePhases,enumerationordersof

waterclock,432

WaxingandWaningHexagrams(hsiaohsikua),1517

Way,185,311,373,376,387,400,460

advancein,125,136,183,333,391

apprehendingthe,153,277

ascosmicorigin,327

ascosmicprocess,8,29,59,356,436

aseternal,59,172,258,325

pursuitofthe,158,181,205,296,31314,341,344,407

asasone,5,8,120,268,458

conformitywiththe,143,150,199,253,263,269,292

Confucian,55,90,106,134,151,162,311,313,325,337,356,382,483n.235

defined,9091,14142,202,431

departuresfrom,253,263,320

devotionto,177,238,292,407

King's,247,312

masteryof,291,337,396

Taoistanalysisof,4,90.SeealsoAncients,WayofthesinglemindedhessTao

WayanditsPower,223,431,455

WayofCentrality,342,557n.10,567n.24

WayofCentralityandHarmony,342

WayofChou,536n.31

WayofEarth.SeeEarth

WayofHeaven.SeeHeaven

WayofHeavenandEarth.SeeHeavenandEarth

WayofMan.SeeMan,astriadicrealm

WayofSpontaneousNature,59

 Page679

WayofUnity,5

WeaverGirlconstellation,406,608n.22

WeiSheng,146

Well(HEX48),263

"wellfield"economicsystem,557n.6

Wenchn.SeeSsumaHsiangju

wenku.See"reanimatetheold"

Wenyen.SeeElaboratedTeachings

WestMountain,335

WesternHan(206B.C. A.D.8),5,31,39,90,231,285

white.Seecolorsymbolism

WhiteTigerHallDiscussions,131

WillofHeaven.See"Heaven'swill"

WinterDewsolarperiod,379

WinterOnsetsolarperiod,26,388,400

WinterSolsticesolarperiod,1516,18,22,25,30,66,107.Seealsosolstices

wisdom.Seepracticalwisdom

Without(manticformula),449,456

Wolfconstellation,205

Womanconstellation,30,102

Wood,168,434

correlationsof,86,154,221,223

cosmicphaseforAppraisals,93,104,125,154,187,196,269,372.SeealsoFivePhases,enumerationordersof

WoodenBowconstellation,205

Wuliangts'e,281

wuwei.Seenonpurposiveactivity

yangch'i,4

asmasterofmyriadthings,seewanwuassociationsof,12,165

characteristicoperationsof,4,26

perfectionof,144,239,247

likeTao,223.SeealsoYin/yang

YangHsiung,473n.105

academicstudieson,xi,2,465nn.1,2

admired,1,40,465nn.2,6

apologistsfor,2,3132

asclassicist,39,5462,97,143,197,231,268

asConfucianmaster,12,41,5657,465n.2

asinnovator,28,56,6162,143

attacksotherthinkers,32,43,4546,49,5557,101,112,324,387

biographyof,1,56,40,622n.6

attributedworksof,465n.4,466n.8,467n.27,472n.100,498n.49,575n.12

attackson,2,466n.8,508n.39

eclecticismof,35,45,5556,61

influencedbyLegalists,477n.152,513n.23

influencedbyMohists,483n.235

influencedbyTaoists,194,202,267,306,466nn.8,14,481n.212,485n.274,505n.13,585n.4

vs.Taoists,4,41,9091,103,115,150,207,237,297,435,515n.32,529n.6,618n.26

vs.Legalists,41,48,98,170,216,250,387,394,397.Seealsoalsohumannature,YangHsiungreHsntzu,YangHsiungreMencius,YangHsiungreming
(Decree)povertyWangMang

Yao186,560n.50

yarrowstalks,9,2728,149,460,484n.250.Seealsodivination

YearStar,421,434

YehTzuch'i,111

yellow.Seecolorsymbolism

YellowBellmusicalmode,18,445,470n.73,621n.18

YellowCenter,209

YellowEmperor,444,466n.8,596n.20

YellowPalace,18,20,22,84

YellowPurity,457

YellowRiver,54,129,203

YellowSprings,103,15758,165,257,461,495n.9

YenChnp'ing.SeeChuangTsun

YenHui,298,38384,475n.125,540n.45

Yentzu,142,486n.290

Yenti,442

Yilin(ForestofChanges).SeeChiaoKan.

Yiching.SeeBookofChanges

yinch'i,asroundcasing,140,186

characteristicoperationsof,4,26,605n.3

actsonmyriadthings,seewanwu.SeealsoYin/yang

Yin/yang,453,456

asmodels,277

ascosmogonicstage,2,437

asHardandSoft,19,24,238,429,432

characteristicoperationsof,34243,453,455,458

cominglingof,282,33536,429,458

complementarityof,271

dominantcharactersof,4,7,1213,2627,42,65,86,34243

graphicsymbolfor,66

inopposition,66,85,88,339,355,38889,395,450

relatedtoHeadtexts,10,1827

reversalofusualvaluesfor,2325,212,336,376,379,400,578n.2

waxingandwaningof,10,15,18,42,44,96,318,331,432,45152.SeealsocosmogonicstagesHeadtextsLinetextsYangch'iYinch'i

 Page680

Yin/yangFivePhasestheory,8,15,45,51,60,6568,221,35556,466n.12,488n.17,580n.14.SeealsoAppraisals,Yin/yangFivePhasesvaluesforFive
PhasesPrincipleofMaskingyangch'iyinch'i

YingShao,1

Youthfulness(THC12),424,426

yuwaterplant,349

Y,164,283,418

ychou("spacesandtimes"),defined,429,433,614n.16

YFan,609n.26

"Ykung"ch.ofDocuments,468n.40

YYeh,111,213,378