Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mathematics HL and
further mathematics HL
formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2014
Prior learning 2
Core 3
Topic 1: Algebra 3
Topic 2: Functions and equations 4
Topic 3: Circular functions and trigonometry 4
Topic 4: Vectors 5
Topic 5: Statistics and probability 6
Topic 6: Calculus 8
Options 10
Topic 7: Statistics and probability 10
Further mathematics HL topic 3
Topic 8: Sets, relations and groups 11
Further mathematics HL topic 4
Topic 9: Calculus 11
Further mathematics HL topic 5
Topic 10: Discrete mathematics 12
Further mathematics HL topic 6
Formulae for distributions 13
Topics 5.6, 5.7, 7.1, further mathematics HL topic 3.1
Discrete distributions 13
Continuous distributions 13
Further mathematics 14
Topic 1: Linear algebra 14
Prior learning
1
Area of a triangle =
A (b h) , where b is the base, h is the height
2
1
Area of a trapezium =
A (a + b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2
1
Volume of a pyramid=V (area of base vertical height)
3
Area of the curved surface of A= 2rh , where r is the radius, h is the height
a cylinder
4 3
Volume of a sphere V= r , where r is the radius
3
1 2
Volume of a cone V= r h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3
Solutions of a quadratic
b b 2 4ac
equation The solutions of ax 2 + bx + c =0 are x =
2a
Topic 1: Algebra
1.1 The nth term of an un = u1 + (n 1) d
arithmetic sequence
a x = e x ln a
log a a x= x= a loga x
log c a
log b a =
log c b
1.3 n n!
Combinations =
r r !(n r )!
Permutations
n P = n!
r (n r )!
n n
Binomial theorem (a + b) n = a n + a n 1b + + a n r b r + + b n
1 r
1.7
[ r (cos + isin )] =r n (cos n + isin n ) =r n ein =r n cis n
n
De Moivres theorem
1
Area of a sector A = r 2 , where is the angle measured in radians, r is the
2
radius
tan A tan B
tan ( A B ) =
1 tan A tan B
a b c
Sine rule = =
sin A sin B sin C
1
Area of a triangle A = ab sin C
2
Topic 4: Vectors
4.1 v1
Magnitude of a vector v = v + v2 + v3 , where v = v2
1
2 2 2
v
3
Coordinates of the x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2
midpoint of a line segment , ,
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , 2 2 2
( x2 , y2 , z2 )
v1 w1
v w= v1w1 + v2 w2 + v3 w3 , where v = v2 , w = w2
v w
3 3
Cartesian equations of a x x0 y y0 z z0
line = =
l m n
1
Area of a triangle =
A v w where v and w form two sides of a triangle
2
Cartesian equation of a ax + by + cz =
d
plane
fx i i
Mean = i =1
k k
f (x ) fx
2 2
i i i i
Variance 2 =2
=
i 1 =i 1
= 2
n n
f (x )
2
i i
Standard deviation = i =1
5.2 n ( A)
Probability of an event A P ( A) =
n (U )
Complementary events P ( A) + P ( A) =
1
Independent events P ( A B) =
P ( A) P ( B)
P ( B) P ( A | B)
Bayes theorem P ( B | A) =
P ( B ) P ( A | B ) + P ( B) P ( A | B)
P( Bi ) P( A | Bi )
P ( Bi | A) =
P( B1 ) P( A | B1 ) + P( B2 ) P( A | B2 ) + P( B3 ) P( A | B3 )
Expected value of a
continuous random ) =
E(X =
x f ( x) dx
variable X
Var ( X ) = E ( X ) 2 = E ( X 2 ) [ E (X ) ]
2
Variance
Variance of a discrete
random variable X
( x )2 P ( X =
Var ( X ) = x2 P ( X =
x) = x) 2
Variance of a continuous
( x ) f ( x) dx =
Var ( X ) = x f ( x) dx
2 2 2
random variable X
5.6 n
Binomial distribution x) p x (1 p ) n x , x =
X ~ B (n , p ) P ( X == 0,1, , n
x
Mean E ( X ) = np
Variance Var (=
X ) np (1 p )
m x e m
Poisson distribution X ~ Po (m) P ( X ==
x) , x=
0,1, 2,
x!
Mean E(X ) = m
Variance Var ( X ) = m
6.2 Derivative of x n x n f ( x) =
f ( x) = nx n 1
Derivative of cos x f ( x) =
cos x f ( x) =
sin x
Derivative of e x e x f ( x) =
f ( x) = ex
1
Derivative of ln x f ( x) =ln x f ( x) =
x
Derivative of sec x f ( x) =sec x f ( x) =sec x tan x
Derivative of cot x f ( x) =
cot x f ( x) =
csc 2 x
Derivative of a x a x f ( x) =
f ( x) = a x (ln a )
1
Derivative of log a x f ( x) = log a x f ( x) =
x ln a
1
Derivative of arcsin x f ( x)= arcsin x f ( x)=
1 x2
1
Derivative of arccos x arccos x f ( x) =
f ( x) =
1 x2
1
Derivative of arctan x f ( x)= arctan x f ( x)=
1 + x2
dy dy du
Chain rule y = g (u ) , where u = f ( x) =
dx du dx
dy dv du
Product rule y =uv =u + v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
u dy
Quotient rule y= = dx 2 dx
v dx v
1
x=
dx ln x + C
sin x dx =
cos x + C
cos x=
dx sin x + C
e d=
x ex + C
x
1 x
= a +C
x
a dx
ln a
1 1 x
a 2 + x 2 dx a arctan a + C
=
1 x
a x
2
d=
x arcsin + C ,
2
a
x <a
6.5 b b
Area under a curve A = y dx or A = x dy
a a
Volume of revolution b b
(rotation) V = y 2 dx or V = x 2 dy
a a
6.7 dv du
Integration by parts u dx d=x uv v
dx
dx or u d=
v uv v du
7.1
(3.1)
Probability generating
function for a discrete
=
G (t ) E=
(t x ) P=
x
(X x )t x
random variable X
E ( X ) = G (1)
fx i i
Mean x x= i =1
k k
i i
2
f (x x) fxi i
2
Variance sn2 =2
n =
i 1 =i 1
s = x2
n n
f (x i i x )2
Standard deviation sn sn = i =1
k k
Unbiased estimate of n i i
2
f (x x) fx i i
2
n 2
population variance sn21 =
s = 2=
s
n 1
2 i 1 =i 1
= x
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
n
7.7 n
n 2 2
n
2
i yi n y
2
x nx
i 1 i =1
n
Equation of regression line x yi nx y
i
of x on y = xx i =1
( y y)
2
n
yi n y
2
i =1
n
Equation of regression line xi yi nx y
of y on x = y y i =1n (x x )
2
xi nx
2
i =1
Topic 9: Calculus
Further mathematics HL topic 5
e
Integrating factor for P ( x )dx
y + P ( x) y =
Q ( x)
( x a ) 2
Taylor series f ( x)= f (a ) + ( x a ) f (a ) + f (a ) + ...
2!
f ( n +1) (c)
Lagrange form =
Rn ( x) ( x a ) n +1 , where c lies between a and x
(n + 1)!
10.7 Eulers formula for ve+ f = 2 , where v is the number of vertices, e is the
(6.7) connected planar graphs number of edges, f is the number of faces
Discrete distributions
Distribution Notation Probability mass Mean Variance
function
Geometric X ~ Geo ( p ) pq x 1 1 q
p p2
for x = 1, 2,...
for=x r , r + 1,...
Continuous distributions
Distribution Notation Probability Mean Variance
density function
Normal X ~ N ( , 2 ) 1 x
2 2
1
e 2
2
a b 1 1 d b
Inverse of a 2 2 matrix =
A A= , ad bc
c d det A c a
a b c
Determinant of a 3 3 e f d f d e
A= d e f det A= a b +c
matrix h k g k g h
g k
h