Hybrid Ventilation - MAZo - 2014 PDF

Principles of hybrid ventilation
Zoltn MAGYAR, PhD
Department of Building Energetics and Building Service Engineering

Summary
Reasons for ventilation Flow versus time over the year
Need for ventilation Flow stability
Consequences of poor air quality Ventilation for IAQ
IAQ Strategy Classification
Ventilation volume Hybrid ventilation strategies
Natural ventilation
Components for hybrid ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
concepts
Typical energy consumption for
different types of office Natural ventilation concept based
buildings on wind effect
Hybrid ventilation Development stages for hybrid
Mechanical and natural systems
ventilation Detailed classes of hybrid ventilation
Ventilation strategy systems
Demand Controlled Hybrid Variability of Flow Pattern,
Ventilation optimisation, control, BBBRI example
Reasons for ventilation
Building
source
Emissions from:
materials
furniture load
installations
crawlspace
concentrations
persons
exposure
dose
health effects
3
Source: Technical Note AIVC 59, Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium
Ventilation and Air Quality
A Solution:
Required:
AIR QUALITY VENTILATION
COMFORT
HEALTH CAN REMOVE POLLUTANTS
STUFFY CAN REMOVE HEAT
ODOUR
TOXIC
SICK BUILDING
HOT
COLD
DRAUGHTY A Problem:
LOSS OF CONDITIONED AIR ENERGY
FAN ENERGY
4 4
Ventilation background
Insulated
Airtight housing
Ventilation system
Insulated
Airtight housing
JUST insulated roof
Double glazing
NOT insulated
NEITHER airtight
Tomorrow
1996
1985 Reinforced
thermal
1973 Thermal regulations Man is a funny creature
Regulations
Petroleum When its hot he wants it cold
Before 1973 crisis When its cold he wants it hot
Always wanting what is not
Man is a funny creature
ASHRAE Journal, unknown author
5
5
Need for ventilation
supply oxygen we need
eliminate odors,
pollutants and allergens
eliminate the excess of
humidity in the air
provide a sense of well-
being.
Fig.1
Windows cannot be a replacement for a proper

ventilation system!
Source: Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment, Assessment and Design, Edited by Cristian Ghiaus and Francis Allard, ISBN: 1-84407-
129-4 hardback, 2005
Consequences of poor air quality
increase in airborne contamination
health hazards such as allergies, headaches,
rhinitis and asthma
reduction in air circulation
condensation and could growth
accumulation of radon
accumulation of carbon monoxide.
Fig. 2 a,b,c
7
Source: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, ASHRAE 62-1989
IAQ Strategy
Elimination
Source control Replacement
Insulation
Only for
unavoidable
Local exhaust sources
For unavoidable
Displacement Mixing emissions of the
unavoidable sources
ventilation ventilation
8
.
Source: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, ASHRAE 62-1989
Ventilation volume
Ventilation purpose
Temperature Control
IAQ Control Passive Cooling
Flow rates Air Change Rate

5 10 l/s per person 5 10 h-1
4 8 l/s per m2 floorarea
9
Source: Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium
TWO ways of building
ventilation
Natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation
Single sided ventilation Mechanical supply ventilation
supply and extraction through the a fan supplies air to spaces

same openings ventilation openings in buildings
openings ~4% of floor area envelope are used for extraction
less efficient usually used where high ventilation

rates are needed and air has to be
internal door remain closed heated before entering the room
Cross ventilation
Mechanical extract ventilation
supply and extraction at the same
a fan draws air from spaces
level in the building
fresh outdoor air enters into rooms
good result when wind exists
either through the leakage routes of
internal doors opened or equipped with building envelope or through
ventilation grilles ventilation openings in the building
envelope
Mechanical extract & supply ventilation
Stack ventilation
a balanced ventilation system
air supply through louvers and
extracted through chimneys it must always include a supply and a
return air fan
wind not needed
an air heater is almost always
installed in the supply air side
10
10
Natural ventilation
Review of its advantages:
Suitable for many types of buildings located in mild or moderate climates;
The 'open window' environment associated with natural ventilation is often
popular, especially in pleasant locations and mild climates;
Natural ventilation is usually inexpensive when compared to the capital,
operational and maintenance costs of mechanical systems;
High air flow rates for cooling and purging are possible if there are plenty of
openings;
Short periods of discomfort during periods of warm weather can usually be
tolerated;
No plant room space is needed;
Minimum maintenance;
Can be less expensive to install and operate than HVAC but this need not
always be true;
No fan or system noise.
11
Source: F. ALLARD, Natural ventilation in buildings, James & James, London, 1998
The two natural mechanisms of ventilation
1. Wind Driven Ventilation

Negative
pressure
region
Wind
WindTower
tower
Yazd, Iran
Wind Badgir (WindCatcher)
Wind driven flow Fig.3
Fig.1 (a,b,c)
Fig.2
Cross Flow Wind
IUT building La Runion Island

Fig.5
Fig.4
p w C p v 2 / 2
Natural ventilation system

F. ALLARD- CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011 Natural ventilation cross single sided type
tropical climate tropical climate
The two natural mechanisms of ventilation
2. Stack Driven Ventilation
The pressure
Pressure of air
gradient of air
increases closer
increases indoors
to the ground due
to the extra amount because warmer
Neutral air is less dense.
of air above. B
pressure plane
'Stack' pressure
Temperature driven flow
'Neutral' Pressure between openings
Plane is given by A + B
Stack (Flue) A
Air Pressure
(Courtesy M. Liddament)
Stack (Atrium) Fig.6
Stack height
13
F. ALLARD- CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011
Summer Example
Natural ventilation principles
30
Temperature (deg C)
20
10 Outside
temperature
6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

day night time
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne
14 Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
Summer Example
30
Temperature (deg C)
20
Inside
temperature
10 Outside
temperature

day night time
15 Branch
Summer Example
Comfort
range with
moving air
30
Temperature (deg C)
20
Inside
temperature
Normal
10 Outside
comfort
temperature
range

day night time
16 Branch
Summer Example
Comfort
range with
Open all moving air
windows
30
Temperature (deg C)
20
Inside
temperature
Normal
10 Outside
comfort
temperature
range

day night time
17 Branch
Summer Example
Comfort
Close all range with
Open all moving air
windows
windows
30
Temperature (deg C)
20
Inside
temperature
Normal
10 Outside
comfort
temperature
range

day night time
18 Branch
Summer Example
Comfort
Start range with
Close all
Open all internal moving air
windows
windows fan
30
Temperature (deg C)
20
Inside
temperature
Normal
10 Outside
comfort
temperature
range

day night time
19 Branch
Summer Example
Comfort
Start Open all
Close all range with
Open all internal windows
windows moving air
windows fan
30
Temperature (deg C)
20
Inside
temperature
Normal
10 Outside
comfort
temperature
range

day night time
20 Branch
Summer Example
Comfort
Open all
Start range with
Close all windows
Open all internal moving air
windows
windows fan
Gentle forced
30 ventilation
overnight
Temperature (deg C)
20
Inside
temperature
Normal
10 Outside
comfort
temperature
range

day night time
21 Branch
Mechanical ventilation
Review of its advantages:
Quantity of ventilation can be controlled;
Exhaust moisture/odors out of sanitary rooms;
Less ducts compared to balanced ventilation;
Simple system and widely known;
Possibility of individual control per room.
22
Typical energy consumption for
different types of office buildings
Fig. 3
23
Hybrid ventilation ???
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A hybrid ventilation system allows the controlled introduction of outdoor air
ventilation into a building by both mechanical and passive means;
it is sometimes called mixed-mode ventilation;
it has built-in strategies to allow the mechanical and passive portions to work in
conjunction with one another so as to not cause additional ventilation loads
compared to what would occur using mechanical ventilation alone;
it thus differs from a passive ventilation system, consisting of operable
windows alone, which has no automatic way of controlling the amount of outdoor
air load;
two variants of hybrid ventilation are:
the changeover (or complementary) type: spaces are ventilated either
mechanically or passively, but not both simultaneously;
the concurrent (or zoned) type: both methods provide ventilation
simultaneously, though usually to zones discrete from one another.
control of hybrid ventilation is obviously an important feature;
with the changeover variant, controls could switch between mechanical and
passive ventilation seasonally, diurnally, or based on a measured parameter;
in the case of the concurrent variant, appropriate controls are needed to
prevent fighting between the two ventilation methods.
24
Source: ASHRAE Green Guide, The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings, 2006
WHEN/WHERE ITS APPLICABLE
when the owner and design team are willing to explore employing a
nonconventional building ventilation technique that has the promise of reducing
ongoing operating costs as well as providing a healthier, stimulating environment;
when it is determined that the building occupants would accept the concept of
using the outdoor environment to determine (at least, in part) the indoor
environment, which may mean greater variation in conditions than with a strictly
controlled environment;
when the design team has the expertise and willingnessand has the charge from
the ownerto spend the extra effort to create the integrated design needed to
make such a technique work successfully;
where extreme outside conditionsor a specialized type of building usedo not

preclude the likelihood of the successful application of such a technique;
buildings with atriums are particularly good candidates.
25
PROS AND CONS
PRO
HV is an innovative and potentially energy-efficient way to provide outdoor air
ventilation to buildings and, in some conditions, to cool them, thus reducing energy
otherwise required from conventional sources (power plant);
could lead to a lower building life-cycle cost;
could create a healthier environment for building occupants;
offers a greater sense of occupant satisfaction due to the increased ability to

exercise some control over the ventilation provided;
there is more flexibility in the means of providing ventilation; the passive variant
can act as backup to the mechanical system and vice versa;
could extend the life of the equipment involved in providing mechanical ventilation
since it would be expected to run less.
26
CONS
failure to integrate the mechanical aspects of a HV system with the
architectural design could result in a poorly functioning system;
additional first costs could be incurred since two systems are being provided
where only a single one would be provided otherwise, and controls for the passive
system could be a major portion of the added cost;
if automatic operable window openers are utilized, these could result in security
breaches if appropriate safeguards and overrides are not provided;
building operators may have to have special training to understand and learn how
best to operate the system;
occupants would probably need at least some orientation so that they would
understand and be tolerant of the differences in conditions that may prevail with
such a system;
special attention would need to be given to certain safety issues, such as fire and
smoke propagation in case of a fire;
difficult to predict conditions under all possible circumstances; 27

Hybrid ventilation
2 mode system
natural mechanical
use as much as possible apply fans in case
natural forces:
wind
natural forces can not fulfil
temperature difference the required ventilation level
28
Mechanical and Natural Ventilation
ventilation
natural ventilation
Req. mechanical ventilation

level
windspeed 29
Ventilation Strategy
thermal
IAQ comfort
natural mechanical
alternate mode
mixed mode
. 30
Demand Controlled Hybrid Ventilation
fan energy
energy
or
for
transport
heating
energy
ventilation
air
Fig. 4 a,b
demand hybrid
31
Flow versus time over the year
hybrid
1 mechanical
0,9 natural
0,8
time fraction
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 20 40 60 80
volume flow rate l/s 32
Classification
Alternate use of natural and mechanical

Fan assisted natural
Stack and wind supported mechanical
Non of them are optimal hybrid

Hybrid ventilation strategies for
Approaches:
IAQ control
Mechanical air extraction with natural supply inlets
Mechanical air supply with natural extraction
Mechanical cooling or heating combined with natural
ventilation.
HYBRID VENTILATION system should be designed with

three factors being considered:
1 Provision of sufficient air leakage rate at different
environmental conditions.
2 Ability to control or throttle back the leakage rate under
severe weather conditions, e.g. during high winds.
3 Prevention of back-draught or over-extraction through
the extract openings, such as stacks, during high winds.
. 34
IAQ control
Fig. 5 a,b
Commerzbank
Frankfurt
Norman Foster
Alternate use of natural

and mechanical
ventilation
. 35
Typical 2 mode system
Fig. 6 a,b
Natural Mechanical
In case weather In case weather conditions
conditions allow require
36
Hybrid ventilation strategies for IAQ
control
Fig. 7 a,b Fan assisted natural ventilation
Media school Grong Norway 37

IAQ control
Fig. 8
38
COMPONENTS FOR HYBRID
VENTILATION CONCEPTS
Fig. 10
Low pressure fans with advanced control mechanism

Low pressure static heat exchanger
Low pressure ductwork
Wind towers, solar chimneys or atria for exhaust. Underground
ducts, culverts or plenums to pre-condition supply air 39
Technical solutions for Natural Ventilation Solar assisted ventilation
pe
Solar collector
(Trombe wall)
(Awbi,1998)
Te
Wall Te
Glass Outdoor Cross section of

Ti
pd
Tw2 Tw1 air Victoria Barracks,
h2 h1 To<Ti Sydney, showing air
Ti Ti flow
path of cross flow
natural ventilation
pi ventilator
(a)
heater
(b) incorporating a
solar chimney
Source: Awbi, H. (1998). Ventilation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2: 157-188.
Source: Rakesh Khanal, Chengwang Lei, Solar chimneyA passive strategy for natural ventilation, Volume 43, Issue 8, 2011,
40 Pg 1811
Source: C. Ghiaus, F. Allard, J. Axley, C-A. Roulet, Natural ventilation: principles, solutions and tools 40
BRE Office Building, Watford, UK
Year of completion:1996
Type of building: Office
Site: Urban
Project Manager: Bernard Williams and Associates
Architect : Feilden Clegg Bradley Architects
Services Engineers: Max Fordham and Partners
Key Features:
Case studies
Single sided, cross flow and stack

ventilation for air quality and cooling;
Fig.18
Optional occupant controlled openable windows;
Solar heated fan assisted stack and wind driven design for first two floors;
Good internal air contact with thermal mass through hollow sinusoidal
concrete
ceiling elements;
BEMs controlled openings of stack vents to control cooling and air quality;
Cellular and open plan offices;
Daylighting and low energy lighting;
Active external solar shading;
Some groundwater cooling;
BEMS system controls air quality and night cooling ventilation;
Air change rates as high as 30 h-1 could be achieved to meet cooling needs;
The top floor of the building was separately ventilated by cross flow.
Source: http://www.feildenclegg.com 41
Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006 41
Ventilation & Cooling
five cooling stacks towering over the south side of the building which hint at
the building's complex ventilation system that takes advantage of the buildings
narrow layout for cross-ventilation purposes;
the curved, hollow, concrete floor slabs also aid in the buildings ventilation by
drawing air in through the passages in the floor/ceiling on hot, windy days;
cooling can be managed also by circulating water through the passages in the
Case studies
curving slab;
this cold water is supplied by a 70-meter-deep bore hole where the
temperature is a constant 10 Celsius.
this cold water is used in heat exchangers to chill circulatory water;
the floor can also then use the water to store coolness from
the night for the next day. In the winter time, the water is
heated by condensing gas boilers that are 30% more efficient than
traditional boilers by recovering heat lost in flue gases. All heating
and cooling systems are managed by the Trend building
management system (BMS).
Source: http://www.feildenclegg.com 42
Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006 42
Solar Control and Daylighting
the buildings glazing is optimized by a louvered exterior shading
system that is designed to allow maximum daylighting while
minimizing glare;
the louvers in the shading system have a translucent ceramic
coating on their underside to filter direct sunlight as it reflects
off it;
Case studies
the louvers change position corresponding to the time of day and

season; they are controlled by the automated functions of the
BMS, but can be overridden by occupants via a remote control;
the louvers are oriented so the views of the occupants are not
obstructed while either seated at desks or standing in circulation
spaces. Fig. 19 a,b
43
Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006
Statistics and Studies Building Area: 2,200 m2
Site Area: 6,400 m2
Density: 100 people @ 12 m2 /person
Energy Use Predicted Total:
83 KWhr/ m2 /annum
(0.3GJ/m2/annum)
Heating: 47 kW/h/ m2 /annum
Artificial lighting: 9 kW/h/ m2 /annum
Case studies
Cooling: 2-3.5 kW/h/ m2 /annum

Mech Vent: 0.5 kW/h/ m2 /annum
General elec: 23 kW/h/ m2 /annum
Monitoring in winter and

summer showed that design
conditions were fully
satisfied;
During hot weather the

inside air temperature
remained at between
approximately 3-5 K below
the outdoor peak
temperature;
The inside peak design

temperature of 28C was not
44
Source: The Environmental exceeded.
Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006 44
Development stages for hybrid systems
local exhaust versus central exhaust

combinations
balancing supply and exhaust

controlled supply
logical

low pressure systems supported by wind and
buoyancy
demand control
optimisation
sizing
demand
control
45
Detailed classes of hybrid ventilation
systems
Overview of different types
Fig. 13
Concept 1
Hybrid ventilation
based on mechanical
exhaust
(Heinonen and
Kosonen, 2000)
46
Source: Hybrid ventilation, Guidelines 2007
systems
Fig. 14
Concept 2
Hybrid ventilation
with supply air duct
(Heinonen and
Kosonen, 2000).
47
systems
Fig. 15
Concept 3
Hybrid ventilation
based on balanced
ventilation
(Heinonen and
Kosonen, 2000).
48
Optimisation
hybrid
thermal
IAQ comfort
ventilation system
energy
life cycle analysis
. 49
Control Strategy
IAQ Thermal comfort
demand control Temperature
time Air temperature
occupancy Operative temperature Fig. 16
sensor Air velocity
what indicator RH
CO2 Summer
mixed gas Winter
ASHRAE
Control algorithm's
50
Final Remark
Many ventilation systems may called hybrid
Many ventilation systems may called demand controlled
Hybrid ventilation systems are available in several stages of

technical development
Comparisons in terms of objective performances is the only

correct one!!
Optimization of hybrid ventilation systems is still a difficult

task
. 51
References
Technical Note AIVC 59 , Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Operating Agent
and Management, INIVE EEIG, Brussels, Belgium
Chapter 8 : Thermal Comfort. In: ASHRAE handbook of fundementals. SI
Edition. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 1997, p. 8.1-8.28.
Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1989 ASHRAE 62-1989
ASHRAE Green Guide, The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable
Buildings, 2006
International energy agency energy conservation in buildings and community
systems, Pilot study report: PROBE Limelette, Belgium
Hybrid ventilation, Guidelines 2007
F. ALLARD- CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011
F. ALLARD, Natural ventilation in buildings, James & James, London, 1998
Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment, Assessment and Design, Edited by
Cristian Ghiaus and Francis Allard, ISBN: 1-84407-129-4 hardback, 2005
52

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Principles of hybrid ventilation

Zoltn MAGYAR, PhD

Department of Building Energetics and Building Service Engineering

Windows cannot be a replacement for a proper

Flow rates Air Change Rate

supply and extraction through the a fan supplies air to spaces

less efficient usually used where high ventilation

1. Wind Driven Ventilation

Wind driven flow Fig.3

IUT building La Runion Island

Natural ventilation system

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

6am 12noon 6pm midnight 6am

Exhaust moisture/odors out of sanitary rooms;

Less ducts compared to balanced ventilation;

Simple system and widely known;

Possibility of individual control per room.

where extreme outside conditionsor a specialized type of building usedo not

buildings with atriums are particularly good candidates.

could lead to a lower building life-cycle cost;

could create a healthier environment for building occupants;

offers a greater sense of occupant satisfaction due to the increased ability to

difficult to predict conditions under all possible circumstances; 27

Req. mechanical ventilation

Alternate use of natural and mechanical

Non of them are optimal hybrid

HYBRID VENTILATION system should be designed with

Alternate use of natural

Fig. 7 a,b Fan assisted natural ventilation

Media school Grong Norway 37

Low pressure fans with advanced control mechanism

Glass Outdoor Cross section of

Single sided, cross flow and stack

the louvers change position corresponding to the time of day and

Cooling: 2-3.5 kW/h/ m2 /annum

Monitoring in winter and

During hot weather the

The inside peak design

local exhaust versus central exhaust

balancing supply and exhaust

Many ventilation systems may called hybrid

Many ventilation systems may called demand controlled

Hybrid ventilation systems are available in several stages of

Comparisons in terms of objective performances is the only

Optimization of hybrid ventilation systems is still a difficult

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