Professional Documents
Culture Documents
http://web.icf.ro/rrch/
0
0 100 200 300
polymer dose, mg/L
One of the most used methods to assess the where: [] is the intrinsic viscosity determined by
behavior of polymer in solutions is the viscometric the Wolf method, b represents a viscometric
one. By processing the viscometric data one could
obtain information about some hydrodynamic interaction parameter and [] is the characteristic
parameters (the intrinsic viscosity, [], characteristic specific hydrodynamic volume which incorporate
the effects of electrostatic interactions.
specific hydrodynamic volume, [] , specific
The values of intrinsic viscosity, [] , as well as
hydrodynamic volume at a given polymer
the values of [] and b constants can be
concentration, {}, etc.), polymer-polymer determined by fitting experimental data using eq. 2.
interactions, excluded volume effects governed by Being initially developed for the evaluation of the
polymer-solvent interactions and chain stiffness. intrinsic viscosity of polyelectrolyte in aqueous
Regarding the intrinsic viscosity, it is well known
solutions in the presence/absence of the salt,10-12 it has
that for dilute neutral polymer solution it can be
been further successfully applied for polyelectrolyte
obtained by means of the Huggins equation (1).
in aqueous/organic solvent mixtures13,14 and for
sp neutral (co)polymers, neutral polymer mixtures and
= []H + k H []2H c (1) neutral polymers in solvents mixture.15-18
c
The goal of the present work was to describe
where: sp represents the specific viscosity the viscosity behavior of PEG in water and
( sp = r 1), which reflects the fractional change aqueous salt solutions (NaCl and KCl) in terms of
the Wolf method. Hitherto, as far as we could
in viscosity produced by the addition of the solute, ascertain, there is no data regarding the use of the
r is the relative viscosity showing the change in Wolf equation for intrinsic viscosity determination
viscosity, usually expressed as a ratio between the in the case of PEG.
viscosity of the polymer solution and the viscosity The separation of TiO2 suspension in the
of the solvent, []H is the intrinsic viscosity presence of aqueous solutions, with or without
determined by Huggins method, k H represents the salts, of PEG was also discussed and related with
the viscometric data.
Huggins constant which offers information about
the polymer interactions and the solvent quality,
and c is the polymer concentration in solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Unlike uncharged polymers, the solutions of
ionic polymers show a different viscometric
behavior which consists in the continuously Viscometric study
increase of the reduced viscosity with dilution over
a wide concentration range. Due to the concave The analysis of the Fig. 1a and 1b which depict
( )
upward of sp c c curve the above mentioned ( )
the sp c c plots for aqueous solution of PEG
equation cannot be straightly applied to obtain []. both in water and water containing salts ( NaCl and
KCl) reveals the following aspects: i) a linear
Even if there are a large number of studies in
decrease of the reduced viscosity values with
finding an equation to allow assessment of intrinsic
dilution like the neutral polymers in water and
viscosity of polyelectrolyte in solution,6-8 it is still
difficult to find equations that depict their viscosity aqueous salt solutions with c s 1M ( c s = salt
behavior in the whole range of concentration. concentration); ii) a slight polyelectrolyte effect,
Quite recently, a purely phenomenological i.e., an upward curvature appeared at high dilution
approach for determination of [] has been for PEG in aqueous salt solution with c s < 1M; the
presented by Wolf.9 In this method [] can by polyelectrolyte behavior is determined, as it was
already shown in other investigations, by the
determine from initial slope of dependence of ln r
presence of the oxygen atoms in the ethylene oxide
as a function of c at sufficiently low shear rates and units which can bind cations leading to the
polymer solution concentration, according to the charging of the polymer chains.10,11,13 The
following equation: electrostatic repulsive forces between the charged
c[] + bc 2 [][]
groups lead to the chain expansion and thus, the
ln r = (2) reduced viscosity increases with dilution. Further
1 + bc[] increase of the salt concentration (at fixed polymer
TiO2 suspensions 185
concentration) should increase the number of experimental points and confirm that the eq.2 is
adsorbed cations on the chain, and hence, the appropriate to describe the viscosity behavior of
increase of the solution viscosity. This effect is PEG in all investigated systems. All the intrinsic
partly counterbalanced by the charge screening viscosities values are included in Table 1.
which appears at high ionic strength ( c s 1M); The slightly higher values of the intrinsic
the charges on the chain are neutralized and the viscosity recorded for PEG in KCl than NaCl
reduced viscosity decreases. solutions could be explained by the well known
As mentioned in Introduction, the Huggins higher affinity of this polymer for K+ than Na+.19
method cannot be used for determination of According to the Wolf method, for solutions where
intrinsic viscosity in the case of polyelectrolytes. PEG had a neutral polymer behavior, [] was
Therefore, in order to obtain this hydrodynamic zero. Also, the positive values of the viscometric
parameter we applied the Wolf equation (eq.2) to interaction parameter, b, means a good solvent for
the viscosity data obtained both in water and water polymer, while the negative ones indicate
containing salts (Fig. 2a and 2b). unfavorable polymer solvent interactions.
The results demonstrate that all of the
calculated curves (lines) coincided well with the
0.3 0.3
sp/c, dL/g
sp/c, dL/g
0.2 0.2
0.01M NaCl 0.01M KCl
0.1M NaCl water
water 1M KCl
0.1 0.1
1M NaCl
2M NaCl
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
c, g/dL c, g/dL
(a) (b)
0.4
lnr
0.4
lnr
0.3
0.3
0.2 0.01M NaCl
0.1M NaCl 0.2 0.01M KCl
water water
0.1 1M NaCl 1M KCl
0.1
2M NaCl
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
c, g/dL c, g/dL
(a) (b)
Table 1
Viscometric parameters determined by Wolf method and the correlation coefficients
of fits (as r 2 ) for PEG in water and aqueous salt solutions
Nr. Crt [], b [] r2
Solvent dL/g
1.
Water
0.2367 0.039 0 0.9998
2.
NaCl
0.01M 0.2405 0.2824 0.1377 0.9998
0.1M 0.2403 - 0.0969 0.5056 0.9998
1M 0.2021 - 0.2901 0 0.9993
2M 0.1844 - 0.2005 0 0.9996
3.
KCl
0.01M 0.2411 0.1520 0.0151 0.9998
1M 0.2195 0.1282 0 0.9996
water
1.00 0.01M NaCl
0.01M KCl
0.96
{}/[]
0.92
0.88
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
c[]
Fig. 3 Reduced specific hydrodynamic volume, {} [] dependence
on the reduced polymer concentration, c[] , for PEG in water and aqueous salt solutions with c s = 0.01M.
{} = 1 + 2rb(c[]) + rb 2 (c[]) 2
(3) eqs.3 and 4 were taken from Table 1. The decrease
[] 1 + 2b(c[]) + b 2 (c[])2 of {} /[] from 1 ( {} / [] = 1 at c[] = 0, as
TiO2 suspensions 187
{} = [] ) with increasing reduced polymer through hydrogen bonding established between the
concentration was observed for PEG solutions both ether oxygen of polymers and OH groups on the
in water and water containing salts over the whole particles surface.20,21 There are different types of
reduced concentration range studied. surface groups on titanium dioxide particles
For uncharged polymer (the case of PEG in (TiOH2+, TiOH, TiO), their concentrations
water) as compared with polyelectrolyte (aqueous depending on the pH of the suspension.22
salt solution of PEG with c s = 0.01M) the decrease Thus, at pH higher than that corresponding to
the isoelectric point, the concentrations of TiOH
of the {} [] ratio with increasing of c[] is groups and titanium dioxide positively charged
smaller, that means a more pronounced shrinking of (TiOH + H+ TiOH2+) decrease and that of
the macromolecular coils in the latter case. the oxide negatively charged (TiOH + OH
This is a consequence of the progressive TiO + H2O) increases. Taking into consideration
screening of the electrical charges that result from that the pH value corresponding to the isoelectric
the additional solute molecules. This finding is in point of the TiO2 particles under investigation is
agreement with those found for other systems.10-12 2.56 (see the Experimental part) and the natural pH
is 6.2, the concentration of the TiO groups
Separation study prevails; the adsorption of polymer samples by
hydrogen bonding is not favorable and hence, the
Another step in our experiments was the bad destabilization ability of PEG in pure water.
investigation of PEG solutions ability in separation of On the other hand, the more pronounced decrease
the TiO2 suspension (Fig. 4). The experiments were of the residual turbidity noticed in the presence of
performed both in the presence and absence of salts. 0.01M salt solutions of PEG can be explained by
The residual turbidity values decrease with the electrostatic interactions between cations (Na+
increasing polymer dose (the polymer dose means the and K+) bound at the oxygen atoms of ethylene
polymer concentration in its mixture with TiO2 oxide unit, proved by viscosity measurements
suspension) reaching a minimum and then increased (see Fig. 1), and TiO groups on the particle
again for all the investigated systems. Besides the surface. The higher separation efficiency of PEG in
common feature, there are some differences 0.01M KCl solution (minimum residual turbidity
indicating better separation efficiency when PEG was below 8 % at a polymer doses of 200-240 mg L1)
used in salt solutions than in pure water. This than 0.01M NaCl (minimum residual turbidity
behavior can be explained as follows. For effective around 35 % at a polymer dose of 200 mg L1)
separation, polymers need to be adsorbed on confirms the higher affinity of PEG for K+ than
particles. According to the literature data, PEG can Na+, and hence, the increased number of adsorbed
interact with oxide particles in suspension, mainly, K+ on the polymer chain.
100 water
0.01M KCl
80 0.01M NaCl
Turbidity, %
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300
polymer dose, mg/L
Fig. 4 Residual turbidity (%) dependence on the polymer dose
for PEG in water and water containing salts, c s = 0.01M, settling time: 20 hours.
188 Cristina-Eliza Brunchi and Luminita Ghimici