FAULT CALCULATION

Sompol C

Power System Fault Analysis

All protection Engineers should have and understanding to :-
Calculate power system currents and voltages during fault condition
Check the breaking capacity of switchgear is not exceeded
Determine the quantities which can be used by relays to distinguish
between healthy (i.e. loaded ) and fault conditions
Appreciate the effect of the method of earthing on the detection of
earth faults
Selected the best relay characteristics for fault detection
Ensure that load and short circuit ratings of plant are not exceeded
Select relay settings for fault detection and discrimination
Understand principles of relay operation
Conduct post fault analysis

1
Power System Fault Analysis
Power System Fault Analysis also used to :-
Consider stability conditions
Required fault clearance times

Need for 1 phase or 3 phase auto

reclose

Computer Fault Calculation

Programmes
Widely available, particularly in large power utilities
Powerful for large power systems
Sometimes overcomplex for simple circuits
Not always use friendly
Sometimes operated by other department and not directly
available to protection engineers
Programme calculation methods :- understanding is important
Need for by hand spot checks of calculation

2
 Per-Unit System

Different voltage
How do we Analyses ?
11kV 20MVA 11/132kV 50MVA 132/33kV 50MVA
O/H Line Feeder
~ Y Y
ZG= 0.3PU ZL= 40 ZL= 8
ZT= 10% ZT= 10%

Per-unit impedance of transformer is the same regardless of

whether it is determined from ohmic values referred to the high
or low side of transformer.
Only one MVA Base is used for all equipments in the network.
The impedance of each equipment can be merged directly.
Manufacturer usually specify the impedance in per-unit on the
base of the nameplate rating.

3
Referring Impedance
R1 X1 R2 X2
N :1

Ideal
Transformer

Consider the equivalent CCT refer to :-

Primary Secondary
R1+N2R2 X1+N2X2 R1/N2+R2 X1/N2+X2

Base Quantities and Per Unit Values

11kV 20MVA 11/132kV 50MVA 132/33kV 50MVA

O/H Line Feeder
~ Y Y
ZG= 0.3PU ZL= 40 ZL= 8
ZT= 10% ZT= 10%

Particularly useful analyzing large systems with several voltage

levels.
All system parameters referred to common base quantities.
Base quantities fixed in on part of system.
Base quantities at other parts at different voltage levels depend
on ratio of intervening transformers.

4
Base Quantities and Per Unit Values
Base quantities normal used :-

Base MVA = MVAb = 3 MVA

Constant all voltage levels Value MVA rating of largest item of

plant or 100 MVA

Base voltage = kVb = / voltage in kV

Fixed in one part of system

This value is referred through transformers to obtain base
voltage on other parts of system
Base voltage on each side of transformer are in same ratio as
voltage ratio.

Base Quantities and Per Unit Values

Other base quantities :-

Base Impedance = Zb = (kVb)2 in Ohms

MVAb

Base Current = Ib = MVAb in kA

3 x kVb

5
Per Unit System
Use to simplify calculation on system with more than two voltage
Definition :

P.U. Value = Actual Value

Base Value

Base Quantities and Per Unit Values

Per unit values = Actual Value
Base Value

Per unit MVA = MVA p.u. = MVAa

MVAb
Per unit voltage = kV p.u. = kVa
kVb
Per unit impedance = Z p.u. = Za = Za MVAb
Zb (kVb)2

Per unit current = I p.u. = Ia

Ib

6
 Transformer percentage impedance
If ZT = 5% with secondary short circuit
5% V (rated) produces I (rated) in secondary
V (rated) produce 100 x I (rated)
5
If Source impedance ZS = 0
Fault current = 20 x I (rated)
Fault power = 20 x kVA (rated)

ZT is base on I (rated) & V (rated)

i.e. Base on MVA (rated) & kV (rated)
Is same value viewed from either side of transformer

Conversion of Per Unit from one

Set Quantities to Another
Z P.U.1 = Za
Zb1
Z P.U.1 Z P.U.2
Z P.U.2 = Za = ZP.U.1 x Zb1
Zb2 Zb2
Zb1 Zb2
= Z P.U.1 x (kVb1)2 x MVAb2
MVAb1 MVAb2
MVAb1 (kVb2)2
kVb1 kVb2
= Z P.U.1 x MVAb2 x (kVb1)2
MVAb1 (kVb2)2

Actual Z = Za

7
 Example 0
Base voltage on each side of transformer must be in the same ratio
as voltage ratio of transformer
11.8kV 11.8/141kV 132/11kV Distribution
OHL System
~

Incorrect selection of kVb

11.8kV 132kV 11kV

Correct selection of kVb

132x11.8 132kV 11kV
141
=10.05kV

Alternative correct selection

11.8kV 141kV 141x11 = 11.75kV
132

Example 1
11kV 20MVA 11/132kV 50MVA 132/33kV 50MVA
O/H Line Feeder
~ Y Y
ZG= 0.3PU ZL= 40 ZL= 8
ZT= 10% ZT= 10%

kVb 11 132 33
3- Fault
MVAb 50 50 50
Zb = 2.42 348.5 21.8
(kVb)2
MVAb
Ib = 2624 A 219 A 875 A
MVAb
3kVb

Z P.U. O.3 x 50 40 8
20 348.5 21.8
= 0.75 P.U. = 0.115 P.U. = 0.367 P.U.

8
 1.432 p.u.

~ 1 p.u. IF = 1/1.432 = 0.698 P.U.

I11kV = 0.698 x 2624 = 1832 A

I132kV = 0.698 x 219 = 153 A
I33kV = 0.698 x 875 = 611 A

Example 2
11kV Bus Transformer 115kV Bus 115kV Bus
O/H Line
~ Y M
Rn
Xd Xd

Generator Transformer Line Motor

50 MVA 11kV 50MVA X1=X2= 1.3225 ohm 20 MVA 115 kV
Xd = 20% 11/115 kV Ynd1 X0= 6.6125 ohm Xd = 20%
X2 = 20% Imp voltage =12.5% X2 = 20%
X0 = 10% at 50 MVA Base X0 = 10%
Neutral resister = 12.1 ohm

9
Convert Impedance to Per-Unit
Generator
MVAb = 100 MVA, kVb = 11 kV
Zb = kVb2/MVAb = 112/100 = 1.21 ohm
Xd = j0.2 x 100/50 = j0.4 p.u.
X2 = j0.2 x 100/50 = j0.4 p.u.
X0 = j0.1 x 100/50 = j0.2 p.u.
Rn = 12.1/1.21 = 10 p.u.

Transformer
MVAb = 100 MVA, kVb = 11&115 kV
Imp voltage = 0.125 x 100/50 = 0.25 p.u.
X1 = X2 = X0 = j0.25 p.u.

Convert Impedance to Per-Unit

Line
MVAb = 100 MVA, kVb = 115 kV
Zb = kVb2/MVAb = 1152/100 = 132.25 ohm
X1 = X2 = j1.3225/132.5 = j0.01 p.u.
X0 = j6.6125/132.5 = j0.05 p.u.

Motor
MVAb = 100 MVA, kVb = 115 kV
Zb = kVb2/MVAb = 1152/100 = 132.25 ohm
Xd = j0.2 x 100/20 = j1.0 p.u.
X2 = j0.2 x 100/20 = j1.0 p.u.
X0 = j0.1 x 100/20 = j0.5 p.u.

10
Symmetrical Components

Vectors
Vector notation can be used to represent phase relationship
between 2 electrical quantities
Z

V ~ I

v = V sin t = V/0

Lagging = -

Leading = + i = I sin (t-) = I/

11
 j operator : j = 1/90
Rotates vector by 90 Anti-clockwise :-
j = 1/90

90 90
j2 = 1/180 1/0

= -1 90 90

j3 = 1/270 = - j

Used to express vectors in terms of real and imaginary parts

a operator : a = 1/120
Rotates vectors by 120 Anti-clockwise
Used extensively in Symmetrical Component Analysis

a = 1/120 = - +j 3/2

120

120 1 , a3

120

a2 = 1/240 = - -j 3/2

12
a operator : a = 1/120
Balance 3 voltages :-

VC = a VA
a2 + a + 1 = 0

120

120 VA

120

VB = a2 VA

Symmetrical Components
Property of unbalanced phasors n phasors may
be resolved into :-

(n-1) sets of balanced n-phase systems of

phasors, each set having a different phase
sequence, plus

1 set of zero phase sequence or unidirectional

phasors

13
 Symmetrical Components

VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA3 + VA4 + . +VA(n-1) + VAn

VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB3 + VB4 + . +VB(n-1) + VBn

VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC3 + VC4 + . +VC(n-1) + VCn

VD = VD1 + VD2 + VD3 + VD4 + . +VD(n-1) + VDn

.
VN = VN1 + VN2 + VN3 + VN4 + . +VN(n-1) + VNn

(n-1) x Balanced 1 x Zero Sequence

Consider 5-phase unbalanced

System ( 360/ 5 )
Va1 Va2

Ve1 Vb1 Vc2 Vd2

Va0 Vb0Vc0Vd0Ve0
Vd1 Vc1 Ve2 Vb2
First Set of Balanced Second Set of Balanced
Phasors Phasors
Va3 Va4

Fifth Set of Balanced

Vd3 Vc3 Vb4 Ve4 Phasors

Vb3 Ve3 Vc4 Vd4

Third Set of Balanced Fourth Set of Balanced
Phasors Phasors

14
 Unbalanced 3 Phase System
VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0
VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB0
( 360/ 3 )
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC0
VA1 VA2
VA0VB0VC0

VC1 VB1VB2 VC2

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

Symmetrical Components
VA
VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0
VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB0
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC0
VC

VB
VA1
VA2
VA0VB0VC0
+ VC2 +
VC1 VB1
VB2

15
 Converting from sequence
Component to Phase Values
VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0
VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB0 = a2VA1 + aVA2 + VA0
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC0 = aVA1 + a2VA2 + VA0

VA1 VA VA2
VA0
VA2 VC2

VC1 VB1 VB2

VA1
VC
VC1 VB1
VC0 VA0VB0VC0
VC2 VB
VB0 VB2

Converting from Phase Values to

Sequence Component
VA1 = 1/3 { VA + aVB + a2VC }
VA2 = 1/3 { VA + a2VB + aVC }
VA0 = 1/3 { VA + VB + VC }

VB

VC
VA VC0
VB0
= 3V0
VA0

16
Summary
VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0 VA1 = 1/3 { VA + aVB + a2VC }
VB = a2VA1 + aVA2 + VA0 VA2 = 1/3 { VA + a2VB + aVC }
VC = aVA1 + a2VA2 + VA0 VA0 = 1/3 { VA + VB + VC }

IA = IA1 + IA2 + IA0 IA1 = 1/3 { IA + aIB + a2IC }

IB = a2IA1 + aIA2 + IA0 IA2 = 1/3 { IA + a2IB + aIC }
IC = aIA1 + a2IA2 + IA0 IA0 = 1/3 { IA + IB + IC }

Residual Current
Use to detect earth faults

IA

IB

IC
Residual Current = IA + IB +IC

E/F = 3I0

IRESIDUAL is Zero for :- IRESIDUAL is present for :-

Balanced Load /E Faults
3 Faults /E Faults
Faults Open circuits (with current
remaining phases )

17
 Residual Voltage
Use to detect earth faults RESIDUAL Voltage is measured
from Open Delta or Broken Delta
VT Secondary windings.
VRESIDUAL is Zero for :-
Healthy Unfaulted System
3 Faults
Faults

VRESIDUAL is present for :-

/E Fault
R /E Fault
Open circuits (on supply side
VResidual = VA + VB + VC
= 3V0
of VT)

A A
Vb Van

Va Ground Plane n g=n

Vcn
C Vc B C Vbn B
Va+Vb+Vc = 0

Secondary voltage Primary voltage

Normal Balanced Condition

18
 A A
Vb Van
3V0
Ground Plane n g=n
Va Vcn Vbn
C Vc
B C B
3V0
Va+Vb+Vc = 3V0

Secondary voltage Primary voltage

Fault Condition

Example 3
Evaluate the positive,
negative and Zero Sequence
components for the VC
unbalanced phase vectors

VA

VA = 1 /0
VB = 1.5 /-90
VC = 0.5 /120

VB

19
 Solution
VA1 = 1/3 {VA + aVB + a2VC}
= 1/3 {1 + (1 /120)(1.5/-90 )+(1 /240)(0.5/120 }
= 0.965 /15

VA2 = 1/3 {VA + a2VB + aVC}

= 1/3 {1 + (1 /240)(1.5/-90 )+(1 /120)(0.5/120 }
= 0.211 /150

VA0 = 1/3 {VA + VB + VC}

= 1/3 {1 + (1.5/-90 ) + (0.5/120 }
= 0.434 /-55

Positive
V = aV
Sequence Voltage
C1 A1

VA1 = 0.965/15

15

VB1 = a2VA1

20
Negative and Zero Sequence
Voltage
VA2 = 0.211/150
VC2 = a2VA2
150

-55
VA0 = 0.434 /-55
VB2 = aVA2
VB0 = 0.434 /-55
VC0 = 0.434 /-55

Symmetrical Components
VC2
VC0

VA2
VC
VC1 VA1
VA0

VA

VB1

VB
VB2

VB0

21
 Example 4
Evaluate the phase quantities Ia, Ib and Ic from the sequence
component
IC
IA1 = 0.6 /0
IA2 = - 0.4/0
IA0 = - 0.2/0
Solution
IA = IA1 + IA2 + IA0 = 0 109

IB = a2IA1 + aIA2 + IA0 -109

= 0.6/240 0.4/120 - 0.2/0

= 0.91/-109
IC = aIA1 + a2IA2 + IA0
= 0.6/120 0.4/240- 0.2/0 IB
= 0.91/109

Balance Fault

22
Fault Types
Line ground (65-70%)
Line Line Ground (10-20%)
Line Line (10-15%)
Line Line Line (5%)

Statistics published in 1967 CEGB report, but are similar today

all over the world

Balance Faults (3)

Rare :- Majority of Fault are unbalanced
Causes :-
System Energization with Maintenance Earthing Clamps still
connected
1- fault developing to 3- fault
3- fault may be represented by 1- circuit valid because
system is maintained in a balanced state during the fault
Voltages equal and 120 apart
Currents equal and 120 apart
Power System Plant Symmetrical
Phase impedance Equal

Mutual impedance Equal

Shunt admittance Equal

23
Balance Faults (3)
Generator Transformer
Line X Line Y
~ Y

3- Fault

ZG ZT ZLX ZLY
Ea
~

ZG ZT ZLX ZLY
Eb
~

ZG ZT ZLX ZLY
Ec
~
ZLOAD

24
Balance Faults (3)
IcF

Ea
IaF

Ec Eb

ZG IbF ZT ZLX ZLY

Ea
~

ZLOAD
Positive Sequence (Single Phase) circuit :-

N1

Unbalance Fault

25
Unbalanced Fault
In three phase fault calculation, a single phase representation is
adopted.
Three phase fault are rare
Majority of faults are unbalanced fault
UNBALANCED FAULTS may be classified into SHUNT
FAULTS and SERIES FAULTS
Shunt Fault :-
Line to Ground

Line to Line

Line to line to Ground
Series Fault
Single Phase Open Circuit
Double phase open Circuit

Unbalanced Fault
Line to Ground
Line to Line
Line to line to Ground
Causes ;
Insulation Breakdown

Lightning Discharge and Other Overvoltage

Mechanical Damage

26
Unbalanced Fault
Open Circuit or Series Fault
Causes
Broken Conductor

Operation of Fuses

Mal-operation of Single Phase Circuit Breaker

During unbalanced Faults, Symmetry of system is lost

Single Phase Representation is no Longer Valid

Unbalanced Fault
Analyzed using :-
Symmetrical component
Equivalent Sequence Networks of Power System
Connection of Sequence Networks approximate to Type of Fault

27
Sequence Networks

28
 Sequence Networks

It can be shown that providing the system impedances are balanced

from the point of generation right up to the fault, each sequence
current causes voltage drop of its own sequence only.

Regard each current flowing within own network thro Impedance of

its own sequence only, with no interconnection between the
sequence networks right up to the point of fault.

Sequence Networks
+ ve ,-ve and Zero sequence networks are drawn for a
reference phase. This is usually taken as the A phase

Fault are selected to be balanced relative to the reference A

Phase
e.g.
For /E faults consider an A-E fault

Foe / faults consider B-C fault

Sequence networks interconnection is the simplest for the

reference phase

29
Positive Sequence Diagram
E1
Z1
N1 ~ F1

Start with the natural point N1

All generator and load neutrals are connected to N1
Include all source EMFs
Phase-Neutral voltage
Impedance Network
Positive sequence impedance per phase
Diagram finishes at fault point F1

Example 5
Generator Transformer
Line
N ~ Y F

E
E1
N1 ZG1 ZT1 ZL1 I1
~ F1

V1

( N1 )

V1 = Positive sequence Ph-N voltage at a fault point

I1 = Positive sequence phase current flowing into F1
V1 = E1-I1(ZG1 + ZT1 + ZL1)

30
Negative Sequence Diagram
Z2
N2 F2

Start with the natural point N2

All generator and load neutrals are connected to N2

No EMFs included
No negative sequence voltage is generated !
Impedance Network
Negative sequence impedance per phase
Diagram finishes at fault point F2

Example 6
Generator Transformer
Line
N ~ Y F

E
N2 ZG2 ZT2 ZL2 I2
F2

V2

( N2 )

V2 = Negative sequence Ph-N voltage at a fault point

I2 = Negative sequence phase current flowing into F2
V2 = -I2(ZG2 + ZT2 + ZL2)

31
 Zero Sequence Diagram
For in phase (Zero Phase Sequence ) currents to flow in each
phase of the system, there must be a fourth connection (this is
typically the neutral or earth connection).

N ZT0 IA0

ZT0 IB0

ZT0 IC0

IA0 +IB0 +IC0 = 3IA0

E

Zero Sequence Diagram

Resistance Earthed System

N ZT0 IA0

ZT0 IB0

ZT0 IC0
VN0

3IA0
R

E Zero sequence voltage between N & E Given by

VN0 = 3IA0 . R
Zero Sequence impedance of neutral to earth path
Z0 = V0/IA0 . = 3R

32
 Transformer Zero Sequence
Impedance ( ZT0 )
P Q

ZT0
a a
P Q

b b

N0

General Zero Sequence Equivalent

Circuit for Two Winding Transformer
ZT0
Primary a a Secondary
Terminal Terminal

b b

N0

On appropriate side of transformer :

Earthed star winding Close link a
Open link b
Delta winding Open link a
Close link b
Unearthed star winding Both links open

33
Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit

P S

ZT0
a a
P0 S0

b b

N0

Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit

P S

ZT0
a a
P0 S0

b b

N0

34
Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit

P S

ZT0
a a
P0 S0

b b

N0

Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit

P S

ZT0
a a
P0 S0

b b

N0

35
Example 7
Generator Transformer
Line
N ~ Y F

N0 ZG0 ZT0 ZL0 I0

F0

3R V0

E0 ( N0 )

V0 = Zero sequence Ph-N voltage at a fault point

I0 = Zero sequence phase current flowing into F0
V0 = -I0(ZG0 + ZT0 + ZL0)

Example 8
Generator Transformer
Line
F
N ~
R RT

E System Single Line Diagram

ZG0 ZT0 ZL0 I0
F0

3R 3RT V0

N0
Zero Sequence Network
V0 = Zero sequence Ph-N voltage at a fault point
I0 = Zero sequence phase current flowing into F0
V0 = -I0(ZT0 + ZL0 + 3RT)

36
 Network Connection

Interconnection of Sequence
Networks
Consider sequence networks as blocks with a fault terminals F & N
for external connection
I1
Positive F1
Sequence V1
Network N1

I2
Negative F2
Sequence V2
Network N2

I0
Zero F0
Sequence V0
Network N0

37
 Interconnection of Sequence
Networks
For any given fault there are 6 quantities to be considered at the fault
point
VA VB VC IA IB IC
Relationships between these for any type of fault can be converted into
an equivalent relationship between sequence components
V1 V2 V0 I1 I2 I0
This is possible if :-
1. Any 3 quantities are known (provided they are not all voltages
or all currents) or
2. 2 are known and 2 others are known to have a specific
relationship
From the relationship between sequence Vs and Is, the manner in
which the isolation sequence networks are connected can be
determined
The connection of the sequence networks provides a single phase
representation (in sequence terms) of the fault

To derive the system constraints at

the fault terminals :-
F

IA IB IC

VA VB VC

Terminals are connected to represent the fault

38
 Line to Ground Fault on Phase A

IA IB IC At fault point :-
VA = 0
VB = ?
VA VB VC
VC = ?

IA = ?
IB = 0
IC = 0

Phase to Earth Fault on Phase A

At fault point
VA= 0; IB = 0, IC = 0
VA= V1 + V2 + V0 = 0
V1 = -(V2 + V0) ------------------------------(1)
I0 = 1/3 ( IA + IB + IC ) = 1/3 IA
I1 = 1/3 ( IA + aIB + a2IC ) = 1/3 IA
I2 = 1/3 ( IA + a2IB + aIC ) = 1/3 IA
I1 = I2 = I0 -------------------------(2)

To comply with (1) & (2) the sequence networks must be connected
in series :-

39
 Phase to Earth Fault on Phase A
To comply with (1) & (2) the sequence networks must be connected
in series :-

I1 F1
Positive
Sequence V1
Network
N1

I2
Negative F2
Sequence V2
Network
N2

I0
Zero F0
Sequence V0
Network
N0

Example : Phase to Earth Fault

Source
Line
~ F
A-G Fault
132kV ZL1 = 10
2000 MVA ZL0 = 35 IF
ZS1 = 8.7 I1 = I2 = I0 = 132000
ZS0 = 8.7 3 x 81.1
E1 8.7 10 I1 F1 = 940 A
~
N1
IF = IA = I1 + I2 + I0 = 3I0
8.7 10 I2 F2

N2 IF = 2820 A
8.7 35 I0 F0

N0

Total Impedance = 81.1

40
 Earth Fault with Fault Resistance

I1 F1
Positive
Sequence V1
Network
N1

I2
Negative F2 3ZF
Sequence V2
Network
N2

I0
Zero F0
Sequence V0
Network
N0

Phase to Phase Fault : B-C Fault

I1 F1 I2 I0
Positive Negative F2 Zero F0
Sequence V1 Sequence V2 Sequence V0
Network Network Network
N1 N2 N0

41
 Example : Phase to Phase Fault
Source
Line
~ F
B-C Fault
132kV ZL1 = 10
ZL0 = 35
2000 MVA IF I1 = 132000
ZS1 = 8.7
ZS0 = 8.7 3 x 37.4
8.7 10 I1 F1 = 2037 A
~ I2 = -2037 A
N1
132000/3
8.7 10 I2 F2 IB = a2I1 + aI2
N2
= a2I1 aI1
8.7 35
= (a2 a)I1
I0 F0
= (-j)3 x 2037
N0

Total Impedance = 37.4 IF = 3529 A

Phase to Phase Fault with

Resistance
ZF

I1 F1 I2 I0
Positive Negative F2 Zero F0
Sequence V1 Sequence V2 Sequence V0
Network Network Network
N1 N2 N0

42
 Phase to Phase to Earth Fault :
B-C-E Fault

I1 F1 I2 I0
Positive Negative F2 Zero F0
Sequence V1 Sequence V2 Sequence V0
Network Network Network
N1 N2 N0

Phase to Phase to Earth Fault :

B-C-E Fault with Resistor
3ZF

I1 F1 I2 I0
Positive Negative F2 Zero F0
Sequence V1 Sequence V2 Sequence V0
Network Network Network
N1 N2 N0

43
3 Versus 1 Fault Level
E XT
XG
~

IF = E = E
3 E
XG1 XT1 IF XG1 + XT1 Z1
~
Z1

IF

3 Versus 1 Fault Level

E XT
XG
~

IF = 3E
1 E
XG1 XT1 I1 F1 2Z1 + Z0
~
Z1 N1
XG2 XT2 I2 F2

Z2 N2 IF
XG0 XT0 I0 F0

Z0 N0

44
 3 Versus 1 Fault Level
3 Fault Level = E = 3E = 3E
Z1 3Z1 2Z1 + Z1

1 Fault Level = 3E
2Z1 + Z0

If Z0 < Z1

1 Fault Level > 3 Fault Level

Check that switchgear breaking capacity > maximum fault level for
all fault types

Example 9
Find 3 phase & single line to ground fault at 115 kV Motor Bus

11kV Bus Transformer 115kV Bus 115kV Bus

O/H Line
~ Y M
Rn
Xd Xd

Generator Transformer Line Motor

Xd = j0.4 p.u. X1 = X2 = X0 = j0.25 p.u. X1 = X2 = j0.01 p.u. Xd = j1.0 p.u.

X2 = j0.4 p.u. X0= j0.05 p.u. X2 = j1.0 p.u.
X0 = j0.2 p.u. X0 = j0.5 p.u.
Rn = 10 p.u.

Base at 100 MVA

45
Positive sequence network

11 kV bus 115 kV bus 115 kV bus

G M
j0.4 j0.25 j0.01 j1.0
1 /0
Va1

Ia1
Find : Zth 1
G
j0.66 J1.0 j0.39759 j0.39759
Va1

N1 N1 N1

Negative sequence network

11 kV bus 115 kV bus 115 kV bus

j0.4 j0.25 j0.01 j1.0

Va2

Ia2
Find : Zth 2

j0.66 J1.0 j0.39759

Va2

N2 N2

46
Zero sequence network

11 kV bus 115 kV bus 115 kV bus

j0.2 j0.25 j0.05 j0.5

3Rn = 30 Va0

Ia0
Find : Zth 0

j0.3 j0.5 j0.1875

Va0

N0 N0

3 Phase fault
If = Ia1 = Va1 / Zth1
Ia1
= 1 / 0.39759 p.u. G

= 2.5152 p.u. Z th1 = j0.39759

Va1

Ib = MVAb kA
3 x kVb N1
= 100 = 0.502 kA
3 x 115

If = 2.5152 x 0.502

= 1262.7 A

47
Single line to ground fault
Ia1 Ia1= Ia2= Ia0
G
G
j0.39759
Va1 Zth1 = j0.98268

N1 Ia2
Ia1 = Va1 / Zth1 = 1 / 0.98268 p.u.
j0.39759 = 1.01763 p.u.

Va2 Ia = Ia1+ Ia2+ Ia0

= 3 x 1.01763
N2 Ia0 = 3.0529 p.u.

j0.1875 Ibase = 0.502 kA

Va0
If = 3.0529 x 0.502
N0 = 1532.6 A

Example 10
Find 3 phase & single line to ground fault at 22 kV Bus

115kV Bus Transformer 22kV Bus 22kV Bus

cable
MAIN system Y

Driving point Transformer Cable

Z1 = Z2 = 0.001+ j0.02 p.u. X1 = X2 = X0 = j0.4 p.u. Z1 = Z2 = j1.033 p.u.

Z0 = 0.002+ j0.0067 p.u. Z0 = j1.55 p.u.

.

Base at 100 MVA

48
Positive sequence network
115 kV bus 22 kV bus 22 kV bus

0.001+ j0.02 j0.4 j1.033

Negative sequence network

115 kV bus 22 kV bus 22 kV bus

0.001+ j0.02 j0.4 j1.033

Zero sequence network
115 kV bus 22 kV bus 22 kV bus

0.002+ j0.0067 j0.4 j1.55

3 Phase fault
22 kV bus

G
0.001+ j1.453
Equivalent Impedance at 22 kV Bus

= 0.001+ j0.02 + j0.4 + j1.033 p.u.

= 0.001+ j1.453 p.u.
Fault current = 1/ ( 0.001+j1.43 )
= 0.00047- j0.68823 p.u.
= 0.68823/-89.96 p.u.

Base current = 100 x 103/(1.732x22) A

= 2624.3 A

Three Phase current = 0.68823 x 2624.3 A

= 1806.12/-89.96 A

49
Single line to ground fault
Ia1= Ia2= Ia0
G
1 p.u. Ia1
Z1 Zth1 = 0.002 + j4.856
G
0.001 + j1.453

Ia2
Z2
Equivalent Impedance at 22 kV Bus
0.001 + j1.453

= 0.001 + j1.453+0.001 + j1.453+j1.95 p.u.

Ia0 = 0.002 + j4.856 p.u.
Z0

j1.95

Single line to ground fault

Ia1 = Va1 / Zth1 = 1 / ( 0.002 + j4.856 ) p.u.

= 0.0000848 - j.20593 p.u.

= 0.20593/-89.98 p.u.

Ia = Ia1+ Ia2+ Ia0

= 3 x 0.20593/-89.98 p.u.
= 0.61779/-89.98 p.u.

Base current = 100 x 103 / ( 1.732 x 22 )

= 2624.3 A

Single line to ground fault current = 0.61779 x 2624.3 A

= 1621.27/-89.98

50
 Example 11
Find 3 phase & single line to ground fault at F1 & F2

11kV Bus Transformer 1 69 kV Bus

cable
G1 Y M1
Rn
Xd Xd
69 kV Bus

Transformer 2
cable F1
G2 Y M2
Rn
Xd Xd

Transformer 3 400 V Bus

Y
Base at 100 MVA F2
69 kV Bus

DATA
Generator 1,2 Cable
25 MVA, 11 kV 25 MVA, 69 kV
Xd = j0.4 p.u. X1 = X2 = j0.01 p.u.
X2 = j0.4 p.u. X0 = j0.05 p.u.
X0 = j0.2 p.u.
Rn = 10 p.u. Motor 1,2
10 MVA, 69 kV
Transformer 1,2 Xd = j1.0 p.u.
15 MVA, 11/69 kV Ynd1 X2 = j1.0 p.u.
X1 = X2 = X0 = j0.25 p.u. X0 = j0.5 p.u.

Transformer 3
2 MVA, 69/0.4 kV Ynd1 Easy to calculate by manual ?
X1 = X2 = X0 = j0.5 p.u.

51
Be careful ! Maximum
short circuit current is not
always the total current
that flows through the
protective relay.

To be continue

52