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6
MKROCOfY RESOUITION TBT CHART
(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

^
^^-
/APPLIED IN/HGE
1653 East Moin Stret
I

Rocheiter. Nw York 14609 USA

(716) 482 - 0300 - Phone
(716) 2M-5989-FO.
 I

ft

Hi

blish
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LIVE STOCK COMMISSIONER'S BRANCH
POULTRY DIVISION

w. noDaoN
Uve toek CoMBilMtoner P. r. ELFORD
C'hier or Ponltrr DlvUlon

Al PARASITES OF POULTRY

BULLETIISr No. 9

ili.hed by direction of th. Hon.

SYDNEY A. FISHER. MinLfr of Agriculture, Ottawa. Ont

MAY, 1905
 Uic Jimiourable
The Minister of Agriculture.

i^'v.sion. and to rccommond that

tribution.
it be printed for

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your 'obedient servant,
F. W. HODSOX,
Lice Stock Commissioner.

III
0 li
 CONTENTS.

I. DiRKASES ;,

1. Treatmrnt of Poultry Discnspa r

2. Caiii*<^ of Di'fnic* of r.mltiy 5

3. (iiii<- :.

'
4. Bowel Trouble in (iiick-

(a) Other Chick Troubles

5. Rheumatism and Cramp* "

6. Diarrha'a in Sinnll (liiik- '

7. Indigestii u.'

6. LimberiK civ '>

0. Egg Eatiiitr Ti
t

10. Roup ]0

11. Diseases of the Crop 1'^

(1) Inflamation or Catarrh l'

(2) Crop-bouiul W
12. Cholera 11

13. Eutero-hepatitis or Blackhcat] li

II. Lice ]:l

lU. Mites. Scaly Leg ifitc U

IV. Intestinal Wonsis l"i

1. Round Worms ' 1'

2. Tape Worms 10

3. Flukc. , li
 JSEASES AND PARASITES OF POULTRY
THE DISEASE.^ OP POUITRY.

pom 10 .irn tht. furraer. If the hcuK^.est and most vigorous

H
brtedinji fowls nre

The poultry houses should be thoroughly

M
I

cleaned out and disinfected by the use of

"P^ypump. A good spray mixture may be made
from a 2 per cent 8ilut?on of

L. This .1,1 siaue the liL and'

^:'^^!^^z;::^r::^::z:^^z
,2. Cause, of Digease. of Poultry.-The mo,t
troublesome disea-es
"'=>' a es oi
of fowl
lowJ, with
|r onuses, may be summed up as
follows :
I
^oup.-Planted by only a neglected slight cold.'
'

C7to?cra. Caused principally by

overcrowding.
i;.rr;w.<,.-Damp hous, filthy houst
and runa, and bad lecuing.
feodinir
fa ier. Dampness and filth.
Wiphtheria^-Rooitmg in draughts, damp houses.
Ulcerated Throat. Bitto.
I Consumption. Neglected cold.
Upoplexy, Vertigo and Epilepsy.-Overieedmg.
I Sore Eyes. D&mp
houses
"1' "''"/** ""'^ C-onshpafion.Improper food.
I
\Son and Swelled Crops, Indigestion and
Dyspepsia.-OycTieeim,T
w^crieeding.
I P*P and Bronchitis.Damp quartera
I Black Bo;. Result of
indigestion.
I Soft Eggs. Overfeeding.

Oout Rheumatism and Cnimp.-Damp

houses.
ILeg ITeai-nm.-Inbreeding and
overfeeding.
Bumble Foot.High perches.
Scaly Legs and Chicken
Pox.-Filthy and damp quarte,^.
j
Fi
te";;ni1:Vvet^^^^^^^^
|cks adults as s Idom L the wL^'pircoul /n^ t^^u '' "
f'^'"'
^ ^"^th, and
[ppearanees when the 7^^-
ch^ie:^7cZZ:tfT^^^^^^
Khas It been known to attack birSs over four months ofd
' ^ ''"'^^' '^

^'^^^sX^^^^^^^ connection with poultry.

fn^f
Symptom?,
gapes, but there is no douJTLt T^ZoZ:Z
" ^t'Zl'^'
me
*- "v vj
"*='"']
exciting cause of
 . .
~ V ^'"^1 ",'? '''"^ * "P"" tl*!r mouths to tho fullest Mtcnf. u.-l
rr
- and hTe short I

gapo chokinir cough. Ijitcr on the cough increafw in frequencv.

the Bap.nK become. ,lmo.t contnt.
nn.l th,- chick ultmu.tcl.v chockc
nd expire,.
ihe cftUM of the dinlrcs^ is the presence <,f red wonnt
I

nt the root f the windpipe

When thoy fi.st come they arc very small (not larger than thread), I

a anU bare a bril,r

nImoHt n rerm. hon clour. They havr. how. vcr. lu^n taken out of chicken, .o
lar.,
as almost to fill the windpipe half of its
U-ntrth. Two worm a longer and ihorf.r!
onoare frequently found joined toelher. xhr point of junction
being about the mi i I

die of the longer worm. The largest worms arc about

the thickntss of a stout pin Th ,|
are jcry active, and it in tho tickling caused l,y their
constant mo. ion that causes thei
short dr>' cough end the Raping, in the futile
endeavour to get rid of the pests. '

Trea/men/. There are .livers cures and operations, but wherever

the disease upi
pears some chickens always die. and it would be well,
before operating on tho others!
to open and examine the windpipe of one of
the dead chicken* yourself. If the disea ,.'

that has caused death i. gapes, the worms adhering t., the n.ucou
membrane of t',e
windpipe will bo seen ; but if these are not present then death has been duo
to some
other disease. r

The
original treatment recommended and followed by those,
who. generation,
back, gave the disease it* expressive name, was to take
a hen's feather, stripped withirl
an inch of .t extrrmit.v. to place it down the windpipe,
twist it sharply round. aJ
withdraw suddenly. We have followed a similar plan to this when operating on turlor
poults and strong chickens. We
have found it advantageous to moisten the feather n|
spirits of turpentine before uning it. The turpentine
kills the worms the feather mu-
only be moistened, not soaked, with it. as a drop going
into tho lungs may be fatal lol
the ehiok and the operation causes the bird to sneeze,
and throw them up ; that i^|
we may add. if jierformcd by an old hand. 1
A ditficulty is sometimes experienced by novices in getting the feather
_
down tlij
windpuK^ hut by holding the chick's beak open with the
finger and riiumb of the leftf
Jinn applied from behind and pressing the throat of the
',

chick slightly with the othnr,

fingers, of the sanrie hand, the opening of the
windpipe can be clearly scon just behir.il
the tongue, and down this the feather must be
gently pushed as far as it will easiiJ
go. I
Another method is to pass down horsehair loops, twist them, and withdriMl
them. But neither of these methods is very effectual, as
it always leaves some woi .n-f
behind, and they increase and multiply. The operations, too,
have to be perform, I

with great care, as the feather is often put down the

gullet, ^hich is useless, and with
small chickens, which arc most seriously affected, it is altogether
out of the question. |
Still other methods of cure that are recommended
is to place the chicks in a boil
of chips soaked in tun>..ntine. or to give them a little
piece of bread with some tuJ
pentine on it. Carboli.' acid fumes are also advised by some. The
best plan of maniigl
ing the administration of these is to confine the chicks
in an air-tight house or lar|
box. and place over a small petroleum stove, an old kettle or
other similar vessel withl
about one-fourth part of crude carbolic acid and three parts water.
The boiling fluidl
will give off a strong carbolic vapour, and cause the chicks
to cough violently. ThiJ
process, however, requires careful supervision, or the carbolic
fumes may become tool
powerful for the chickens, and they may Fuccumb.
f
On this recount a cure was required that could be used without interfering withl
the windpipe, and would also be simple and effectual. It could only be done
by us^nJ
something sufficiently powerful to pervade the system, and to
reach by its odor both!
the scat and the cause of the disease. Nothing that we have used have
we found to dal
It is so effectually as camphor, given at intervals in pills
the size of a grain of wheat,!
That which is given to a fowl or pheasant must <rf necessity remain some
time in thel
crop in close proximity to the windpipe. As soon as the odor reaches
the worms tlicTf
die, and the disease ceases with their death.
Whenever premonitory symptoms are observed immediate action
should be takeal
They may often be arrested by giving the birds no other water to drink
than that whidj
 -ml bolicml to bo ,
p.ni".Tr tt M i:* ""' r'J"'''' ' cumpl.or jul.p/
A gocl solution to put in thi
wa.eT n tZu'*' T"^' ""^ '' Pr'enti.o. "^
.'0^ of 8ul,.h,o ,.f iron in ^x.Tlro^ If fr ' "i"/^" " " '"""'' i^JoUe
1
four hour. n,ix it with t^K LtTf w"
''''"/': ^'''';
V'"'
"' '"" "^'^ *">'

It u tliouRht. nnd we aijroo with it . .i

"' "^^
.
i I

b.d water.
.lrinkin f;om I n I'mi ^'"IT"' "" """"'' ''^ *'"'*"
All fl, prof.r
i
or clean .prin* w..t..r. ''^'^ '"'" *tPr to any v.cl
The op,i rtu.fity MXuiiri 1 i

pnlou. clcanlim-MM ni.h /'''''^;''"'' *^ "^''"^''^ '""'

lik-rol uho of
.he.yarntinof .,...ff,etedetr
. ,lS "^'"''"'''
Sc'-J- Ki
;rlmrttr?rth' ""^
The ground i. s.i,| , ,.,.. ''l.vmonn, of r'^">'
prevention.
|i,.,o,lT^ h .1^
wJl. where poaaibl... ,..
do not catch it; chi..k.s
v,m,1 putting ehi'k
T"'"
"^
A" *'""""'' " ' "^
"'^"'"^ 'i''"^' '<'''". Old bird.
r..-, v.t if p
tl.cv .-n. """''"
In Canada it w
l-li,;r,l ,' ,'" '''^^ w-.rms.

of food previously";.,.
P..ated in earth w^rn.,' Ji;;'
^ S
.^Tn'T'""" ""
'" ""' ''" "^"""^ "^^ ''- -iJu'""

The best remedy fr k..,h.s.

no'^t^" diat";';/^
J.'^ '^'r'"'
''/' ''^^ "^ P-
if ,hc rbic-krwill nVf
'^ ''nrdinK ,uch claim,
"'"T"''

of turpentine to a
mixture of cm 1, I '"
Lll
." f'"^Pnfl of spirit.
Thoroughly incorpon.te the
he material a. n.ay bo
tur,,c.
r.,,uiro!^
ino wi.h
n^feod to'u.eJn^
f^*^
"".'^

""''
''l"'
T
? .'""'^ f'"' ^ raiddllng,.
'

"*'"''' " "' f

drops of carboli.. ncid '*" "" " ''''^''"
1>0"J- Put ten
in .verv pint of Hrll-
quently There i. no sure ren
d J or ,Ik
"
td
il"*
T* "";' ^1""''' *' -<- f-
P.pe to draw out the ^apo ""^ ^""!''*^'" ''^' '" ' ^'"'J-
worm, can ifd^ ^ o 1'?"
are sug^eated remedies,
but thoy ore soLwh ^""- T''''-
A httle sp.r ts of camphor s^lrto' tr'^'T''
rubbed o the outside of tb^T, ''"^'*' *'' '"^-
?
of the gum **^.**"'"t "d a few grains
administered internallv will
ploughing the runs deeply sometjln.

*"'' '*'"'^- '^''" Possible,

^o about September
every InrinL.mT the
Is't.'act a^ a
-.ko plugh.ng impossible
they JouU he
Snut "mfre
"th^f
"",' "'""''" '' ^--
"^ *"
cLn^TnitnTd ^re^e^t^^^
Bowel Trouble in Chicki
,

strong
4. if n pI,- u

enough to live if it gets <J'-" "''^"H. *" ^'"""^

half a chance'' t'"u''"''"^. it is
Mlmt was hatched on the
22nd day nor for aThick
No care can save them, not
'-ind be hatched on
even a hen A J^"*
* ^^ ^""^ ^' " <^>ick
""* ' helped out of the shell
nS?
T ^T
the mornirg of fhe "^ "^
^?' ^i*^" "'^ ' ^Oth day!
t us respect,
and have made it a study,
21st d
^"''"^f tb
""'" f>' years in
if; J % \
Journal. Continuing he says
>';o incubator

says
wJ Jm
^.^*' ' ^'^^ ^merica PoMr
-^"^ *^^ '=''*=''' l"- the shel
on Sunday. WeTlIo^trl?'""''' li'
" .on they are iaken out'and pLc din at" -^"/"-day morning.
two mches of sand;
the chicks will eat the
SerSn
?^ ^''^^'' *'*"-
tf^ ^ "l^-y^ kei
hours old I feed them sanH v?
.0 their firsTmeal and
xJosire to "^r"'
""1 "''"'^ ^''-^ -"^ 0
l.at they are
60 to 7o hours old before they '^'"' "**^'^ * t^e fact
are fed T^T"
take a five to ^^-
sx-day old crippled chick or nn-i^- ^ ? ^^ demonstrate this
w.ll find the yellow
of the c-ggTn tie
i/ch ??' "^ ""^ ^ ^'"^ ^*l>t ! d you
'.- tHs it will live,
and it'^ll not
The cause of so many
chicks dvin ot-j
ZZt i.
even

CZ'J^:'
C^ '^^gry.
'""' " '" " * '^^^
are fed too early.
S^fto^ulA'S t*"' ^^^^ -digestion;
M' WV
ood f
food often
This I can
w.^"^" ^.'^^^ trouble
are b rds in a wild
when ruJ^ng
state not troubled
in *^"
tJ?.
wiK C.'^'*^!,T*.^'^-
^' **"^'*^^
^ they
^o not
"^
un..l at night their
and a
little at the time-
it
crops ure full of nat^t
LT^aV
""erf They get their
^' '"^' * '^* th7rer.nd ."
I have lost as many Tod
chicks as anv lar<. K.2i* .

.vonrs and have

tried aU kinds of
'o^^^AyJ^riZ^f''"' ^" "^ '" fifteen
and when to feed and
what kinds of food "" """"^ '' ^*^
Tii^^^^T^^^r
 Wlicn the chlcka are 60 to 70 hours old I let thorn out in the grass and sprinkle
flry bread crumbs amongst them; in about an hour I give them a little dry oatflake;
I give them just a little of that and they will run around over the gntss looking for
insect life. They seem to find food material of this kind which is not visible to us.
About two hours later I give them a little millet seed and grass seed mixed, then in
about three hours, or at night, I give them fine cracked corn, not corn meal, but
cracked corn and milk that has been boiled; boiled milk and milk curds are the be.n
preventive of bowel trouble. : privo them. lilk until they are ten days old; some prefer
milk in water, but if water is given it should be warm. The next day at 6 a.m. I givci
them johnny cake, about t' .Lours later I feed them cracked wheat. At each menl
except at night they are given about a half crop full, and at night a full crop; never
give them a crop full of feed at any other meal, and never feed the same food twice tlio
same day; "hange at each meal and give a little at each meal; then you are follow-
ing nature. One-third crop full is a great deal better than a full crop. A hungry
chicken is always a healthy one.
When a chick is weakly, hangs its wings, stands listless and is slow in walking and I

in fact seemingly blitnl f n the world, it is sufiFering from indigestion, and the cause
can be put down to overfeeding and too early feeding after having'been taken out of
the incubator. The chick in some respect resembles a baby. If an infant is fed for
llie first meal meat, potatoe-. and pastry of all kinds, it will not live long,
because it is
not nature's food, and this same rule applies to the chicks; they should have a litt'.a of
everything and very little of anything. This method we believe is a successful one
|

without any doubt.

Allow them to run out on the grass as soon as they possibly can, and when six
|
days old give them free range.
Keep the beat in the brooder at' 98 degrees two inches from the floor an'l kc. p it I

at about that point until the chicks are full feathered. Most breeders reduce that heat I

one or two degrees each day until it is about 70 degrees, but I fail to see any good I
reason why this plan should be followed. I

A hen when she broods her chickens has a temperature of 98 degrees, or Hood I
heat. We believe it is not more necessary to reduce the heat in a brooder than iti
would be in the case of the hen, as she broods the chickens when they are six weeks!
old. If your brooder is arranged like mine the chicks can go where they like,
as re|
gards the temperature. They will find it from 70 to 100.
We advise against mixing grit in food and against feeding mash. A fowl has al
gizzard and grinds its own food and when the gizzard is idle the engine of the chickl
stops an^; Snally the stomach gets out of order. Mash food has caused more dise&.'^ojl
than any oiher one thing. In the first place it is not natural; the gizzard must kc<:p|
grinding food, and if mash is fed the food passes through without being ground. The|
chick also overeats and suffers from indigestion.
There is much in the kind of heat in a brooder as well as the amount. A Irooderl
should have a natural heat and not a hot dry one; there should also be fresh aitl
coming and going at all times in the hover. If you will examine the chicks found dtadi
in the brooder you will find their legs are all dried up. The hot dr.Y heat has tliisl
effect on the blood and lungs, as a hot air furnace does upon furniture,
&c. Thii|
kind of heat is not healthy for man or fowl.
On rainy days the brooder should be inside for chicks that are only two weeks oldl
o as to keep them dry. They should be given the run of a large room, for keepingl
them locked up in a brooder will play havoc with them. There should be an in-dooTl
brooder for this purpose until chicks are 18 days old, and they should then be piitl
in an out-door brooder, as they are old enough to help themselves.

Other Chick Troubles.It a chick appears weak, or has weak legs, from rapidj
growth, put a teaspoonful of citrate of iron and ammonia in each quart of the driiikf
ing water. Sometimes two drops of tincture of nux vomica in a quart of water ill

excellent.
 Lice on i oung Chicks; Look for //tern. When your young chicks are two or thrco
Byi old, examine their heads for head-lice. They are bijr. brown
fellows ang will be
bund anterior .lownwards, gettinp a living out of the head
of their prey. If your
ticks arc 'hen-hatched' you will almost be sure to find them
; if incubator-haf"hcd,
l88 likely 80. Lard rubbed well on the top of the
head will soon kill all the lice there
'nd will also prevent their appearance. At the same time dust well
the mother hen
id if this IB done and runs kept clean, you will not Lp
bothered with lice, but it will
well to examine thechicks at least once a week lo sec that all
is right.

5. Bheamatinn and Cramps. Rheumatism is an inflamation

of the joints accom-
lamed by swelling, stiffness and pain when walking is attempted. Hock
joints are
Isually hot and swollen. Bird squats in out of the way places,
does not eat and mopes,
lliparently suffering great pain. The disease is more frequent in damp locations. It
probably hereditary and the result of breeding from debilitated stock.
1

Cramps in chicks are probably a form of rheumatism, affectii.-j young chicks

and
liip 10 similar causes. Among the predisposing
causes are over-heating in the broodfers
Irooding on a smooth board floor, lack of sufficient ventilation,
exposure to dampness
|ii(l all conditions of bad hygiene.

Treatment. Teed an abundance of -succulent food, a small amount

of animal food
"'^"*' ""^^^ '"^ *!'*' ^ ^ ^'y ""^- I"^ the drinking water use 6 to 12
'

"^?
Tsnulus Rhus Tox Ox "V m
each pint of drinking water.

Diarrhoea in Small CUcks.-Diarrhoca in small chicks

6.
or pasting up behind may
csuJt from many causes. It is often due to breeding from
debilitated stock or to errors
li incubation. It may be caused
by chilling, over-heating or improper feeding. Half
dozen tablets of mercury bichloride 3x or nux
vomica and sulphur comp. 2x mixed
1 a pint of drinking water and feeding a little
charcoal with daily food will usually
lomedy the trouble. Chang the method of feeding.
Try feeding johnny-cake. Find
he cause of the trouble and remove it if possible.

7. Indigestion. Indigestion
a disorder affecting the entire digestive system
is
Bic crop and intestines. It may
from general debility, but it is usually caused
result
y improper feeding or over-feeding or feeding condition powders and condiments
in
Ixcess. Lack of grit, feeding too much soft
food, insufficient variety and lack of green
|ood arc all causes. Any part or the whole of the
digestive system may be affected.

5i/mp/on. The more common form a disorder of the crop,

is known as soft or
^^ "^ ^^''^ fl">i ''hieh has a foul
Idor. "tL
Kor The ,T
"
"/;^/r?'^
stringy food "T"\^
falls from the 'v".".^*
bird's mouth whenever the head
is lowered to
lick up bits of grain. The bird drinks
frequently, has very little appetite and is
iu-
(lined to be dumpish. Other common symptoms of indigestion are lack of
appetite
Biarihopa one day, constipation the next and
a tendency to loaf about the
Doultr4
^ouse m
a corner or on the roost, instead of scratching
in the litter for grain I
rreo/men^-Whenthe bird gets in this condition (which should not I
be permitted
Is It can usually be avoided by giving them
good care), the poultry house should be
lleaned up, the litter renewed with fresh material; i
all food should be dry. hard grain
led .n the litter Mash and other wet messes should not be given. limited amount A
If fresh, green food may be fed, the grit box should
be kept full of good grit and shell
In the drmking water use twelve tablets of nux vomica
and sulphu- comp. 2x to each
^.nt ofdrinking water. Continue the treatment until the
fowls are in good conditTon
c
8. Limber-neck. This is due to disorder of the nervous
system. The bird's neck
Ippears limber and hangs downward, the bird is unable to raise its
head, the nock may
"?- ^ ^* " ""'"""y *^ '"^* f "flexes caused by disturb
^.?/l
noes of the !?^ ''*^J-
digestive organs from severe atUcks of I ,
om worm parasites
indigestion or fro
 ;'

10

T real me litOiye the bird a small piece of gum asafoetida about the size of a spliil
pea, Kepeat the dose the next day. This will prove effective in many cases, or feed tl
'

bird bruised garlic bulb fttely, mixed with bread crumbs.

9. Egg Eating. Eg|^ting is

a bad habit which is the outcome of overcrowding,!
lack of exercise and the use of nests opened to the light.
The birds scratch in the openl
nests and break an egg or two, or find a broken egg under
their roosts; they eat it, andl
this starts the habit. The only remedy is
to use dark nests and leave a few china eml
lying about the floor for the birds to pick at ; after
picking at the china eggs for a tinw^
without obtaining any results, they soon cease picking at the
egg in hopes of gettin- ji
dainty tit-bit. Egg eating is a difficult habit to cure, the hatchet
is the most effect iv
remedy.

10. Eonp.Roup
attacks fowls in various waj-s; the most reliable symptom
,.,

noticed while the fowl is at roost, and consists of a rattling noise which sounds
lik I

water thrown on coals of fire. The noise is cause

by the fowl breathing through th/
windpipe and nostrils, which have become clogged. An offensive
odor is noticed ai "*!
a discharge at the nostril started; this in a few days becomes
hardened so the fowl en =

breath only through the mouth. In other cases the

rattling only is noticed and no .li--
charge at the nose. One of the surest methods is to see if
the odor is present and t

look at the roof of the mouth where in nearly

all cases of roup a vellow, offensive .!
posit is noticed.
Eoup is one of the highly contagious diseases, and is mostly communicated ;

healthy birds by the medium of the drinking trough. One sick

bird will by this mean
infect a whole flock. The disease is easily recognized,
ns the bird's head swells and -J
foul discharge proceeds from the eyes and nostrils. When the
disease has made gr<
headway it is safest to kill the bird, because a disgusting fungus
has grown in ili^a
throat, giving rise to the term ' diphtheric roup.' It is then
verv dangerous and is cor-
municable to children.
Treatment.Isol&te the affected birds; disinfect all their roosts, nests and hou^e^J
destroy or at least thoroughly cleanse with disinfecting
flued all drinking and feedinJ
utensils and for some time afterwards add a little Stockholm
tar to the drinking watetl
As for the affected fowl, bathe their heads frequently with hot
water and Condy's Fluid!
Use a syringe to clean the nostrils and throat, injecting
a solution of bluestone aiil
warm water, sufficient bluestone to turn the water pale-blue. Be sure to prevent th|
bird swallowing any quantity of this, as it is a poison.
On first observing the svmi^^
toms of roup, give the bird a dose of Epsom salts. Afterwards the
best treatment i*i
pill containing two grains of quinine morning and
night. The only certain way ts
prevent the re-appearane of disease is to kill the affected birds and
thoroughly clean-J
and disinfect the houses and runs.
Another Cure Take a small quantity of glycerine and
put into it a couple o.
drops of essence of wmtergreen. Pour this into the fowls'
nostrils and in the throat 1
find by experience that this is the best thing for roup
or if the eyes are swollen or close
Do not let the disease get too far advanced. Treat it at once. Use lime on the drop!
ping boards. Keep charcoal and grit where they can get plenty of it.
Then if they g
roup or a bad cold they will not get diarrhoea, which weakens them
so that thev cannol
be treated satisfactorily. A little ginger in the food is good.

Diseases of the Crop.The crop may become subject to two distinct troublJ
/.N T^^^
(1) Inflammation or catarrh; (2) Croup-bound, in which the crop, failing to expel tl
contents, becomes obstructed with food and distended.

(1) In catarrh, the crop is distended but soft; sometimes the bird
appears tol
sick and vomits. By suspending the head downwards and applying gentle
pressure m
the distended crop, the offensive contents may be expelled through
the mouth. AfH
the crop has been emptied, administer two grains of subnitrate of
bismuth and o/
 11

,rain "f ^-^in^

oJ in a toaspoonful of water. Kcop the bird without food for 24
[hours and then feed only sparingly on soft food.
Repeat the operation if necessaiy.
(2) For cr<,p-6o.,rf the following i. recommended Pour a little sweet oil into
:

I the mouth and cause the bird to swallow it. Then manipulute that portion of the crop
Inearest the throat by cnreful pressure and
sQUoezin,^ bctwrc.i the thumb and
I such a way aa to break up the contents
fingeriJ
of the crop and force it toward the
Ismail pieces Suspend the bird head
moSth n
downward from time to time and press th^
lloosened particles oward the head so they
will escape. With care and patLn^ he
crop may be entirely emptied, if oil is administered
as often as is requirerto^f ten
contents. After this is accomplished, give two
grains of baking soda Keep w thou"
|food for a day and then feed sparingly on soft
food until recovered.

12. Cholera.-The cholera of domestic poultry is a virulent, usually fatal, con-

7"^d.by infection with the specific germ of th/disea ;. Jt
terf/lT'-'r 'f
""^ ''"^^ ''^*'"-^^ in '^ild birds inhabiting
Ian -nfli district
fcr infected '!
S"f ''^,frT' ^'""b
1 he disease when it once makes its appearance in a flock that
Ihas free range is ddhcult, almost impossible,
to control. Where fowls are kept
in semi-
Iconfinemen . the disease may be readily mastered
if prompt measures are
fcoon as taken a,
- discovered Infection takes place usuall/throU food or driiS which
puns been fouled by discharges of diseased
birds. The germs also gain
entra"^ tTthe
*''V^"'"*'!'" ''^^-* i\-f-t^d -ops. which have not been proSdis^^-
t'"t l' or through inoculation of wounds
toctecl.
with the germs contained in discharges
klnch l;nve fouled the feet, claws and beaks of the
birds. The blood and raw flesh
Ihseased birds will, if eaten by well fowls, transmit of
the disease to them. Pigerns, par-
frows and wdd birds may spread the contagion
when the disease is present In rnefgh-
bourhood. The disease may be introduced
by the purchase of an infected bfrd
ways be sure that a bird is healthy before Al-
you permit it to run with weH fowls. Chtl-
tra makes its appearance in a flock iu
from a few days to nearly three weeks
Infection with the germ. The length of time after
for its appearance and tIJeTeveri'y
Tthe early symptoms depend largely on of
the susceptibility and condition
exposed to contagion and the virulence of the of the bird
germ.
Symptoms.-The bird loses appetite, and is usually
very thirsty; drinks water
leagorly until cannot retain the water in its crop, and
It
spillTit whenever tshe^dls
llowered Bird has h^h fever, and if
the bulb of a thermometer is held
Iflesh under the shoSaer it will often
close to the
register a temperature of 108 to
iTlie crop is usuaUy distended with food

W1^.'1'^?^ a disposition to sleep, bunches itself into a

fc ruffled feathers with wings drooped,
lof
1 rdegree^
which cannot pass on, owing to the para
dumpy baS
S
and avoids the rest of the flock The
lis pale and of a s ckly, yellowish comb
colour; face and wattles appear
bio^dless and t^^ :

^n attempt to move in the bird falling, unable to rise

rr.sult
_ays present. At first there is
again Diarrh^n al^
a slight looseness of the bowels; that
ment which 1. in health pure white, becomes part of t^e excre-

;?:Thrd^'"'^
iSLi
^"'="' foUow rapidi^. ^y
yellowish or yellowish Rreen Confo,

dropping, are voided frequently and vary

and yellow, becoming later a deep green.
^
frothy and^streaked yelbw and
from deep yellowish colo^to a
S
?^
fro Iv The vent frequently appears
Ifrothy.
The excrement is thin often
raw and scalded by the excrement Peatbi^
labout the vent are soiled and caked by
[few days after the appearance of the first
the excrement. Death usuaSteke;
symptoms. Some cais apwar in a m^M
Dwt?^
form, and merge into chronic infectious
diarrhoea- all birds so ff^/ ? jT'T
^killed and cremated. Examination of the bod v after dLtl^i> '^""'^ ^^ ^
fesh, pale face and comb, full crop. SnflameHd
dtcoloured i^^^^^^^
Marged and soft and filled with dark blood, gall
brarerTsldeTo^^^^^^^^^^
park greenish, kidneys and the small
tubes leading from them are usually
fellow or yellowish-green masses. " usuXfilL? ^J
fiUed with
 IS -

is

best
no^Ztt^uS^i lllTT' '"
treats is to pUvent the d'^^^^^^^^^^
T '^?'"\'' '' ""^^
*--'' '"^
^"- The disease
"**'"''* treatment. The
vented by promptlsJ^^Ttro^^fthe 1"/^ *?'r' "^ ^'^^
houses with a K n^r . ., 11
s^-bJaVTouiJ
-J
""rough
,
'
H'
disinfection of the runs and
FoHisirfection S th^ L" i- ""T**^ '^^!?*^*'' "*^ *^ disinfection of the water

severity of the ewe from on, 1^ A

*^*" "PC'eol; use, according to tho
ing wafer. To aulptTo ^^eat b
tn
ir^hh chol"
valuable. For the safety of tL ~!f ^7^
S ""t *m\*^""'^.
V
^"*=''* ^ '''^^
,^"." '^.'^*^ ^ '"^ ""'^ss they are
mated. No partkle of The flSh ^^ "*'"^^'^ ^^'^ "-
or Won- AT^'^* 'i^v?*^.^
where a fowl may
the
t it and .o
flock/tToroughKiSect th^hoT^^^^^^
WnJf V ! ?\^i<i
hird should be permitted
^^'' """"^^"^ *>' >'' ^'''^s fro.n
napcreol in Te
cious looseness of
iT^SrwSr In v" Z
^ Precautionary measure, us.
/T-
Je'JwrLShnofa^^^^^^^ ^H^' ^^l" ""T ^'"^ ^''""'"^ " '^^^-
^
of camphor made into a small S
wfth brpr i'^
'"?' ^.*^'^-droP dose of spirits
'"** " '1"^ '"" ^'^'^^ ^"ly f-
|

three or four days lorl

t^blet th.e time^
MercTry bIxIkiT^'
. i or^^sS^l^e^^^^^^^^ -
^'^"'"'^ "^= A^apTdf/fata,
diseal^ttreTbTcrpiSwirh''^^^^^^^^ (1)
discharge of er^mentS S co-b^^^^^^^^ -^^
''^^"^"'
s'^opiness wuich may
until death, and which ushered in with nn^J!!\'
is j ' ^ last
of a large number of bitds in"
n^Tl^^^ WoT^^^^^^ ''''""^ "'^^^ ^'^ ^^--
Sulpho-Carholate of Zinc has proven
a good preventive and Jn ,;iJ

nosefdSglVT?nd"t"\X''jni:'* ''^'!- "' 1^^^*=^ *^ '^^^^^^'^ ^'^^ ^ d-""'

that the troubiris^co "ize? "^''^ .itl "'^^ns after death
Th^dZlT"''"''
.how signs of ilkessunta^isttfor^'dS^^ ""'^ ^^'^ ^' -'
vanced as to preclude med"lTtreatmen;
liverand caeca. The cac^lre twTlw^J\r%^^'u
TW ^>f
''^'"^^ changes are so far
^'^ * ^
''^^^'^^ ^^
ad-
^^'^

small intestines. In
ZZZli:J"ZJe:it^^:^'y^ '\^ ' ''''

walk thin and the mucus membrane

pale
excren-ent In entero-hepatitis oneor K^'fl,
C areTlUd^-^t.
'T' 'l^ '^'
'^l*^^"^"*'
^ I ^^^\^.'^ 'ather dry, greenish
"*'? ^"^^ their walls greatly thickened,
either throughout or Tn?ite
The mu^,?
and from thl inflamJ^ su'^f^i. l^^
material or exudate more or less timed
ri^,^ ii?^^^^^^^ f
^ '^''T'^^ ^ '"^'"'
'^d-e<i and eroded.

terations. It is enlarged and darken

SbloS tLv
d^ue to engtgjme^^^^^^^ T"^'^ '\
over its surface are round snots ann,Pt;m.>= Ji!-I- i?^ ^^' *d scattered .

These spots are so disS C'S^Zn' it'itrelS^^ ^^"^^^^ *^"-

health Ptt^a^^t it tZ^^^^^^T^^Z^^ KTS^^"^^ '^ ^'^

ceptible to the contagion. It will therefore

lent to remove the young to new quarters.
be best Se
the dllt'^u "L'""'^
wher7ie troub ha Tev^^^^^
'"^

rather than trust to the ability to completely

^.'!T
disinfect the old
Ws^^a^J^^^^^^^^
 13

n. ucE.

L dcin of the neighbouring varltieTTh^rV '0%^ fTh'e ^ 2^^/^^^^

hriTf
Ito all parts of \hf

lamong the fluffy

i^wT't'
the fowl,
"' 7'"5 "^

"^ ^^"'^^""^ '-' they Tre Common
'"r
being found more abundantly on
the skin of the abdomen
feathers. These ^vanderinglice not infrequently leave the
fo^ to
fcpr rth^' f T-T ""H
"^'^ ^^''^'^ '^' ^"^'' or travel from one fo;i t^
""' ""^ ^^^-^ '' ^-^ -
^'^ -^-' or o'^ the wall,
bXTnitrbu^ll^^^^^^

Tf the skin
thatthefunctionso/the^TdSrer^^^^^^^^^^^
|f hce are m
considerable numbers. It is also probable
that these vermin ca^^finfS

^d^ rrof^Tr^tarSs!"
^^" ^^^" ""^ ''^' '^'^ ^'^ ^^ - -
the fnt^rS:.

through a flock by contact with lousy fowls-

lr,WrK^7i!'-"^''^'^,!P'^^ one
te *'^'"^/r^l%f distributing the vermin throughout

T
; a large fl^ic As
tn
^ ^ '^' "^o^* ='^'^ ^"ty is in the downy featherTimme-
lit!r K ! ho vent,
Idiately about "."l"''
they may cause so much irritation and
Indifferent or improper intercourse, soreness as to resi^tTn

Wv cause dumpishness drooping wings,

and so result in infertile ea^Tnln.^- i!

'*"*
indifferent to f^i ^Xf fntrS
Jr Jent
^^"..'^' '^''}'- ^^'^ "'^"^t fowl is m'ore or lessTomy
muTt not' rj T
"''^^^^' *^^* "' ^^^ " ^'^ f' them. It
"ndTe
is a good rule to trelt
^S fowl
every f^lf with
-fif
suspicion and examine it carefully

t nttto&Tfr"^
Ihe
. r''Vn
^''' ^^' ^" ^"t "P^t to find them.

!i'
for lice, as they a?e almost certain
If you think a b rd is
feathers about her head, look u/der
the large Igfea!
nS
*"""
Kr^o^the
we Skin below the ven't -f '^'J^^
vent; if your eyes and fingers
"^ 1"''=^'^ ""<i ^i the feathers and
are quick enough you will find them
^^'^ P'^^*= ^ o <" two need noJcau^
put
Ku'tTfTl'^"^* ''"l!'"' ^^r^I-
,f a large number are found any alarm
means should be taken at once to get rid
ofihe venil"

Two good dusting powders can be made as follows : Add one-half an ounc of on
lilud coal ashes, one-half peck, four fluid ounces of
any good light liquid Hce Hlft
 14

mix thoroughly, and then add tobacco dust bulk for bulk. In using dusting powders,
they must be thoroughly worked into the feathers, down to the skin, if they are to be
efficacious, and it will be necessary to dust regularly at weekly interrals for at least
three dustings in order to get rid of the successive crops of lice.
Liquid lice killer may be used on the rosts and dropping boards, or the fowl may
be placed in a box, the floor of which has been painted with the liquid, and a box
lightly covered with burlap to confine the bird and partially prevent the escape of the
fumes of the lice killer, at the s&me time allowing sufficient air for the fowl to breathe.
As the nits or eggs of lice hatch in about a week after they are laid, and as lice mature
in from one to two weeks, one treatment with the lice killer will not be sufficient to get
rid of them, since the young lice will be newly hatched every few days, and several
treatments given at weekly intervals will be found necessary.

ni. KITES.

There are several varieties of tiny blood sucking mites to be found in carelessly
kept poultry houses. These vermin are not lice, and they live and breed in the cracks
and crevices about the poultry houses, particularly at the joints of the roosts or under
accumulated droppings. They will breed in any part of the poultry house where they
can hide by day and sally ont at night and attack the fowls on the roosts. They are
able to live for a long time without feeding on the blood of fowls, and are frequently
found in poultry houses that have been deserted for a number of years. They are
white or grayish in colour, except when filled with blood, when they vary from red to
black. They will attack sitting hens, frequently worry hens so much as to drive them
from the nests, and kill young chicks. When mites are discovered, vigorous means
should be adopted to get rid of them.

Treatment. The fowlsshould be. treated with a liquid lice killer, and removed
to other quarters.The poultry-house should be subjected to a thorough cleaning and
the free use of some goo(^ sinfectant or lice killing fluid. In some cases it will be
found necessary to fumigate the house thoroughly with burning sulphur. Liquid
lice killers should be freely used on the dropping boards and roosting poles. Even if
you are positive there are no mites in your poultry house, it is a wise plan to inspect
the roosts and dropping boards carefully at regular intervals to make sure that they
have not invaded the premises, as they ar& frequently brought into the poultry house
by wild birds like sparrows, or may b. brought in in litter material or by rats or mice.
There are several varieties of the blooa-sucking mites of various sizes.

1, The Scaly Leg Mite.

A very troublesome enemy to poultry is the scaly leg
mite which produces the unsightly disease known as a scaly leg. To get rid of these
pests, keep the poultry house clean and wholesome, and use liquid lice killer f re-
quenty about the roosts and dropping boards.

Treatment. To cure scaly leg, one of the best means is to make a saturated solu-
tion of naphthalene flakes in kerosene (coal oil), and dip the fowl's legs in the solution
several times, at intervals of two or three days, until the crusts are all easily moved.
Three or four dippings will usually cure a severe case. Another good remedy is to use
an ointment made by mixing a teaspoonsful of coal oil with a cupful of lard, applying
it freely. There are a number of insects which aflFect poultry not as common as the
foregoing, but the remedies advised will be found effective in treating all of them.
 If I'

IV. IHTESTIHAL WOBMS.

The intestines of domestic fowls commonly become invaded vith ttrormt. Those
belong to three classes: round worms, tape worms and flakes.

1. Bound Womu have a cylindrical body, tapering at either end, like an eartb
worm, and vary in length from one-fourth of an inch to five inches. Of these seven
ispecies have been recorded from the domestic fowl.
i

2. Womu arc flat, ribbon-like, elongated and slender, varying according to

Tape
from one-twelfth of an inch to 4 or 5 inches in length. ITiey are com-
the species,
posed of numerous segments. Nine species have been found in fowl.

3. Flnket differ from others in being less elongated or thread-like, but have a
round or oval form, and are more or less flattened laterally. They are provided with
one or more suckers by which thev adhere. They are quite small, varying in the
different species from one-twelfth to one-half inch in length. Five species have been
found in the domestic fowl. ^
Symptoms. The symptoms of intestinal worms are not marked.The birds are
become thin, show no disposition to run, and are stiff in their walk.
dull, lose strength,
The plumage becomes rough, diarrhcea may be present and epileptic fits may inter-
vene.
With the presence of tape worms, the same general symptoms may exist. The
bird holds the head under the wing ; there may be epileptic form of attacks, a stiff-
!
ness of walk, or a straddling position of the legs. Sections of tape-worm may often
be found by examining the excrement, but the best way to prove the presence is to
killa f9wl and carefully examine the intestinal tract.

Treatment. The control of the trouble is best effected by sanitary measures.
Since the excrement is the carrier of the worms, it is evident that where the trouble
is prevalent it will be best to remove the fowl to fresh grounds. The excrement should
1)0 removed daily from the houses, and the destruction of the worms and
their eggs
in the latter effected by mixing each lot of manure with an equal quantity of quick-
*
lime.
As medicinal treatment several valuable remedies have been suggested. Oil of
urpentine is one of the remedies for all intestinal worms, two teaspoonfuls adminis-
tered once daily.
For tape worms a teaspoonful of powdered pomegranate root bark mixed with
he food intended for 60 birds. This should be followed with a dose of castor oil, two
to -three teaspoonfuls to a like number.

I'M