SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn

GII BI TON
V VA CHM CA VT RN

I. T VN :

Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn l mt chuyn trong bi dng

Hc sinh gii. Qua kinh nghim ging dy bi dng hc sinh gii, ti
thy y l loi bi ton cn c lu , v y l bi ton tng hp v
ng lc hc vt rn c vn dng mc cao hn.

Trong ti, ti tm tt nhng kin thc c th cn c lu v

cc bi ton p nhng dng khc nhau v va chm ca cc vt rn nhm
gp phn cung cp kin thc, rn luyn k nng vn dng gii cc bi
ton v va chm ca vt rn cho hc sinh chun b thi hc sinh gii cc
cp v cc ng nghip tham kho thm trong vic bi dng cho hc
sinh.

II. NI DUNG:

1. Nhng kin thc v va chm ca vt rn:

- Cc nh lut bo ton nng lng, xung lng, M men xung
lng nh i vi va chm ca cht im.
- Thi gian va chm ngn, lc va chm thay i nn khng dng
khi nim lc m dung khi nim xung ca lc, xung ca m
men lc.
uu
r t ur uur uuu
r
+ Xung ca lc: X = Fdt = Ftb Dt = DP
0

uuuur t uuur uuur

+ Xung ca m men: M Ox = M g dt = DL0
0

- Trng hp vt rn quay quanh uur

mt trc z c m men qun tnh
I DLZ = I Z (w2 - w1 ) = M Z ( X )
Z:
- Vt rn hnh cu nhn va chm vi nhau coi nh va chm ca
hai cht im.
- Mtuuvin n
r r
khi lng m, vn tc v va chm mm vi vt rn
th X = mv .

2. Cc bi ton v va chm ca vt rn:

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
Bi ton 1:
Mt qu bng bn khi lng m, bn knh r bay vi vn tc tuyn tnh
r
v v quay vi vn tc w0 p vung gc vo chng ngi vt thng
ng, nng khng chuyn ng (hnh v). Hy xc nh s ph thuc ca
gc phn x qu bng vo h s ma st f gia qu bng v vt chng
ngi. B qua bin dng ca qu bng v vt chng ngi theo c hai
chiu tip tuyn v php tuyn n mt vt chng ngi. Ta gi thit
thm rng, sau khi var chm thnh phn vung gc ca vn tc n vt
chng ngi bng -v v va chm xy ra ngn n mc c th b qua
nh hng ca sc cn khng kh v lc hp dn. M men qun tnh ca
2 2
qu bng bn tnh theo trc i qua tm ca n bng mr .
3

r
v
r

Gii: uuur
uu
r
Theo ra, khi va chm ch c hai lc tc dng ln qu bng l N v Fms .
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v.
y
x

u
ur r
N A v
r
vx
uuu
r
Fms
C hai trng hp xy ra:
*) Trng hp 1: Qu bng trt trong sut thi gian va chm.
Khi , Fms = f.N
dPy
N=
dx
Ta c: dPx = f .dPy dVx = f .dV y vx = f .2v
F = f .N = dPx
ms dt

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn

vx = 2 f .v
v
Vy sau va chm: tan q = x = 2 f .
vy = v
vy

Ta tm iu kin
ur
v w , fuur trng hp ny xy ra. Ta c:
M A ( F ) = 0 LA = const IG (w0 - w ) = mvx R
v
chuyn ng trt xy ra th Rw vx I G (w0 - x ) mRvx
R
v mR 2
w0 - x vx
R I
vx mR 2 2 fv 3 5 fv
+ = + w0 (1 ) (1 ) .
R I R 2 R
*) Trng hp 2:
Qu cu ngng trt trc khi thi gian va chm kt thc.
5 fv
Trng hp ny xy ra w0 < .
R
uur uuuuur
Ta c: LA = const I G (w0 - w ) = mvx R .
Ta thy qu cu ln khng trt khi v ch khi Rw = vx
mR 2 2
I G (w0 - w ) = mR w w0 = (1 +
2
)w w = w0 .
I 5
Sau qu ln khng trt nn Rw = vx m
LA = I Gw + mRvx = ( I G + mR 2 )w = const w = const
nn vn tc sau khi qu cu ny ln l
2 vx 2w0 R
vx = w R = w0 R tan q = = .
5 v y 5 v
Kt lun:
5 fv 2w R
- Nu w0 < th tan q = 0 .
R 5v
5 fv
- Nu w0 th tan q = 2 f .
R

Bi ton 2: uu
r
Mt qu cu khng ng cht khi lng m, chuyn ng vi vn tc v0 ,
p vung gc ln mt chng ngi vt nng v rn nm ngang. Tm khi S
ca qu cu cch tm hnh hc O mt khong cch D. V tr ca qu cu v
chng ngi ngay trc khi va chm c bit nh trn hnh v. Trc khi
va chm qu cu khng quay. Gi thit rng do hu qu ca va chm xy ra

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
rt nhanh, tng nng lng ca qu cu khng b thay i. Tnh vn tc
khi tm ca qu cu. Sau va chm, nu bit gia qu cu v vt chng
ngi khng xut hin ma st, c th b qua bin dng ca chng. M men
qun tnh ca qu caauftinhs qua tm khi S bng I v cng nhn I > mv2.

O
S .

Gii:
Gi w l vn tc quay quanh S sau va chm, v S l vn tc chuyn ng tnh
tin ca S.
uu
r ur uu
r uu
r
Do cc ngoi lc N , P v c v0 u vung gc vi mt sn nn vS cng
uu
r
vung gc vi chng ngi vt (chiu vS thc cht l ngc li).
Ta chn chiu dng nh trn hnh v.

O
S . +

A
Do va chm nhanh v tng nng lng khng i nn
1 2 1 2 1 2
mv1 = mvS + I w (1)
2 2 2 uu
r
ur
Do trong va chm th N>> P nn ta b qua tc dng ca P m do N c gi
A
i qua A nn M ( uNur) = 0 (b qua M ( uPr ) ) .
A

Suy ra m men ng lng ca h i vi im A c bo ton, do :

mv0 D = mvS D + I w (2)
T (1) suy ra m(v0 - vS )(v0 + vS ) = I w
2
(1)
T (2) suy ra m(v0 - vS ) D = I w (2)

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
Iw
(v0 + vS ) = I w 2 v0 + vS = w D
D
Iw
v0 + vS =
mD I (v0 + vS )
v0 - vS =
v0 + vS = w mD 2
D
I I
v0 (1 - ) = vS (1 + )
mD 2 mD 2
mD 2 - I
vS = v0
mD 2 + I
mD 2
1-
vS = -v0 . I .
mD 2
1+
I
Nh vy, vS < 0 nn qu cu bt tr li. Do , vn tc ca khi tm S sau va
mD 2
1-
chm l vS = -v0 . I .
mD 2
1+
I

Bi ton 3:
Mt thanh AB ng cht c khi lng M, chiu di 2lc b gp im
gia thnh hnh ch V c gc gia l 60 0. Gi im gia ca thanh l O,
thanh ch V c t trn mt phng nm ngang nhn. Mt vt c uu
r
khi
lng m, chuyn ng ti va chm vi thanh vi vn tc ban u v0 nm
trn ng trung trc ca on OB nh trn hnh v. Gi s va chm ca
vt m v thanh AOB l tuyt i n hi. Hy tnh vn tc ca khi tm G
ca thanh v im A ngay sau va chm vi vt m.
A

l
O
B
m

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
Gii:
Sau va chmr vi vt m th khung AOB va tham gia chuyn ng tnh tin
vi vn tc v va tham gia chuyn ng quay quanh G vi vn tc w , cn
vt m th sau va chm c vn tc v.
A

l
H
K

G l
O
B
m

M men qun tnh ca khung AOBi vi khi tm G l

M l2 M l2 7 Ml 2
I = 2( . + . )=
2 12 2 10 48
Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng, ta c:
mv0 = mv + MV (1)
Theo nh lut bo ton m men ng lng i vi im G, ta c:
l l l l 7 Ml 2 (2)
mv0 = mv + I w mv0 = mv + w
8 8 8 8 48
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, ta c:
1 2 1 2 1 1
mv0 = mv + MV 2 + I w 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 7 Ml 2 2
mv0 = mv + MV + .
2
w (3)
2 2 2 2 48
M
T (1) suy ra v0 - v = V (1)
m
7 M
T (2) suy ra v - v0 = . wl (2)
6 m
M 2 7 Ml 2 2
T (3) suy ra m(v0 - v)(v0 + v) = V + w (3)
m 48m
wl
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c: m(v0 - v)(v0 + v ) = V (v0 - v ) + (v - v0 ) .
8
wl
v0 + v = V + (4)
8

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
Vy ta c h
M 7 M
v0 - v = V = . wl (5)
m 6 m

wl
v0 + v = V + (6)
8
7 7 wl 31
V = .wl v0 + v = wl + = wl
6 6 8 24
7M 31 28 M 31m 28M + 31m
2v0 = w l + wl = wl + = wl
6 m 24 24 m 24m 24m
48mv0 48mv0
w = wl =
(31m + 28M )l (31m + 28M )
7 56mv0
V = wl =
6 (31m + 28M )
3 2 l 2 3 1 7
Ta c GA = GH 2 + HA2 = ( l) + ( ) = l + =l .
4 2 16 4 4
Suy ra vn tc VAG ca A i vi G l
7 12 7mv0
N AG = wl =
uur
4 31m + 28M
Gi VA l vn tc ca im A i vi mt t. Ta c:
uur uuur uur uuur ur
VA = VAG + VG = VAG + V
Suy ra, VA = V + VAG + 2V .VAG .cosa = V + VAG + 2V .VAG .sinb
2 2 2 2 2

l /8 1
M sinb = = nn
l 7 /4 2 7
56mv0 12 7 mv0 2 56mv0 12 7 mv0 1
VA2 = ( )2 + ( ) + 2. . .
31m + 28M 31m + 28M 31m + 28M 31m + 28M 2 7
mv0 mv0
=( ) 2 (562 + (12 7 ) 2 + 2.56.12) = ( ) 2 .3816
31m + 28M 31m + 28M
4mv0
VA = 302 .
31m + 28M

Vy vn tc ca khi tm G v ca im A ngay sau va chm l:

56mv0 4mv0
VG = v VA = 302 .
31m + 28M 31m + 28M

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
Bi ton 4:
Hai vt khc nhau c cng khi lng m trt khng ma st trn mt bn
nm ngang. Thi gian u cc vt ny thc hin trt tnh tin( khng
quay) v cc tm ca chng c cng vn tc v dc theo hai ng thng
song song. Khong cch gia cc ng thng bng d. Ti mt thi im
nht nh xy ra va chm n hi l tng gia cc vt. Sau va chm, cc
vt thc hin chuyn ng tnh tin, quay v tip tc trt trn mt bn, vn
tc gc ca vt th nht bng w1 , ca vt th hai bng w2 . M men qun
tnh ca chng tnh theo cc tr thng ng i qua khi tm ln lt l I 1 v
I2.
a) Hy ch ra rng m men xung lng ca vt tnh theo im xc nh
bt k ca mt bn bng tng m men xung lng ca vt tnh theo
khi tm ca n.
b) Tnh khong cch d gia cc ng thng dc theo khi tm ca hai
vt chuyn ng sau va chm.
v
c) Tha nhn rng, sau va chm gi tr vn tc ca vt th nht l
2
cn vt th hai khng quay. Hy xt s ph thuc ca d vo d.
Gii:
a)

mi

u
r
+ ri
uu
r G
rG
O G

Ta cn chng
uur minh:
uur uu
r uur uur uu
r uur
LO = LG + (mi )rG vG = LG + M rG vG
Xt phn t mi trn vt rn. Ta c:
uur uu
r u r uu
r ur
LO = mi (rG + ri ) (vG + vi )
uu
r uu r u
r uu r uu
r ur u
r ur
= (mi ) rG vG + (mi ri ) vG + rG (mi vi ) + mi ri vi
ur r
Nhn xt:

mi i =0
r
ur r


uur
i i =u0ur uur
m v
u
r ur
Do LO = (mi )rG vG + mi ri vi

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
uu
r uur uu
r uur
(mi )rG vG = M rG vG


Mt khc, ur ur uur

i i vi = LG
m r
uur uur uu
r uur
nn LO = LG + M rG vG (PCM)
'
b) Gi v1 l vn tc ca vt 1 (ca G1) sau va chm.

m
G1

r r
v v

G2

Do h kn nn ng lng ca h c bo ton d :
ur uu
r r r r ur' uu
r ur
mv1 + mv2 = mv - mv = 0 v1 = -v2' = -v '
' '

Ta xt m men ng lng ca h i vi G 2. Do khng c ngoi lc nn

m men ng lng trc v sau va chm l bng nhau.
Ta c, ban u th LG2 = mvd
sau th L 'G2 = mv ' d '+ I1w1 + I 2w2
M w1 ; w2 c chiu nh hnh v gi l chiu dng nn
mvd = mv ' d '+ I1w1 + I 2w2
mvd - I1w1 - I 2w2
d'=
mv '
v Iw
c) Vi v ' = , w2 = 0 d ' = 2 d - 1 1
2 mv

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn

d'

<0

I1 >0
2
m >0

I1
m
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, ta c:
1 2 1 v 1
mv .2 = m( ) 2 .2 + I1w12
2 2 2 2
2mv = mv + I1w1 I1w12 = mv 2
2 2 2

w1 m I
= d'= 2 d 1
v I1 m
Kt lun:
uur uur uu
r uu
r
a) LO = LG + M rG vG
mvd - I1w1 - I 2w2
b) d ' =
mv '
I1
c) d ' = 2 d
m

III. KT LUN.

Gii bi ton v ng lc hc vt rn l mt chuyn c bn trong vic

bi dng Hc sinh gii THPT. gii quyt c nhng yu cu t ra ca
bi ton v chuyn ng ca vt rn yu cu phi nm vng nh lut
chuyn ng ca vt th, c im chuyn ng ca vt rn, c im v va
chm ca vt rn. T phn tch c im m vn dng nh lut ng lc
hc mt cch ph hp.

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 SKKN: Bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
Trong gii bi ton vt l ni chung v bi ton v va chm ca vt rn
ni ring th vic phn tch k hin tng vt l xy ra rt quan trng. T
vic hiu c hin tng vt l vn dng nguyn l ph hp thng qua
cc biu thc ng lng. Cc biu thc th hin quan h t c da
vo gi thit bi ton tm ra kt qu.

Trong chng trnh THPT ch mi gii quyt cc bi ton c bn vn

dng cc phng trnh ng lc hc vt rn v phng trnh chuyn ng
ca vt rn. nn bit iu kin ng lc hc suy ra chuyn ng v
ngc li bit chuyn ng tm cc i lng ng lc hc. Vic gii bi
ton v va chm ca vt rn c mc tng hp cao hn i hi hc sinh
phi hiu su hn v gii quyt tnh hung phc tp hn, do hc sinh cn
phi rn luyn k nng vn dng cao hn.

y l loi bi tp b ch cho hc sinh hc tp v gio vin tham kho

cng tc bi dng hc sinh c hiu qu cao hn.

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