Morse Code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia file:///H:/optical/Morse_Code.

htm

Morse Code
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Morse Code is a method for transmitting information,

using standardized sequences of short and long marks or
pulses -- commonly known as "dots and dashes" -- for
the letters, numerals and special characters of a message.
Originally created for Samuel Morse's electric telegraph
in the mid-1830s, it was also extensively used for early
radio communication beginning in the 1890s. However,
with the development of more advanced communications
technologies, the use of Morse Code is now largely
obsolete, although it is still employed for a few
specialized purposes, including navigational radio
beacons, and by CW (continuous wave) amateur radio
operators.

Morse Code can be transmitted in a number of ways:

originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire, but
also as an audio tone, as a radio signal with short and
long pulses or tones, or as a mechanical or visual signal
(e.g. a flashing light). Because Morse Code is
transmitted using just two states -- on and off -- it was an
early form of a digital code. International Morse Code is
composed of six elements:

1. short mark or dot ()

2. longer mark or dash (-)
3. intra-character gap (between the dots and dashes
in a character)
4. short gap (between letters)
5. medium gap (between words)
6. long gap (between sentences)

However, the variable length of the Morse characters

made it hard to adapt to automated communication, so it
was largely replaced by more standardized formats,
including the Baudot code and ASCII. 1922 Chart of the Morse Code Letters and Numerals

What is called Morse Code today actually differs

somewhat from what was originally developed by Morse and his assistant, Alfred Vail. In 1848 a refinement of the code
sequences, including changes to eleven of the letters, was developed in Germany and eventually adopted as the worldwide
standard as "International Morse". Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States, became
known as Railroad or American Morse code, and is now very rarely used.

The short and long elements of Morse Code have traditionally been referred to as "dots" and "dashes". However, a later
convention developed which reflects the sound of audio transmissions, and refers to dashes as "dah", and dots as "di",
unless the dot is the final symbol in the character, in which case it is voiced as "dit".

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Contents
1 Development
2 Modern International Morse code
3 Morse code as an assistive technology
4 Representation and timing
5 Letters, numbers, punctuation, prosigns
5.1 Numbers
5.2 Common punctuation
5.3 Alternate display of more common characters for the international code
5.4 Special symbols (prosigns)
5.5 Non-English extensions to the Morse code
6 Commonly-used Morse code abbreviations
7 Conversation in Morse code
8 See also
9 External links
9.1 Morse code translators and software

Development
Beginning in the mid-1830s, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail developed an electric telegraph, which used electrical
currents to control an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the transmission wire. The technological
limits of the time made it impossible to print individual characters in a readable form, so the inventors had to devise an
alternate method of communication. Beginning in 1837, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone operated electric
telegraphs in England, which also controlled electromagnets in the receivers, however, in their systems needle pointers
were rotated in order to indicate the characters being sent. In contrast, Morse and Vail's initial telegraph system, which
first went into operation in 1844, marked a paper tape -- when an electrical current was transmitted, the receiver's
electromagnet rotated an armature, so that it began to scratch a moving tape, and when the current was removed the
receiver retracted the armature, so that portion of the tape was left unmarked.

The Morse Code was developed so that operators could translate the indentions marked on the paper tape into text
messages. Initially, Morse had planned to only transmit numerals, and use a dictionary to look up each word according to
the number which had been sent. However, the code was expanded to include letters and special characters, so it could be
used for more complete messages. The shorter marks were called "dots", and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters
most commonly used in the English language were assigned the shortest sequences.

In the original telegraphs, the armature in the receiver made a clicking noise as it moved into and out of position for
marking the tape. Operators soon learned to directly read the clicks as the beginning and end of the dots and dashes,
meaning that it was no longer necessary to use the tape. When Morse Code was adopted to radio, the dots and dashes were
normally sent as short and long tones.

Morse messages are generally transmitted by a hand-operated devices such as a telegraph key, so there are some
variations introduced by the skill of the sender and receiver -- more experienced operators can send and receive at faster
speeds. In general, any code representing written symbols as variable length signals can be called a Morse code, but the
term is used specifically for the two kinds of Morse code used for the English alphabet and associated symbols.

Telegraph companies charged based on the length of the message sent. Elaborate commercial codes were developed that
encoded common phrases in five-letter groups that were sent as single words. Examples: BYOXO ("Are you trying to
crawl out of it?"), LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"), and AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more
clearly."). The letters of these five-letter code words were sent individually using Morse code. In computer networking
terminology one would say the commercial code is layered on top of Morse code, which in turn is layered on top of binary

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code, which in turn is layered on top of a physical telegraph wire. Still in use in Amateur Radio are the Q code and Z
code; they were and are used by the operators themselves for service information like link quality, frequency changes, and
telegram numbering.

When considered as a standard for information encoding, Morse code had a successful lifespan that has not yet been
surpassed by any other electronic encoding scheme. Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime
communication until 1999 when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress Safety System. When the French navy
ceased using Morse code in 1997, the final message transmitted was "Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal
silence." See also: international distress frequency

Recently a few widely publicized speed contests have been held between expert Morse code operators and expert
cellphone SMS text messaging users (see external links). Morse code has consistently won the contests, leading to
speculation that cellphone manufacturers may eventually build a Morse code interface into cellphones. The interface
would automatically translate the Morse code input into text so that it could be sent to any SMS capable cellphone so
therefore the receiver of the message need not know Morse code to read it. Other speculated applications include taking an
existing assistive application of Morse code and using the vibrating alert feature on the cellphone to translate SMS
messages to Morse code for silent, hands free "reading" of the incoming messages. Several cellphones already have
informative audible Morse code ring tones and alert messages, for example: many Nokia cellphones have an option to
beep SMS in Morse code when it receives an SMS text message. These kinds of innovations could lead to a Morse code
revival. There are third party applications already available for some cellphones that allow Morse code input for sending
SMS (see external links).

Modern International Morse code

The Modern International Morse code was invented by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in 1848 and used for the telegraphy
between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. After some minor changes in 1865 it has been standardised at the
International Telegraphy congress in Paris (1865), and later normed by the ITU as International Morse code.

International Morse code is still in use today, although it has become almost exclusively the province of amateur radio
operators. Until 2003 the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the
amateur radio licensing procedure throughout the world. In some countries, certain parts of the amateur radio bands are
still reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only.

Since Morse relies on only an (on-off keyed) radio signal, it requires less complex equipment than other forms of radio
communication, and it can be used in very high noise / low signal environments. It also requires less bandwidth than voice
communications, typically 100-150 Hz, compared to the roughly 4000 Hz of single-sideband voice. The extensive use of
pro-signs, Q codes, and restricted format of typical messages facilitates communication between amateur radio operators
who do not share a common mother tongue and would have great difficulty in communicating using voice modes.

Morse code is also very popular among QRP operators for enabling very long distance, low-power communication.
Readability can be sustained by trained operators even though the signal is only faintly readable. This level of
"penetration" is due to the fact that all transmitted energy is concentrated in a very small bandwidth making the use of a
narrow receiver bandwidth practical. A narrow bandwidth receiver uses filters to exclude interference on frequencies close
to the desired frequency. Concentrating the transmitted energy in a small bandwidth gives the signal a "spectral
brightness" that is much higher than the average natural noise (but see also spread spectrum).

In the United States until 1991, a demonstration of the ability to send and receive Morse code at 5 words per minute
(WPM) was required to receive an FCC amateur radio license. Demonstration of this ability is still required for the
privilege to use the HF bands. Until 2000, proficiency at the 20 WPM level was required to receive the highest level of
amateur license (Extra Class); effective April 15, 2000, the FCC reduced the Extra Class requirement to 5 WPM.[1]
(http://www.arrl.org/announce/regulatory/wt98-143ro.pdf)

The World Radiocommunication Conference of 2003 (WRC-03) made optional the international Morse code requirement
for amateur radio licensing. In July, 2005, the Federal Communications Commission published a Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking that, if made a permanent FCC Rule, would elminate all Morse code testing for Amateur Radio licensees. As

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with all informal rulemaking under the Adminstrative Procedures Act, it will take time for the Rule to go into effect, as a
long Comment period must be observed. Most expect the period of Comment and debate to be contentious, as many
amateur operators believe eliminating code testing to be detrimental and contrary to the heritage of radio, while others
strongly hold that requiring code is outdated, and keeps new blood out of the hobby.

Amateur and military radio operators skilled in Morse code can often understand ("copy") code in their heads at rates in
excess of 40 WPM. Although the traditional telegraph key (straight key)is still used by many amateurs, the use of semi-
and fully-automatic electronic keyers (known as "bugs") is prevalent today. Computer software is also frequently
employed to produce and decode Morse code RF signals.

As of 2004 commercial radiotelegraph licenses are still being issued in the

United States by the Federal Communications Commission. Designed for
shipboard and coast station operators, they are awarded to applicants who
pass written examinations on advanced radio theory and show 20 WPM
code proficiency (this requirement is waived for "old" Extra Class
licensees). However, since 1999 the use of satellite and very high
frequency maritime communications systems (GMDSS) have essentially
made them obsolete.

On May 24, 2004, the 160th anniversary of the first telegraphic

transmission, the ITU added the "@" (the "commercial at" or "commat")
A commercially manufactured iambic paddle
character to the Morse character set and is the digraph "AC" (probably to used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to
represent "A[T] C[OMMERCIAL]" or the letter "a" inside the swirl generate high-speed Morse code.
appearing to be a "C").[2]
(http://www.cjonline.com/stories/021704/pag_morsecode.shtml) The new
character facilitates sending electronic mail addresses by Morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to
the Morse set of characters since World War I.

Morse code as an assistive technology

Morse code has a 21st century role as an assistive technology, helping people with a variety of disabilities to
communicate. Morse can be sent by someone with severe motion disability, as long as they have some minimal motor
control. In some cases this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube ("puff and sip" interface). People
with severe sensory disabilities (e.g. deaf and blind) can receive Morse through a skin buzzer. Products are available that
allow a computer operating system to be controlled by Morse code, allowing the user access to the Internet and electronic
mail. See: Morse2000 assistive communications site (http://www.uwec.edu/ce/Morse2000.htm)

Representation and timing

There are two "symbols" used to represent letters, called dots and dashes or (more commonly among CW users) dits and
dahs. The length of the dit determines the speed at which the message is sent, and is used as the timing reference. Here is
an illustration of the timing conventions. Its intent is to show exact timing it would normally be written something like
this:

-- --- - / -- --- -
M O R S E (space) C O D E

where - represents dah and represents dit. Here's the exact conventional timing for the same message (= represents signal
on, . represents signal off, each for the length of a dit):

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===.===...===.===.===...=.===.=...=.=.=...=.......===.=.===.=...===.===.===
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| dah dit | word space
symbol space letter space

In text-book, full-speed Morse, a dah is conventionally 3 times as long as a dit. Spacing between dits and dahs in a
character is the length of one dit. Spacing between letters in a word is the length of a dah (3 dits). Spacing between words
is 7 dits.

Those learning Morse are often taught to send and understand letters and other symbols at their full target speed, that is
with normal relative timing of the dots, dashes and spaces within each symbol for that speed. Exaggerated spaces between
symbols and words are used to give 'thinking time', which can be reduced with practice and familiarity. This makes the
sound 'shape' of the letters and symbols easier to learn. This teaching method is referred to as the Farnsworth method.

Morse code is often spoken or written as follows:

-- --- - / -- --- -

Dah-dah dah-dah-dah di-dah-dit di-di-dit dit, Dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dah dah-di-dit dit.

Note that there is little point in learning to read written Morse as above, rather the sounds of all of the letters and symbols
need to be learned, both to send and to receive.

The speed of Morse code is typically specified in "words per minute" (WPM). The Paris standard defines the speed of
Morse transmission as the dot and dash timing needed to send the word "Paris" a given number of times per minute. The
word Paris is chosen because it is precisely 50 "dits" based on the text book timing.

It has been claimed that musicians learn the rhythms of the Morse code characters faster than non-musicians. Conversely,
Morse code has been used in music, both as a source for rhythmic patterns and as recorded samples, such as Vladimir
Ussachevsky's Wireless Fantasy and in the Rock band Rush's song YYZ, based on the Morse Code for Toronto's Pearson
International Airport's IATA code.

Letters, numbers, punctuation, prosigns

Note: All links with the loudspeaker icon ( ) are sound files for the international version of each symbol. See media help
for assistance.

International International
Letter Letter
Code Code
A - N -
B - O ---
C -- P --
D - Q ---
E R -
F - S
G -- T -
H U -
I V -
J --- W --
K -- X --
L - Y ---

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M -- Z --

Numbers

International code
0 -----
1 ----
2 ---
3 --
4 -
5
6 -
7 --
8 ---
9 ----

Common punctuation

International code
Period [.] ---
Comma [,] ----
Question mark [?] --
Apostrophe ['] ----
Exclamation mark [!] - - - -
Slash [/] --
Parentheses ( ) ----
Ampersand [&]
Colon [:] ---
Semicolon [;] ---
Double dash [=] --
Fraction bar --
Hyphen [-] --
Underscore [_] ---
Quotation mark ["] --
"@" (commat) ---

The "@" symbol was added in 2004, and combines A and C into one character.

Alternate display of more common characters for the international code

Some methods of teaching or learning morse code use the table below.

In order to understand the table, consider the second row: .. is 'I'; .- is 'A'; -. is 'N'; and -- is 'M'. You can follow a pattern
of dots and dashes from the top and move left for dot and right for dash until the letter is complete.

dot dash

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E T
I A N M
S U R W D K G O
H V F L P J B X C Y Z Q CH
5 4 3 2 1 6 = / 7 8 9 0

Special symbols (prosigns)

Prosigns or procedural signals are dot/dash sequences that have a special meaning. They can often be viewed as if they
were composed of one, two or three Morse code alphabetic characters. When composed in this way of more than one
character, they are sent "run together"; that is, omitting the normal pauses that would occur if they were being sent as
letters of text. These ligatures are normally represented in print by the letters with a ligating bar above them.

Prosigns
Sign Code Meaning Comment
-- Stop (end of message) Often written +
Respond with C (yes). AS2 means wait 2 min, AS5 5 min,
- Wait (for 10 seconds)
etc. For pauses of 10 min or longer, use QRX (see Q code)
Often written =. In practice, indistinguishable from ,
-- Separator within message
and sometimes written thus
--- Going off the air "Clear"
-- General invitation to transmit Often sent after CQ
--- Specific invitation to transmit Often indicates "back-to-you"
- Received and understood "Roger"
In practice, indistinguishable from , and sometimes
-- End (end of contact)
written thus
Serious distress message and request Not to be used unless there is imminent danger to life or to a
---
for urgent assistance ( Listen?) vessel at sea. See SOS

Although these are not really prosigns, an error may be indicated by some series of s:

Error, correct word follows (six or more dots in a row)

Error (easily identifiable by "broken" rhythm)

Non-English extensions to the Morse code

- - (also )
- - - (also )
--
ch - - - -
-
---
---
---
- - - (also )

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-
- - (also )
" --
! --

Commonly-used Morse code abbreviations

Abbreviations differ from prosigns in that they observe normal interletter spacing; that is, they are not "run together" the
way prosigns are.

AA All after (used after question mark to request a repetition)

AB All before (similarly)
ARRL American Radio Relay League
ABT About
ADS Address
AGN Again
ANT Antenna
BN All between
BK Break (to pause transmission of a message, say)
BUG Semiautomatic mechanical key
C Yes
CBA Callbook address
CFM Confirm
CLG Calling
CQ Calling any station
CQD Original International Distress Call
CS Callsign
CUL See you later
CUZ Because
CW Continuous wave
CX Conditions
DE From
DSW Goodbye (Russia: Dosvidanya)
DX Distance (sometimes refers to long distance contact)
ES And
FB Fine business (Analogous to "OK")
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FER For
FM From
FREQ Frequency
GA Good afternoon or Go ahead (depending on context)
GE Good evening
GM Good morning
GND Ground (ground potential)
GUD Good
HIHI Laughter

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HR Here
HV Have
LID Poor operator
MILS Milliamperes
NIL Nothing
NR Number
OB Old boy
OC Old chap
OM Old man (any male amateur radio operator is an OM)
OO Official observer
OP Operator
OT Old timer
OTC Old timers club
OOTC Old old timers club
PSE Please
PWR Power
QCWA Quarter Century Wireless Association
R I acknowledge or decimal point (depending on context. The origin of "Roger")
RCVR Receiver
RIG Radio apparatus
RPT Repeat or report (depending on context)
RPRT Report
RST Signal report format (Readability-Signal Strength-Tone)
RTTY Radioteletype
RX Receive
SAE Self-addressed envelope
SASE Self-addressed, stamped envelope
SED Said
SEZ Says
SIG Signal
SIGS Signals
SKED Schedule
SN Soon
SMS Short message service
SRI Sorry
STN Station
TEMP Temperature
TMW Tomorrow
TNX Thanks
TU Thank you
TX Transmit, transmitter
U You
UR Your or You're (depending on context)
URS Yours
VY Very

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W Watts
WDS Words
WKD Worked
WL Will
WUD Would
WX Weather
XMTR Transmitter
XYL Wife
YL Young lady (used for any female)
73 Best regards
88 Love and kisses

See also: Q code

Conversation in Morse code

The skill to have sensible conversations with Morse is more than knowing just the alphabet. To make communication
efficient, there are many internationally agreed patterns of communication.

A sample CW conversation between station 1 (S1) and station 2 (S2)

S1:

CQ CQ CQ DE S1 K
Calling anyone (CQ), this is (DE) S1, listening (K)

S2:

S1 DE S2 KN
Calling S1, this is S2, back-to-you (KN)
(Now we have a connection)

S1:

S2 DE S1 = GA DR OM UR RST 599 HR = QTH TIMBUKTU = OP IS MIKE = HW? + S2 DE S1 KN

Good afternoon dear old man. You are RST 599 here.
(Very readable (5), very strong signal (9), very good tone (9))
I'm located in Timbuktu. The operator's name is Mike.
How do you copy?

S2:

S1 DE S2 = TNX FB RPRT DR OM MIKE UR 558 = QTH HIMALAYA = NAME IS YETI + S1 DE S2 KN

Thanks for the nice report dear old man Mike. I read you 558.
I am in the Himalayas. My name is Yeti.

S1:

S2 DE S1 = OK TNX QSO DR YETI = BEST 73 ES HPE CUAGN + S2 DE S1 KN

Okay, thanks for this conversation, dear Yeti.
Best regards and hope to see you again.

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S2:

S1 DE S2 = R TU CUAGN 73 + S1 DE S2 SK
Understood. Thank you. Best regards. (signing off)

With heavy use of the Q code and abbreviations, surprisingly meaningful conversations can be had. Note that not a single
English word has been used, only abbreviations. Perhaps Yeti does not understand a word of English?

Of course, real rag-chewing (lengthy conversations) cannot be done without a common language. On the worldwide
amateur bands this is often English.

Contesters often use a very specialized and even shorter format for their contacts. Their purpose is to process as many
contacts as possible in a limited time (e.g. 100-150 per hour).

See also
Amateur radio
500 kHz
SOS

External links
Learn Morse code in one minute (http://www.learnmorsecode.com/)
Morse code resources (http://www.dxzone.com/catalog/Operating_Modes/Morse_code/)
Music and Morse code (http://homepage.ntlworld.com/dmitrismirnov/MorseMusic.html)
Nokia files patent for Morse Code-generating cellphone (http://www.engadget.com/entry/1234000657035633/) ,
March 12, 2005, Engadget.
A race to the wire as old hand at Morse code beats txt msgrs
(http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-2-1571664,00.html) , April 16, 2005, The Times Online.
Nokia app lets you key SMSes in Morse Code (http://www.boingboing.net/2005/06/01/nokia_app_lets_you_k.html)
, June 1, 2005 Boing Boing.
Back to the Future - Morse Code and Cellular Phones (http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/wlg/7016) , June 28, 2005
O'Reilly Network.
Oldest manufacture of American keyers (http://www.vibroplex.com/)

Morse code translators and software

There are a number of translators on the Web that will convert text to Morse code, and play it via a PC:

WardCunningham's Morse trainer (http://c2.com/morse) for UNIX, PC and Mac (Open source)
Stephen C Phillips' Java translator (http://morsecode.scphillips.com/jtranslator.html) (Open source)
Stephen C Phillips' non-Java translator (http://morsecode.scphillips.com/translator.html)
Omnicron.com (http://www.omnicron.com/%7Eford/java/NMorse.html)
A Morse code trainer for Windows 32 bit machines (http://morsemadness.sourceforge.net/) (Open source)
Morse code for Esperanto (http://lingvo.org/morso/)
Morse code characters of Russian/Greek/Hebrew/Arabic/Japanese/Korean/Esperanto
(http://homepages.cwi.nl/%7Edik/english/codes/morse.html)
Morse Code Music (http://www.philtulga.com/morse.html) (mirror) (http://www.davidtulga.com/morse.htm)
Morse code mnemonic chart (http://world.std.com/%7Ereinhold/morsechart.gif)
Morse Quiz DOS software and Flash-based Vibroplex demo by AE4RV (http://www.ae4rv.com/tn/education.htm)
Morse code web translator (http://www.qbit.it/lab/morse.php)
This FireFox extension supports Morse code encoding/decoding/typing (http://leetkey.mozdev.org/)

And for Series 60 phones:

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Tap in some Morse code and send it by SMS (http://laivakoira.typepad.com/blog/2005/05/morse_texter.html)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_Code"

Categories: Amateur radio | Assistive technology | Encodings | Radio modulation modes | Survival skills |
Telecommunications history | Character sets

This page was last modified 08:00, 30 September 2005.

All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see Copyrights for
details).

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