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PAST SIMPLE
El pasado simple se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya
han finalizado.
Es necesario recordar que tenemos dos clases de verbos:
1. Los verbos regulares: son aquellos a los que se aaden la terminacin ed a la forma base del
verbo.
Ejemplos:
cook = cooked .
want = wanted
2. Los verbos irregulares: son aquellos que no siguen una regla determinada para construir el
pasado por lo que deben estudiarse de memoria.
Ejemplos:
go = went
write = wrote
- Peter went to the cinema last night. (Peter fue al cine la noche anterior)
A continuacin se detalla la estructura gramatical en el pasado simple tanto con verbos regulares
como irregulares:
SHORT
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
I cooked dinner. I didn't cook dinner. Did you cook dinner? Yes, I did.
You wrote a letter. You didn't write a letter. Did you write a letter? No, I didnt.
He played soccer. He didn't play soccer. Did he play soccer? Yes, he did.
She had a dog. She didn't have a dog. Did she have a dog? No, she didnt
It cost $ 200. It didn't cost $ 200. Did it cost $ 200? Yes, it did.
We worked hard. We didn't work hard. Did we play hard? No, we didnt.
You sold a car. You didn't sell a car. Did you sell a car? Yes, we did.
They studied Math. They didn't study Math. Did they study Math? No, they didnt.
Al formular tanto oraciones negativas como interrogativas se incluir el auxiliar DID (NOT) + verbo en
su forma base, tal como se muestra en la tabla antes detallada.
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Para formular PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS con: where, when, what, why, how much, how many,
etc., la estructura es la siguiente:
Ejemplos:
1. A: Where did you buy your wedding dress? (Dnde compraste tu vestido de novia?)
TIME EXPRESSIONS
yesterday morning
last week/year/ month
two days/weeks/ years ago
Ejemplos:
- Linda cooked some delicious soup yesterday. (Linda cocin una sopa deliciosa ayer.)
- What time did you go to bed last night? (A qu hora te fuiste a la cama anoche?)
- I didnt do my homework three weeks ago. ( No hice mis deberes hace tres semanas)
Exercise 1
I. Put the verbs in parenthesis into the simple past. Use the auxiliary did if necessary:
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6. We (not/ drink) _____ _______ milk yesterday morning.
7. It (not / rain) __________ a lot.
8. But we (see) ________ some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (you/ spend) _____ _______ your last holiday?
10. When (she/buy) ______ ________ her dress?
II. Choose a verb from the box and complete the following sentences using the simple past tense.
break forget give lose see sleep wear know write begin
1. They ______ my neighbors window with a ball while they were playing soccer.
2. Margaret________ the answer before I asked her the question.
3. My mother ________ a letter to me last weekend.
4. I went to bed early last night so I ________ well.
5. Sally ________ a beautiful dress at the party last night.
6. My uncle ________ his passport at the airport yesterday morning. Fortunately he found it later.
7. The concert ________ at 8:00 pm last Friday. It was awesome.
8. My son ________ the keys inside the house so we had to break a window to open the door.
9. I ________ a picture of the whole family last weekend. It reminded me good memories.
10. My father ________ my brother a car for his birthday.
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PAST PERFECT
El pasado perfecto es utilizado para referirse a una accin que tuvo lugar en un momento anterior a
otra accin en pasado simple, estableciendo un orden entre ellas.
Ejemplos:
- The boys had stolen the bikes. (Los nios haban robado las bicicletas)
- I'd read the book before I saw the movie. (Yo haba ledo el libro antes de ver la pelcula)
Al formular oraciones en pasado perfecto es necesario incluir el auxiliar had + el verbo en pasado
participio. Note que la contraccin de had es d.
Ejemplo: He had been sick: Hed been sick. (El haba estado enfermo.)
Para formular PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS con: where, when, what, why, how much, how many,
etc., la estructura es la siguiente:
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Ejemplos:
- We had already called him. (Nosotros ya lo habamos llamado.)
- They had lived in Russia for three years. (Ellos haban vivido en Rusia por tres aos.)
- He had studied since 1992. (El haba estudiado desde 1992.)
- She hadnt invited me yet. (Ella no me haba invitado todava.)
Exercise 2
I. Put the given verbs into the past perfect tense.
1. The bus ___________ (leave/ already) when we arrived to the bus stop.
2. My son ate all the soup that I __________ (make).
3. I was worried because I __________ (not/do) my homework.
4. My husband bought me the dress that I __________ (see) before.
5. He didnt have money because he __________ (pay) all the bills.
6. Michael failed the exam because he __________ (not/study) enough.
7. By the time I got home, my family _________ (go) to the beach.
8. I was late for work because I _________ (miss) the bus.
9. We lived in the house that my father __________ (build).
10. I met a friend whom I __________ (not/ see) for ages.
II. Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences SIMPLE PAST OR PAST PERFECT:
1. I saw London for the first time last week. I __________ it before.
a. hadnt seen b. didnt saw c. didnt see d. hadnt saw
2. Michael __________ the match yesterday because he had hurt his leg.
a. hadnt played b. didnt play c. didnt played d. hadnt play
3. They had a big party because they __________ all their exams successfully.
a. passed b. had passed c. had pass d. pass
6. When I _________ back from London in 1996, the country had changed a lot.
a. come b. had comes c. came d. comes
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7. Susan told me that she _________a new car.
a. had bought b. buys c. did bought d. had buy
1. Michael didnt have / hadnt had money because he had lost/ lost his wallet.
2. Tina was/ had been tired because she had studied/ studied too much.
3. I found/ had found the cell phone that my brother had lost/ lost.
4. When he arrived/ had arrived, the class started / had already started.
5. We had felt/ felt very hungry because we didnt eat/ hadnt eaten anything yet.
6. When I got/ had gotten to the airport, I discovered that I forgot/ had forgotten my passport.
7. My mother was/ had been very pleased to see that I had cleaned/ cleaned the house.
8. I opened/ had opened my handbag to find out that I forgot/ had forgotten my wallet.
9. It didnt rain/ hadnt rained for three months so the garden was/ had been completely dry.
10. My son was / had been sick last night because he ate/ had eaten too much.
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UNIT 2
SECOND CONDITIONAL
El segundo condicional se lo utiliza para expresar una situacin hipottica o irreal en el presente,
es improbable que la situacin se cumpla en algunos casos. Para su formacin utilizamos la palabra
if" (si).
Ejemplos:
Ejemplos:
- If I got a pay rise, I would buy a flat.
Si tuviera un aumento, me comprara un departamento.
- Rachel would learn to play the guitar if she had more time.
Rachel aprendera a tocar la guitarra si tuviera ms tiempo.
- If you didnt have so much work you wouldnt be so serious.
Si no tuvieras tanto trabajo, no estaras tan seria / tan serio.
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Es importante mencionar que en el segundo condicional, se emplea WERE para todas las
personas del verbo to be.
Este es uno de los usos ms importantes de este segundo condicional y se suele traducir por "Si yo
fuera t"
Ejemplos:
Exercise 3
I. Match the sentences from column A with column B so they can have meaning.
A B
1. My parents would help me if... a. ...I were going to a fancy dress party.
3. Paul would tell you my secret if... c. ...she did all her exams well.
6. Her teacher would be very pleased if... f. ...he though my life was in danger.
7. I wouldnt take a taxi home unless... g. ...he had a lot of money and he was old enough.
II. Complete the sentences in the SECOND CONDITIONAL, using the verbs in parenthesis:
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4. If we _________________ (win) the lottery, we _________________ (travel) the world.
7. They ________ (have) more money if they _____________ (not / buy) so many clothes.
10. She _________________ (pass) the exam if she _________________ (study) more.
III. Complete the sentences with your OWN ideas in the SECOND CONDITIONAL:
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UNIT 3
PHRASAL VERBS
Se denominan phrasal verbs a las expresiones idiomticas que se forman de la combinacin de un
verbo + preposiciones o adverbios. Esto da como resultado nuevos verbos compuestos con un
significado distinto al que nos da el diccionario para los verbos individuales.
Ejemplo:
- El verbo put significa poner, pero si le agregamos el complemento off, tenemos put
off que significa postergar o posponer.
Es importante mencionar que un mismo phrasal verb puede tener varios significados. As por
ejemplo, turn on significa encender, abrir, etc.
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Exercise 4
I. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings:
a. ... to remove something, especially a piece of clothing from
1. give up
your/somebody's body.
3. break down c. ... to start the flow of electricity, gas, water or something.
6. Its sad for parents to see their children ________ faster than they expect.
a. put on b. grow up c. run out of d. take off
7. It was hard for her to ______ that her husband had cheated on her.
a. pass away b. find out c. put on d. get up
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9. Can you ________ the radio, please? I need to study for my exam.
a. turn off b. break down c. run away d. look after
III. Complete the sentences using a phrasal verb from the box
1. Dont forget to ______ ______ your toys in the box after you finish playing.
2. I need to _______ ______ my jacket because it is cold outside. Can you wait for me, please?
3. Michael usually _______ ______ at 7:00 a.m. every morning.
4. Martha _______ ______ from her home at the age of thirteen. Her parents looked for her
desperately and after some days they could find her.
5. Dont worry about your baby. I can _______ ______ him while youre away.
6. Her mother _______ ______ last year because of a heart attack. She was a kind woman.
7. The meeting was _______ ______ until later because there werent enough people.
8. Laura _______ ______ in Boston, thats why she can speak English perfectly.
9. We _______ ______ later that we had been at the same school. It was an interesting coincidence.
10. Ann didnt _______ ______ her job after she found out she was pregnant. Shes a strong woman.
Recordemos que anteriormente se analiz el uso de los verbos seguidos de gerundio (- ing) e
infinitivo. En el caso de los verbos like, hate y love; estos pueden ir seguidos de otro verbo que puede
estar en gerundio o infinitivo, la nica diferencia es en su significado.
Ejemplos:
- I like dancing with my friends: disfrutar
- I like to dance with my friends: querer hacer algo porque considero que es positivo
- Susan loves eating in a restaurant. or Susan loves to eat in a restaurant.
- I hate washing the dishes every night. or I hate to wash the dishes every night.
Mientras que al usar would like y want, el verbo a continuacin siempre ir en infinitivo. La expresin
would like puede expresar una idea en presente o un deseo en un futuro.
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Ejemplos:
- I would like to eat something light. (Me gustara comer algo ligero)
- I want to study for the exam tonight. ( Quiero estudiar para el examen hoy en la noche)
Exercise 5
I. Circle the correct answer:
a. Sofia and Thomas ________ to have three children in the future. likes/ would like
b. Tina ______ to get a masters degree in two years. love/ wants
c. I _____ doing the washing up. Its annoying. likes/ hate
d. My brother _____ listening to pop music. He enjoys it a lot. like/ loves
e. She _____ playing soccer every weekend. She cant miss it. would like/ likes
f. Ann _____ to learn Spanish and Japanese. love / wants
g. Fred _____ walking his dog in the park. would like/ loves
h. They ______ waiting in lines because they say its a waste of time. loves/ hate
i. Susan _______ to watch horror films. likes/ want
j. My mother _____ taking care of young children. hates/ want
III. Complete these sentences with your own ideas using a verb in gerund or infinitive:
a. I love ____________________________________________________________
b. My friend hates ____________________________________________________
c. My dog likes ______________________________________________________
d. I like ___________________________________________on the weekends.
e. I want _______________________________________ in five years.
f. My father loves ___________________________________________________
g. I hate __________________________________________________________
h. My friend likes ___________________________________________________
i. My mother wants _________________________________________________
j. I would like ____________________________________ in ten years.
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UNIT 4
PASSIVE VOICE: SIMPLE PAST
Una oracin podemos enfocar la accin del verbo en el sujeto o en el objeto. Cuando la accin del
verbo recae sobre el sujeto, se dice que la oracin est en voz activa.
Ejemplo:
- My friend carried his bags to her car.
(Mi amiga llev sus bolsos a su auto.)
Cuando la accin del verbo recae en el objeto, se dice que la oracin est en voz pasiva.
Ejemplo:
- The bags were carried by my friend to her car.
(Los bolsos fueron llevados por mi amiga a su auto.
Para construir la voz pasiva es necesario que la oracin en voz activa cuente con objeto directo, es
decir que responda a la pregunta "qu cosa?"
Ejemplo:
- Juan lost the notebook. (Juan perdi el cuaderno)
Qu cosa perdi Juan? (El cuaderno (ste es el objeto directo))
De esta manera podremos cambiar a voz pasiva, que en este caso la oracin sera:
The notebook was lost by Juan. (El cuaderno fue perdido por Juan)
Para cambiar una oracin de voz activa a voz pasiva en el pasado simple debemos tener en cuenta
que luego de colocar al objeto al inicio de la oracin se utilizar was o were (dependiendo del objeto
ya sea este singular o plural) + verbo en pasado participio.
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A continuacin algunos ejemplos del cambio de voz activa a pasiva en el pasado simple:
Michael didn't clean the kitchen. The kitchen wasn't cleaned by Michael.
Did you send the letters? Were the letters sent by you?
James sold three books yesterday. Three books were sold by James yesterday.
Exercise 6
I. Identify whether these sentences are ACTIVE OR PASSIVE.
II. Choose the correct answer to complete these sentences in the PASSIVE OR ACTIVE VOICE:
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7. Someone ________ my purse.
a. stole b. was stolen c. were stolen d. be stolen
10. The package ________ on time and thats why we are in a big trouble.
a. werent sent b. wasnt sent c. didnt send d. didnt sent
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UNIT 5
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Las Clusulas Relativas se usan para definir o identificar el sustantivo que las precede. Estas
clusulas se introducen con Pronombres o Adverbios Relativos.
who que, quin, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas)
whom a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas)
whose + noun cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas (para personas)
which que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas)
that que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas)
what lo que
donde, en el que
where
cuando, en que
when
por lo que, por qu
why
a. Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una persona,
aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en cuentos.
b. Whom es muy formal y se emplea en lenguaje escrito. Su uso no es muy comn en lenguaje
hablado.
The girl whom I wanted to see wasnt there. La chica a quin yo quise ver no estuvo all.
The man whom I invited didnt come. El hombre a quien invite no vino.
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c. Whose expresa posesin y pertenencia y se refiere nicamente a personas,
(tambin excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos).
The family whose house we stayed in was very friendly. La familia en cuya casa estuvimos era muy
amigable.
I met a woman whose job is interesting. Conoc a una mujer cuyo trabajo es interesante.
d. Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o animales:
The car which is in the garage is mine. El carro que est en el garaje es mo.
This is the car which I go to work in. ste es el carro con el cual voy a trabajar.
e. That se emplea como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o
animales:
The letter that came yesterday is from my mother. La carta que lleg ayer es de mi madre.
The man that came to our house is my teacher. El hombre que vino a nuestra casa es
mi profesor.
I visited the town where I was born. Visit la ciudad donde yo nac.
The school where they study is very strict. La escuela donde ellos estudian es muy estricta.
I always remember the day when we got married. Siempre recuerdo el da en que nos casamos.
Christmas Day is a day when people eat turkey. Navidad es un da cuando la gente come pavo.
That is why she refused the offer. Eso es por lo que ella rechaz la oferta.
I dont know why you didnt come. No s por qu t no viniste.
Who, that y which pueden ser el sujeto o el objeto de una clusula relativa.
Observa:
Marianne is the girl who invited us to the party
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Exercise 7
I. Join the two sentences by using who for people and that for things.
Examples:
II. Complete the sentences by using who for people and that for things.
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III. Answer the questions by using whose.
2. Who are Mr. and Mrs. Peters? (Their children were injured in the accident.)
_____________________________________________________________
VI. Match the column A with the column B in order to make a clause.
A B
1. A banana is a fruit _____ a. which carries a lot of people.
2. A hat is a thing _____ b. which is very small.
3. A pony is a horse _____ c. who designs houses
4. A dentist is a person _____ d. which is long and yellow.
5. A bus is a big car _____ e. that people wear on their heads
6. An architect is a person _____ f. who pulls teeth.
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UNIT 6
WILL vs. BE GOING TO
Forma del futuro con WILL
PRONOMBRE S +will + verb (base form) + S +wont + verb (base form) Will + s + verb (base
c +c form) + C?
I I will clean the room. I wont clean the room. Will you clean the room?
you / we / they You will have a lot of money. You wont have a lot of money. Will we have a car?
he / she / it He will finish the report. He wont finish the report. Will he finish the report?
Cuando no estamos muy seguros acerca de predicciones del futuro, usamos expresiones tales
como: probably, possibly, perhaps, maybe, I think, I hope.
Para promesas
Para ofrecimientos
Ejemplo: Ill bring snacks for the movie day this Friday. (Traer snacks para el da de la pelcula
este viernes)
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FUTURE BE GOING TO
you / we / they You are going to speak. You are not going to speak. Are you going to speak?
Exercise 8
I. Write sentences by using the future will. Choose the appropriate verb from the box for each
sentence.
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II. Write negative or interrogative sentences by using the future will.
III. Answer the questions by using be going to. These people have already planned their activities.
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IV. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb by using the future be going to.
Example: Jim (not / travel) isnt going to travel to Spain next Summer.
1. It (rain) _________________________________________________.
2. They (eat) ______________________________________________ stew.
3. I (wear) ______________________________________________ blue shoes tonight.
4. We (not / help) __________________________________________ you.
5. Jack (not / walk) __________________________________________ home.
6. (cook / you) ______________________________________________________ dinner?
7. Sue (not / share) __________________________________________________ her biscuits.
8. (leave / they)____________________________________________________ the house?
9. (take part / she) ________________________________________________ in the contest?
10. I (not / spend) _________________________________________ my holiday abroad this year.
V. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb: Use will or be going to.
7. Luis starts classes at 7:00. Its 6:45. Hes leaving his house now. He ___________________ (arrive)
very late.
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VI. Circle the correct form of the verb in each sentence.
1. Im sorry. I cant talk now. Ill call / am going to call you later.
3. A: Sorry. I cant take you to the airport. B: Dont worry. I will get / am going to get a taxi.
5. Were going to have dinner at 7:00 pm. After that, maybe we will watch / we are going to watch a
movie.
6. When I retire, I will travel / am going to travel to Europe to visit the most beautiful tourist places.
7. Anne and Tom decided not to study languages next year. Anne will study / is going to study
medicine and Tom will take/ is going to take a gap year.
8. Bye July. Ill phone / m going to phone you as soon as I get home!
9. We have thought about it and we have decided that we will get / are going to get married this year.
10. Mrs. Padilla, those bags seem very heavy. Ill help / m going to help you carry them.
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UNIT 7
PRESENT PERFECT REVIEW
El presente perfecto se usa en el idioma ingls para narrar hechos que ya han ocurrido en
el pasado, pero no se menciona un tiempo exacto.
El presente perfecto tambin se usa para hablar de hechos que empezaron en el pasado y
continan hasta ahora.
El presente perfecto es tambin usado para hablar de acciones que han sido completadas
recientemente.
Ejemplos:
- I have already sent the letter. Yo ya he enviado la carta.(no digo cuando)
- She has been here four times. Ella ha estado aqu cuatro veces.
- I have worked here since 1998. He trabajado aqu desde 1998.(contino trabajando)
- Paul has just painted his room. Paul ha acabado de pintar su cuarto.(hace unos
minutos)
Conjugacin:
Oraciones Afirmativas
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o HAS
acompaado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o verbos
irregulares).
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Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I have bought a new dress for the party. Yo he comprado un nuevo vestido para la fiesta.
You have studied the lesson for two hours. T has estudiado la leccin por dos horas.
He has eaten pizza many times this month. l ha comido pizza muchas veces este mes.
She has lost the keys again. Ella ha perdido las llaves nuevamente.
Recuerde que las terceras personas del singular (He, she, it) deben conjugarse con el auxiliar
HAS.
Exercise 9
Oraciones Negativas
Para construir oraciones negativas en Presente Perfecto, utilizamos la forma negativa del auxiliar, es
decir HAVE NOT o HAS NOT acompaado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio.
Usualmente se utilizan las contracciones:
I havent visited my grandparents this year. Yo no he visitado a mis abuelos este ao.
You havent finished the homework yet. T no has terminado el deber todava.
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II. Put the words in the correct order and write negative sentences in Present Perfect Tense.
Example: on / plane / the / arrived / has / time
The plane hasnt arrived on time.
Preguntas de Si / No
Para formar una interrogacin, colocamos el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la oracin, luego el
sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal tambin en Pasado Participio:
Have you studied for the final exam this month? Has estudiado para el examen final este mes?
Have they arrived punctual to the class this level? Han llegado puntuales a la clase este nivel?
Has he cleaned his room? Ha limpiado su cuarto?
Has she called her daughter today? Ha llamado a su hija hoy da?
Para responder este tipo de preguntas en forma corta, necesitamos usar el sujeto y el auxiliar ya sea
en forma afirmativa o negativa.
Ejemplo:
- Have you finished the project?
Yes, I have. No, I havent.
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III. Answer the following questions in short form.
IV. Write questions in Present Perfect Tense by using the words in parenthesis. Dont forget to use the
past participle form of the verb.
Example: (your mother / dinner / cook ) Has your mother cooked dinner?
Preguntas Informativas
Para formar una pregunta informativa, colocamos la pregunta informativa de acuerdo al tipo de
informacin requerida, seguido del auxiliar (have o has), luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo
principal tambin en Pasado Participio:
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Ejemplos:
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3. Sue has read the book twice. _______________________________________________
4. My friend has crashed his car. _______________________________________________
5. Jeanneth has been on holiday for eight days. ______________________________________
6. Freddy has done his homework. _______________________________________________
7. Gabriel has stopped at the corner. _______________________________________________
8. Sarah has bought five books. _______________________________________________
9. Jason has talked to his teacher. _______________________________________________
10. Catherine has cleaned the house because she is having a party tonight.
____________________________________________________
For y Since sirven para delimitar el tiempo de la accin del verbo, establecen cuando la accin ha
concluido.
FOR DURANTE/POR
SINCE DESDE
Ejemplo:
- I have lived here for four years. Yo he vivido aqu durante 4 aos.
- I have lived here since 2011. Yo he vivido aqu desde el 2011.
- He hasnt studied for eight years. El no ha estudiado durante ocho aos.
- He hasnt studied since 2009. El no ha estudiado desde el 2009.
Observe que usamos for para expresar la duracin de una accin, y since para indicar cundo
comenz la accin.
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ALREADY and YET
ALREADY YA
YET TODAVIA NO, AUN
Already se utiliza en oraciones positivas e interrogativas para expresar que una accin ya ocurri o
que se lleva a cabo. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado o al final de la oracin.
Ejemplo:
- I have already done my homework Yo ya he hecho mis deberes.
- Mary has visited London already. Mary ya ha visitado Londres.
- Has Ron already written the essay? Ya ha escrito Ron su ensayo?
- Have you made your bed already? Ya tendiste tu cama?
Yet se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para expresar que una accin todava no ha
concluido. Yet se coloca al final de la oracin.
Ejemplo:
- I haven't done my homework yet. Yo todava no he hecho mis deberes.
- Have you studied Unit 3 yet? Ya has estudiado la unidad 3?
VIII. Use the following words and write sentences in Present Perfect. They can be positive, negative
or interrogative.
1. your wife / the baby / had / yet / has / ? _____________________________________________
2. No / hasnt / the baby / she / yet / had _____________________________________________
3. already / Rita / has / breakfast / had _______________________________________________
4. made / I / the / already / have / reservation___________________________________________
5. have /already / we / bought / some staff ___________________________________________
6. the time / I / to choose / havent / had / yet / the color __________________________________
7. lunch / had / We / yet / havent ___________________________________________________
8. for the baby / have / some names / you /yet / thought of / ? ______________________________
9. made / I / of names / already / have /a list ___________________________________________
10. you / finished / Have / already / project / the ? _______________________________________
IX. Write complete answers to the following questions. Use already in positive answers and yet in
negative answers.
Examples: - Have you eaten at the new seafood restaurant? Yes, I have already eaten there.
- Has your sister been to Montaita? No, she hasnt visited it yet.
1. Has Liz played tennis this month? Yes, __________________________________
2. Has your car been fixed yet? No, ___________________________________
3. Have you bought that new laptop? No, ___________________________________
4. Have your neighbors cut the old tree? Yes, __________________________________
5. Have you driven your car today? Yes, __________________________________
6. Have Charles and Ann gone to Brazil? No, __________________________________
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7. Has Tom seen that film? Yes, __________________________________
8. Has the teacher given the results of the exams? No, __________________________________
9. Have you had lunch yet? Yes, __________________________________
10. Has your daughter read Harry Potter book? No, ___________________________________
JUST ACABAR DE
EVER ALGUNA VEZ
NEVER NUNCA
Just se utliza para expresar acciones que han sucedido recientemente. Se coloca despus del
auxiliar have o has.
Ejemplo:
- Have you ever been to Spain? Has estado alguna vez en Espaa?
Never se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas, pero el significado es negativo. Cuando usamos never ya
no se usa not.
Ejemplo:
Example: - Sonia and Carlos have just had a baby girl. They are really happy.
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UNIT 8
REPORTED SPEECH (STATEMENTS)
Reporte Directo e Indirecto
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de
hacerlo: utilizando el reporte directo o el reporte indirecto.
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el reporte directo.
Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deber ser palabra por palabra.
Ejemplos:
- Christian asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?"
Christian pregunt, "Te gustara cenar conmigo maana por la noche?"
El reporte indirecto, a diferencia del reporte directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra
por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el reporte indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. Para reportar lo
que otra persona ha dicho se usan los verbos: SAY o TELL
Ejemplos:
*Reporte de Oraciones
- They told me (that) they would bake a cake for their parents.
Ellos dijeron que hornearan una torta para sus padres.
- The teacher told us (that) she would come back in one hour.
La profesora dijo que ella volvera en una hora.
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A continuacin se presenta un cuadro explicativo de los cambios de los tiempos verbales.
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said. He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
Se puede usar "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra
persona. Thates opcional
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado, es decir que todava es verdad o que es
en el futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:
-"I'm 30 years old," she said. She said she is 30 years old.
-"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
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Reporte Indirecto con los verbos modales:
El tiempo verbal cambia en el reporte indirecto tambin con algunos de los verbos modales:
Say y Tell tienen significados similares. Los dos significan comunicarse verbalmente con
alguien. Pero se los usa en forma diferente.
You say something
You tell someone something
Ejemplos:
Susan said (that) she was busy. Susan told Jim (that) she was busy.
George said (that) he had a new computer. George told us (that) he had a new
computer.
They said (that) they werent home that day. They told me (that) they werent home that
day
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Exercise 10
1. Juan:"Marcelo is at home."
___________________________________________________________________
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6. My friends: "Were going to go to Tonsupa next holiday."
My friends said (that) they __________ going to go to Tonsupa next holiday.
a. were b. was c. are
III. Finish the sentences using reported speech. Dont forget to change the expressions of time.
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ANSWER KEY
UNIT 1
Exercise 1
I. II.
1. spent 1. broke
2. had 2. knew
3. traveled / visited 3. wrote
4. went 4. slept
5. learnt 5. wore
6. didnt drink 6. lost
7. didnt rain 7. began
8. saw 8. forgot
9. did you spend 9. saw
10. did she buy 10. gave
III.
1. Did she go to the beach?
2. Where did Christian live?
3. What did Alexander buy?
4. Did they have a son?
5. How much did it cost?
6. When did he go to the disco?
7. Why did you buy a laptop?
8. How many pets did Liza have?
9. Did he come home late last night?
10. Where did Tina stay last week?
Exercise 2
I. II. III.
1. had already left 1. a a. didnt have / had lost
2. had made 2. b b. was / had studied
3. hadnt done 3. b c. found/ had lost
4. had seen 4. a d. arrived / had already started
5. had paid 5. b e. felt / hadnt eaten
6. hadnt studied 6. c f. got/ had forgotten
7. had gone 7. a g. was/ had cleaned
8. had missed 8. b h. opened/ had forgotten
9. had built 9. b i. hadnt rained/ was
10. hadnt seen 10. a j. was / had eaten
UNIT 2
Exercise 3
I. II.
1. d 1. were would get
2. a 2. werent friends would be
3. f 3. werent would be
4. b 4. won would travel
5. g 5. spoke would have
6. c 6. would be - had
7. e 7. would have didnt buy
8. i 8. would come - had
9. j 9. would call - knew
10. h 10. would pass studied
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III. POSSIBLE ANSWERS
1. I had a lot of money 6. I were a millionaire
2. would travel around the world 7. would rent one to live in.
3. would play more often with my friends 8. I didnt have enough money
4. I didnt have to work. 9. would stay home more often.
5. would speak English fluently. 10. I didnt have to work so much.
UNIT 3
Exercise 4
I. II. III.
1. d 1. c 1. put away
2. e 2. d 2. put on
3. i 3. d 3. gets up
4. a 4. b 4. ran away
5. b 5. a 5. look after
6. c 6. b 6. passed away
7. j 7. b 7. put off
8. h 8. a 8. grew up
9. f 9. a 9. found out
10. g 10. c 10. give up
Exercise 5
I. II.
a. would like a. David would like to have a new car.
b. wants b. Sarah likes reading poetry.
c. hates c. Andrea hates to study History.
d. loves d. Brandon wants to live abroad.
e. likes e. Do you like dancing salsa?
f. wants f. My husband hates getting up early.
g. loves g. Irene loves making parties every weekend.
h. hate h. I hate putting away the toys in the box.
i. likes i. My sister likes looking after her little
j. hates children.
j. The boss would like to put off the meeting.
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UNIT 4
Exercise 6
I. II.
a. active 1. d
b. active 2. b
c. passive 3. b
d. passive 4. a
e. passive 5. c
f. passive 6. d
g. active 7. a
h. active 8. b
i. active 9. a
j. passive 10. b
III.
1. A new car was bought by Michael last week.
2. A letter was written by Liza.
3. The box wasnt opened.
4. This photograph was taken by Samantha yesterday.
5. The thieves were caught by the police yesterday.
6. Where were those magazines bought?
7. A postcard from Canada was sent by my son.
8. This song wasnt written by John Lennon.
9. My car wasnt repaired by them last week.
10. Was the house sold by them?
UNIT 5
Exercise 7
I. Join the two sentences by using who for people and that for things.
II. Complete the sentences by using who for people and that for things.
1. who 6. who
2. who 7. that
3. that 8. that
4. that 9. who
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III. Answer the questions by using whose.
1. Hes the man whose flat was broken into.
2. They are the couple whose children were injured in the accident.
3. Shes the girl whose brother works in the post office.
4. They are the people whose credit cards were stolen.
5. Im the person whose mother phoned the police.
IV. Complete the sentences V. Complete the sentences VI. Match column A with
by using where, when or with whose, who, which, or column B in order to make a
why. where. clause
1. why 1. whose 1. d
2. where 2. where 2. e
3. when 3. whose 3. b
4. where 4. who 4. f
5. why 5. whose 5. a
6. when 6. who 6. c
7. whose
8. who
9. which
10. where
UNIT 6
Exercise 8
I. Write sentences by using the future will. II. Write negative or interrogative sentences by
Choose the appropriate verb from the box using the future will.
for each sentence.
1. will help 1. I will not / won't answer the question.
2. will get 2. Maybe she will not / won't read the book.
3. will win 3. Where will we meet?
4. will take 4. They will not / won't send the postcard.
5. will buy 5. Vanessa will not / won't catch the ball.
6. will do 6. James will not / won't open the door.
7. will stay 7. What will they eat tonight?.
8. will cook 8. Will you have fish for lunch?
9. will understand 9. She will not / won't give him the apple.
10. will go 10. When will she come back?
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III. Answer the questions by using the future IV. Complete the sentences with the correct form
be going to. These people have already of the verb by using the future be going to.
planned their activities.
V. Complete the following sentences with the VI. Circle the correct form of the verb in each
correct form of the verb: Use will or be going to. sentence.
1. will go / ll go 1. ll call
2. is going to see / s going to see 2. is going to have
3. will do / ll do 3. will get
4. will help / ll help 4. m going to paint
5. will ----- visit / ll ------- visit 5. will watch
6. am not going to quit / m not going to quit 6. am going to travel
7. will arrive / ll arrive 7. is going to study / is going to take
8. are -----going to invite 8. ll phone
9. will have / ll have 9. are going to get
10. are going to visit 10. ll help
UNIT 7
Exercise 9
I. Circle has or have according II. Put the words in the correct order and write negative
to the subject. sentences in Present Perfect Tense.
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III. Answer the following questions in IV. Write questions in Present Perfect Tense by using
short form. the words in parenthesis. Dont forget to use the past
participle form of the verb.
V. Choose the correct answer. VI. Write questions based on the underlined words.
VII. Complete these sentences. Use VIII. Use the following words and write sentences in
for o since. Present Perfect.
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IX. Write complete answers to the following questions. Use X. Use just, ever or never to
already in positive answers and yet in negative answers. complete the following sentences.
1. Yes, she has already played tennis his month. 1. ever
2. No, it hasnt been fixed yet. 2. ever
3. No, I havent bought it yet. 3. never
4. Yes, they have (already) cut it already. 4. just
5. Yes, Ive already driven my car today. 5. never
6. No, they havent gone there yet. 6. just
7. Yes, he has already seen it (already). 7. ever
8. No, she hasnt given them yet. 8. never
9. Yes, Ive already had lunch (already) 9. just
10. No, she hasnt read it yet. 10. just
UNIT 8
Exercise 10
II. Choose the correct option III. Finish the sentences using reported speech. Dont forget to
to complete the reported change the expressions of time.
statements.
1. a 1. he was doing his Math homework then.
2. b 2. David had already been there three times.
3. c 3. their teacher would go to the museum the following day.
4. a 4. she had gone to the swimming pool the day before.
5. c 5. somebody had stolen his car a few weeks before.
6. a 6. she had to finish the report that Friday.
7. c 7. her husband worked there every day.
8. a 8. they hadnt traveled to Europe the previous year.
9. b 9. he used those markers in class.
10. c 10. her boyfriend was going to come the following Friday.
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