*Mudra* Physical Sciences For NET & SLET Exams Of UGC-CSIR

Part B and C
Volume-11

Contents
IV. Quantum Mechanics
8.1 Angular Momentum algebra 1
8.2 Spin 10
8.3 Addition of angular momenta 25
9.0 Hydrogen Atom 31
10.1 Time-independent perturbation Theory and applications 64
10.2 The fine Structure of Hydrogen 73
10.3 Spin-orbit coupling 76
10.4 The Zeeman effect 80
11.1 The Variational principle 88
11.2 The WKB approximation 97
12.1 Time Dependent Perturbation Theory 107
12.2 Fermis Golden Rule 113

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*Mudra* Physical Sciences For NET & SLET Exams Of UGC-CSIR

IV. Quantum Mechanics

IV.8. Angular Momentum Algebra and Spin
8.1. Angular Momentum
Classically, the angular momentum of a particle is given by,

Lrp

i j k

L x y z

Px Py Pz

L i yPz zPy j xPz zPx k xPy yPx

L i yPz zPy zPx xPz j xPy yPx

Lx yPx zPy

Ly zPx xPz

Lz xPy yPx

Also, Px
i x

Py
i y

Pz
i z
We will obtain the eigenvalues of angular momentum operator by algebraic technique.
Eigenvalues:
The operators Lx and Ly do not commute.
1. [ Lx , Ly ] [ yPz zPy , zPx xPz ]

yPz , zPx zPy , zPx yPz , xPz yPy , xPz
[ yPz , zPx ] [ zPy , xPz ] 0

Since, [ ri , ri ] = 0 and [ Pi , Pi ] = [ Pj , Pj ] = [ Pk , Pk ] = 0

[ Lx , Ly ] = yPx [ Pz , Z] + xPy [Z , Pz ]

Since [x , P] = i and [P , x] = i

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[ Lx , Ly ] = yPx ( i ) + xPy (i )

= ixPy yPz

[ Lx , Ly ] = iLz

Similarly,
2. [ Ly , Lz ] = [ zPx xPz , xPy yPx ]

= [, zPx xPy ] [ xPz , xPy ] [ zPx , yPx ] + [ xPz , yPx ]

= [ zPx , xPy ] 0 0 + [ xPz , yPx ]

= zPy [ Px , x ] + yPz [ x , Px ]

[ Ly , Lz ] = zPy ( i ) + yPz ( i )

= i ( yPz zPy )

[ Ly , Lz ] = iLx

3. [ Lz , Lx ] = [ xPy yPx , yPz zPy ]

= [ xPy , yPz ] [ yPx , yPz ] [ xPy , zPy ] + [ yPx , zPy ]

= [ xPy , yPz ] 0 0 + [ yPx , zPy ]

= xPz [ Py , y ] + zPx [ y , Py ]

= xPz ( i ) + zPx ( i )

= i ( zPx xPz )

[ Lz , Lx ] = iLy

Now,
(I) [ Ly , Lx ] = [ zPx xPz , yPz zPy ]

= [ zPx , yPz ] [ xPz , yPz ] [ zPx , zPy] + [ xPz , yPz ]

= [ zPx , yPz ] 0 0 + [ xPz , zPy ]

= yPx [ z , Pz ] + xPy [ Pz , z ]

= yPx ( i ) + xPy ( i )

[ Ly , Lx ] = i ( yPx xPy )

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= i ( xPy xPy )

[ Ly , Lx ] = iLz

(II) [ Lz , Ly ] = [ xPy yPx , zPx xPz ]

= [ xPy , zPx ] [ yPx , zPx ] [ xPy , xPz ] + [ yPx , xPz ]

= [ xPy , zPx ] 0 0 + [ yPx , xPz ]

= zPy [ x , Px ] + yPz [ Px , x ]

= zPy ( i ) + yPz ( i )

= i ( zPy yPz )

= i ( yPz zPy )

[ Lz , Ly ] = iLx

(III) [ Lx , Lz ] = [ yPz zPy , xPy yPx ]

= [ yPz , xPy ] [ zPy , xPy ] [ yPz , yPx ] + [ zPy , yPx ]

= [ yPz , xPy ] 0 0 + [ zPy , yPx ]

= [ yPz , xPy ] + [ zPy , yPx ]

= xPz [ y , Py ] + zPx [ Py , y ]

[ Lx , Lz ] = xPz ( i ) + zPx ( i )

= i ( xPz zPx )

= i ( zPx xPz )

[ Lx , Lz ] = iLy Ly

These are the fundamental commutation relation for angular momentum.

Lx , L y and Lz are incompatible observables.

According to the generalized uncertainty principle

Lx
2
Ly
2

1

Lx , Ly 2
2i

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1
Lx
2
Ly
2
i Lz 2
2i

Lx
2
Ly
2
Lz 2
2

Lx
2
Ly
2
Lz
2
The square of the total angular momentum is,
L2 L2x L2y L2z

(1) [ L2 , Lx ] [ L2x , Lx ] [ L2y , Lx ] [ L2z , Lx ]

0 Ly [ Ly , Lx ] [ Ly , Lx ]Ly Lz [ Lz , Lx ] [ Lz , Lx ]Lz

Ly iLz iLz Ly Lz iLy iLy Lz

i Ly Lz i Ly Lz i Ly Lz i Ly Lz

[ L2 , Lx ] 0

Similarly, [ L2 , Ly ] 0

[ L2 ,Lz ] 0

L2 , L 0

L2 is compatible with each component of L . To find eigenstates of L2 and Lz .

L2 f Af and Lzf Mf
Now, Using ladder operator technique.
Let,
L Lx iL y

Now
[ Lz , L ] [ Lz , Lx ] i [ Lz , Ly ]

i Ly i i Lx

i Ly Lx

Continued with...Page 5 Onwards

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