Network Theory EC201 Note

EC201
NETWORK
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THEORY
NOTE
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UNIT I BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 12
Ohms law, Kirchoffs laws DC and AC circuits
Resistors in series and parallel circuits Mesh current and
node voltage method of analysis for DC and AC circuits ( AC
circuits at elementary level only)
The terms which are used frequently in circuit analysis :
Circuit - a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an

electrical current flows.
Path - a line of connecting elements or sources with no elements or
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sources included more than once.
Node - a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit

were two or more circuit elements are connected or joined together giving a
connection point between two or more branches. A node is indicated by a dot.
Branch - a branch is a single or group of components such as

resistors or a source which are connected between two nodes.
Loop - a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no

circuit element or node is encountered more than once.
Mesh - a mesh is a single open loop that does not have a closed
path. No components are inside a mesh.
Components are connected in series if they carry the same current.
Components are connected in parallel if the same voltage is across

them.

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Kirchoff's Law
Kirchoff's First Law - The Current Law, (KCL)
"The total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to

the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is
lost within the node".
In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node
must be equal to zero,
I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0.
This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Charge.
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Here, the 3 currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in value and the 2
currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative in value.
Then this means we can also rewrite the equation as;
I1 + I2 + I3 - I4 - I5 = 0

Kirchoff's Second Law - The Voltage Law, (KVL)
"In any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to
the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop" which is also equal to zero. In
other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This
idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Energy.
"The algebraic sum of all voltages in a loop must equal zero"
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Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction noting the
direction of all the voltage drops, either positive or negative, and returning back to
the same starting point.
It is important to maintain the same direction either clockwise or anti-clockwise
or the final voltage sum will not be equal to zero.
We can use Kirchoff's voltage law when analysing series circuits.
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Example No1
Find the current flowing in the 40 Resistor, R3

Solution:
The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops.
Using Kirchoff's Current Law, KCL the equations are given as;
At node A : I1 + I2 = I3
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At node B : I3 = I1 + I2
Using Kirchoff's Voltage Law, KVL the equations are given as;
Loop 1 is given as : 10 = R1 x I1 + R3 x I3 = 10I1 + 40I3

Loop 2 is given as : 20 = R2 x I2 + R3 x I3 = 20I2 + 40I3
Loop 3 is given as : 10 - 20 = 10I1 - 20I2
As I3 is the sum of I1 + I2 we can rewrite the equations as;
Eq. No 1 : 10 = 10I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 50I1 + 40I2
Eq. No 2 : 20 = 20I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 40I1 + 60I2
We now have two "Simultaneous Equations" that can be reduced to give us the
value of both I1 and I2
Substitution of I1 in terms of I2 gives us the value of I1 as -0.143 Amps

Substitution of I2 in terms of I1 gives us the value of I2 as +0.429 Amps
As : I3 = I1 + I2
The current flowing in resistor R3 is given as : -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 Amps
and the voltage across the resistor R3 is given as : 0.286 x 40 = 11.44 volts
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Example No2
Find the current in a circuit using Kirchhoff's voltage law
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Solution:
NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal analysis involves looking at a circuit and determining all the node voltages in the
circuit. The voltage at any given node of a circuit is the voltage drop between that node
and a reference node (usually ground). Once the node voltages are known any of the

currents flowing in the circuit can be determined. The node method offers an organised
way of achieving this.
Approach:
Firstly all the nodes in the circuited are counted and identified. Secondly nodes at which
the voltage is already known are listed. A set of equations based on the node voltages
are formed and these equations are solved for unknown quantities. The set of equations
are formed using KCL at each node. The set of simultaneous equations that is produced
is then solved. Branch currents can then be found once the node voltages are known.
This can be reduced to a series of steps:
Step 1: Identify the nodes
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Step 2: Choose a reference node
Step 3: Identify which node voltages are known if any
Step 4: Identify the BRANCH currents
Step 5: Use KCL to write an equation for each unknown node voltage
Step 6: Solve the equations
This is best illustrated with an example. Find all currents and voltages in the following
circuit using the node method. (In this particular case it can be solved in other ways as
well)

R1 R2
+
V R3
R4
-
Step 1:
There are four nodes in the circuit., A, B, C and D
Step 2:
Ground, node D is the reference node.
Step 3:
Node voltage B and C are unknown. Voltage at A is V and at D is 0
Step 4:
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The currents are as shown. There are 3 different currents
R1 B R2
A C
I1
R4 R3
V
I2
I3
Step 5:
I need to create two equations so I apply KCL at node B and node C
The statement of KCL for node B is as follows:

V VB VC VB VB
0
R1 R2 R4
The statement of KCL for node C is as follows:
VC VB VB
0
R2 R3
Step 6:
We now have two equations to solve for the two unknowns V B and VC. Solving the
above two equations we get:
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VC V
R1 R2 R1 R3
R3 R4
R1 R4 R2 R4 R3 R4
R4 ( R2 R3 )
VB V
R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 R4 R2 R4 R3 R4
Further Calculations
The node voltages are know all known. From these we can get the branch currents by a
simple application of Ohm's Law:
I1 = (V - VB) / R 1
I2 = (VB - VC) / R 2

I3 = (VC) / R 3
I4 = (VB) / R 4
MESH ANALYSIS
This is an alternative structured approach to solving the circuit and is based on

calculating mesh currents. A similar approach to the node situation is used. A set of
equations (based on KVL for each mesh) is formed and the equations are solved for
unknown values. As many equations are needed as unknown mesh currents exist.
Step 1: Identify the mesh currents
Step 2: Determine which mesh currents are known
Step 2: Write equation for each mesh using KVL and that includes the mesh currents
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Step 3: Solve the equations
Step 1:
The mesh currents are as shown in the diagram on the next page
Step 2:
Neither of the mesh currents is known
R1 R2
R4 R3
V I1
I2

Step 3:
KVL can be applied to the left hand side loop. This states the voltages around the loop
sum to zero. When writing down the voltages across each resistor Ohms law is used.
The currents used in the equations are the mesh currents.
I1R1 + (I1 - I2) R4 - V = 0
KVL can be applied to the right hand side loop. This states the voltages around the loop
sum to zero. When writing down the voltages across each resistor Ohms law is used.
The currents used in the equations are the mesh currents.
I2R2 + I2R3 + (I2 - I1) R4 = 0
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Step 4:
Solving the equations we get
R2 R3 R4
I1 V
R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 R4 R2 R4 R3 R4
R4
I2 V
R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 R4 R2 R4 R3 R4
The individual branch currents can be obtained from the these mesh currents and the
node voltages can also be calculated using this information. For example:
R3 R4
VC I 2 R3 V
R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 R4 R2 R4 R3 R4

UNIT II NETWORK REDUCTION AND NETWORK
THEOREMS FOR DC AND AC CIRCUITS 12
Network reduction : Voltage and current division, Source

Transformation Star, delta conversion Thevenins Theorem and
Nortons Theorem- Superposition Theorem Maximum power
transfer Theorem.
Theorem
1.Thevenins theorem:
In circuit theory, Thvenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states

that any combination of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two
terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single series
resistor R. For single frequency AC systems the theorem can also be applied to general
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impedances, not just resistors.
Example 3:
Find the power in the 2 resistor R6 using Thevenin's theorem.
Solution:
Step One
Remove R6 from the circuit

Step Two
Redraw the circuit after finding the resistance, RA of the parallel branch R3||R4.
Redraw the circuit and calculate the voltage across the break AB which is the voltage across RA = VT.
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Remember that 20V is dropped across R1 and also across R2+RA. Since R2 = RA = 5 half of the
voltage is dropped across each resistor VT = 10V
Step Three
Remove V1 and replace it with a short circuit
This action also short circuits R1 out of the circuit

Step Four
Determine Resistance looking into the break AB = RT
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RT = (RAxR2) / (RA+R2) + R5 + R7 = 14.5
Step Five
Determine the value of the current from the Thevenin equivalent circuit
I = VT/(RT + R6) = 10/16.5 = 0.606A
Power dissipated by R6 = I x I x R = 0.73 Watts
2.Superposition Theorem
The superposition principle states that voltage across (or current through) an
element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
Steps to Apply Superposition Principle:
Step 1:Turn off all independent source except one source. Find the
output(voltage or current) due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis
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Step 2:Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due
to the independent sources.
Example 2:
Use superposition to find the current ix

Current source is zero open circuit as I = 0 and solve iXv
Voltage source is zero short circuit as V= 0 and solve iXv
iX i Xv i Xc
Example 3:
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v v1 v2
v1 2V ; v 2 8V
v 10V
3.Nortons theorem:
Nortons theorem states the following:
Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current and a parallel resistor.
The steps leading to the proper values of IN and RN.

Preliminary steps:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent
circuit is found.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
3. Finding RN:
Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero and then finding the
resultant resistance between the two marked terminals. Since RN = RTh
the procedure and value obtained using the approach described for
Thvenins theorem will determine the proper value of RN.
4. Finding IN :
Calculate IN by first returning all the sources to their original position
and then finding the short-circuit current between the marked terminals.
It is the same current that would be measured by an ammeter placed
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between the marked terminals.
5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit
previously removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent
circuit.
4.The maximum power transfer theorem:
The maximum power transfer theorem states the following:
A load will receive maximum power from a network when its total
resistive value is exactly equal to the Thvenin resistance of the network applied to the
load. That is,
RL = RTh
For loads connected directly to a dc voltage supply, maximum power will be

delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of
the source; that is, when:

RL = Rint
Star-Delta Conversion:
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In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected together
in one of two ways to form a three-terminal network: the Delta, or (also known as
the Pi, or ) configuration, and the Star (also known as the Y) configuration.

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Example 4:
Step 1:

Step 2:
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Step 3:

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Question Bank
Part-A(2 Marks)
1. Explain star and delta connection of impedances.

2. State Superposition theorem.
3. State Thevenins theorem.
4. State Nortons theorem.
5. State Maximum Power transfer theorem
6. State and explain KCL.
7. State and explain KVL.
8. Explain duality.
9. Determine the Missing Voltage across the elements in the circuit
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10. Find total Inductance
PART B (16 Marks)

1.Apply KCL and KVL to the circuit shown in fig.
2.Find the current through branch AB by using superposition theorem.
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3..Find the current through 5 ohm resistance using Superposition theorem.
4.Find the current through 10 ohm resistance using Nortans theorem

5.Find the Current (I) in 20 Resistance using Thevenins theorem
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6.Find the resistance between A & B , A & C
7. Consider the following network as shown in figure. Determine the power

observed by the 6 .

8.Find the total Current and total Resistance in the circuit given
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UNIT III RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS 12
Series and Parallel resonance their frequency response Quality
factor and Bandwidth Self and Mutual inductance Co-efficient of
coupling Tuned circuits single Tuned circuits and double Tuned
circuits.
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Series RLC Circuit:
The three basic passive components, R, L and C have very different phase
relationships to each other when connected to a sinusoidal AC supply.
In a pure ohmic resistor the voltage is "in-phase" with the current, in a pure
inductance the voltage "leads" the current by 90o and with a pure capacitance the
voltage "lags" the current by 90o.
Reactance X is
zero if the element is resistive,

positive if the element is inductive and
negative if the element is capacitive giving the resulting impedance
values as:

Element Impedance:
Circuit Element Resistance, (R) Reactance, (X) Impedance, (Z)
Resistor R 0
Inductor 0 L
Capacitor 0
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The series RLC circuit above has a single loop with the instantaneous current
flowing through the loop being the same for each element.
Since the inductive and capacitive reactance's are a function of frequency, the
sinusoidal response of a series RLC circuit will vary with the applied frequency
so the individual voltage drops across each R, L and C element will be "out-of-
phase" with each other as defined by:
i(t) = Imax sin(t)

The instantaneous voltage across a pure resistor, VR is "in-phase" with the current.
The instantaneous voltage across a pure inductor, VL "leads" the current by 90o
The instantaneous voltage across a pure capacitor, VC "lags" the current by 90o
Therefore, VL and VC are 180o "out-of-phase" and in opposition to each other.
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Phasor Diagram for a Series RLC Circuit

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Example No1
A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a

capacitor of 100uF are connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the total circuit
impedance, the circuits current, power factor and draw the voltage phasor diagram.
Solution:
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Inductive Reactance, XL.
Capacitive Reactance, XC.
Circuit Impedance, Z.
Circuits Current, I.

Voltages across the Series RLC Circuit, VR, VL, VC.
Circuits Power factor and Phase Angle, .
Phasor Diagram.
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Parallel RLC Circuit:
In a parallel RLC circuit containing a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor the

circuit current IS is the phasor sum made up of three components, IR, IL and IC
with the supply voltage common to all three.
Since the supply voltage is common to all three components it is used as the
horizontal reference when constructing a current triangle.
Parallel RLC networks can be analysed using vector diagrams just the same as
with series RLC circuits.

However, the analysis of parallel RLC circuits is a little more mathematically
difficult than for series RLC circuits when it contains two or more current
branches.
So an AC parallel circuit can be easily analysed using the reciprocal of impedance
called Admittance.
Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance given the symbol, Y. Like impedance,
it is a complex quantity consisting of a real part and an imaginary part.
The real part is the reciprocal of resistance and is called Conductance, symbol Y
while the imaginary part is the reciprocal of reactance and is called Susceptance,
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Phasor Diagram for a Parallel RLC Circuit
Example No2
A 50 resistor, a 20mH coil and a 5uF capacitor are all connected in parallel across a
50V, 100Hz supply. Calculate the total current drawn from the supply, the current for
each branch, the total impedance of the circuit and the phase angle. Also construct the
current and admittance triangles representing the circuit.
1). Inductive Reactance, ( XL ):
2). Capacitive Reactance, ( XC ):
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3). Impedance, ( Z ):
4). Current through resistance, R ( IR ):
5). Current through inductor, L ( IL ):
6). Current through capacitor, C ( IC ):

7). Total supply current, ( IS ):
8). Conductance, ( G ):
9). Inductive Susceptance, ( BL ):
10). Capacitive Susceptance, ( BC ):
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11). Admittance, ( Y ):
12). Phase Angle, ( ) between the resultant current and the supply voltage:

Current and Admittance Triangles
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Parallel and Series resonances
Resonance:
Resonance in AC circuits implies a special frequency determined by the

values of the resistance , capacitance , and inductance .
Series and Parallel Resonance:
Series Resonance:
An RCL series circuit consists of a resistor , an inductor and a

capacitor connected in series to a voltage source.
The overall impedance of the three elements is

Inductive Reactance against Frequency:
The graph of inductive reactance against frequency is a straight line linear curve.
The inductive reactance value of an inductor increases linearly as the frequency
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across it increases.
Therefore, inductive reactance is positive and is directly proportional to frequency
( XL )
Capacitive Reactance against Frequency
The graph of capacitive reactance against frequency is a hyperbolic curve.

The Reactance value of a capacitor has a very high value at low frequencies but
quickly decreases as the frequency across it increases.
Therefore, capacitive reactance is negative and is inversely proportional to
frequency ( XC )
Series Resonance Frequency
Electrical resonance occurs in an AC circuit when the two reactances which are
opposite and equal cancel each other out as XL = XC and the point on the graph at
which this happens is were the two reactance curves cross each other.
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In a series resonant circuit, the resonant frequency, r point can be calculated as follows.
The point corresponding to the lower frequency at half the power is called
the "lower cut-off frequency", labelled L with the point corresponding to

the upper frequency at half power being called the "upper cut-off
frequency", labelled H.
The distance between these two points, i.e. ( H - L ) is called the
Bandwidth, (BW)
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The relationship between resonance, bandwidth, selectivity and quality factor for a
series resonance circuit being defined as:
1). Resonant Frequency, (r)
2). Current, (I)

3). Lower cut-off frequency, (L)
4). Upper cut-off frequency, (H)
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5). Bandwidth, (BW)
6). Quality Factor, (Q)
At the resonant frequency, the ratio of the magnitude of the inductor/capacitor

impedance and the resistance is defined as the quality factor
Example No3
A series resonance network consisting of a resistor of 30, a capacitor of 2uF and an

inductor of 20mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply voltage which has a constant
output of 9 volts at all frequencies. Calculate, the resonant frequency, the current at
resonance, the voltage across the inductor and capacitor at resonance, the quality factor
and the bandwidth of the circuit. Also sketch the corresponding current waveform for all
frequencies.
Resonant Frequency, r
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Circuit Current at Resonance, Im
Inductive Reactance at Resonance, XL
Voltages across the inductor and the capacitor, VL, VC
Quality factor, Q
Bandwidth, BW
The upper and lower -3dB frequency points, H and L
Current Waveform
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Parallel Resonance:
A GCL parallel circuit consists of a resistor R=1/G, an inductor L and a capacitor

connected in parallel to input voltage.

In this case, it is much easier to consider the conductance of the admittance
Y=1/Z of each of the element.
The overall admittance of the three elements in parallel is
In particular when is at the resonant frequency
Impedance in a Parallel Resonance Circuit
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Parallel Circuit Current at Resonance
The magnitude of the current is a function of frequency

The response starts at its maximum value, reaches its minimum value at the
resonance frequency when IMIN = IR and then increases again to maximum as
becomes infinite.
As a parallel resonance circuit only functions on resonant frequency, this type of
circuit is also known as an Rejector Circuit .
At resonance, the impedance of the circuit is at its maximum thereby suppressing
or rejecting the current whose frequency is equal to its resonant frequency.
The effect of resonance in a parallel circuit is also called "current resonance".
Bandwidth of a Parallel Resonance Circuit
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Quality Factor:
The Quality Factor Q p of a parallel resonance circuit is defined as

the ratio of the magnitude of the inductor/capacitor susceptance and
the conductance:

Example No4
A parallel resonance network consisting of a resistor of 60, a capacitor of 120uF and

an inductor of 200mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply voltage which has a
constant output of 100 volts at all frequencies. Calculate, the resonant frequency, the
quality factor and the bandwidth of the circuit, the circuit current at resonance and
current magnification.
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Resonant Frequency, r
Inductive Reactance at Resonance, XL
Quality factor, Q
Bandwidth, BW
The upper and lower -3dB frequency points, H and L

Circuit Current at Resonance, IT
At resonance the dynamic impedance of the circuit is equal to R
Current Magnification, Imag
Note that the current at resonance (the resistive current) is only 1.67 amps, while the
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current flowing around the LC tank circuit is larger at 2.45 amps. We can check this
value by calculating the current flowing through the inductor (or capacitor) at resonance.

Question Bank
PART A (2 Marks)
1. What is significance of initial conditions?
2. Write a note on initial conditions in basic circuit elements.
3. What is time constant?
4. Write a note on under damped, over damped and critically damped systems.
5. Define (i) rise time, (ii) time delay in respect of step response of second order
system.
6. What do you mean by resonance?
7. What is Q-factor?
8. What is anti-resonance?
9. Find the value of Q-factor for an Inductor & Capacitor.
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1. Derive an expression for step response of series R-L circuit.
2. Derive an expression for step response of series R-C circuit.
3. Explain about current decay in source free series R-L circuit.
4. In how many seconds after t=o has the current i(t) become one half of its initial
value in the given circuit shown in fig.
5. Explain the step response of RLC circuit.

6. Find the expression for the current in a series RLC circuit fed by a D.C. voltage
of 20v with R=8, L=5H, C=1/8F. Assume the initial conditions to be zero.
7. Explain Series Resonance.
8. A series RLC circuit consists of R=50, L=0.05H and C=0.05F. Calculate the
Frequency of resonance. A variable frequency sinusoidal voltage of value 50v is
applied to the circuit. Find the frequency at which voltage across L & C is
maximum.Also calculate voltages across L & C at frequency of resonance. Find
maximum current in the circuit.
9. Briefly explain the parallel resonance.
10 A resistor & capacitor are in series with a variable inductor. When the circuit is
connected to 200v, 50Hz supply, the maximum current obtained by varying the
inductance is 0.314A. the voltage across capacitor, when the current in the
circuit is maximum is 800v. find the values of series circuit elements.
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UNIT IV TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC AND AC
CIRCUITS. 12
Transient response of RL, RC, and RLC circuits using

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Laplace Transform for DC input and AC sinusoidal inputs
only.

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UNIT V ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
Three phase balanced and unbalanced voltage sources analysis of three phase 3 wire
and 4 wire circuits with star and delta connected loads, balanced and unbalanced phasor
diagram of voltages and currents power and power factor measurements in three phase
circuits.
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University Questions
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9
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Reg. No. :

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, JUNE 2010
Second Semester
Computer Science and Engineering
EC2151 - ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THEORY
(Regulation 2008)
(Common to Biomedical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering

and Information Technology)
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 Marks

Answer ALL Questions
PART A (10 2 = 20 Marks)
1. State Kirchoff's current law and voltage law.

2. State Superposition theorem.
3. What is quality factor?
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4. Find the resonant frequency in the ideal parallel LC circuit shown in Fig.1
Fig.1.
5. Give the expression for transition capacitance and diffusion capacitance of a

PN diode.
6. Define avalanche break down?
7. What is "Early effect" in CB configuration and give its consequences? Distinguish
8. clearly the difference between N with P channel FETs. Give some applications of
9. tunnel diode.
10. What is meant by photovoltaic cell?

PART B (5 16 = 80 Marks)
11. (a) (i) State Thevenin's and superposition theorems, mention one
application. (8)
(ii) Find the Thevenin's equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 2. (8)
Fig.2
Or
(b) (i) Consider the circuit in Fig. 3. (12)
Fig. 3
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(2)
If Rout = 3 k , find the power delivered to it.
What is the maximum power that can be delivered to any R out?
(3) What two different values of R out will have exactly 20mw
delivered to them?
(ii) State maximum power transfer theorem. (4)
12. (a) In the circuit shown in Fig. 4, determine the complete solution for the
current when the switch is closed at t = 0. Applied voltage is
v(t) 400 cos(500t / 4) , resistance R = 15 , inductance L 0.2H
and capacitance C 3 F . (16)
Fig. 4
Or
2 E 3070

(b) (i) Explain (using the relevant circuit) the double tuned circuit and
derive the expression for A and M c. (10)
(ii) The tuned frequency of a double tuned circuit shown in Fig.5 is
104 rad/sec. If the source voltage is 2 v and has a resistance of 0.1 ,
calculate the maximum output voltage at resonance if
R1 0.01 , L1 2 H , R2 0.1 and L2 25 H . (6)
Fig.
5
13. (a) (i) Derive the PN diode current equation. (8)
(ii) Explain how the depletion region at a p-n junction is formed and
explain with relevant sketches for charge density, electric field
intensity and potential energy barriers at the junction. (8)
Or
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(b) (i)
(ii)
Draw the Zener diode characteristics and explain the working of
Zener diode.
Draw the Zener regulation circuit and explain its function for input
regulation and output regulation.
(8)
(8)
14. (a) Explain the input and output characteristics of a common emitter
configuration with a neat sketch. (16)
Or
(b) What is MOSFET? Explain the construction and working principle of
enhancement mode and depletion mode MOSFET with a neat diagram.
(16)
15. (a) What is tunneling phenomenon? Describe the V-I characteristics and
concepts of tunnel diode with application. (16)
Or
(b) Explain the negative resistance characteristics of Unijunction Transistor
with neat sketch. (16)

Network Theory EC201 Note

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Network Theory EC201 Note

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EC201

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The terms which are used frequently in circuit analysis :

Circuit - a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an

Path - a line of connecting elements or sources with no elements or

Node - a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit

Branch - a branch is a single or group of components such as

Loop - a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no

Components are connected in series if they carry the same current.

Components are connected in parallel if the same voltage is across

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Kirchoff's First Law - The Current Law, (KCL)

"The total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to

This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Charge.

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"The algebraic sum of all voltages in a loop must equal zero"

Find the current flowing in the 40 Resistor, R3

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The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops.

Loop 1 is given as : 10 = R1 x I1 + R3 x I3 = 10I1 + 40I3

As I3 is the sum of I1 + I2 we can rewrite the equations as;

Eq. No 1 : 10 = 10I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 50I1 + 40I2

Eq. No 2 : 20 = 20I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 40I1 + 60I2

Substitution of I1 in terms of I2 gives us the value of I1 as -0.143 Amps

The current flowing in resistor R3 is given as : -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 Amps

Find the current in a circuit using Kirchhoff's voltage law

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Step 1: Identify the nodes

Step 3: Identify which node voltages are known if any

Step 4: Identify the BRANCH currents

Step 6: Solve the equations

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I need to create two equations so I apply KCL at node B and node C

The statement of KCL for node B is as follows:

The statement of KCL for node C is as follows:

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This is an alternative structured approach to solving the circuit and is based on

Step 2: Determine which mesh currents are known

Neither of the mesh currents is known

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I1R1 + (I1 - I2) R4 - V = 0

I2R2 + I2R3 + (I2 - I1) R4 = 0

Solving the equations we get

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Network reduction : Voltage and current division, Source

In circuit theory, Thvenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states

Find the power in the 2 resistor R6 using Thevenin's theorem.

Remove R6 from the circuit

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Remove V1 and replace it with a short circuit

This action also short circuits R1 out of the circuit

Determine Resistance looking into the break AB = RT

I = VT/(RT + R6) = 10/16.5 = 0.606A

Power dissipated by R6 = I x I x R = 0.73 Watts

Use superposition to find the current ix

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Voltage source is zero short circuit as V= 0 and solve iXv

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4.The maximum power transfer theorem:

The maximum power transfer theorem states the following:

For loads connected directly to a dc voltage supply, maximum power will be

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