NAME : SITI HAJAR BINTI RAMLAN

STUDENT ID :2017282188

LECTURESS NAME : Ir. SHEIKH MOHD FIRDAUS BIN SHEIKH ABDUL NASIR

TITILE : TENSILE TEST

6.0 RESULTS

Material Original (unit: mm)

Gauge Length Diameter ( )
Steel 50.8 12.8 128.68

Table 1: Properties of material

No Load (N) Deformation (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain

1 12,700 50.825 98.69 0.000492
2 25,400 50.851 197.39 0.001004
3 38,100 50.876 296.08 0.001496
4 50,800 50.902 394.78 0.002008
5 76,200 50.952 592.17 0.002992
6 92,700 51.054 720.39 0.005000
7 102,500 51.181 796.55 0.007500
8 107,800 51.308 837.74 0.010000
9 119,400 51.562 927.88 0.015000
10 128,300 51.816 997.05 0.020000
11 149,700 52.832 1163.35 0.040000
12 159,000 53.848 1235.62 0.060000
13 160,400 54.356 1246.50 0.070000
14 159,500 54.864 1239.51 0.080000
15 151,500 55.88 1177.34 0.100000

Table 2: Tensile test results

 1400
STRESS(MPa) VERSUS STRAIN

1200

1000
STRESS (MPa)

21
800 E=
2 1
720.28296.04
600 E=
.49750.002860

400 E = 200.59GPa

200

0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

STRAIN

Graph 1: Stress versus strain

Calculation :

1. Area of cross sectional

12.8 2
Ao = ( )
2

Ao =128.68 mm2

2. Youngs Modulus ( Modulus of Elasticity), E

1 o
E=
1 0

720.28296.04
=
0.0049750.002860

= 200.59 GPa
7.0 DISCUSSION:

From the tensile test, we can determine the value of Youngs Moudulus (Modulus of

elasticity), E of the steel which is 200.19 GPa . The Youngs Modulus value is affected and

influenced by the strain and stress. Graph 1 shows the stress versus strain graph. It was

obtained that when the stress and the strain increases.Thus, the specimen deforms too. At

some certain points of strain, the deformation is in elastic range. But when the strain pass

point 0.005, it goes to plastic range which wont come back to the original shape. As it

shown, at 0.1, the specimen brakes and the experiment end. The 0.2 % parallel shift line is

shown to calculate the yield point at stress axis.

Before at the yield strength point, the specimen is in elastic range. But once the force

increases and pass this point, our material will go to plastic phase which means it will deform

totally and never come back to its original shape. From the graph we can get the value of

yield strength which is the elastic limit. Based on the graph, the offset yield strength is 720.28

MPa. The yield point is determined by a change in the slope (after showing a region of

proportionality) of stress strain curve.

Figure 1: Stress-strain curve

When the stress applied on a material exceeds its elastic limit, it imparts permanent non

recoverable deformation called plastic deformation in the material. Microscopically it can be

said of plastic deformation involves breaking of original atomic bonds, movement of atoms

and the restoration of bonds i.e. plastic deformation is based on irreversible displacements of

atoms through substantial distances from their equilibrium positions. The plastic portion of

the stress-strain curve is non-linear. As the specimen gets loaded beyond yield point, the

curve reaches a maximum. After the point of maximum engineering stress, with continued

loading, the specimen forms a neck which has low area of cross-section. Necking is localized

deformation. After necking begins, the deformation is restricted to necked region alone. With

further loading, the engineering stress drops beyond necking point, till the point of fracture.

Fracture essentially occurs at the necked region. Also because the material cross-section in

the neck region is very small. The strain at the point of fracture is called total strain. For

metals, elongation may range from 10% to 60% and reduction in area may range from 20% to

90%.

Modulus of elasticity or also known as Young Modulus that calculated from the graph

is 200.59 Gpa. According to the table Approximate Young's modulus for various materials,

the type of steel that have the value of 200.59 GPa can be categorize as iron ( in range 190

210). The steel will fracture at 1177.34MPa stress.

8.0 CONCUSION :

The shape of stress-strain graph is important as they give an important values and
information for material that being tested. One of the example is by knowing the ultimate
tensile strength (UTS) meanwhile, the area under the graph indicates the toughness of the
material. The stress of five important points, which are proportional limit, elastic limit, yield
point, strength point and the fracture point were computed. The graph of stress versus strain
was plotted to find the modulus of elasticity. From the graph, we can conclude that the type
of steel that have the value of 200.59 GPa can be categorize as iron.Note that it break in a
brittle manner, as the curve is linear until it breaks or fractures with no bending of the curve
at high loads. Consequently, there is no permanent change in original shape during this test,
and hence no ductility.