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The Flowmeter Measurement experiment was conducted to obtain the flow rate
rotameter, venturi meter and orifice meter and to investigate the loss coefficient of fluid
through 90 degree elbow. The apparatus was placed on bench. The inlet pipe was
connected to bench supply while the outlet pipe into volumetric tank. Pump supply was
started up when bench valve was fully closed and the discharge valve was fully opened,
then bench valve was slowly opened until it is fully opened. The reading on manometers
(A-J) was recorded and the flowrate was measured. The steps were repeated for
different rotameter.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Theory
9.0 References
10.0 Appendices
INTRODUCTION
In the industries, flow meter is used to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids
pressure across the venture and orifice plate flow meter by measuring the value of
the pipe carrying the fluid stream, there will be increase in kinetics energy at the point of
constriction. Thus, the change of the fluid velocity will effect the pressure drop in the
pipe, this pressure change will automatically affect the level of the manometer meniscus
which is if the value of manometer indicated is higher thus the pressure in the pipe is
also higher.
SOLTEQ model FM101 is also consist of three different types of volume flow-
meter. It contains a venture type flow meter, an orifice plate type flow meter and a
Rotameter. All these three flow are connected in series and control valve is installed on
this model to regulate the flow rate desired by the students to achieve their task. The
flow rate of the fluid is easily measured by regulating the control valve because the flow
When the venture meter is placed in a pipe whose flow rate need to be
measured. There will occur the pressure drop between entrance and the throat of
venture meter. This is because Bernoullis theorem has state that there must be a
corresponding reduction in pressure drop, so, as the fluid flows through constriction
pipe, the velocity of the fluid will increase and if the velocity increase, the pressure of the
fluid will decrease. As Bernoullis theorem state there must be a corresponding reduction
in pressure drop. Can consider that the loss of energy will regain the kinetic energy of
the fluid. This pressure drop will be measure by the multi-manometer and the pressure
condition of steady, uniform flow and the total energy of the system s remain constant.
Thus, the sum of potential energy, pressure energy, internal energy and kinetic energy
downstream of the constriction, assuming that no heat goes in or out from the system.
The orifice plate installed on the pipe will reduce the cross-sectional area of the flow
stream, thus the velocity of the fluid must be increase as it flows through the orifice
plate. Increasing in velocity of the fluid will increase the energy used by fluid which is
kinetics energy. So, increasing in energy will accompany with loss of energy as the
decrease in differential pressure between entrance and the exit of the orifice. can
conclude that as the fluid flows through the orifice, it losses the pressure energy and the
OBJECTIVES
The objective of the this experiment is to obtain the flow rate measurement by
utilizing three basic types of flow measuring techniques which is Rotameter, venture
meter and orifice meter by observe the value from the multitube-manometer from A to J.
DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
a) b)
degree elbow and an orifice plate. The supple line is connected to a gravimetric
hydraulic bench. A flow control valve is provided to allow for variation of the flow rate
through the circuit. Pressure tappings are incorporated so that the head loss
characteristics of each flow meter can be measured. These tappings are connected to
several manometer tubes incorporating a manifold with air bleed valve. The levels in the
manometer tubes have to be adjusted to a convenient level using the air bleed valve.
2. The hydraulic coupling was connected to the outlet supply of the hydraulic bench.
3. The discharge connect of the flow apparatus hose was connected to the
1. The flow control valve of hydraulic bench was fully closed and the discharge
fiberglass before starting up system. The volumetric tank drain valve also must be
ensured to be left opened to allow flow discharge back into sump tank.
3. The pump supply was started from hydraulic bench. The bench valve was
opened slowly. At this point, the water flowed from hydraulic bench through to the
flow apparatus and was discharged through into the volumetric tank of hydraulic
bench and then was drained back into sump tank of hydraulic bench.
4. The flow control valve was fully opened. The bench valve was started to be
closed when the flow in the pipe was steady and there was no trapped bubble to
5. The water level in the manometer board began to display different level of water
heights.
6. At this point, the flow was slowly reduced by controlling the flow discharge valve
7. The water level in the manometer board began to level into a straight level. This
level maybe at the lower or maybe at the higher end of the manometer board
range.
8. The trapped bubbles must be looked out in the glass tube or plastic transfer
tube. The bubbles have to be removed from the system for better accuracy. To
do this, the plastic tube can be pressed slowly to push the bubbles up or the
9. If above method fail, the system has to be flushed by bleeding to air out.
General procedure
1. The apparatus was placed on bench, the inlet pipe was connected to bench
2. With the bench valve fully closed and the discharge valve fully opened, the pump
4. When the flow in the pipe is steady and there is no trapped bubble, the bench
valve was closed to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.
5. The water level in the manometer board was adjusted by using the air bleed
6. The readings on manometers (A-J) and rotameter were noted and the flow rate
was measured.
Note: The readings A-H was recorded for demonstration of the operation and
characteristic of three different basic types of flowmeter while the readings I-J
was recorded for determination of the loss coefficient when fluid flows through a
90 degree elbow.
7. Step 6 was to be repeated for different flow rates. The flow rates was adjusted by
8. The bench and flow control valve was adjusted together to demonstrate similar
flow rates at different system static pressures. Manometer levels was adjusted as
required.
3. Water from the unit was drained off when not in use.
Safety Precautions
laboratory session.
3. The water from the apparatus must be drained off when not in use. The
Demonstration of the operation and characteristic of three different basic types of flowmeter.
241 240 234 237 236 237 237 229 233 232 5 3 49.565 3.63 4.73 3.25
221 215 187 203 207 210 178 163 177 176 5 3 19.45 9.28 10.433 4.46
217 206 146 183 191 197 196 94 131 129 5 3 13.135 13.71 15.0762 11.619
245 227 121 190 206 221 221 27 101 97 5 3 8.475 21.25 19.9242 16.02
Determination of the loss coefficient when fluid flow through a 90 degree elbow
2.5
2
h
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
V2/2g
VENTURI
2
Q = Cd At [ 1 ( ) ]-1/2 [ 2( )]1/2
1
Cd = 0.98
At =2.011 10-4 m2
A1 =5.309 10-4 m2
3 1000 60
= 7.883 10-5 1
13
= 4.73
3 1000 60
= 1.73883 10-4 1
13
= 10.433
For rotameter 15 (L/min)
2
2.011 104
Q = 0.98 2.011 10-4 [ 1 (5.309 104 ) ]-1/2 [ 2(9.81)(0.217 0.146)]1/2
3 1000 60
= 2.5127 10-4 1
13
= 15.0762
3 1000 60
= 3.3207 10-4 1
13
= 19.9242
ORIFICE
2
Q = Cd At [ 1 ( ) ]-1/2 [ 2( )]1/2
1
Cd = 0.63
At =2.011 10-4 m2
A1 =5.309 10-4 m2
3 1000 60
= 5.4167 10-5 1
13
= 3.25
For rotameter 10 (L/min)
2
2.011 104
Q = 0.63 2.011 10-4 [ 1 (5.309 104 ) ]-1/2 [ 2(9.81)(0.178 0.163)]1/2
3 1000 60
= 7.433 10-5 1
13
= 4.46
3 1000 60
=1.9365 10-4 1
13
= 11.619
3 1000 60
=2.67 10-4 1
13
= 16.02
EXPERIMENT B Determination of the loss coefficient when fluid flow through a
90 elbow
Velocity
=
2
4 ()
13 1
Q = 3.63
1000 60
= 6.05 10-5 3
6.05 105
V=
(0.026)2
4
=0.1140
1000 1
V2/2g = 0.11402
1 2 (9.81)
= 0.66 mm
13 1
Q = 9.28
1000 60
3
= 1.5467 10-4
4
1.5467 10
V=
(0.026)2
4
=0.2919
1000 1
V2/2g = 0.29192
1 2 (9.81)
= 4.34 mm
13 1
Q = 13.7
1000 60
3
= 2.2833 10-4
4
2.2833 10
V=
(0.026)2
4
=0.430
1000 1
V2/2g = 0.4302
1 2 (9.81)
= 9.42 mm
13 1
Q = 21.25
1000 60
3
= 3.542 10-4
4
3.542 10
V=
(0.026)2
4
=0.6671
1000 1
V2/2g = 0.66712
1 2 (9.81)
= 22.68 mm
CONCLUSION
The objectives of the experiment are to obtain the flow rate measurement by utilizing
three basic types of flow measuring technique which is rotameter, venturi meter and
orifice meter and to investigate the loss coefficient of fluid through 90 degree elbow. The
result shows the differences in flowrate when three different types of flowmeter are used
RECOMMENDATION
bubbles can highly interrupt the reading of pressure in manometer. Proper flowmeter
installation is also recommended because it can disturb the profile and degrade
measurement accuracy. The eye also must be parallel to meniscus of manometer to get
REFERENCES
1. Lab Manual CHE 331 (Chemical Engineering Laboratory), UiTM (Terengganu),
2. http://chem.salve.edu/chemistry/diffusion.asp
3. http://www2.emersonprocess.com/siteadmincenter/pm%20daniel%20documents/
fundamentals-of-orifice-measurement-techwpaper.pdf