Malaysia (/mle/ ( listen) m-LAY-zh or /mlesi/ ( listen) m-LAY-see-; Malaysian

pronunciation: [mlejsi])[lacks stress] is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It

consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 330,803
square kilometres (127,720 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized
regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia(Malaysian Borneo). Peninsular Malaysia shares
a land and maritime border with Thailand at the north and maritime borders with Singapore at the
south, Vietnam at the northeast, and Indonesia in the west. East Malaysia shares land and
maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and
Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government.
With a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The
southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia. Located in the tropics,
Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century,
became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits
Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British
protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in
1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence
on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September
1963 to become Malaysia. Less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the
federation.[9] The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in politics.
About half the population is ethnically Malay, with large minorities of Malaysian Chinese which
also form the second largest community of Overseas Chinese in the world, Malaysian Indians,
and indigenous peoples. The constitution grants freedom of religion but recognises Islam as
the established religion of the state. The government system is closely modelled on
the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head
of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from
the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is
the prime minister. The country official language is Bahasa Melayu or commonly known as Malay
language. English remains as an active second language. English proficiency in Malaysia has
been highly ranked as the second best in Asia after Singapore and 13th best in the world as of
2017.[10]
Since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with
its GDP growing at an average of 6.5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has
traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science,
tourism, commerce and medical tourism. It is also one of the few developing countries to
subsidise heavily on education and healthcare. Its citizens are entitled to free public education up
to secondary education level and public tertiary education fees are subsidised as much as 90%.
[11]
Basic healthcare services at government run clinics with prescription cost RM1.[12] Disabled,
senior citizens and public school students are entitled to free healthcare. Its healthcare services
have been highly regarded as one the best in the world and the UN Development Programme
has called Malaysia healthcare system "a model to other developing countries". [13][14]
Malaysia's unprecedented and recent rapid development has attracted millions of migrant
workers from across Asia in the recent years. The majority of whom are undocumented, which
the Malaysian government is struggling to combat. Its treatment and crackdown on migrant
workers has often been criticised by international human rights watchdogs. [15] Today, Malaysia
has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked 4th largest in Southeast Asia and 38th
largest in the world. With a GDP per capita of $9,766 and an HDI of 0.78 currently, Malaysia is
classified as an emerging economy by the World Bank. The International Monetary Fund
(IMF) also classifies Malaysia as an emerging and developing country.[16] It is a founding member
of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the East Asia Summit, and the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation. Malaysia is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,
the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Non-Aligned Movement. In 2017, Malaysian citizens
had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 164 countries and territories, ranking the Malaysian
passport 5th most powerful in the world. [17][18]