04-EMBRYOLOGY

meiosis(PMAT)
Prophase(longest)-leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis

in
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

s.
oogenesis
primitive germcell(epiblast)
yolk sac(w3)
genital ridge(w6)
oogonia(w9)
prim oocyte(2n)(w12) iim
primord follicl(2n) format begin(w14)
w20=7mill
primordial follicl format compl(w24)
(birth=2mill), nish prophase of 1st meiotic division, remain in resting
phase(dictyotene> diplotene stage)
meiosis1 resume at puberty 36h before ovulation(LH surge)(4lac)
4a
sec oocyte(n) form just(3-4h) before ovulation(arrest in metaphase)
secondary oocyte complet 2nd meiotic division after fertilization
1st stage maturation of ovarian follicle before ovulation
nal stage maturation after fertilization
1000oocyte atresia/mth
fertilizable life span=24h
m

spermatogenesis(74d)
FSH+ testosterone> FSH> testosterone
begin at puberty
spermatogon(primit germ cell)(2n1)
Ai

mitosis
prim spermatocyte(2n16)
meiosis1
sec spermatocyte(n32)
meiosis2
spermatid(n64)
epididymis(caudate)
maturity&motility(12-14d)
 spermiogenesis(n64)
Capacitation begin-Cx, max-FT(7h)
time to reach FT=30min
cx reservoir=72h
fertilizable life span=72h

zona Pellucida(acell memb,Glycoprot) separat ovum fr Granulosa cell(Gap jn),

prevent Polyspermia

in
zona rxn-release Cortic granule(Ca)
zygote present in FT=3d
phySiol sphinct-iSthmus FT
aNat sphinct-iNterstit FT

s.
fertilisation in ampulla FT
zygote
cleavage
8cell stage enter uterine cavity
morula(16cell) iim
zona pellucida disappear
fluid fr uterus enter morula
blastula=ouTer cell mass(Trophoblast)+ inner cell mass(embryoblast)+
cavity(blastocyst)
some cell of inner cell mass differentiat to form endoderm
trophoblast=Syncytotrophoblast(cell wall abs, nucl Scatter)+ Cytotrophoblast(Cell
4a
wall present, 1nucl/cell),
embryoblast= epiblast(tall columnar cell)+ hypoblast(cuboidal cell)
epIblast enclos amnIot cavit, hYpoblast enclose Yolk sac
hypoblast form extraembyonic mesoderm which lies b/n amniotic cavit&
cytotrophoblast, yolk sac& cytotrophoblast
small cavities appear in extraembryonic mesoderm join to form extraembryonic
coelom(chorionic cavity)
m

extraembryonic mesoderm split into somaTopleuric extraembryonic

mesoderm(lining Trophoblast)+ splanchnopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm(lining
yolk sac)
hypoblast at 1end become columnar to form procordal plate/buccopharyngeal
memb(future mouth)
Ai

epiblast at caudal end form elevation (primitive streak), round end(primitive

knot/node), depression(blastopore/primitive pit)
intraembryonic mesoderm split into 3part
paraxial-somite(dermatom, sclerotom)
intermediaTe-urinary& geniTal system
lat plate enclos cavity-intraembryonic coelom(pleural, pericardial, periton cavit)
 germ layer format-endo meso ecto
endoderm-lung, int ear, med layer TM, thy gld, GIT, UB epith
mesoderm-heart, spleen, adr cortex, middl layer TM, kidn, ureter, UB, UB trigon epith,
glomus tm, Wharton jelly
ectoderm-ext ear, lat layer TM, CNS
neuroectoderm-Schwann cell
neural crest-adren medull, leptmening, odontoblast, melanocyte, dorsal root
ganglion, sympath ganglion, parafollicular/C/clear/light cell thy, Merkel cell, larynx

in
cartil(thy, cricoid, arytenoid)

trophoblast
memb-chorion, amnio, yolksac, allantois

s.
embryo=3w-8w(PF)
fetus>8w(PF)

FETUS

blastocyst-d5
zona pellucida lost-d5
iim
concept(8cell) reach uter cavit-d4(3-4)
morula(16cell)-d4

interstitial implantation begin-d6(6-7)

differentiation of trophoblast into cyto& syncyto-d8
lacunae appear in syncytium-d9
4a
implantat complet(post uterin wall, mid sagittal plane)-d10
primary villi-d13
secondary villi-d16
CNS developm start-w3
notochord form fr epiblast-w3
neural plate form(thicken of ectoderm)-d16
indent in midline(neural groove) with enlarge on either side(neural fold)-d18
m

3germ layer form-d21

tertiary villi-d21(w3)
fetoplacental circulation-d21(w4)
rst heart beat-d21
Ai

fusion of neural fold(to form cerebral hemisph) begin-d22

open end close to form rostral neuropore-d24
caudal neuropore-d27
devel of larynx start-w4
pronephros disapp completely-w4
complete closure neural tube-d30
metanephros(perm kidney) start developm-w5
1st bone to ossify-clavicle-w5
 genital ridge app-w5
Mullerian(paramesoneph duct) app-w6
genital tubercle app-w6
ear developm start-w6
complete ventricular struct-d46
anal opening form-w7
testis-w7
Muller inh Sub(chr19) secret by Sertoli cell prevent Mull duct develop(i/l)-w7

in
gross body movem on USG-w7
fetal ACTH-w7
fetal glucagon-w8
testosterone synth begin(hCG)-w8
ovary-w8

s.
lymphoid ts fr yolk sac, fetal liver, bone marrow reach thymus-w8
appendix app-w8
Muller duct disapp mal-w8-9(9)
fetal swallow amniot fluid-w10

FHS on doppler-w10
iim
GH,prolactin prod by fetal pituit-w10
resolution of physiol umbilic herni-w10

inter genit differentiat to mal/fem-w10

uterus form-w10
end diastol flow seen in fet a-w10
fetal thyroxin-w10-12
4a
breathing movem app-w11
FSH, LH, ADH, oxytocin by fetal pituit-w12
fetal insulin-w12
urine production-w12
external genitalia form-w12
bil in amn fluid-w12
1st placental remodelling-w12
m

ngerprint develop-w12-16
larynx develop-m3
decidua caps& pariet fuse(vera form)-w14-16
formation of discrete placenta-w16
Ai

matern IgG cross placenta-w16

lanugo app-w16
nail app-w16
meconium app-w16
all gen of bronchus fully present-w16
placenta wt=fetal wt-w17
cavity in internal genitalia-w18-20
FHS heard by stethoscope-w18-20
 seb gld app-w20
surfactant synth begin-w20
inf turbinat ossie-w20
ear developm complete-w20
pinna adult cong-w20
primitive alveoli form-w24
fetal sucking movement-w24
hearing-w24

in
sweat gld app-w24
testis at deep inguinal ring-w24-28
demand of iron by fetus evident-w25
surf app in amnion-w28
alveoli expand-w28

s.
light perception-w28
sex can be differentiated by ext genitalia-w28
testis descent to scrotum-end mth9

Hematopoiesis iim
mesoblasti-yolk sac-10-14d 10-12w
hepatic-liver, LN, spleen-6-8w throughout gestation
myeloid-bonemarrow-m5throughout life
switchover fr HbF HbA begin-36w, completed-6mth PP

Hb
4a
Gower1(2,2)-3-4w
Gower2(2,2)-4-13w
Portland(2,2)-4-13w
HbF(2,2)
HbA(2,2)
HbA2(2,2)
HbF at bth=75-80%
m

1st app in early normoblast

reduce Hb absorb wavelth=660nm

fetal structTVS(5-7MHz,empty UB) TAS(3.5MHz,full UB)

Ai

gest sac(true-eccent,pseudo-centr,5- 10mm)4w1-3d(30d fr LMP,15d PF)5w

yolk sac5w6-7w
cardiac activity5>5-6w6>6-7w

critical titre
gest sac on USG-hCG(IU/l)
TVS-1500(lowest-1000)
TAS-6500
 POG(w)-fetal wt(g)
Hadlock formula-birth wt=BPD+AC+FL
20-300
24-600
28-1100
period of viability=w24

in
gest age assessm
crownrump lth(CRL)-7-10w(1st,all trim)
BPD(thalamus& cavum sept pellucidum)-16w(2nd trim)
fem lth-3rd trim
AC(true transv view at level of umbilic v entering liver)-macrosomia, IUGR, all trimest

s.
RBC=5-6mill/mm
Hb=16.5-18.5g%
retic=5%
erythroblast=10%
WBC=15000-20000/mm
RBC life=90d
iim
near term urine prod=650ml/d=27ml/h
CO=350ml/kg/min
bld vol=125ml/kg
press for 1st chest expansio=25cmH2O
4a
cranial aspect of ectodermal cloacal fossa-external genitalia
genital fold-labia minora-ventra aspect penis
genital fold ectoderm-ext vag orice
genital Ridge-ovaRy-testis
genital Swelling-labia majora-Scrotum
genital Tubercle-cliToris-glans penis
m

prox gubernaculum-ovarian lig

dist gubernaculum-round lig
Mullerian(paramesonephric) duct-up vag,cx,uterus,FT-appendix of testis/utriculus
masculinus/hydatid Morgagni, prostat utricle
mesoderm of 2fuse Mullerian duct-up vagina
Ai

endoderm sinovag bulb> urogenit sinus -lower vagina

urogenital sinus-vestibule
Wolfan/mesonephr duct-hydatid of Morgagni,Gartner duct, paraoophoron,
epoophoron-intern genital, vas deferens, ejaculat duct, epididymis, seminal vesicle

appendix testis-cranial end paramesonephric(Mullerian) duct

appendix epididymis-cranial end Wolfan(mesonephric) duct
 kidney
develop fr mesodermal ridge along post wall of abd cavity, retroperiton
excretory unit(nephron-glomerul, PCT, Henleloop, DCT)-metanephros(blastema,
metanephric mesoderm) intermed mesoderm
collecting duct, pelvis, ureter-ureteric bud(mesonephric duct)

hindgut

in
preallantoic-GI hindgut
postallantoic(endodermal cloaca)
primitive urogenital sinus-urethra, UB
primitive rectum-lower rectum, up anal canal
cloacal memb-pectinate/dentate line

s.
UB
UB epith-cranial part vesicoureth canal
trigone epith-mesonephric duct

mesonephric tubule
iim
m&serous wall-splanchnopleuric mesoderm

mal-efferent ductule, ductus aberrant sup,ductus aberrant inf

fem-epoophoron, paraoophoron

fetal circulation
4a
umbilical v(O2 bld) (lt br portal v IVC ),(ductus venosus IVC) RA (foramen
ovale LA),(RV pulm a lung pulm v LA) LV aorta

heart
cardiac jelly-endocard
floor fossa ovalis-septum primum
m

eye
structure-derived from
sclera,corneal stroma& endothelium, Schlem canal, trabecular meshwork, ciliary
body m-neural crest
Ai

retina, iris, ciliary body epith, dilator& sphinct pupillae, sec&tert vitreous-optic
cup/neuroepithelium/neuroectoderm
corneal&conj epith&gld, lens, lacrimal gld-surface ectoderm
EOM, bld vess, priM vitreous-Mesoderm

development of a(p498/212)
maxillary a-1st arch
arch of aorta-lt horn of aortic sac+ lt 4th arch a
 brachioceph a-rt horn aortic sac
lt subclavian a-lt 7th cerv interseg a
rt subclavian a-rt 4th arch a+ rt 7th cerv intersegm a
comm carotid-3rd arch a, give bud for ext carotid& itself continues as int carotid a
pulm a-6th arch a
ductus arteriosu-lt 6th arch a b/n lung bud& dorsal aorta(closes immed after birth)
descend thoracic aorta-lt dorsal aorta
double aortic arch-persist rt 4th arch a

in
axis a
UL-7th cerv intersegmental a
LL-5th lumbar intersegmental a

s.
v drain in sinus venosus
umb v(fr placenta)
vitelline v(fr yolk sac)
comm cardinal v(fr body wall)

development of v
iim
int jugul v-ant card v cranial to attachm of subclav v
rt brachicep v-rt ant card v b/n subclav v& anastomosis
lt brachicep v-lt ant card v b/n subclav v&anastom & anastomos itself
SVC-rt ant card v below anast& rt comm cardin v(duct of Cuvier)
coronary sinus-lt horn sinus venosus& lt comm card v
4a
IVC-rt Vitelline v, lowest part of post cardinal v, lower part rt supracardinal v, rt
supracardinal-subcardinal anast, rt subcardinal v, subcardinal-hepatocardia anast, rt
hepatocardiac channel
rt common iliac v-caudal part of rt post cardinal v
lt common iliac v-anast b/n 2post cardinal v
rt renal v-rt mesonephric v
m

lt renal v-lt mesonephri v, lt subcardinal v, intersubcardinal anast

suprarenal& gonadal v-subcardinal v

developm of diaphragm(chr15q)
Ai

septum transversum-central tendon

dorsal mesoesoph-median part, crurae
ventral mesentry esoph
pleuroperitoneal memb
body wall
cervical myotome-m

developm of CNS
 neural tube
ependymal
mantle
ventral-basal lamina-motor nuclei
groove-sulcus limitans
dorsal-alar lamina-sens-sensor nucl, cerebellum&nuclei, substantia nigra, inf olivary
nucl
marginal

in
neural plat(ectoderm overlying notocord)
brain(cranial part)
prosencephalon(forebrain)
diencephalon

s.
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
3rd ventricle
optic cup(retina)
optic stalk
pituitary gld
pineal gld
telencephalon
iim
cerebral hemisphere
corpus striatum
4a
lat ventricle
mesencephalon(midbrain)
midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
metencephalon
pons
m

cerebellum
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
spinal(caudal part)
Ai

fetal struct derivative

obl lt umb v-lig teres
non obl umb art(prox)-sup vesical a
obl umb a(dist)-medial umb lig(divide direct hernia into medial&lat)
fold of periton which cover inf epigastric vess-lat umb lig(divide direct& indirect
hernia)
ductus venosus-lig venosum
 foramen ovale-fossa ovalis
fossa ovalis floor-septum primum
ductus arteriosum-lig arteriosum
obl urachus/allantois/weeping umbilic-median umbilical lig
Notochord-Nucleus pulposus

structure-degenerated part of
tibial collateral lig-add magnus

in
b collat lig-peron longus
oblique poplit lig-semimembranosus
sacrotuberous lig-long head biceps fem, gluteus maximus
sacrospinous lig-coccygeus
art disc of TM jt-lat pterygoid

s.
articularis genu-vast intermedius
anconeus-med head of triceps
Sibson fascia-scal minimus(pleuralis)

pancr iim
dorSal pancr bud-up part of head, neck, body, tail-Santorini duct
ventral pancr bud-low part head, uncinat process-Wirsung duct

lung
1st stage-pseudoglandular
4a
develop of pinna(6hillock)
1-tragus
2-
3-helix
4-antihelix
5-
6-antitragus
m

pharyngeal arch
1. CNV3
Meckel cartilage
Ai

incus
malleus
anterior ligament of the malleus
sphenomandibular ligament
maxilla
mandible
zygomatic bone
palatine bone
 part of the temporal bone
medial&lateral pterygoid
masseter
temporalis
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
tensor tympani
tensor palati

in
tragus
maxillary a
ECA
2. CNVII
stapes

s.
styloid process
stylohyoid ligament(fr sheath)
smaller(lesser) cornu of hyoid bone
superior part of body of hyoid bone
Reichter cart
m of face
occipitofrontalis
platysma
stylohyoid
iim
posterior belly of digastric
stapedius
4a
auricular m
pinna except tragus
stapedial a
3. CNIX
greater cornu of hyoid bone
lower part of the body of hyoid bone
stylopharyngeus
m

CCA
ICA
4. SLN
thyroid cart
Ai

epiglottis
corniculate
cuneiform
cricoid
cricothyroid
all intrinsic m soft palate
levator veli palatini
rt 4th aortic arch a-rt subclav a
 lt 4th aortic arch a-aortic arch
6. RLN
arytenoid
m of larynx& pharynx except cricothyr
rt 6th aortic arch a-rt pulm a
lt 6th aortic arch a-lt pulm a+ DA

pharyngeal ectodermal cleft

in
1.dorsal-pinna, EAC

pharyngeal endodermal pouch

1.dorsal-tubotympanic recess-tympani cavity, EAC
ventral-fuse with 2& form palatintonsil

s.
2.dorsal-tubotympanic recess(prox-pharyngotympanic tube)
ventral-palatine tonsil
3.dorsal-inf parathyroid gld
ventral-thymus
iim
4.dorsal-sup parathyroid gld
ventral-ultimobranchial body-parafollicular cell thy(neural crest)

inner ear-otic capsule

developm tongue
epith
4a
ant-2lingual swelling(1st arch), tuberculum impar
post-cranial part hypobranchial eminence(copula)(3rd arch)
postmost&epiglottis-caudal part hypobranch eminence(4th arch)
m
occipital myotome
palatoglossus-6th arch
m

defect-nonfusion
midline upper lip cleft-2med nasal proc
hare/cleftlip-maxil proc with med nasal proc
obliq facial cleft-maxil proc with lat nasal proc
Ai

midline lower lip cleft-2mandib proc

tooth developm
neural crest
mesenchymal cell dental papilla
odontoblast dentine
tooth pulp
surf Ectoderm
 inner Epith cell
AMELoblast EnAMEL

ventral mesogastrium
falciform lig, lig teres, paraumbilic v
lesser omentum
rt triang lig

in
dorsal mesogastrium
gastrosplenic lig-short gastric vess, lt gastroepiploic vess
lienorenal lig-splenic vess, tail of pancr
greater omentum, gastrophrenic lig

s.
Spleen lobulation related to-Sup border

Abbreviations
a-artery, AA-amino acid, abtc-antibiotic, AI-autoimmune
iim
bef-before, bel-below, b/l-bilateral, bld-blood, b/n-between, bn-benign, br-branch,
Bx-biopsy
ca-carcinoma, carb-carbohydrate, c/i-contraindication, c/l-contralateral,
conc-concentration, cong-congenital, Cx-cervix
d-day, def-deficient, ds-disease, d/t-due to, Dx-diagnosis
E-estrogen
fem-female, fr-from
gld-gland, glu-glucose
h-hormone
4a
idiop-idiopathic, i/l-ipsilateral, inf-infection, inj-injury
lig-ligament, LL-lower limb, l/t-leading to
m-muscle, maj-major, mal-male, MC-most common, met-metastasis, min-minor,
mtx-methotrexate, Mx-management
n-nerve, norm-normal
P-progesterone, pl-plasma, prot-protein, pt-patient
Rx-treatment
SCC-squamous cell carcinoma, sr-serum, Sx-surgery, sz-seizure
m

tm-tumour, ts-tissue
UL-upper limb, u/l-unilateral
vag-vagina, VC-vocal cord, vel-velocity, vert-vertebra, vit-vitamin, vol-volume
w-week, wt-weight
Xr-X ray
Ai

y-year
#-fracture
-degree

THESE NOTES ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE AND HELP
TO PG ASPIRANTS, NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSE. REFERENCE
HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM VARIOUS STANDARD TEXTBOOKS.