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MHA/KA/ME/MMY
Solution:
= 60 + (0,8) (9,81103 3
) (3) + (9,81103 3 )(2)
=
(a)
= 2 (3)
= 60 (9,81103 ) (3)
3
= 30,6103
2
=
30,61032
=
133103 3
= , =
(b)
Solution:
Let : ,
= (800 3
) (9,81 2 ) = 7850 3
And
() = 120() 101 () = 19
Thus,
= + (1)
= 19103 2
+ (7850 3 ) (1)
= ,
(a)
() + (1) () = 0
19103 2
+ (7850 3 ) (1) (133103 3 ) () = 0
= ,
(b)
3. Determine the new differential reading along
the inclined leg of the mercury manometer of
figure, if the pressure in pipe A is decreased 10
kPa and the pressure in pipe B remains
unchanged. The fluid in A has a specific gravity
of 0.9 and the fluid in B is water.
(Answer: 0,212m)
Solution:
Where all lengths are in m. When decreases left column moves up a distance,a, and right
column moves down a distance,a, as shown in figure above. For the final configuration:
+ (30) (30 + 1) + 2 () = 0
Thus,
( )
=
30 (30 + 1) + 2
For = 10
10
= 2
(0,9) (9,81 3 ) (0,5) (133 3 ) (0,5 + 1)+)9,81 3 )
= 0,0540
Solution:
Noting that the IV fluid and the blood pressures balance each other when the bottle is 1.2 m
above the arm level, the gage pressure of the blood in the arm is simply equal to the gage
pressure of the IV fluid at a depth of 1.2 m;
, = =
, = (1020 3
)(9,81 2 )(1,20)
, =
(a)
To provide a gage pressure of 20 kPa at the arm level, the height of the bottle from the arm
level is again determined from , = to be;
,
=
20103
=
(1020 3 )(9,81 2 )
= ,
(b)
5. A 4-m-high, 5-m-wide rectangular plate blocks the
end of a 4-m-deep freshwater channel, as shown in
figure on the right. The plate is hinged about a
horizontal axis along its upper edge through a point A
and is restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at point
B. Determine the force exerted on the plate by the
ridge. (Answer: 288 kN)
Solution:
Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3
The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid (midpoint) of the surface,
= = (2)
= (1000 ) (9,81 ) (2 )
3 2
= 19,62
2
Then the resultant hydrostatic force on each wall;
= = (19,62 ) (45) = 392
2
The line of action of the force passes through the pressure center, which is 2/3 from the free
surface,
2 24
= = = 2,667
3 3
Taking the moment about point A and setting it equal to zero gives;
= 0
( + ) =
Solution:
= = = = ( )
2
3
= (1000 ) (9,81 ) ( )(43)
3 2 2
= 176,6
Vertical force on horizonral surface (upward):
= = =
= (1000 ) (9,81 ) (3)(43)
3 2
= 353,2
75,8
tan = = = 0,429 = 23,2
176,6
Therefore, the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on the gate is 192.2 kN, and its line
of action passes through the center of the quarter-circular gate making an angle 23.2 upwards
from the horizontal.
The minimum spring force needed is determined by taking a moment about the point A where
the hinge is, and setting it equal to zero,
= 0
(90 ) = 0
Solution:
=
=
At surface: =
= 2
=
=
= 2 ( 2 )
0
4 3
= ( )2
3
=
4 3
= ( )2
3
= 0, = = 0,35 =
2
=
8. A hydrometer has a bulb diameter of 0.02 m, a bulb length
of 0.08 m, a stem diameter of 0.01 m, a stem length of 0.08
m and a mass of 0.035 kg. Determine the range of specific
gravities that can be measured with this hydrometer if the
liquid levels range between the bottom and top of the stem.
(Answer: 1.114 1.392)
Solution:
For level 1:
=
=
= 1000
0,02 2
0,035 = 1000 ( ) 0,08
2
= 1,392
For level 2:
= 1000
0,02 2 0,01 2
0,035 = 1000 ( ( ) 0,08 + ( ) 0,08)
2 2
= 1,114
9. Scientific balloons operating at pressure equilibrium with the surroundings can be used to
lift instrument to extremely high altitudes. In such an experiment, a balloon, constructed of
polyester skin of thickness 0.013 mm, lifted a payload of 230 kg to an altitude of 49 km,
where atmospheric conditions are 0.95 mbar and -20 oC. The helium gas in the balloon is at a
temperature of -10 oC. Specific gravity of the skin material is 1.28. Assuming that the balloon
is spherical, determine its diameter and mass. (Answer: , )
Solution:
D
= = 1,736. 104 3 ( = 2077 /)
= 0
m =
=
=
4 3
0= (1,308. 103 1,736. 104 ) 1,28.4 2 . 0,013. 103 230
3
( = 0,013. 103 )
= 36,42 = 72,84
=
=
= ,
10. A retaining wall against a mud slide is to be constructed by placing 0.8-m-high and 0.2-m-
wide rectangular concrete blocks ( = 2700 /3)
side by side, as shown in figure on the right. The
friction coefficient between the ground and the
concrete blocks is = 0.3, and the density of the mud
is about 1800 /3 . There is concern that the
concrete blocks may slide or tip over the lower left
edge as the mud level rises. Determine the mud height
at which (a) the blocks will overcome friction and start
sliding and (b) the blocks will tip over.
(Answer: (a) h=0,38m (b) h=0,52m)
Solution:
The weight of the concrete wall per unit length (L = 1 m) and the
friction force between the wall and the ground are;
= = (2700 3
) (9,81 2 ) (0,20,81 3 )
= 4238
= = 0,3(4328 ) = 1271
= = ( )
2
= (1800 3 ) (9,81 2 ) ( ) (1)
2
= 88292
= 88292 = 2171 = ,
The line of action of the hydrostatic force passes through the pressure center, which is 2h/3
from the free surface. The line of action of the weight of the wall passes through the midplane
of the wall. Taking the moment about point A and setting it equal to zero gives
88293
= 0 ( ) = ( ) ( ) =
2 3 2 3
1
3 3
=( ) = ,
28829
References:
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th Ed. by Munson
Fluid Mechanics, 7th Ed. by White
Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd Ed. by Cengel and Cimbala