Part 2

Chapter 1 Linear Algebra
Hints/Solutions
Practice Problems 1 x
C0 x
C1 x +1
C1
Solutions for questions 1 to 65: 9. 2 xC1 2 xC2 2 ( x +1)C2
1. Clearly option C is false. 6 xC 2 6 x C3 6 ( x +1)C3
Hence, the correct option is (C).
1 x x +1
2. We know trace of A = sum of diagonal elements of A
2x x ( x - 1) ( x + 1)( x )
n( n + 1)
55 = 1 + 2 + 3 + . + n = 3 x ( x - 1) x ( x - 1) ( x - 2 ) ( x + 1) x ( x - 1)
2
On solving, we get n = 10 or 11 C3 C3 - (C1 + C2)
But n being the order of A, cannot be negative
1 x 0
n = 10 2x x ( x - 1) 0 =0
Hence, the correct option is (A).
3 x ( x - 1) x ( x - 1) ( x - 1) 0
3. Trace is defined only for square matrices.
For any value of x = f(x) = 0.
Option C is false. Hence, the correct option is (C).
2 3+i -1
4. Consider the statement P, we have (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA
10. A + iB = 3 - i 0 -1 + i
p is true if A and B commute
-1 -1 - i 1
Now, consider (A + B) (A - B) = A2 + BA - AB - B2
(A + B) (A - B) = A2 - B2 if BA - AB = 0, that is if AB = BA 2 3-i -1
(A + B) (A - B) = A - B if A and B commute
2 2 A - i B = 3 + i 0 -1 - i
Statement q is true if A and B commute -1 -1 - i 1
Hence, the correct option is (C). 2 3+i -1
2 1 2 -2 x 3 x = 3-i 0 -1 + i by interchange of rows
5. Given, 1 0 1 x -2

0 = I3 3 -1 -1 - i 1
2 2 1 2 -2 x - x and columns

- 4x + x + 4 = 1 - 3x = - 3 x = 1 = A + iB A is purely real
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (C).
6. We know that, the determinant of a matrix is the sum of prod- 11. The determinant of the lower triangle matrix is product of the
ucts of elements of any row or column with the correspond- diagonal elements = 1.
ing co-factors. Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (B). 12. In the given matrix 2R3 = R1.
7. Clearly C3 = -C2 We know that in any square matrix, if two rows are equal or
The determinant value is zero. one is the multiple of the other, then its determinant is zero.
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (C).
n! ( n + 1) n! ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1) n! 13. Determinant of new matrix = 2 times the determinant of orig-
inal matrix.
8. ~ ( n + 1)! ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1) ( n + 3) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1)
( n + 2 )! ( n + 3) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 4 ) ( n + 3) ( n + 2 )
14. Given: A is a square matrix of order K.
1 n +1 ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1) We know, det (KA) = Kr det (A), where r is order of A.
~ n! (n + 1)!(n + 2)! 1 n + 2 ( n + 3) ( n + 2 ) KK = 27 33 = 27
1 n+3 ( n + 4 ) ( n + 3) k=3
R2 R2 - R1 and R3 R3 - R2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
1 n +1 ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1) 15. |4AB| = 44 |A| |B| = 256 -2 5 = -2560.
~ n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)! 0 1 ( n + 2) 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
0 1 ( n + 3) 2 16. If the elements of determinant are functions of x, we can
= n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)! {2(n + 3 - n - 2)} express the determinant A = f(x), for some function f.
= 2 n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)! When x = k, = 0 f(k) = 0
Hence, the correct option is (B). (x k) is A factor of f(x) and hence of the determinant.
Chapter 1 solution .indd 1 9/1/2015 3:36:54 PM

2.2|Engineering Mathematics
1 1 1 BT. AT = -AB
Now, = a b c is A function of a, b, c. (-B) (-A) = -AB [using (A)]
a2 b2 c2 AB + BA = O
When a = b we get c1 and c2 identical Hence, the correct option is (A).
( )
T
=0 24. Clearly, the given matrix satisfies A = A = A

(b a) is A factor of A is skew-hermition matrix.
Similarly for B = c, c = a, we get = 0. Hence, the correct option is (D).
And hence (a - b), (b - c), (a - c) are factors of . 25. Clearly idempotent matrices do not satisfy the relation A2 = I.
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (C).
17. A = (aij)nn be A lower triangular matrix 1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3
26. A2 = -1 2 3 -1 2 3 = O3 3
aij = 0 if i < j.
1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3
Now, |A| = a11 a22 ann (expanding along R1)
A is nilpotent.
A is singular atleast one of aii = 0, i = 1 to n
Hence, the correct option is (B).
27. As the given matrix is of order 2 3 and there exits A minor
18. Clearly the product of the given matrix with the matrix in
of order 2 2 whose value is not zero.
2nd option results in a unit matrix.
The rank of the matrix is 2.
The inverse of the given matrix is option -B.
28. In the given matrix, clearly R2 = -2R1 and R3 = -5R1
1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 4 5 det of the given matrix = 0 and det of all 2 2 minors also
2 3 4 5 6 2 1 1 5 6 becomes zero.
19. 3 4 5 6 7 = 3 1 1 6 7 Rank is 1.
4 5 6 7 8 4 1 1 7 8 Hence, the correct option is (B).
5 6 7 8 9 5 1 1 8 9 29. Rank is 1
(First C3: C3 - C2, and, then C2: C2 - C1) = 0. Hence, the correct option is (B).
-1
A does not exist. 30. AB = [14]1 1
Now, if |A| 0, i.e. A is non-singular and if AT = A, then AB contains non-zero element and its det 0
(AA-1)T = IT Rank of AB = 1
(A-1)TA = I Hence, the correct option is (B).
(A-1)T = A-1 31. Clearly choice (A) is in row echelon form.
A-1 is symmetric. Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (D). 32. Consider vectors in Choice (C) for some x, y, z R
20. We know, (AT)T = A and adj(adjA) = A for individual matrices. Let x (2, 1, 4) + y (1, -2, 2) + z (-3, 1, -6) = (0, 0, 0)
det (KA) = Kn detA 2x + y -3z = 0
Option (C) is false for any matrix. AX = 0, where
Hence, the correct option is (C). 4x + 2y - 6z = 0
21. If |A| is a 3rd order determinant, then |Adj A| = |A|2 (A) 2 1 3
Given that |Adj A|2 = 28561
det A = 1 2 1 = 0 ( R3 = 2R1)
|A|4 = 28561 (using (A))
4 2 6
|A| = 13, 13i but |A| = 13i as its elements are all real
The set of given vectors is linearly dependent.
|A| = 13
33. It is clear that crammers rule is applicable when m = n and
22. The product of a square matrix and its transpose is always
coefficient matrix is non-singular.
symmetric.
Hence, the correct option is (D).
As (AAT)T = (AT)T AT = AAT
34. In the given equations, we notice the rank of augmented
matrix and the rank of coefficient matrix and the number of
23. Given that A and B are skew-symmetric we have unknowns equal the number of equations.
A = -AT and B = -BT (A) There exists a unique non-zero solution.
AB is skew-symmetric (A.B)T = -AB Hence, the correct option is (A).

Hints/Solutions | 2.3
35. Augmented matrix of the given system of equations is 40. If the rank of the matrix is n, then the linear homogeneous
1 2 3 2 system of equations in n variables will have only one solution,
6 7 8 1 ; R - 6R x=0
2 1
The rank of the matrix = n
13 14 15 2
1 2 3 2
41. If the given equations have a non-zero solutions
R3 - 13R1 ~ 0 -5 -10 -11 clearly observing

2 -1 -1
0 -12 -24 -24
|A| = 0 k -3 2 = 0 k2 - 8k + 7 = 0
R2 and R3, we can notice rank of A is not the same as rank of -3 2 k
[A B]
(k - 1) (k - 7) = 0 k = 1, 7
The system of equations are inconsistent.
Hence, the correct option is (C). If k = 1 or 7, then the rank of A is less than the number of
variables
36. For the equations to have a unique solution.
The equations have non-zero solution.
0 2 1 Hence, the correct option is (D).
|A| 0 1 k 3 0
42. For non-zero solution,
1 0 -1
1 - k -1
- 2(- 1 - 3) + 1 (- k) 0
k -1 -1 = 0 ; C1 C1 + C3
8-k0
1 1 -1
k8
Hence, the correct option is (B). 0 - k -1
- k -1
37. If the system of equations have no solution, then det A = O k - 1 -1 -1 = ( k - 1)
1 -1
0 1 -1
4 2 -3
Here, A = 1 3 k = (k - 1) (k + 1) = 0 = k = 1.
1 1 -1 Hence, the correct option is (A).
A = 4(-3 - k) - 2(-1 - k) - (-3)

det 43. System AX = 0 has trivial solution if |A| 0
O = -12 - 4k + 2 + 2k + 6 - 2k - 4 = 0 a 3 5
2k = -4; k = -2. Here, |A| = 2 -4a a = -46a2 - 92a + 138
Hence, the correct option is (A). -4 18 7
1 1 1 = -46 (a + 3) (a - 1)
38. System does not have solution if 4 l -l = 0 |A| 0 a 1, -3 for these value of a, system has only
3 2 -4 trivial solution
0 0 1
4+l 2l -l = 0 = 24 + 6l - 14l = 0 2 p 6
7 6 -4 44. D = 1 2 q = (p 2) (q 3)
1 1 3
l = 3.
The system will have a unique solution only if 0
i.e. when p 2 and q 3,
39. The system of equations AX = B has a solution if [i] 0 or
(ii) x = y = z = 0 =
45. The system has no solution, when p 2, q = 3.
2 -3 1
Here, D = -1 2 3 = 0
5 -8 -1 46. When p = 2,
As the system has a solution x = 0 = y = z now 8 2 6 2 8 6 2 2 8

p -3 1 D1 = 5 2 q = 0 D 2 = 1 5 q = 0 D 3 = 1 2 5 = 0
Dx = 0 0 = q 2 3 = 22p 11q 11r = 0 4 1 3 1 4 3 1 1 4
r -8 -1 For all real values of q, there will be infinite number of
= 2p q r = 0 q, p, r are in A.P solutions.
Hence, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (A).

47. The given equations in matrix form are The characteristic roots are 1, 1, 5
2 1 -1 x 4 The characteristic roots of A-1 are reciprocals of 1, 1, 5.

3 -2 4 y = 8 They are 1, 1, 1/5.
1 -3 2 z 1 Hence, the correct option is (C).

The augmented matrix [A B] = 52. The sum of eigenvalues = The sum of diagonal elements
(trace of A) = 2 + 4 -5 = 1
2 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 Product of eigenvalues = det A = 2(4 -5 -3 -2) -
3 2 4 8 R 1
R3
3 2 4 8
1(0 3 - 4 1) = -24
1 3 2 1 2 1 1 4 Hence, the correct option is (B).
1 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 0 1
0 7 5 2 0 7 5 2
R 2 3R1, R 3 2 R1 R3 R 2
53. The eigen values of the matrix A = 0 2 p are 1, 2, 3
0 7 2 5 0 0 3 3 1 0 q
The matrix in echelon form We know that sum of the eigen value = Trace of A
x - 3y + 2z = 1 (A) 1+2+3=2+2+qq=2
7y - 5z = 2 (B) Also, product of the eigen values = Determinant of A
3z = 3(C) 2 0 1 2 0 1
from (C) z = 1 substituting in (B) We get y = 1, and then from 123= 0 2 p 0 2 p =6
(A) we get x = 2, 1 0 q 1 0 2
2[4 - 0) - 0[0 - p] + 1[0 - 2] = 6
48. As the eigen values of an upper triangular matrix are the diag- 8 - 2 = 6 p is any real number
onal elements of the matrix.
The eigen values of the given matrix are 2, 1 and 3.
54. The eigenvalues of a real skew-symmetric matrix are purely
Hence, the correct option is (C). imaginary or zero.
49. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is A - lI = 0 The product of the eigenvalues = det A
1- l 2 3 0 -1 2 -3 0 1 2 3
4 5-l 6 = 0 l3 - 15l2 - 18l = 0 1 0 4 6 1 0 4 6
7 8 9-l = =
-2 -4 0 5 0 4 8 17
l = 0 is A root of it. 3 -6 -5 0 0 6 17 18
Hence, the correct option is (D). -1 2 -3 1 2 -3 1 2 -3
2 3 4 = - -4 8 17 = 4 8 17 = 0 0 29
50. Let A = 3 5 -6 -6 -17 -18 6 -17 -18 0 -29 0

1 1 14
= 292. As det A 0, the product of all the eigen values is not
The characteristic equation of A is |A - lI| = 0 zero, i.e. 0 is not an eigen value.
2-l 3 4 Hence, the correct option is (B).
3 5-l -6 = 0 l3 - 21l2 + 101l = 0
5 2
1 1 14 - l 55. Let A =
-2 1
21 37 The characteristic equation of A is |A - lI| = 0
l(l2 - 21l + 101) = 0 l = 0; l =
2
5-l 2
21 37 = 0 (5 - l) (1 - l) + 4 = 0
Clearly, l = are positive -2 1- l
2
So, the minimum eigen value is 0. l2 - 6l + 9 = 0 (l - 3)2 = 0 l = 3, 3
Hence, the correct option is (A). The eigen values of A are l = 3, 3
x
51. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is Let x = 1 be an eigen vector of A corresponding to the
2-l 2 1 x2
eigen value l = 3
|A - lI| = 0 1 3-l 1 =0
AX = 3X
1 2 2-l 2 2 x1 0
(A - 3I) x = 0 =
l3 - 7l2 + 11l - 5 = 0 -2 -2 x2 0

2x1 + 2x2 = 0 and - 2x1 - 2x2 = 0 x1 = -x2 4 -6

So, A = .
Let x2 = k, where k is an arbitary constant 7 -9
-k -1 Hence, the correct option is (B).
x= =k
k 1 2 5 4
In particular if k = 1, then an eigen vector of a corresponding 59. The characteristic equation of A = 0 1 0
-1 0 -3 -2
to l = 3 is x =
1
2-l 5 4
Also, any other eigen vector of A will be a constant multiple
of x Is |A - lI| = 0 0 1- l 0 =0
Hence, the number of linearly independent eigen vectors of 0 -3 -2 - l
5 2 (2 - l) (1 - l) (- 2 - l) = 0
the matrix is 1.
-2 1 l3 - l2 - 4l + 4 = 0
By cayley Hamilton theorem, we have
56. The characteristic equation of the given matrix is A3 - A2 - 4A + 4I = 0 (1)
1- l 4 Multiplying (1) throughout by A-1, we have
= 0 - (1 - l2) - 8 = 0 or l2 = 9
2 -1 - l A-1 [A3 - A2 - 4A + 4I] = A-1 0
l = 3 for l = -3, the eigen vectors are -1 2
A2 - A - 4I + 4A-1 = 0 A-1 = [A - A - 4I]
4
1 4 1 0 x1 0 -1 2
- ( -3) = B= [A - A - 4I]
2 -1 0 1 x2 0 4
4x1 + 4x2 = 0 and 2x1 + 2x2 = 0 x1 = -x2 Hence, the correct option is (A).
The eigen vectors corresponding to l = -3 are 60. Multiply (1) by A-2 we have
x -x -1 A-2 [A3 - A2 - 4A + 4I] = A-2 - 0
x = 1 = 2 = x2
x x
2 2 1 A - I - 4A-1 + 4A-2 = 0
Hence, the correct option is (B). -1
A-2 = [A - I - 4A-1]
57. Let l be the eigen value of the matrix 4
6 -6 2 -1
(A-1)2 = [A - I - 4A-1]
A = -6 5 -4 with the corresponding eigen vector 4

2 -4 1 -1
B2 = [A - I - 4A-1]
4
-2
-1
x = 2 , from the definition of the eigen vector, AX = lX B2 = [A - I - 4B].
4
-1
6 -6 2 -2 -2 2 3
-6 5 -4 2 = l 2 61. The characteristic equation of A = is
4 6
2 -4 1 -1 -1
2-l 3
|A - lI| = 0 = 0 l2 - 8l = 0
-26 -2 -2 -2 4 6-l
26 = l 2 13 2 = l 2 l = 13 By cayley Hamilton Theorem, we have
-13 -1 -1 1
0 0
A2 - 8A = O, where O =
The corresponding eigen value is 13. 0 0
Hence, the correct option is (D). A2 = 8A (1)
58. Given l1 = -2 and l2 = -3 are the eigen values of A and Now, A15 = A14.A = (A2)7.A
-4 6 = (8A)7.A (From (1))
x1 = and x2 = are their corresponding eigen vectors
-4 7 = 87.A8
We know that sum of the eigen values = Trace of the matrix = 87(A2)4
The matrixes in options (A), (B) and (C) will satisfy this = 87.(8A)4 (From (1))
property = 87.84.A4
Also, we know that the product of the eigen values = Determinant = 811.(A2)2
of the matrix = 811.(8A)2 (From (1))
The matrix in option (B) only will satisfy this property = 811.82A2

= 813.(8A) (From (1)) Again from (1), l(l2 - 5l + 4) = 0

= 814.A. l(l - 1) (l - 4) = 0 l = 0, 1, 4
Hence, the correct option is (A). The eigen values of A are l = 0, 1 and 4
62. The characteristic equation of the matrix Product of the eigen values = 0 1 4 = Det of A
2 0 0 Determinant of A = 0, A is a singular matrix
A = 3 6 7 is |A - lI| = 0 So, A-1 does not exist Hence (Q) is NOT TRUE (3)
9 0 1 As the three eigen values of A are distinct, their corresponding
eigen vectors will be independent.
2-l 0 0
Hence, A is diagonalizable
3 6-l 7 =0
So, (R) is TRUE (4)
9 0 1- l
From (2), (3) and (4)
(2 - l) (6 - l) (1 - l) = 0 l3 - 9l2 + 20l - 12 = 0
P and R are TRUE, but not Q.
By cayley Hamilton theorem, we have
A3 - 9A2 + 20A - 12I = 0 (1)
64. We know that D = P-1AP (1)
Consider the given matrix polynomial
Where P is a modal matrix and D is a spectral matrix of a
2A10 - 18A9 + 40A8 - 25A7 + 9A6 - 20A5 + 13A4 - 9A3 + 20A2 diagonalisable matrix A
- 10A
From (1), we have PD = P(P-1AP)
= 2A7 [A3 - 9A2 + 20A - 12I] -A7 + 9A6 - 20A5 + 12A4 + A4
- 9A3 + 20A2 - 12A + 2A PD = (PP-1)AP PD = IAP PD = AP
= 2A7 0 - A4 [A3 - 9A2 + 20A - 12I] + A(A3 - 9A2 + 20A - So, option (A) is TRUE (2)
12I] + 2A. (From (1)) -1
Similarly, by post multiplying with P on both sides of (1),
= -A 0 + A 0 + 2A. (From (1))
4 we get DP-1 = P-1A
So, option (B) is also TRUE (3)
2 0 0 4 0 0
From (1), D = P AP
= 2 3 6 7 = 6 12 14 . -1

9 0 1 18 0 2 D2 = D.D = (P-1AP) (P-1AP)
P-1A(PP-1)AP P-1AI AP
D2 = P-1A2P
63. The characteristic equation of the matrix
PD2 = P(P-1A2P) PD2 = (PP-1)A2P PD2 = A2P
3 -1 -1
A2P = PD2
A = -1 3 -1 is |A - lI| = 0
So, option (C) is also TRUE.
1 1 -1
Also, it can be easily observed that the relation DP = PA cannot
3 - l -1 -1 be obtained from (1)

-1 3 - l -1 = 0 So, option (D) need not be TRUE.
1 1 -1 - l Hence, the correct option is (D).
(3 - l) [(3 - l) (-1 - l) + 1] + 1[(1 + l) + 1] - 1[-1 -(3 65. If P is A modal matrix of the 3 3 matrix A, then P-1AP will
- l) = 0 become the diagonal form of A with its eigen values are same
l3 - 5l2 + 4l = 0 (1) as that of the matrix A
The characteristic equation of A is l - 5l + 4l = 0
3 2 So, the eigen values of P-1AP are 0, 2 and 3.
So, (P) is TRUE (2) Hence, the correct option is (A).
Practice Problems 2 a10 0 0

A = 0 b
1. Unequal matrices may be comparable but comparable matri- 10 10
0 .
ces need not be equal. 0 0 c10
2. Standard result, the correct option is (D).
a1 0 ... 0 b1 0 ... 0
a 0 0 a 0 0 a 2
0 0 0 a2 ... 0 0 b2 ... 0
4. Let A = & B=
3. A2 = 0 b 0 0 b 0 = 0 b2 0 .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ..
0 0 c 0 0 c 0 0 c 2 0 0 ... an 0 0 ... bn

a1 + b1 0 ... 0 Consider
0 a2 + b2 ... 0 x
Cx -r y
Cy-r z
Cz -r
A+ B =
.. .. ... .. D1 = C x - r -1
x y
C y - r -1 z
C z - r -1
0 0 ... an + bn x
Cx - r - 2 y
Cy -r -2 z
Cz - r - 2
( a1 + b1 ) 2
0 ... 0
Cr x y
Cr Cr
z
0 ( a2 + b2 ) 2 ... 0
( A + B) =2 = C r +1
x y
C r +1 z
Cr +1 [Using (A)]
.. .. ... .. x
Cr + 2 y
Cr + 2 z
Cr + 2
0 0 ... ( an + bn ) 2
Cr x y
Cr Cr
z
In general (using mathematical induction we can prove that) = x +1

C r +1 y +1
C r +1 z +1
Cr +1 (Using (B) and
x +1 y +1 z +1
( a1 + b1 ) k 0 ... 0 Cr + 2 Cr + 2 Cr + 2
0 ( a2 + b2 ) k ... 0 R2 : R2 + R1 R3 : R3 + R2)
( A + B)k =
.. .. ... .. x
Cr y
Cr Crz
0 0 ... ( an + bn ) k
= x +1
C r +1 y +1
C r +1 Cr +1 (Using R3 : R3 + R2) and (B)
z +1
for k 1 x+2
Cr + 2 y + 2 Cr + 2 z+2
Cr + 2

= 2 1 : 2 = 1 : 1
5. Given A = (aij )n n, B = (bij)n n we have
n
C = AB = (cij)n n where cij = aik bkj 1 1 1
k =1
n
13. = m C1n n +1
C1 n+ 2
C1
cii = aik bki n
C2 n +1
C2 n+ 2
C2
k =1
For illustration let us take n = 3, then trace (AB) = trace (C) = 1 1 1

C11 + C22 + C33 C2 C2- C1
=m n n +1 n+2
= a11 b11 + a12 b21 +a13 b31 + a21 b12 + a22 b22 + a23 b32 + a31 b13 C3 C3 - C 2
n ( n - 1) ( n + 1) n ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1)
+ a32 b23 + a33 b33 (A)
2 2 2
From (A) we observe that trace (C) cannot be obtained from
trace (A) and trace (B)
1 0 0
Hence, the correct option is (D). = m.
= m n 1 1
6. Trace of a matrix = Sum of the principal diagonal elements of
n ( n - 1)
a square matrix = 1 - 1 + 5 = 5. n n +1
2
7. Except the second option remains are true. Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (B). 14. Let = |A201 A200| = |A200 (A I)| = |A|200|A I| (A)
8. The sum of the product of elements of any row or column 1 2 3
with their corresponding co-factors gives the determinant. Now, A = 1 2 4 = 1 (on expansion)
Hence, the correct option is (C). 1 1 5
9. a13 A13 + a23 A23 + a33 A33 = and not 0 0 2 3
Hence, the correct option is (A). and A - I = 1 1 4 = 0 [ R2 and R3 are identical]
10. In option (C), each element of 2nd row is multiplied by the 1 1 4
corresponding co-factors, so its sum is but not zero.
(A) becomes, = 1200 0 = 0
Option (C) is false
15. 1/4 times
11. The determinant of a upper triangular matrix is the product of
the diagonal elements Hence, the correct option is (B).
The diagonal elements are 2, -1, 3, -2 2 -1 3 -12 = 12. 16. When a matrix is multiplied by a constant, every element is
multiplied with the constant. In case of determinant the com-
Hence, the correct option is (C). mon factor in any row can be taken out from that row.
12. We know that nCm = nCn m (A) and that |5A| = 55|A|
n
Cm + Cm + 1 =
n n+1
Cm + 1 (B) Hence, the correct option is (C).

17. Let A be an nth order nonsingular matrix A = k ( 0 ), then Statement P is true.

1 2
adj A = A . A-1 = k A-1 Statement Q: Let A= . Then,
3 -1
1 Trace (A) = 1 1 = 0
\ adj A = k A-1 = k n A-1 = k n = k n -1.
A But A is not a skew-symmetric matrix.
Let B = adj A. Statement Q is not true always
= ( k n -1 )
n -1 n -1 n -1
Then, adj B = B = adj A = kn - 2 n +1
2
adj ( adjA) = A
n2 - 2 n + 1 22. For skew-symmetric matrices, diagonal elements are zeros
Trace = 0
1 3 -2
23. None
18. let A = -3 0 -5
2 5 0

24. If A is any given matrix, then it is said to be involuntary, if
|A| = 1(0 + 25) - 3(0 + 10) - 2(-15 - 0) = 25
A = I
Matrix is non-singular and inverse exists.
0 -5
cofactor of 1 = (-1) 1+1
= 25 25. A = 0 it is A Nilpotent matrix of index 2
5 0 Hence, the correct option is (D).
-3 -5 26. Matrix A is involutory A2 = I (1)
cofactor of 3 = (-1) = -10
1+2
2 0 Matrix A is orthogonal AA = I T
(2)
Similarly, we get cofactors for other elements Premultiplying (2) by A, we have A2AT = A
25 -10 -15 I AT = A (using (1))
cofactor matrix of A = -10 4 1

AT = A A is symmetric.
-15 11 9
Adjoint of A = Transpose of cofactor matrix
5+ 2i 4i 5- 2i
25 -10 -15
27. Let z = i - 8 -i -i - 8
= -10 4 11

-15 1 1+ i 3 i 1- i
9
Taking its complex conjugate is
25 -10 -15
A = 1/A (Adj. A) = 1/25 -10 4
-1
11

5 - 2 i -4 i 5 + 2 i 5 + 2 i -4 i 5 - 2 i
-15 1 9
z = - i -8 i i - 8 = - i - 8 -( -i ) -i - 8
Hence, the correct option is (B). 1 - i -3 i 1 + i 1+ i -3 i 1- i
0 6 8 0 -6 -8 5+ 2i 4i 5- 2i

19. Let A = -6 0 5 AT = 6 0 -5 (By interchanging C1 and C3) = i -8 i -i - 8 = z

-8 -5 0 8 5 0 1+ i 3 i 1- i

z = z z is A real number
0 6 8
AT = -6 0 5 = -A AT = A Hence, the correct option is (A).
-8 -5 0 28. Let A be the given matrix

A is skew-symmetric. 4 1+ i 7
Hence, the correct option is (A). A = 1 - i 6
T
i

20. Let B = A AT 7 -i 5

Now, BT = (A AT)T = AT (AT)T = AT A
4 1+ i 7
[ (AT)T = A ] = B B = A AT is skew-symmetric
Conjugate of A = 1 - i 6
i ;
Hence, the correct option is (B). 7
-i 5
21. Statement P: Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix. Then, all its
leading diagonal elements aii are zero. it may be observed that (A)T = A
n A is Hermitan but not symmetric
Trace ( A) = aii = 0
i =1 Hence, the correct option is (C).

2 a + 3i b - 2i 1 4 8 16

3
0 -10 -20 -36 R3 R3 - R2
29. Given matrix is a - 3i 4 c - 8i
b - 2i c + 8i 2
6 0 -15 -30 -54
Consider any ith row and jth column, any element, aij is a
1 4 8 16
conjugate of the element aji.
0 -10 -20 -36 Clearly (1) is in row echelon form.
It is a hermitian matrix.
0 0 0 0
30. because the det. of 2 2 minor matrix 0; Also, rank A = rank [A/B] = 2 < 3 (= No. of unknows)
Hence, the given system of equations is consistent and has
1 6
= 8 - 30 = -22 0 infinitely many solutions.
5 8
Rank = 2
38. Given equations are
2x + z = 2,
31. Because |A| 0 Rank = 3
kx + y + 3z = 1
x - y = -1
32. |A| 0 Rank A = 6

33. The system of equations is said to be consistent if there exists In matrix form, A = k 1 3
at least one solution. 1 -1 0

Hence, the correct option is (A). In order to get A unique solution, det A 0
34. The given system of non-homogeneous equations is consist- 2 [0 + 3] - 0 + 1 [-k -1] 0
ent only when the rank of coefficient matrix A is the same as 6-k-10k5
the rank of the augmented matrix.
r(A) = r[A B]
39. Given equations are:
2x + ay + 5z = 3
35. Rank of A < Rank [A : B]
3x + y + 2z = 4
x - 7y + 8z = b
36. Given equations are:
In matrix form, it is
x + 2y + 3z = 2
2 a 5
6x + 7y + 8z = 1 A = 3 1 2
13x + 14y + 15z = 2 1 -7 8

1 2 3 It has infinite number of solution when = 0 and 1 = 2
In matrix form, 6 7 8 = 3 = 0
13 14 15 =0
1 2 3 2[8 + 14] - A [24 - 2] + 5 (-21 - 1) = 0
Determinant = 6 7 8 = 0 44 - 22a - 110 = 0 22a = -66 A = -3
13 14 15 for getting b equate 1 or 2 or 3 = 0
When Det = 0; check out for the 1 or 2 or 3 values 3 -3 5

1 = 0 4 1 2 = 0
2 2 3 b -7 8

1 = 1 7 8
3 [8 + 14] + 3 [32 - 2b] + 5 (-28 - b) = 0
2 14 15
66 + 96 - 6b - 140 - 5b = 0
As 1 0, There are no solutions for the system of equations 22 - 11b = 0 B = 2
and they are inconsistent equations
40. For consistency of the equations
1 4 8 16 a a2 a3 + 1
R R2 3R1
37. 3 2 4 12 2 b b2 b3 + 1 = 0
R3 R3 4 R1
4 1 2 10 c c2 c3 + 1

a a2 a3 a a2 1 For having non-zero solutions Det = 0

i.e. b b 2 b3 + b b 2 1 = 0 4[-6k - 16] + 2[k2 + 24] -2[4k - 36] = 0
c c2 c3 c c2 1 -24k - 64 + 2k2 + 48 - 8k + 72 = 0
2k2 - 32k + 56 = 0 k2 -16k + 28 = 0
1 a a2 1 a a2
(k - 2) (k - 14) = 0 k = 2, 14
abc 1 b b 2 + 1 b b 2 = 0
1 c c2 1 c c2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
47. The solution of AX = 0 is given by
1 a a2 x y z
(abc + 1) 1 b b 2 = 0 = =
-3 1 2 1 2 -3
1 c c2 -
-1 -2 3 -2 3 -1
(abc + 1) (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) = 0 x y z
= = x = y = z = l (a constant)
But no two of a, b, c are equal. 7 7 7
(a - b) (b - c) (c - a) 0 abc + 1 = 0 x2 + y2 + z2 = 3l2
3 -2 1
48. The system AX = 0 has non trivial solution if |A| = 0
41. Determinant of the coefficients is 5 -8 9 = 3(-8k1 - 9)
3-l 1 4
2 1 k1
0 2-l 6 = 0 (3 - l) (2 - l) (5 - l) = 0
+ 2(5k1 - 18) + 1(5 + 16) = -14k1 - 42
0 0 5-l
System has unique solution if -14k1 - 42 0 k1 -3
l = 2, 3, 5 (Take them to be l1 , l2, l3 )
Hence, 4(l1 + l2 + l3) = 40
8 1 6 2 8 6 Hence, the correct option is (A).
42. D1 = 5 2 1 = 11; D 2 = 1 5 1 = 0
a 0 0 0
4 1 3 1 4 3
0 a 0 0
49. A =
2 1 8 0 0 a 0

D 3 = 1 2 5 = - 1 x : z = 11 : -1 0 0 0 a
1 1 4
Characteristic equation is |A - lI| = 0
(a - l ) 0 0 0
2 p 6 0 (a - l ) 0 0
=0
43. D = 1 2 q = 2(6 3q) p(3 q) + 6 = 18 6q 3p +
0 0 ( l)
a - 0
1 3 +3 0 0 0 (a - l )
pq = (p 6) (q 3)
p 6, q 3 (a - l) [(a - l) [a - l)2]] = 0
Hence, the correct option is (C). (a - l)4 = 0
a4 - 4al3 + 6a2l2 - 4a3l + l4 = 0
44. Rank of A = n
4
( -1)
k 4
Hence, the correct option is (D). . Ck .a 4 - k .l k = 0
k =0
45. The coefficient matrix is
2 -1 3 2 -1 3
50. Eigen values are 1, 1, 0
A = 1 1 1 det A = 1 1 1 = 2 (1 + 1) +1 (1 - 1) + 3
For a lower triangular matrix, leading diagonal elements are
1 -1 1 1 -1 1
the eigen values.
(-1 -1) = 4 - 6 0 Hence, the correct option is (C).
System has trivial solution only
5-l 4 -7
Hence, the correct option is (C). 51. |A - lI| = 0 0 -3 - l 1 =0
46. Given equations are: 0 0 6-l
4x - 2y - 2z = 0, kx - 6y + 4z = 0 and -6x + 4y + kz = 0
(5 - l) (-3 - l) (6 - l) = 0
4 -2 -2 (l - 5) (l + 3) (l - 6) = 0

In matrix form, it is k -6 4 Solving, we get l = 5, -3, 6 as the characteristic values.
-6 4 k

3 - l -2 -8 Corresponding to l = 5, the eigen vectors are:

52. |A - lI| = 0 0 3-l 4 =0 x1 0 2 1 x1 0
|A - lI| = =
0 0 7-l x2 0 6 3 x2 0
(3 - l) (3 - l) (7 - l) = 0 -2x1 + x2 = 0
l = 3, 3, 7. All characteristic values are real and positive. 6x1 - 3x2 = 0 2x1 - x2 = 0 corresponding to 5 the eigen
x x
6 2 2 vectors are 1 = 1
x2 2 x1
53. Given matrix is 2 3 1
2 1 3 1
= x1
2
6-l 2 2
Similarly, we can find eigen vectors corresponding to l = 0
Characteristic equation is 2 (3 - l ) 1 =0
2 1 ( 3 - l )
-1
58. Here, l1 = 1 and l2 = -4 are the eigen values and x1 =
(6 - l)[(3 - l)2 - 1] - 2[2(3 - l) - 2] + 2[2 - 2(3 - l)] = 0 1
54 + 6 l2 - 36l - 9l - l3 + 6l2 - 6 + l - 8 + 4l - 8 + l = 0 3
and x2 = are their corresponding eigen vectors of the
l3 - 12l2 + 36l - 32 = 0 (l - 2) (l2 - 10l + 16) = 0 -8
matrix P
(l - 2) (l - 8) (2 - l) = 0 l = 2, 2, 8
We have sum of the eigen values = 1 + (-4) = -3
Eigen values of inverse of the given matrix are reciprocal of
As l1 + l2 = Trace of P,
the eigen values of the given matrix
1 1 1 The matrices in options (B), (C) and (D) only will satisfy this
i.e. l = , , property
2 2 8
Hence, the correct option is (D). Also, the product of the eigen values = l1l2 = 1 (-4) = -4
54. The eigen values of a triangular matrix are the diagonal ele- As l1l2 = |P|
ments and the eigen values of the inverse matrix are the recip- The matrices in options (B) and (C) only will satisfy this
rocals of the original matrix. property
1
The eigen values of the given matrix are 3, -2, Also, from the definition of eigen vector of A matrix, we have
2 AX = lX for A square matrix A with l as an eigen value of x
1 -1
The required eigen values are , ,2 as its corresponding eigen vector
3 2
Hence, the correct option is (D). The matrix in option (C) only will satisfy this property for
both the eigen values l1 and l2
55. We have l1 + l2 = trace of A = 9
4 3
l1 l2 = |A| = 18 + 5 = 23. So, P = .
-8 -7
1 1 9
+ = Hence, the correct option is (C).
l1 l2 23.
1 3 2
Again, m1 + m2 = 6, m1 m2= |B| = 7
59. A = 3 2 1

1 1 6 2 1 3
+ = .
m1 m 2 7
Characteristic equation, |A - lI| = 0
9 6 201
Sum of the roots = + =
23 7 7 23 (1 - l ) 3 2
Product of the roots =

54 3 (2 - l ) 1 =0
7 23 2 1 (3 - l )
201 54
Required equation is x2 - x+ =0 (1 - l) [(2 - l) (3 - l) - 1] - 3 [3(3 - l) - 2] + 2 [ 3 -
7 23 7 23 2(2 - l)] = 0
161x2 - 201x + 54 = 0.
(1- l) (5 - 5l + l2) - 3( 7 - 3l) + 2 (2l - 1) = 0
l3 - 6l2 - 3l + 18 = 0 A3 - 6A2 - 3A + 18I = 0
56. Standard result, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (B).
3 l 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
57. |A - lI | =
6 2l 60. Given A = 0 1 0 , A2 = 0 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 1
|A - lI| = 0 (3 - l) (2 - l) - 6 = 0
l - 5l + 6 = 0 l = 0, 5 We notice A3 = A2A = A, A4 = (A2)2 = I.

A4 A3 A2 = I A I = A 1 2
From (2), A-1 = [A + I]
Hence, the correct option is (C). 2
61. Given that matrix A satisfies A3 7A 6I = 0 and that |A| 0. 0 1 1 1 0 0
1
Premultiplying (1) by A1 (Inverse of A exists as |A| 0) = 1 0 -1 + 0 1 0
2
A2 7I 6A-1 = 0 -1 1 -2 0 0 1

1 2
6A-1 = A2 7I A-1 = ( A - 7I ) 1 1 1
6 1
B= 1 1 -1.
Hence, the correct option is (A). 2
-1 1 -1
62. The characteristic equation of the matrix
5 8
A = is |A - lI| = 0
-2 -3 64. Multiplying (1) throughout by A-2, we have
A-2 [A3 + A - 2I] = A-2 = 0
5 - l 8
= 0 (5 - l) (-3 -l) + 16 = 0
-3 - l
1
-2 A + A-1 - 2A-2 = 0 A-2 = [A + A-1]
2
l2 - 2l - 15 + 16 = 0 l2 - 2l + 1 = 0 0 1 -1 1 1 1
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have 1 1
1 0 1 +
2 2 1 1 -1
1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 -1 1 -1
A2 - 2A + I = 0, where I = and 0 = 0 0
0 1
1 3 -1
A2 = 2A - I (1) 1
B2 = 3 1 1 .
Now, consider A17 = A16.A = (A2)8.A 4
1 -1 -1
= (2A - I)8.A (From (1))
= [(2A - I)2]4.A = [4A2 - 4A + I]4.A 2 3
65. The characteristic equation of the matrix p = is
= [(4(2A - I) - 4A + I)2]2.A (From (1)) 1 5
= [(4A - 3I)2]2.A = (16A2 - 24A + 9I]2.A 2-l 3
|P - lI| = 0 =0
= [16(2A - I) - 24A + 9I]2.A (From (1)) 1 5-l
= (8A - 7I)2.A = [64A2 - 112A + 49I].A (2 - l) (5 - l) - 3 = 0 l2 - 7l + 7 = 0
= [64 (2A - I) - 112A + 49I]A (From (1)) By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have
= (16A - 15I).A = 16A2 - 15A P2 - 7P + 7I = 0 (1)
= 16(2A - I) - 15A (From (1)) Consider the matrix polynomial
= 17A - 16I. 2P9 - 14P8 + 14P7 - 3P6 + 21P5 - 22P4 - 7P3 + 11P2 + 3P
Hence, the correct option is (D). - 2I
= 2P7 (P2 - 7P + 7I) - 3P4(P2 - 7P + 7I) + 21P4 - 22P4 - 7P3
Solutions for questions 63 and 65:
+ 11P2 + 3P - 2I
As it is given that the characteristic equation of a matrix
= 2P7 0 - 3P4 0 - P4 - 7P3 + 7P2 + 4P2 + 3P - 2I
0 1 -1 (From (1))
A = 1 0 1 is l3 + l - 2 = 0 = -P2(P2 - 7P + 7I) + 4(P2 - 7P + 7I) + 28P - 28I + 3P - 2I
1 -1 0 = -P2 0 + 4 0 + 31P - 30I (From (1)) = 31P - 30I
Given B = A-1 2 3 1 0 32 93
= 31 - 30 0 1 = .
By Cayley-Hamilton, we have 1 5 31 125
A3 + A - 2I = 0 (1) Hence, the correct option is (B).
-1
63. Multiplying (1) throughout by A , we have
x 2
A-1 [A3 + A - 2I] = A-1 (0) 66. For the matrix A =
y 5
A2 + I - 2A-1 = O Sum of the eigen values = 9
1 2 i.e. Trace of A = 9 ( sum of the eigen values = Trace of A)
A-1 = [A + I] (2)
2 x+5=9
x=4
0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 1
Also, the product of the eigen values = 0
Now, A2 = A.A = 1 0 1 1 0 1 = 1 0 -1
1 -1 0 1 -1 0 -1 1 -2 i .e. Determinate of A = 0 ( product of eigen values is equal
to determinant of the matrix.)

5x - 2y = 0 5 4 - 2y = 0 y = 10. l = 0, l = 13.775 and l = -3.775

Hence, the correct option is (D). From the options one of the other eigen values of A is
67. We answer this question by considering the options. l = -3.775.
From the options, it can be easily observed that Hence, the correct option is (C).
(i) sum of the numbers in option (C) 69. Suppose k1 = -3, then the determinant of the coefficients is
zero.
1 11
=1+1+ = (1) 1
5 5 k2 - -2 1
k2 -2 1 3 1
(ii) Product of the numbers D1= 3 -8 9 = 0 -8 9 , C1 - C3
3
1 1 -1 1 -3 0 1 -3
=11 = (2)
5 5
Also, we know that 1
= k2 - (24-9)
(i) sum of the eigen values = Trace (3) 3
and 1
If k2 , D1 0,
(ii) product of the eigen values 3
= Determinant (4) 1
System has no solution if k1 = -3 and k2
3
From (1) and (3), Hence, the correct option is (C).
Sum of the numbers in option (C) = Trace and from (2)
1
and (4) 70. Let k2 = and k1 = -3
3
Product of the numbers in option (C) = Determinant In this case, D1 = 0,
1
Hence, the eigen values of the matrix are 1, 1 and . 1
5 3 1
3
D 2 = 5 3 9 = 0, as third column is a multiple of the
68. The characteristic equation of the matrix 2 -1 -3
1 6 5 second column.

A = 1 -1 5 is |A - lI| = 0 1
2 7 10 3 -2
3
1
Again, D 3 = 5 -8 3 = 3(8 - 3) + 2(-5 - 6) + (5 + 16)
1- l 6 5 3
2 1 -1
1 -1 - l 5 =0
2 7 10 - l = 15 - 22 + 7 = 0
1
(1 - l) [(-1 -l) (10 - l) - 35] - 6[10 - l - 10] + 5[7 + 2 That is, when k1 = -3, k2 = , D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
3
+ 2l] = 0 System has infinite number of solutions.
-l3 + 10l2 + 52l = 0 l3 - 10l2 - 52l = 0 Hence, the correct option is (B).
Previous Years Questions -5 2

2. Given matrix is = A (say)
1 3 0 -9 6
1. Let A = 2 6 4 The characteristic equation of A is |A - lI| = 0

-1 0 2
-5 - l 2
=0
Given det of A = |A| = -12 -9 6 - l
2 6 0 1 3 0 (-5 - l) (6 - l) + 18 = 0
Consider = 4 12 8 = 2
2 6 4 = 2A
-30 + 5l - 6l + l2 + 18 = 0
-2 0 4 -1 0 2
l2 - l - 12 = 0
2 6 0 l2 - 4l + 3l -12 = 0

Det of 4 12 8 = |2A| = 23 |A| = 8 (-12) = -96. (l - 4) (l + 3) = 0
-2 0 4 l = -3, l = 4
Hence, the correct option is (A). The eigen values of A are -3 and 4

x 3x1 + 3x2 = 0. x1 = -x2

A non-zero vector x = 1 is an eigen vector of A
x2 -k k
eigen vector = or
Corresponding an eigen value l, AX = lX k -k
From the options Normalised eigen vector is
1 k
Consider A vector given in option (D)
1 2
1 -k
Let x =
1
2
if k = 1
-5 2 1 -3 1
Now, AX = = = -3 1 = -3X 1
-9 6 1 -3
2
AX = -3X, where -3 is an eigen value of A. required vector is .
-1
2
3. As the eigen values a and b of the 3 3 real symmetric matrix
x1 Hence, the correct option is (B).
7. The eigen values of a symmetric matrix are real numbers.
are distinct, their corresponding eigen vectors and x2 are
T
x1 y1 x
3 Hence, the correct option is (C).

orthogonal i.e. x2 y2 = 0 2 2
x y 8. Given A =
3 3 1 3
x1y1 + x2y2 + x3y3 = 0.
The characteristic equation of A is A - lI = 0
2-l 2
4. Consider option (D) =0
1 3-l
LHS = (P + Q)2 = (P + Q) (P + Q)
= P2+ PQ + QP + Q2 2 - 5l + 4 = 0
= RHS (l - 1) (l - 4) = 0
Option (D) is correct. l = 1, 4
Hence, the correct option is (D). The eigen values of A are l = 1 and l = 4
5. real Now, if x is an eigen vector of A, then either AX = X or AX = 4X
Hence, the correct option is (C). From option (A):
5 3 2 2 2 2
6. A =
1 3
AX = = = X
1 3 -1 -1
A- lI = 0
2
5-l 3 x = is an eigen vector of A, corresponding to the
=0 -1
1 3-l
eigen value l = 1
(5 - l) ( 3 - l) - 3 = 0
l2 - 8l + 15 - 3 = 0
l2 - 8l + 12 = 0 3 / 5 4 / 5
9. Given [M] =
l = 2, 6 x 3/ 5
5-l 3
A - lI = As [MT] = [M-1]
1 3-l 1 0
We have [M] [MT] = I =
3 3 0 1
at l = 2;
1 1
3 / 5 4 / 5 3 / 5 x 1 0
Let the eigenvector corresponding l = 2 be =
x 3 / 5 4 / 5 3 / 5 0 1
x1
x 3 x 12
2 1 +
5 25 1 0
=
3 3 x1 3 x + 12 0 1
=0 5 25 1
1 1 x2

3x 12 1 2
+ =0 12. Let A =
5 25
0 2
-4 The eigen values of A are l = 1 and l = 2
x=
5
1 1
Hence, the correct option is (A). Let X1 = and X2 =
a
b
1 2 4
1 2 1 1 + 2a
10. One eigen value of the matrix 3 0 6 is 3 Now, AX1 = = = 1. X1
0 2 a 2a
1 1 p
Let l1 and l2 be the other two eigen values of that matrix 1 + 2a 1
=
l1 + l2 + 3 = trace of the matrix 2a a
l1 + l2 + 3 = 1 + 0 + p a=0
l1 + l2 = p - 2 Similarly,
1 2 1 1
Hence, the correct option is (C). AX2 = 2X2 = 2
0 2 b
b
11. Given system of equations is
2x + 3y = 4 1 + 2b 2
= 1 + 2b = 2
x + y + z = 4 2b 2b
x + 2y - z = A (1) 1 1 1
b= a+b= 0+ =
2 2 2
Which can be written in matrix form as
2 3 0

Where A = 1 1 1 ; 13. If A is a real symmetric matrix, then the eigen values of A are
1 2 -1 always real.
x 4
X = y and B = 4 s

2 1
14. Let A =
z a 0 2
l = 2 is the eigen vector of A
Consider the augmented matrix
x
2 3 0 4 Let X = 1 be an eigen vector of A corresponding to l = 2
x2
[A/B] = 1 1 1 4
AX = 2X (OR) (A - 2I) X = 0
1 2 1 a
0 1 x1 0
=
R1 R2
0 0 x2 0
1 1 1 4 x1 = 0 and x2 is arbitrary.
~ 2 3 0 4
Let x2 = K, where k is arbitrary
1 2 1 a
x 0 0
R2 R2 - 2R1 X = 1 = = K
x
2 K 1
R3 R3 - R1
0
Any eigen vector of A is a scalar multiple of
1 1 1 4 1
0 1 -2 -4

The number of linearly independent eigen vectors of A is 1
0 1 -2 a - 4 Hence, the correct option is (B).
R3 R3 - R2 3 2
15. Given that the eigen values of S = are 5 and 1
2 3
1 1 1 4
The eigen values of S2 = S. S are S2 = 25 and 12 = 1
[A/B] 0 1 -2 -4
0 1 -2 a
16. * For a singular matrix, the determinant is zero.
The system of equations (1) has a solution, if the rank of So (P) should be matched with (3)
[A/B] = Rank of A. * For a non-square matrix, the determinant is not defined.
This happens if A = 0 Also, the eigen values are not defined.
Hence, the correct option is (B). So, (Q) can be matched with either (1) or (5)

* For a real symmetric matrix, eigen values are always real 5 - l 0 0 0

0
So, (R) should be matched with (4) 5-l 0 0
i. e. =0
* For an arthogonal matrix, the determinant is 1 0 0 2-l 1

So, (S) may be matched with (2) 0 0 3 1- l
Hence, from the above conclusions and the options given, the 5 - l 0 0
(5 - l) 0 1 = 0
correct answer is
2-l
P - 3, Q - 1, R - 4 and S - 2 0 3 1 - l
2 - l 1
(5 - l) (5 - l) =0
cos q - sin q 0 3 1 - l

17. Given E = sin q cos q 0 and (5 - l)2 [(2 - l) (1 - l) - 3] = 0
0 0 1
(5 - l)2 = 0; l2 - 3l - 1 = 0
1 0 0 3 13
l = 5, 5 and l =
G = 0 1 0 2

0 0 1 The eigen values of A are l = 5, l = 5,
3 3 3 3
and EF = G l= + and l = -
2 2 2 2
F = E-1
x1
cos q - sin q 0 x
E = sin q cos q 0 = 1 Now, if X = 2 is an eigen vector of A, then AX = 5 (OR)
x3
0 0 1
x4
The cofactor matrix of
3 13
cos q - sin q 0 AX = + (OR)
2 2

E = sin q cos q 0
0 0 1 3 13
AX = - X
2 2
Adjoint of E = Transpose of its cofactor matrix
From the options, the vector given in option (A)
cos q sin q 0
Adj E = - sin q 1

cos q 0 -2
0 0 1 i.e.
0
F = E-1
0
cos q sin q 0
5 1
1
= (Adj E ) = - sin q cos q 0 -10
E
0 AX = = 5 -2 = 5X
0 1 0 0

Hence, the correct option is (C). 0 0
18. Given AX = b is an inconsistent system of equations i.e. AX = 5X
Rank of [A/B] Rank of A 5
Rank of [A/B] > Rank of A -2
so is an eigen vector of the given matrix.
As A is a 3 4 matrix, the highest possible rank of the 0
augmented matrix [A/B] of order 3 5 is 3
0
Hence, the highest possible rank of A is 2.
20. Given system of equations is
5 0 0 0 x + y = 2 (1)
0 5 0 0
19. Let A = 1.01x + 0.99y = b (2)
0 0 2 1
(2) - 0.99 (1) 1.01x + 0.99y = b
0 0 3 1 0.99x + 0.99y = 1.98
The characteristic equation of A is |A - lI| = 0 0.02 x = b - 1.98

Taking the derivative on both sides, 8 x 0

0.02dx = db (3) 22. Consider that the matrix 4 0 2 is singular
Where dx and db indicates the changes in x and b respectively 12 6 0
Given change in b = db = 1 unit
From (3), 0.02 dx = 1 Det of it is equal to zero
1 8 x 0
dx = = 50
0.02 4 0 2 = 0
Hence, the corresponding change in x = dx = 50 units.
12 6 0
1 1 3 8(0 - 12) - x (0 - 24) = 0
21. For the matrix 1 5 1 the sum of the eigen values = Trace 24x = 96

3 1 1 x = 4.
of the matrix = 1 + 5 + 1 = 7. Hence, the correct option is (A).

Chapter 2 Calculus
Hints/Solutions
Practice Problems 1 1 1
6. Lt = and Lt
=
Solutions for questions 1 to 105: x
x 0 189
x 189 x 0
Left limit Right limit limit does not exist.

1. Lt
( x 1)( x + 1) = 2
x 1 x+1
1x
Hence, the correct option is (C). 2 x + 3x
7. Let y = xLt 2
0
3x + 9 x2 x Applying log on both sides, we get

2. Lt 3 x 9 x 2 x
x
3 x + 9 x 2 x 1
log y = Lt log (2x + 3x) - log2
x0 x
x 1 1
= Lt = = log ( 2 x + 3 x ) log 2

x
x 3+3 6 log y = Lt
x 3 + 3 1 2 x0 x
9x
Applying L hospital Rule, we get
1
as x , 0. 1
x [ 2 x log 2 + 3 x log 3] 0
Lt 2 + 3
x x
Hence, the correct option is (A). log y = x0
1
24 cos x 24 + 12 x 2 x 4 1
3. Lt
log y =
2
[log 2 + log 3] log y = log 6 l
x 0
24 x 6
We know that, y= 6
x 2 x 4 x6 Hence, the correct option is (C).
cos x = 1 - + + ____
2! 4! 6 !
8. [3 x + 4 x ]
1x
(x 1)
24 ! x x2
x 24 12 x
4
x 6 2 4 1
1 + + ____ + We know that 4 < (3 x + 4 x )
1x
< 2x . 4
24 2! 4! 6 ! 24 24 24
Lt
x 0 x6 1 Lt 1
as Lt 2 x = 1 x 2 x 4 = 4
x x
2
x6 4
x x 2 4 x
1 2 + 24 6 ! + ____ 1 + 2 24 Lt 1
Lt x (3 x + 4 x ) x = 4 (by known theorem)
x 0 x6
1 - x6 x8 -1 -1 Hence, the correct option is (A).
= Lt + + ____ = =
x 0 x 6 6 ! 8!
6 ! 720 9. Lt |x - 2| + [x - 2]
x 2
24 cos x - 24 + 12 x 2 - x 4 -1
Lt = = Lt - (x - 2) + (- 1) = - 1
x 0 24 x 6 720 x 2
Hence, the correct option is (D). Lt |x - 2| + [ x - 2] = Lt + (x - 2) + 0 = 0

+
1 x 2 x2
L.H.L R.H.L
x
n n n
1
x 1
4. ( y n + x n ) n = y 1 + as < 1 & lim 1 + = e limit does not exists.
y y n n

n
x 1

y
n
y n 10. Statement II is false
n x

For example, consider the problem lim (sec x tan x )
= y 1 + x
p
y x
2
1 sin x cos x
= lim = lim =0
xn 1 1 x x
p cos x x sin x
p
y eo as n As < , as <1 2 2
y n n y However, lim secx and lim tanx do not exist.

p p
x x
x n 1 2 2
Hence, as n , lim = 0 = y. Consider Statement I,
y n
sin x - e x + 1 cos x - e x
Hence, the correct option is (C). Lt = Lt =0

x 0 x x 0 1
5. Lt (x [x]) = 2.7 [2.7] = 2.7 2 = 0.7. True
x2.7
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hints and Sol.indd 18 9/1/2015 5:58:54 PM

11. Statement II is true 17. Lt f(x) = 7; Lt f(x) = Lt ax + b = 5a + b = 7 (1)

x 5 x 5 + x 5 +
1 5 + 3 , 1< x < 2
3 , x=2 Lt f(x) = 7a + b and Lt+ f ( x ) = 11
1, 1< x < 2 x7 x 7
f ( x ) = 4 10 + 3 , 2< x<3 =
3 , 3 , 2 x4 7a + b = 11 (2)
x=3
Solving (1) and (2) we get a = 2 and b = 3
9 15 + 3 ,
3< x<4
f(x) is continuous at x = 3 18. For continuity of f(x) at x = 0,
Statement I is false
lim f ( x ) = f (0 ) = l
x 0
cos 3 x 1 0
12. Statement II is true lim form
x 0 5 x 2 + 11 1 0
Consider Statement I
-3 sin 3 x
As |cosx| 1 lim , by L Hospitals rule
x 0 1
cos x 1 10 x

2
5 x2 + 1
x x
3 sin 3 x
= lim - 5 x 2 + 1 lim
1 cos x x 0 5 x 0 x
As x , 0 lim =0
x x x
3 sin 3 x 3 9
= - lim 3 = - 1 3 = -
Statement I is true 5 x 0 3 x 5 5
13. We know that f(x) = [x] is continuous at all real numbers and l=-
5
discontinuous on all integers.
14. f(1) = 5 - 4 = 1 19. f(x) is continuous in [0, 6] In particular, it is continuous at
x = 3, 4 (points of subdivision)
lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 + h)
x 1+ h0 At x = 3 we have,
= lim 4 (1 + h) - (1 + h) = 1
2 ap

h0
L.H.L. = lim f ( x ) = lim a cot 1 ( x 3) =
x 3 x3 2
lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 h)
1 cp
R.H.L. = lim f ( x ) = lim c tan 1
x 1 h0
=
x 3
= lim 5 (1 h) 4 = 1 2
x 3 x 3

h0
f (3) = 3b
lim f (1) = f (1) ap cp
x 1 As f is continuous at x = 3 = = 3b
2 2
f(x) is continuous at x = 1 6b
Hence, the correct option is (C). a = c = (1)
p
15. sin x is continuous. At x = 4
x, x2 + 2 being polynomial functions are also c ontinuous, also 1 cp
L.H.L. = lim f ( x ) = lim c tan 1 =
x2 + 2 0 x4
x4 x 3 4
Hence, the function is continuous for all x.
R.H.L. = lim f ( x ) = lim cos1 (4 3) = ap
Hence, the correct option is (A). x 4+ x4
16. f(0) = a2 p
= + ap = f (4 )
2
sin2 ax
lim f ( x ) = lim f is continuous at x = 4
x 0 x 0 x2
cp p p
sin2 ax 2 = + ap = + cp (2) using (1)
= lim .a 4 2 2
x 0 a 2 x 2
-2 -p
2 c= =a b= (using (1))
sin2 ax 2 3 9
= lim .a = 1 a 2 = a 2
x 0 ax -2 -p
a=c= & b=
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 3 9
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (B).

20. \ sin x - x is differentiable at x = 0

y
f(x) cos x = cos x is differentiable at x = 0
(2, 3)
x is not differentiable at x = 0

\cos x x is not differentiable at x = 0

x sin |x| -|x| is differentiable at x = 0
y = x 21 o
1
OR
1
sin x x , x < 0
We can rewrite f(x) as (a) f(x) =
sin x + x , x0
x 2 1, x < 2
sin x + x , x < 0
3 , x = 2 (b) f(x) =
sin x x , x0
f ( x ) = 1 x , 2 < x < 1
0, x = 1 cos x x , x < 0
(c) f(x) =
x 2 1 , x > 1 cos x + x , x 0
cos x + x , x < 0
(d) f(x) =
From the graph, it is clear that f(x) is continuous everywhere cos x x , x 0
but not differentiable at
All the functions in (a), (b), (c), (d) are continuous at x= 0.
x = -2, 1 OR Continuity:
Let us check the differentiability of these functions at x= 0
f(x) is continuous in everywhere except perhaps at
In the case of (a), f (0 ) = f (0 + ) = 0 = 2
x = -2, 1
In the case of (b), f (0 ) = f (0 + ) = 0
At x = -2, lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 1) = 3 = f ( 2 )
x2 x 2 In the case of (c), f (0 ) = 1, f (0 + ) = 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (1 x ) = 3 In the case of (d), f (0 ) = 1, f (0 + ) = 1
x 2+ x 2
Only, the function in (B) is differentiable at x = 0
As lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 0 = f ( 2 ) , f(x) is continuous at
x 2 x 2
x = -2.
22. (P) As f(1) and f(3) are not defined.
At x = +1, lim f ( x ) = 0 = f (1) = lim f ( x )
x +1 x +2 + f is not continuous on [1, 3]
f(x) is continuous x = 1 also. P is false
f(x) is continuous everywhere (Q) But f is differentiable on (1, 3)
Differentiability: -1 1
As f (x) = + exists in (1, 3)
2 x , x < 2

( x - 1) 2
(3 - x ) 2
Now, f I(x) = 1, 2 < x < +1 Q is true

2x, x > 1
(R) When c = 2, f 1(2) = 0 there exists c (1, 3),
At x = -2, f (-2 ) = - 4 f (-2 )(= -1)
I - I + (c = 2) such that f 1(c) = 0 R is true
f I does not exist at x = -2 5
f(x) is not differentiable at x = -2 23. 5th root function of f(x) = x3 is u = x 3

At x = +1, f I (1-) = -1 f I(1+) (= 2) 3 53 1 3
u = x = 5
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1 5 5 x2
f(x) is differentiable everywhere except at x = -2, 1. Hence, the correct option is (C).
24. f (x + y) = f(x) . f(y)
21. x = x , x > 0 and = -x, x < 0
Put y = 0, f(x) = f(x) f(0) f(0) = 1
sin x + x = sin x + x, x 0 and = - sin x - x, x < 0
f ( x + h) f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( h) f ( x )
R H Derivative = 2 at x = 0 f (x) = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
L H Derivative = -2 at x = 0
f ( h) 1 f ( h) f (0 )

sin x + x is not differentiable at x = 0 = f ( x ) lim = f ( x ) lim
h0 h h0 h
sin x x = sin x x , x > 0 = -sin x + x, x < 0
f ( x ) f (0 ) = 2 f ( x )
R H Derivative = 0 at x = 0
L H Derivative = 0 at x = 0 Hence, the correct option is (A).

25. Given f(x) = x (1 - x cot x) - 1 in 0 , p , we have and 0 cos2x 1

x 2 max. 4, min. 3
1 Hence, the correct option is (D).
f (x) = 1 + x2 cosec2 x - 2x cot x + 2
x
28. f (x) = 6x2 - 18ax + 12a2
1
= (x cosec x - cos x) + sin x + 2 > 0 x 0, p
2 2
when f (x) = 0, x2 - 3ax + 2a2 = 0.
x
2
That is, (x - 2a) (x - a) = 0.
f(x) has no extrema in 0 , p
That is, x = 2a, a
2
Hence, the correct option is (C). f (x) = 12x - 18a
26. Given y = x 2 f (x) > 0 at x = 2a q = 2a
The graphs of each of the options are given below. f (a) < 0, at x = a p=a
As x is always positive for all non-zero real numbers and it is
2 Now, p = q 2
a = 2a a = 2.
2
0 when x = 0 Hence, the correct option is (A).

y = x has a minimum value which is equal to 0. 29.
Choice A: y = x2 C
y a-x
A x B
x
Let the side (AB) of the given triangle be x units.
O
Then, the hypotenuse (BC) is a x units.
has minimum at x = 0, Choice B: y = |x 3| y = |x 3| as |x 3| The third side of the triangle AC = ( a x )2 x 2
is always positive it is 0 when x = 3
The minimum of y is exist at x = 3 1 1
The area of the triangle = AB AC = . a 2 2 ax
2 2
y ds 1 1
= (2xa2 2a.3x2)
dx 2 2 a x 2 ax 3
2 2
ds
For the area to be maximum = 0 2xa2 2a.3x2 = 0
dx
a 3x = 0 a = 3x or x = a 3 AB = a 3 units
x
O (3, 0) a a 2a
When x = and hypotenuse (BC) = a x = a =
Choice C: 3 3 3
a 2a
1 The required ratio AB:BC = : = 1:2
y = , as 1 + x2 is greater than 1 for x R 3 3
1 + x2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
1 30. The angle between AB and BC i.e., B is obtained from
< 1 for all x R
1 + x2 AB 1
cos B = = B = 60
maximum value of y is 1. BC 2
When B = 60 then C = 30
y
(0, 1) 31. Consider f(x) = |x2 3| in 0 , 6
3 x2 , 0 x 3
x =
O
x 2 3, 3<x 6
1 As f is modulus function, it is continuous at all points but f is
y = has maximum at x = 0
1 + x2 not differentiable at x = 3
Hence, the correct option is (D). So, Rolles theorem is not applicable to f(x) in [0, 6]
27. f(x) = 3 sin2 x + 4 cos2 x 3x , 0 x 1

Now, g ( x ) =
= 3 + cos2 x 4 - x, 1 < x 3

log 3 3 x , 0 < x < 1 k 4 x 2 y 2 2 k 4 y 2 z 2 + 5 k 4 x 2 z 2 3k 4 xyz 2

g ( x ) = g(1-) = 3 log 3 g(1+) f(xk, yk, zk) =
1, 1< x < 3 k 4 x 4 + k 4 y 2 z 2 + k 4 xyz 2
g(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. k 4 f ( x , y ,z)
= = k2f(x, y, z)
Rolles theorem cannot be applied to g(x) k2
Hence, the correct option is (D). f(x, y, z) is a homogeneous function of order 2.
f (1) f (0 )
32. f (C) = f (x) = 2px + 2qx + r 6
10 4 x + 4 y
\ 2pc + 2qc + r = p + q + r 38. Given, u =
6 x + 4 y
p+q 1
\c= = . Put x = xk and y = yk
2 ( p + q) 2
6
(For a quadratic, c is midpoint of the interval) k1 4 4 x + k1 4 4 y (1 4 - 1 6 )6 . u
u = =k
k1 6 x + k1 6 6 y
6
33. By Mean Value theorem = k 1 126 .u
1
f(a + h) = f(a) + hf(a + hq), 0 < q < 1, b = a + h, u is homogeneous function of order
here a = 1, b = 2 h = 1 2
By Eulers theorem for homogeneous functions
f(x) = 2x3 5x + 3 f (x) = 6x2 5, f(1) = 0 and f(2) = 9
u u 1 u
By Mean Value theorem, there exists q (0 < q < 1) such that x. +y = u=
x y 2 2
f ( 2 ) f (1)
= f 1(1 + q), (h = 1) Hence, the correct option is (A).
21
9
or = 6(1 + q)2 5 or
14
= (1 + q)2 q =
7
1 (
39. Given, u = log x + x 2 + y 4 )
1 6 3
Hence, the correct option is (C). eu = x + x2 + y2 (1)
x2 u 1 y
34. Given, f(x) = eu = . 2y = and
x+1 y 2
x +y
2 2
x + y2
2
f I(x) =
( x + 1) 2 x - x 2 (1) = x ( x + 2) .
u
=
1
. 1 +

1
2 x
( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)2 x x+ x + y
2 2
2
x +y2
2
Clearly f I(x) > 0 If x(x + 2) > 0 1 u u y y

= eu -y = - =0
x [- 2, 0] x2 + y2 y x x2 + y2 x2 + y2
f(x) increases in (-, -2) U (0, ) Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (D). 5 5 5
x2 + y2 + z2
35. By Cauchys Mean Value theorem 40. Given u = 1 1 1
is a homogeneous function of
f (b) f ( a) x2 + y2 + z2
=
f 1
(c )
e e
aq ap
=
a.e ac
5 1
g (b) g ( a) g 1 (c ) e aq e ap a.e ac order(k) = - = 2
2 2
e aq e ap u u u
= e 2 ac ea(p + q) = e2ac 2ac = a(p + q) By Eulers theorem x +y +z = ku = 2 tanf
1 1 x y z

ed eq e ap Hence, the correct option is (A).
p+q u f
c = 41. In the above problem, given u = tanf = sec2f
2 x x
u f u f
Similarly = sec2f and = sec2f
36. Given x = cos(z + y2) z = cos-1 x - y2 y y z z
Differentiating partially with respect to y Substituting these values in the result of the above we have
z f f f
= -2y ( x is constant) x sec2f + ysec2f + zsec2f = 2tanf
y x y z

Hence, the correct option is (D). f f f 2 tan f
x +y +z = = sin2f
x y 2 y z + x z 3 xyz
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z sec 2 f
37. Given f(x, y, z) =
x 4 + y 2 z 2 + xy 2 z Hence, the correct option is (D).

42. Given f(x,y) = x3 + y4 - 27x + 32y + 100 At (0, 0), (3, 0), and (0, 3) it can be easily observed that rt - s2 < 0
fx(x, y) = 3x 27 and fy(x, y) = 4y + 32
2 3 and hence they are saddle poins
for stationary points fx = 0 and fy = 0 3x2 27 = 0 At (1, 1), rt - s2 = 4 - 1 = 3 > 0, and r = -2 1 = -2 < 0
x = 3 and 4y3 + 32 = 0 y = 2 f has a local maximum at (1, 1)
Stationary points are (3, 2), (3, 2) And from (3), z = 3 - x - y = 3 - 1 - 1 = 1
Hence, the correct option is (D). The point where f has a local maximum is (1, 1, 1).
43. Given f(x, y) = 2x2 + 4y2 + 4xy + 2x + 10y + 7
45. Let x, y and z be the length, width and height of the rectangu-
f f
Fx = = 4x + 4y + 2 and fy = = 8y + 4x + 10 lar box, open at the top.
x y
The volume of the box = xyz = 64 (Given)
Fx = 0 4x + 4y + 2 = 0 2x + 2y = -1 (1) and
The material required for the construction of that box =
Fy = 8y + 4x + 10 = 0 2x + 4y = -5 (2) surface area of that box
3
Solving (1) and (2), we get y = - 2 and x = = xy + 2yz + 2zx
2
3 Let f(x, y, z) = xy + 2yz + 2zx (1)
The stationary point of f(x, y) is 2
2 64
As xyz = 64 z = (2)
2 f 2 f f 2 xy
Now, r = fxx = = 4, s = fxy = = 4 and t = =8 From (1) and (2)
x 2
x y y 2
rt - s2 = 32 - 16 = 16 = 0 and r = 4 > 0 128 128
f = xy + + (3)
x y
3
f(x, y) has a local minimum at 2 . 128 128
2 fx = y - 2 and fy = x - 2
Hence, the correct option is (B). x y
128
44. Let f = x y z (1) fx = 0 y - 2 = 0 x2y = 128 (4)
x
Where x + y + z = 3 (2)
128
z=3-x-y (3) and fy = x x - 2
y
(1) becomes 128
fx = 0 y = 2 = 0 xy2 = 128 (5)
f = xy (3 - x - y) = 3xy - x2y - xy2 y
fx = 3y - 2xy - y2 and fy = 3x - x2 - 2xy from (4) and (5), we have x2y = xy2
Now, fx = 0 3y - 2xy - y = 0 y(3 - 2x - y) = 0
2
xy (x - y) = 0 x - y = 0 (xy 0) x = y
y = 0, or 2x + y = 3 (4) 1 1
From (4), x3 - 128 x = 4 ( 2 ) , y = 4 ( 2 )
And fy = 0 3x - x2 - 2xy = 0 x(3 - x - 2y) = 0 3 3
x = 0, or x + 2y = 3 (5) (
The stationary point is 4 3 2 , 44 3 2 )
If y = 0, then from (5), x 2 0 = 3 x = 3 256 256
(3, 0) is a stationary point r = fxx = , s = fxy = 1 and t = fyy = 3
x3 y
If x = 0, then from (4) 256 256
And rt = (1)2
2 0 + y = 3 y = 3 x3 y3

(0, 3) is a stationary point
And from (4) and (5),
(
At 4 3 2 ,4 3 2 )
rt - s2 = 4 - 1 = 3 > 0 and r > 0
2x + y = 3, x + 2y = 3
f has a minimum value at x = 4 3 2 and y = 4 3 2
Solving these two equations, we have
From (2), z = 2 3 2
x = 1 and y = 1
The ratio of the dimensions of that box is
(1, 1) is a stationary point
= x : y : z = 4 3 2 : 4 3 2 : 2 3 2 = 2 : 2 : 1.
The stationary points of f are
(0, 0), (3, 0), (0, 3) and (1, 1)
46. Among the options given, the step function is the only func-
2 f 2 f tion which is discontinuous but integrable 10
Now r = fxx = = -2y; s = fxy = = 3 - 2x - 2y
x 2
x y
[x] dx = 10 11/2 = 55
2 f
and t = fyy = = -2x Hence, the correct option is (A).
y 2
1 2n
rt - s2 = (-2y) (-2x) - (3 - 2x - 2y)2 47.
n
(e + e 4 n + + e 2 n n )
= 4xy - (3 - 2x - 2y)2

1 n 2r n
1 The area bounded by the curve y2 = x and x = 3 is the plane
e = e 2 x dx
n r =1
region OAB as shown in the figure
0
(Using the theorem of integral as the limit of a sum) Area of OAB = Area of OBC (=R1) + Area of OAC (=R2) (1)
1 2x In OBC, y2 = x (or) y = x
Let f (x) = e2x for all x [0,1] and g (x) = e x [0,1] 3 3
2 2 23
f (x) is continuous on [0,1], and hence integrable g(x) is deriv- Area of OBC = xdx =
3
x =2 3
0
able on [ 0,1] and g1(x) = f(x) x =0
1
1 2 1 1 2 Also the regions R1 and R2 have same area
e 2 x dx = g (1) g (0 ) = e = (e 1)
2 2 2 Area of OAC = 2 3
0
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, Area of OAB = 4 3 sq units.

n n
n 1 1
48. Lt n 2 2
= Lt
+ r n r = 1 n 2
52. Y
n
r =1 r
1
n
x=2
1
1 p
= dx = [tan 1 x ]0 = .
1

0
1 + x 2
4
C
X
O
49. We know that A
sec n 2 x tan x n 2 y = 3x 2
sec n xdx = + + sec n - 2 x dx
n1 n1
put n = 3 B
sec n 2 x tan x 1
sec n xdx = + sec x dx
n1 2
sec x tan x 1 The area bounded by the curve y = -3x2, the line x = 2 and x
= + log(sec x + tan x)
2 2 and y axes is the region OBC as shown in the figure
sec x tan x 1 p x As y = -3x2 0, for 0 x 2, we have
= + log tan +
2 2 4 2 2 2

Area A = ( 3 x 2 ) dx = 3 x 2 dx
x =0 0
p 2 = [x ]
3 2
0
= 8 sq units.
50.
0
sinm x cos n xdx Hence, the correct option is (D).
m-1 m-3 1 n-1 n-3 1 p 53. We have to find the volume V of the solid obtained by revolv-
= ........ ..... ing the ABC as shown in the figure about x - axis
m+1 m+n-2 n+2 n n-2 2 2
7
here m = 4 and n = 6 then
p 2
Volume = V =
x=4
py dx 2
3 1 5 3 1 p 15p
sin 4
x cos6 xdx = = 7 7
0
10 8 6 4 2 2 2560 =
x=4
p ( x 4 ) dx = p ( x 4 ) dx
x=4
3p
= 7
512 x 92
= p 4 x = p cubic units.
2 4 2
51.
C
Y
y2 = x
(
B 3, 3 ) Y
R1
O A B X
O C X
R2 y 2= x - 4
x=4
x=7
( )
3,- 3 A x = 3

54. Given curve is y = loge (cosx) = n (cos x) 1

1
dy 1
58. x 25
dx
= (- sin x) = - tan x -1
dx cos x
This is a second kind improper integral
p
The length of the curve y = n (cos x) from x = 0 to x = is 1 a 1
4 1 1 1

x dx = Lt x dx + Lt x dx
dy
p 4 2 25 a0 25 a0 25
-1 1 -1

x =0
1 + dx
dx a 1
5 3 5 5 5 5
Lt x + Lt x 3 5 +
p a0 3 1 a0 3 a 3 3
(1 + ( tan x) ) dx =
p x 4
=
2
(1 + tan x ) dx
2
10
0 0 = 2 (5 3) =
3
p
4 p Hence, the correct option is (B).
= sec xdx = loge [ sec x + tan x ]04
1

0
59. I. dx
= loge 1 + 2 . ( )
0 x4 + 1
1
Hence, the correct option is (A). As x
0
2
dx is convergent,

1 1
55. x
1
1.0001
dx
0 x +14
dx is also convergent by comparison test
It is convergent as p > 1 dx

1
b
1
0 4 x 5 + 1
II. x p
dx is convergent when p > 1
x
0
Lt 1.0001
dx
b
1 dx
x -0.0001
b
x 5
+1

is also convergent by comparison test.
4
= Lt = Lt - b-+ 0.0001 0
b -0.0001 10000 Both are convergent.
1 b
= 0 + 10000 = 10000 Hence, the correct option is (C).

4x + 7
3
60. x
3
6
+ 10
dx
1
56. ( x 2) dx
1
x
45
0 we know that p
is convergent when p > 1
1
a 3
1 1 4x 4
= Lt
a2 ( x 2) 45
dx + Lt
a2 ( x 2) 45
dx Consider = is convergent
0 a x6 x5
(It is an improper Integral of second kind) 5 > 1( p > 1)
a 3 4x + 7 4
= Lt 5 ( x 2 ) + Lt 5 ( x 2 ) \ < 6
15 15

a2 0 a2 a x + 10 x
6
= 5(0) - 5(- 2 )1/5 + 5 = 5 + 5.21/5 4 4x + 7

As is convergent, by comparison test 6 is also
x6 x + 10

Hence, the correct option is (D). convergent.
0
1 Hence, the correct option is (A).
57. (1 4 x ) 2
dx
- Solutions for questions 61 and 62:
0 0
1 1
= (1 4 x )
-
2
dx = Lt
a (1 4 x )
a
2
dx 61. e
0
- qx
dx
b
e qx
b b
0 Lt e qx dx = Lt
1 1 1 1 1 b b q 0
= Lt + = Lt 0 0
a 4 (1 4 x ) a a 4 1 4 (0 ) 1 4 a
e qb 1
= Lt +
1 1 b q q
= [1 - 0] =
4 4 e qb
If q > 0, then Lt = 0 and the above integral is finite. if
Hence, the correct option is (C). b q
q < 0 then

e qb dydx 2 e2
Lt = The above integral is infinite. We have to evaluate
b q my 2
0 ex
The given integral is converges only when q > 0. Here, first we have to integrate w.r.t from y = ex to y = e2 along
the vertical strip from P to Q, and then we have to integrate
w.r.t x from x = 0 to x = 2
1
62. The integral value = . Evaluation of this double integral can be made simple by
q changing the order of integration.
Then, we integrate w.r.t x from x = 0 to x = my among the
p 4 p 4
horizontal strip P Q from P to Q and then we integrate w.r.t
63. (3 cosq + 4 sinq ) dq df Y from y = 1 to y = e2
0 0 2 e2
dydx
e2
iny 1
p 4
0 0 iny 2 = dx dy

(3 cosq + 4 sinq )
q =p 4
= df y =1 x = 0
iny 2

q =0
0 x = iny
e2
x e2
iny - 0
iny
p 4
3 4 1 p 4 4 2 1 p = 2
dy = dy
+ 4 df = 4
[f ] = . x =0 iny 2
2
y =1 y =1
0 2 2 2 4
e2 e2 e2
4 2 1 iny 1 1
= p
= y =1 2iny dy = 2 1 dy = 2 1
4 2
1 2
Hence, the correct option is (B). =( e - 1) .
2
p
1 1
q
p
1 1
p Hence, the correct option is (B).
x y dy dx = x [log y ] dx = dx (log q log 2 )
y=q
64. y=2
2 x x-2
1 1 1
68. Given integral is f ( x, y ) dxdy
p q x=2 y=
= log [log x ]1 = log log p
p
2 2 From the limits of x and y the region of integration is as

shown in the figure
Y

1 1- x 2 1 1- x 2
65.
dy dx = sin -1 y
dx
0

0 (1 - x 2 ) - y 0 1 - x 2 0 a
1
1 - x2 p1 p
= sin -1 dx = dx =
1 - x2 2 2
0 0
(2,0)
Hence, the correct option is (C). (0,-2) P X
log t
x x+ y log t log t
e dy dx = e e y = 0 dx = e ( e - 1) dx
y=x
66. x y x x
0 0 0 0
x-y = 2
log t log t
e2 x 1 1
=
0
(e - e )dx =
2x x
2
- e x = e 2 log t - e log t - + 1
0 2 2
By changing the order of integration, we first integrate w.r.t
t2 1 x along the horizontal strip from x = y + 2 to x = , then we
= -t +
2 2 integrate w.r.t y from y = 0 to y =
Hence, the correct option is (A). x-2
f ( x, y ) dxdy = f ( x, y ) dxdy.
67. Y 2 0 y =0 x = y +2

C y = e2 Q B
69. Given x = eu+J and y = u J
(2, e 2)
By changing the variables from x, y to u, J, the given double
Q integral becomes
P1
y = ex dxdy 1 1

R
= dxdy = u +J
xy R xy R (
e ) uJ
J duu J (1)

P x x
A J ( x + y ) u J e u +J e u +J
Where J = = =
X J ( u, J ) y y J u
u J

J = (u - J) eu +J 72. The area bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 6 and the parabola

(1) becomes y = x2 is the region as shown in the figure.
In this region, y varies from Y = x to y = 6 x 2 and
dxdy 1 u J x varies from x = - 2 to x = 2
= u +J ( u - J ) eu +J dud J = dudJ
R
xy R ( e ) uJ R
uJ Y
1 1
i.e. f ( u,J ) dudJ = J - u dudJ
R R Q Y = x2
1 1
f ( u, J ) = -
J u A 2,2
B 2,3
P
70. Given x = u + 2J and y = 4u + 3J O X
x x
( x + y) u J 1 2
x 2 + y 2x = 6
J= = = = -5
( u,J ) y y 4 3
u J
By changing the variables from x and y to u and J, the
2 6 - x2
given integral becomes The required area =
dydx
f ( x, y ) dxdy = f ( u + 2J , 4u + 3J ) J dudJ x=- 2 x= x
R R
= f ( u + 2J, 4u + 3J ) 5 dudJ 73. The volume of the region under the plane 12x + 4y - 32 = 0
R
and above the region bounded by x = 1, x = 3, y = x2 and
i.e. f ( u + 2J , 4u + 3J )Y ( u,J ) dudJ
R y = 4x2 is given by
= f ( u + 2J , 4u + 3J ) = dudJ
3 4 x2
1
R V= (12 x + 4 y ) dydx
x =1 y = x 2 3
y (u, J) = 5.
1 3 4x 2
Hence, the correct option is (A). = 12 x 2 + 2 y 2 y = x dx

3 x =1
2
71. Given integral is f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz 1 3

R = ( 36 x 2 + 30 x 4 ) dx
3 x =1
In cylindrical coordinates, we have 1 3 1
x = p cos f, y = P sin f and z = 2 = 9 x 4 + 6 x 5 1 = [9 80 + 6 242]
3 3
x x x = 724 cubic units.
p f z Hence, the correct option is (C).
cos f p sin f 0
( x , y , z ) y y y
J= = = sin f p cos f 0 Y
( p, f, z) p f z 74.
0 0 1
z z z C
(2, 2)
p p z P Q
y=1
= (cos f) (p cos f) + p sin f .sin f
A (1, 1) B (3, 1)

= p cos2f + p sin2f XX
The given integral in cylindrical coordinates becomes
f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz
R y=x
x+y=4
= f ( p cos f, p sin f , z ) J dpdfdz
R
( x ( p, f, z ) , y ( p, fz ) , z ( p, fz ) ,Y ( p, f, z ) dpdfdz We have to find the volume of the solid generated by the revo-
R lution of the triangle ABC about x - axis
= f ( p cos i , p sin fz ) pdpdfdz In triangle ABC, x varies from x = y to x = 4 - y and
R
y = varies from y = 1 to y = 2
y (p, f, z) = p.
Volume of the solid V = 2p ydxdy
Hence, the correct option is (A). ABC

2 4- y 2
a = 482 ( sin 2 4t + cos 2 4t ) = 48
[ xy ]
4 y
= 2 (pydx ) dy = 2p x= y
dy

y =1 x = y y =1
2 2
= 2p [ 4 - y - y ] ydy = 2p ( 4 y - 2 y 2 ) dy df
y =1 y =1 78. f = 0 f is a vector function of constant direction.
2 dt
2 2
= 2p 2 y 2 - y 3 = 2p 2 ( 4 - 1) - (8 - 1) Hence, the correct option is (C).
3 y =1 3
79. rn
8
= p cubic units. = i /x (rn) = i nrn-1 r/x
3
Hence, the correct option is (D). = i n rn-1 x/r = nrn-2 x i = nrn-2 r
75. For the solid V, formed by the planes
Solutions for questions 80 and 81:
X = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and x + y + z = 4
Given surfaces f = xy2z - 2y + z2 and g = x2 + yz - x - 2
Z varies from z = 0 to z = 4 - x - y,
Y varies from y = 0 to y = 4 - x and x varies from x = 0 to x = 4
grad f = i + j + k f
x y z
Volume of the solid bounded by the planes
X = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and x + y + z = 4 is = y2z i + (2xyz - 2) j + (xy2 + 2z) k
4 4- x 4- x- y
dxdydz = dzdydx grad g = i + j + k g = (2x -1) i + z j + y k
V x =0 y =0 z =0 x y z
4
4- x 4- x- y Let n be the normal vector to surface f at P (1, -1, 2),
= [ x ]z = 0 dy dx i.e. n1 = (grad f )P n1 = 2i - 6j + 5k

x =0 y =0

Let n2 be the normal vector to surface g at P (1, -1, 2),
4
4- x
= ( 4 - x - y ) dx dx i.e. n2 = (grad g)P

x =0 y =0

n2 = i + 2j - k
4- x
4
y2 80. The normal vector to the surface g is n2 = i + 2j - k
= 4 y - xy - dx
x =0 2 y =0 Hence, the correct option is (B).
81. The acute angle q between the two surfaces is the angle
4
( 4 - x ) dx
2
= 4 ( 4 - x ) - x ( 4 - x ) - between the normals n1 and n2

x =0 2
n1n2 2i - 6 j + 5k ). ( i + 2 j - k )
i.e. cos q = =
1 4 1 4 x2 n1 . n2 22 + 6 2 + 52 12 + 22 + 12
= 16 + 8x + x 2 dx = - 8 x + 16 dx
2 0 2 0 3
4 2 - 12 - 5 15
1 x2 1 64 = =
= - 4 x 2 + 16 x = - 64 + 64 390
2 3 0 2 3
65. 6
15
32 q = cos-1 .
=
cubic units. 390
3
82. Given f = x3 y + y3 z + z3 x grad f = f = i (3x2 y+ z3) + j (x3 +
a.b
76. cos q = , Here, a = 3i + j + 2k and b = i - j + k 3y2 z) + k (y3 + 3z2 x) grad f at (0, 1, -1) is (-I -3j + k ) unit
a b
i + 2 j + 2k
vector ( u ) along i + 2 j + 2 k is
3 -1+ 2 4 8 3
cos q = = =
9 +1+ 4 1+1+1 14 3 21
directional derivative is f. u =
( i - 3 j + k ) ( i - 2 j + 2k )
3
-5
77. r = 3 sin 4ti + 3 cos 4t j + 5t k = .
3
dr Hence, the correct option is (D).
velocity V = = 12 cos 4ti - 12 sin 4tj + 5 k
dt
83. The magnitude of directional derivative is maximum in the
V = 144 ( cos 2 4t + sin 2 4t ) + 25 = 13 direction of f
dv
Acceleration a = = - 48 sin 4ti - 48 cos 4tj = i + j + k (2xy2 - xyz + y2 z)
dt x y z
= -48 (sin 4ti+ cos 4tj) = i (2y - yz) + j (4xy - xz + 2yz ) + k (- xy + y2)
2

f (1, -1, 1) = 3i - 7j + 2k, = i (- a1 - a1) - j (a2 + a2) - k (a3 + a3)

f = 9 + 49 + 4 = 62 . = - 2 (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) = - 2 a (3)

Hence, the correct option is (C). from (1), (2), (3) all the options are true.
84. The directional derivative (D.D) of f is grad f
i i j k

= + j + k (ax3 + by3 + cz3)
x y z 89. Curl F = = -i + j - k

x y z
= 3ax2 i + 3by2 j + 3cz2 k x +1+ y 1 x+ y
(grad f )(1, -1, 1) = 3ai + 3bj + 3ck, as D.D is maximum in the
direction parallel to y - axis F curl F = -(x + y + 1) + 1 + (x + y) = 0
coefficients of i and k are each zero a = 0, c = 0 Hence, the correct option is (A).
The maximum value of D.D. = grad f = 3 90. Divergence of curl = 0
3b = 3 b = 1 a = 0, b = 1, c = 0 Hence, the correct option is (D).
91. If f is solenoidal, then div f = 0
85. The directional derivative of a scalar point function is a func-
tion of both position and direction. i.e. . f = 0
Hence, the correct option is (D). f1 f 2 f 3
+ +
f1 f 2 f 3 x y z
86. div r = .r = + + =2-1+3=4
x y z

= (2x + 3y) + (z + 2y) + (x - pz) = 0
i j k x y z
2+2-p=0p=4
Curl r = r =
x y z Hence, the correct option is (A).
2x - y 3z
92. If f is irrational then curl f = 0
= i (0) j (0) + k (0) = 0 .
Hence, the correct option is (D). i j k

87. The required condition is curl F = 0.
x y z
x + ry z 3x y + qz px + y z
88. Let r = x i + y j1+ z k , and
(1 - q) i - j (p + 1) + k (3 - r) = 0
i j k 1 - q = 0, p + 1 = 0, 3 - r = 0
a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k r a = x y z
q = 1, p = -1, r = 3
a1 a2 a3
= i (a3 y - a2 z) - j (a3 x - a1 z) + k (a2 x - a1 y) 93. From the choices,
Let f(x, y, z) = xyz + k

(
. ra = ) x 3
(a y - a2 z) -
y 3
(a x - a1 z) = | f | = yz i + zx j + xy k
+ (a x - a1 y) = 0.
z 2 94. y = x3
(
. r a = 0. )
(1) dy = 3x2dx
. dr = (5xy - 6x2) dx + (2y - 4x)dy
F
( )
grad r a = grad (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z) 2 2
= a1 i + a2 j + a3 k = a (2)
F . dr = (5 x ( x ) - 6 x ) dx + ( 2 x
1
3 2
1
3
- 4 x )( 3 x 2 ) dx
j i k = ( 5 x 4 - 6 x 2 + 6 x 5 - 12 x 3 ) dx
1
ra =(x
) y z
2
= x 5 - 2 x 3 + x 6 - 3 x 4 1 = 35

a3 y a2 z a1 z a3 x a2 x a1 y Hence, the correct option is (A).

95. x y ds By greens theorem

s y
x = cos t x = cos t, y = sin t y = sin t0
1
2p 1 2p 1
1
1 y= X (2, 1)
8 r = 0 0
sin 2 t cos 2 t dr dt = 2 sin 2 2t dt dr 2
r =0 t =0
1 1 2p
= 1 cos 4t dt dr
8 r =0 0
0 (2, 0) x
-2p
1 1 sin 4t 1 p
dr = 2p r ]0 =
1
= t -
80 4 0 8 4 21 2
x
Hence, the correct option is (A). ( x 2 ydx + xy 2dy ) = ( y 2 - x 2 ) dxdy

e 2
= (y2 -x2) dy dx
0 0
96. 2
x
2
y3 2 x3 x3
C B (1, 2) = 0 3 - x 2 y 0 dx = 0 24 - 2 dx
2 2
11 -11 x 4 -11
= ( - x 3 ) dx = =
O A x 24 0 24 4 0 6
F .dr F.dr 100. By Greens theorem, the area A of the region bonded by a
1
2 C
closed curve C is given by A = (x dy - y dx)
= y dx - 2 xydy = pdx + qdy
c
2
c
x 1
= ( q /x - p /y ) dx dy (Greens theorem) here C consists of the curves C1: y = , C : y = and
S 4 2 x
2 1
C3 : y = 4x
= ( -2 y - 2 y ) dydx = - 4
x =0 y =0 y
Hence, the correct option is (C). (1/2, 2)
y = 4x y = 1/x
97. Given F = 2x2 i + (y - 3xz) j + 2zk and let r = xi + yj
(2, )
+ zk. Given as x = 2t, y = t2, z = 3t2 - 2
y = x/4
r = 2t i+ t2 j + (3t2 - 2) k dr = (2i + 2tj + 6tk) dt
O x
F . dr = (2x2 i + (y - 3xz) + 2zk). (2i + 2tj + 6tk) dt
= (4x2 + 2t ( y - 3xz) + 12zt) dt 1 1

A =
= + +
2 c 2 C C C
= 4(2 t)2 + 2t(t2 - (3t2 - 2)) +12(3t2 -2) dt
1 2 3
x 1
F .dr = 16t2 + 2t3 - 18t4 + 12t2 + 36t3 - 24t Along C1: y = dy = dx: x is from 0 to 2
4 4
= (-36t4 + 38t3 + 40t2 - 24t) dt.
1 x
I1 = dx - dx = 0
Hence, the correct option is (B). x
4 4
B
98. Work done from A to B = F .dr Along C2: y =
1 1
dy = 2 dx: x is from 2 to
1
1
A x x 2
= ( -36 t4 + 38 t3 + 40t2 - 24t ) dt 12
1 1 12
-2
dx = -2 [log x ]2
0 12
I2 = x - 2 dx - dx =
t5 t4 t3 t2
1 2 x x 2 x
= -36 + 38 + 40 - 24
5 4 3 2 0 = 4 log 2.
1
-36 38 40 24 109 Along C3:y = 4x dy = 4 dx, x is from to 0
= + + - = 2
0
5 4 3 2 30
I3 4 xdx - 4 xdx = 0
12
1 1
99. 0 x 2, 0 y X Area =log 16 = log 4.
2 2
f1 = x y and f2 = xy
2 2

101. By Gauss divergence theorem F .n ds = .Fdv curl F . ds

S V
S

2 2 2 2
2 y2
2
= x ( 2 xz ) - y ( yz ) + z ( xy ) dv = y dx dy = ( xy ) x = 0 dy = 2 y dy =
2
=4
V y =0 x =0 0 0 2 0
3 3 3

= ( 2 z z + 0 ) dv =
V
( z ) dzdydx
x =0 y =0 z =0 F . dr = curl F . ds = 4

C S
3
3 3
z2 9 3 3 Hence, the correct option is (A).
= dydx = 1dydx
x =0 y =0 2 2 x =0 y =0
0
104. div NdV = N N ds
9 3 27 3 27 3 81
[ y ]0 dx = 1dx = [ x ]0 =
3 v s
=
2 x = 0 2 x = 0 2 2 Take F = N in Gauss divergence theorem
= 1ds = 4p 12 = 48p
s
102. Given F = x2 i + xyj
Note: Total surface area of a sphere is 4pr2
i j k Here, r = 12

curl F = F = = i (0) - j (0) + k (y) = y k Hence, the correct option is (C).
x y z
x2 xy 0 105. By Divergence theorem r . nds = r dv
S v
curl F = y k i
= + j + k . (xi + yj + zk) dv
Hence, the correct option is (C). v
x y z
103. By Stokes theorem
C
F . dr =
S
curl F. ds = 3 dv = 3V
v
curl F = y k and ds = dx dy k Hence, the correct option is (B).

curl F . ds = yk. dx dy k = y dx dy
Practice Problems 2 2x + 5x
p= when x; p 2.
Solutions for questions 1 to 115: x2 + x - 1
p
x + x -1

2
cos x - sin x
1. Given Lt 1 + 2 x + 5 2 x + 5
P p Lt
x
- 2x x x 2 + x - 1
4
2
Lt p
1 1 1

Lt (1 + y ) y e2
x 0
2 sin x - cos x
Lt 2 2 y 0
x
P p
4 2 x -
4
3. Let y = x2x
p
sin x - log y = 2x log x
4
Lt log x
x
p p Lt logy = Lt 2xlogx = 2 Lt xlogx = 2 Lt
4 2x - x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 1x
4
- (by L.Hospitals Rule)
p
sin x - 1x Lt
1 p Lt
4 1 = 2 x0 =0
= x - 4 0 = 1 x 2
2 p 2
x- 4 log y = 0 y = e0 = 1

Hence, the correct option is (B). Lt x2x = 1
x 0
p Hence, the correct option is (B).

x + x -1

2
x 2 + 3 x + 4 x 2 x + 5 2 x +5
2. Lt 2 = Lt 1 + 2 1
x + x -1

x + x -1 4. L.H. limit = L im f ( x ) = Lim (= L say)

x x
x 0- x 0- 1
5 + 3x
x ( 2 x + 5) 2x + 5 1
where p = 2 Let y = 2 when x = ; y = 0 As x 0 , -.
x + x -1 x + x -1 x

1 1 9. Given f(x) = 3 x 1 for x 0

so that 3 x 0 and 5 + 3 x 5
= 3 x + 1 for x > 0
1
LH limit = Lt f ( x ) = Lt ( 3 x - 1) = -1
5 x 0- x 0
1
RH limit = Lim f ( x ) = Lim (= R say) Lt f ( x ) = Lt ( 3 x - 1) = 1
x 0 x 0 5 + 31 x
+ +
x 0+ x 0
As x 0+,
1
Lt f ( x ) = Lt ( 3 x - 1) = 1
x 0+ x 0
x
1 1
1 Lt - f ( x ) Lt f ( x ) f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
so that 3 x and 5 + 3 x R = =0 x 0- x 0+

As L R. we say that the Lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x 0
10. Lt f (x) = Lt
x2 - 4
= Lt
( x + 2) ( x - 2) = 4
x 2 x 2 x - 2 x 2 x-2
1
1x + 2 x + ... + n x x But given f (2) = 6
5. y
n Lt f (x) f (2)
x 2
1 1 + 2 + ... + n
x x x
f is discontinuous at x = 2
log y = log
x n Hence, the correct option is (D).
1 1x + 2 x + ... + n x 0
lim log y = lim log form 4x2 - 9
= Lt
( 2 x - 3) ( 2 x + 3) = Lt (2x + 3) = 6
x 0 x 0 x
n 0 11. Lt
x
3 2x - 3 x
3 2x - 3 x
3
n 2 2 2
= lim x
x 0 1 + 2 x + ... + n x Given f (x) is continuous at x = 3/2

1 x 3
1 log1 + 2 x log 2 + ....n x log n Lt f (x) = f = 6
n x
3
2
2
1
( log ( n!) ) = log ( n!) n lim y = ( n!) n
1 1

n
x 0
12. Given, f (x) = [x]; [x] represents greatest integer x,
we know [x] is discontinuous at all integers or having jump
6. We know that when x < 3 |x 3| = (x 3) discontinuity at all integers and continuous at all irrational
points
x-3 - ( x - 3)
Lt = Lt = 1 The statements p, q are only correct
x 3 x-3 x 3 x-3
When x > 3 |x 3| = (x 3) like
1 + px - 1 - px 1 + px + 1 - px
Lt
x-3
= Lt
( x - 3) =1
13. Lt f (x) = Lt
x 0- x 0- x
x
1 + px + 1 - px
x 3
+
x-3 x 3
+
x-3
1 + px - 1 + px 2p
Limit does not exist. = Lt = =p
x 0-
x ( 1 + px + 1 - px ) 2
2 x + 1 -1
7. x 3
Lt [ x] + x = x
Lt
3
[ x] + 1 Lt f (x) = Lt =
x 0+ x 0+ x-2 2
x x
When x < 3 [x] = 2 Given, f (x) is continuous = L.H.L = R.H.L
-1
x 3
Lt [ x] + 1 = h
Lt
0
[3 - h] + 1 = h
Lt
0
2
+1 =
5 p =
2
x 3+ h 3- h 3
When x >3 [x] = 3
14. As x is continuous every where, so is f(x)
x 3
[ x] + 1 = h
Lt + Lt
0
[3 + h] + 1 = h
Lt
0
3
+1 = 2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
x 3- h 3+ h
Left limit Right limit 15. Lt f (x) = Lt (ax - b) = a - b (1)
x 1- x 1-
Limit does not exist Lt f (x) = Lt 3x = 3 (2)

x 1 x 1
+ +

Given, f (x) is continuous at x = 1
8. By the standard definition of continuous functions all the
statements are true. a-b=3
Hence, the correct option is (D). a = 3 + b (3)

and Lt f (x) = Lt 3x = 6 20. Consider (I) it X cos 1/x2 = 0, as x 0. Using the definition
x 2- x 2-
of limits.
Lt f (x) = Lt bx2 - a = 4b - a
x 2+ x 2+ Let > 0 be given,
If f (x) is continuous at x = 2, then 4b - a = 6 (4) choose d = |x cos 1/x2 - 0| |x|<
Solving (3) and (4), we get b = 3 (

|cos 1/x2| 1).
given f (x) is not continuous at x = 2 so b 3 However, f(0) is given as 1, if it can be replaced with 0, then
a = 3 + b, b 3 the discontinuity stands removed.
Hence, the correct option is (C). Option II and III have infinite discontinuities
16. As polynomial functions are continuous everywhere Hence, the correct option is (A).
3 x + 1, x 1 21. We can draw the graph of the function by noting the following:
f(x) = is continuous everywhere except
2 - ax , x > 1
2 Case (i) x 0
possibly at x = 1 f(x) = x - (x) = 0
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 1 also we must have Case (ii) x < 0
f(1) = lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) f(x) = x - (- x) = 2x
x 1+ x 1
y
lim 2 ax 2 = lim 3 x + 1 2 - a = 4 a = -2.
x 1 x 1

0
x
sin ( 4 k - 1) x
, x0
3x
17. f(x) =
tan ( 4 k + 1) x , 0 < x < p
5x 2 As we see no break it is continuous everywhere.
p or
f(x) is continuous everywhere in -, except possibly at
2 0 x0
x=0 f(x) =
2 x x<0
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have
For x > 0, f is a constant and for x < 0 , f is a line
f(0) = lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
x 0 -
x 0 +
Further, Lt f(x) = f(0)
sin ( 4 k 1) x x0
lim f ( x ) = lim Hence, f is continuous every where and hence discontinuous
x 0 x0 3x
nowhere
sin ( 4 k - 1) x ( 4k - 1) x = 4k - 1 sin q
= lim = 1 Hence, the correct option is (D).
lim
x 0 ( 4k - 1) x 3x 3 q 0 q
22. Lt 2x3 x2 x + 2 = 0 and given f(1) = 0
tan ( 4 k + 1) x ( 4k + 1) x = 4k + 1 x -1
Also, lim f ( x ) = lim The given function is continuous at x = 1

x 0 +
x 0 ( 4k + 1) x 5x 5
4k - 1 4k + 1
Equating, = k =1 23. We know that the greatest integer function is always discon-
3 5
tinuous over integers.
The number of discontinuous points are infinite.
18. As f(x) is continuous at x = 0 we must have Hence, the correct option is (A).
3 sin x - 2 x 24.
f(0) = lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 tan x + 4 x
3 sin x
-2
1
lim x . (dividing numerator and denominator by x)
x 0 tan x
+4

x -
2 -1 2
3- 2 1
= =
1+ 4 5
f(x) = |x| sin x. We can rewrite f(x) as
19. At all odd multiples of p/2, x sin x , x < 0

f(x) = 0 , x =0
tan x has discontinuity of second kind
x sin x , x >0

As polynomials and sine functions are differentiable f(x) is By intermediate value theorem f takes all values between - 4
differentiable at all points except perhaps at x = 0. At x = 0, and 2 which includes 0 as well. (at-least once)
we have Further, f (x) = 15x2 - 4x + 3
- ( sin x + x cos x ) , x < 0
f ( x) = f (0-) = 0 f 1(x) > 0 x (0, 1).
( sin x + x cos x ) , x > 0
so f is increasing on [0, 1]
f (0+) = 0
f has only one root on [0, 1]
As f(0-) = f(0+) we have x = 0 as a point of differentiability
f(x) is differentiable everywhere.
28.
25. For k = 0, F(x) = x 0 x < 1, For k = 1 r r
F (x) = x - 1 1 x < 2 and so on. We now draw the graph.
y
l
If is length of arc and r is radius of the sector, we have
+ 2r = 24
1 0 1 2 3 x = 24 - 2r
1 1
Clearly 0 f(x) < 1 Area of sector A = l r = (24 - 2r) r = 12r - r2
2 2
So f is bounded above by 1 and below by 0
dA
As we see breaks at all integer points it is not continuous at all = 12 - 2r
integer points and hence not differentiable at all integer points. dr
{
Hence, the correct option is (D). dA d2A
= 0 12 - 2r = 0 r = 6 =-2<0
dr dr 2
x x Area is maximum at r = 6
26. Given f (x) = = for x < 0
1+ x 1- x 1
Maximum area is A = (12) (6) = 36 sqcm
= 0 for x = 0 2
Hence, the correct option is (B)
x
for x > 0 29. Statement of the theorem
1+ x
if the function is differentiable at x = 0, it is differentiable at
every value of x. 30. f satisfies all the necessary conditions of Rolles Theorem,
x So, f (c) = 0 for c (- p, p). sin c = 0
f ( x - h) - f ( h) -0
= Lt 1 - x
Lt c=0
h 0 -
h x 0 x-0 -

1
= Lt =1
x 0 1 x 31. f(x) = 1 = f(1)
x
-0 So f is continuous at x = 1
f ( x + h) - f ( h) 1 + x
Lt = Lt f 1 (x) = - 1 for x < 1 and f 1(x) = - 2 for x > 1
h 0 +
h x 0 x +
So, f is not differentiable

1
=1
= Lt at x = 1. So f is not differentiable on (0, 2)
x 0 1 + x
f(0) = 2 and f(2) = -1
Left derivative at x = 0 is equal to right derivative at
So, f(0) f(2)
x = 0
f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 Hence, the correct option is (D).
f(x) is differentiable for every value of x 32. Given f(x) = 3x2 1 over [1, 3]
Hence, the correct option is (A). Clearly f(1) = 2 and f(3) = 26 f(1) f(3)
27. f(x) = 5x - 2x + 3x - 4
3 2 Rolles theorem is not applicable.
f(0) = - 4 < 0 Also, f is continuous and differentiable.
Further f being a polynomial is continuous and differentiable The conditions of Mean Value theorem are applicable.
on R, more so on [0,1]. Hence, the correct option is (A).

x 2 x3 Fx = 0 and fy = 0
33. f(x) = x - + ...........
2 3 4x3 - 4x = 0 and -4y3 + 4y = 0
1 x3 - x = 0 and y3 - y = 0
f(x) = log(1 + x) and f (x) = which is
1+ x x(x2 - 1) = 0 and y(y2 - 1) = 0
not defined at x = -1 x = 0, x = 1 and y = 0, y = 1
Hence, the correct option is (D). The stationary points of f(x, y) are (0, 0), (0, 1),
(1, 0), (1, 1)
u Lt f ( x + dx , y ) - f ( x , y )
34. = x 0 = fx Also, maximum or minimum, if they exists for f(x, y) only at
x dx
stationary points
2u Lt f ( x + dx , y ) - f x ( x , y ) Among the options, the point (1, 2) given in option (B) is
= x 0 x
x 2
x not a stationary point
Hence, the correct option is (A). f(x, y) has neither maximum nor minimum at the point (1, 2).

35. Given, u = exy Hence, the correct option is (B).
u 39. Let z, x and y be the first, second and third parts of 30, such
= exy . x
y that x + y + z = 30 (1) and
2u u zx2y3 is maximum
= = ( e xy x ) = exy . y . x + exy = (1 + xy) exy Let f = zx2y3 (2)
x y x y x
From (1), z = 30 - x - y (3)
= u(xy + 1)
(2) becomes
F = (30 - x - y) x2y3 f = 30x2y3 - x3y3 - x2y4 (4)
36. Given, u = log (x3 + y3 + z3)
Now fx = 60xy - 3x y - 2xy
3 2 3 4
eu = x3 + y3 + z3 which is clearly a homogeneous function of

and fy = 90x2y2 - 3x3y2 - 4x2y3
order 3.
By Eulers theorem, fx = 0 60 xy3 - 3x2y3 - 2xy4 = 0
xy3 (60 - 3x - 2y) = 0 60 - 3x - 2y = 0 ( xy3 0)

(e u ) (e u ) (e u )
x + y. + z. = 3.e u
x xy x 3x + 2y = 60 (5)
u u u u u u And fy = 0 90x y - 3x y - 4x y = 0
2 2 3 2 2 3
x +y + z e u = 3e u x +y +z = 3.
x y z x y z x2y2 (90 - 3x - 4y) = 0
90 - 3x - 4y = 0 ( x2y2 0)

3x + 4y = 90 (6)
y
37. Given, u = tan-1 Solving (5) and (6), we have x = 10 and y = 15
x
The stationary point is (10, 15)
u 1 -y -y
ux = = . = Now r = fxx = 60y3 - 6xy3 - 2y4
x 1 + y 2 x 2 x 2 + y 2
2
x s = fxy = 180xy2 - 9x2y2 - 8xy3
u
2
-1 2 xy at (10, 15), r = -1,01,250, s = -67, 500 and t = -38,70,000
uxx = =-y. . 2x =
x 2 (x + y ) ( x + y2 ) rt - s2 > 0 and r < 0
2 2
2 2 2
u1 1 x f has a maximum at (10, 15) And for x = 10 and

uy = = . = y = 15,
y y2 x x2 + y2
1+ 2 z = 30 - 10 - 15 (from (3))
x
2u -1 -2 xy z = 5.
uyy = =x. . 2y =
y 2 (x + y ) ( x + y2 ) The product of the three parts = xyz = 750.
2 2
2 2 2
2 xy 2 xy Hence, the correct option is (D).

uxx + uyy = - =0
( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
2 2
1 1 1 n
1
40. t + + ........ + = t
n n + 2 + 4 3 + 2r
n n n
r =1 n
1
1 n 1 1
38. Given f(x, y) = x4 - y4 + 2y2 - 2x2 = t
n n
r
= 1 + 2 x dx
f u r =1
n + 2 0
Fx = = 4x3 - 4x and fy = = -4y3 + 4y n
x y
The necessary condition for a function f(x, y) to have either 1
Let f (x) = x [0, 1],
maximum or minimum is 1 + 2x

a a
1
g(x) =
2
log(1+2x) x [0, 1] 46. f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx is true only when f(x) is an
-a 0
f is continuous on [ 0,1] and integrable in [0, 1] and g1(x) =
even function.
f(x) x [ 0, 1 ]
By fundamental theorem,
1
1 log 3 47. Y A
1 + 2 x dx = g(1) - g(0) = 2 y = x2
0
Hence, the correct option is (B). A

n2
n
1 n 1 O
41. Lt = Lt
X
r =1 ( r + n ) r =1 (1 + r )3
n 3 n n

n
y = 6x x=2 y=6
1
1
= (1 + x )
0
3
dx
The area to be found is as shown in the figure
1 Here, y = 6x y = x2 for 2 x 6
Let f (x) = defined on [0,1] is continuous
(1 + x )
3 6
1 Area A = 6 x - x 2 dx
and integrable on [0,1] and consider g(x) = - x x=2
2 (1 + x )
2
[0,1] and g1(x) = f(x) x [0,1] x3 80
6
= 3 x 2 - = sq units.
By fundamental theorm. 3 -2 3
1
1 -1 1 3
(1 + x )
0
3
dx = g(1) - g(0) = + +=
8 2 8

Hence, the correct option is (A). 48.

1 1
n 1
dx R S
42. t = = log ( a + x ) )
n
r =1 n a + 0 + x
r a A
n
= log ( a + 1) - log a P O Q X

Hence, the correct option is (B). y = 6x 2
n n 1
1 1 1 dx
43. Lt
n
n -r
2 2
= Lt
n
n r 2
=
1 - x2
x=2
r =1 r =1
1- 2 0 x=1
n
p The required area A is the plane region PQRS as shown in the
= ( sin -1 x )0 =
1
figure
2
Hence, the correct option is (C). Also, y = 6 - x2 0, -2 x 1
1 1
x3
tan x n 1 Area A = (6 - x 2 ) dx = 6 x -
44. tan n xdx = n 2 In = tan n
xdx x = -2
3 -2
n 1
here n = 5; = 15 sq units.
tan x 4
tan x 4 Hence, the correct option is (C).
tan 5 xdx = 3 = tan 3 xdx
4 4 49. Y
tan 4 x tan 2 x tan 4 x tan 2 x
= - + 1 = - + tan xdx
4 2 4 2 x + 2y = 6
tan 4 x tan 2 x
= - - log cosx
4 2 D C y=2
45. If m is even, y=1 A B
p 2 X
m -1 m - 3 m - 5 1 p O
0
sin m xdx = .
m m-2 m-4
. ....... .
2 2
Standard result , the correct option is (B).

We have to find the value V of the solid generated by revolv- 1

dx 1
ing the area ABCD about y - axis 54. x-x
0
2
does not exists at x = 1 as
x - x2
as x 1
Volume = V
A is false.
2 2
1
(6 - 2 y ) (36 - 24 y + 4 y ) dy
2
=p =p 2 In (0,1) the given function i.e. is continuous.
x x2
y =1 1
B is false
2
= p 36 y - 12 y 2 + y 3
3 1 55. As f(x) is continuous at x = 0 we must have
28 3 sin x - 2 x
= p cubic units. f(0) = lim f ( x ) = lim
3 x 0 x 0 tan x + 4 x
Hence, the correct option is (D). 3 sin x

-2
3 = lim x (dividing numerator and denominator
x 0 tan x
50. Given curve is 27 y = ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) 2 +4
x
dy 1 3 1
3- 2 1
= (3x 2 + 2) 2 6x by x) = =
dx 3 3 2 1+ 4 5
1 Hence, the correct option is (B).
= 3 x (3x 2 + 2) 2
56. f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y)
The length of the curve from x = 0 to x = 4 is
Put y = 0, f(x) = f(x) f(0) f(0) = 1
dy f ( x + h) - f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( h) - f ( x )
4 2 4
1 +
( )
3 ( 3 x 2 + 2 ) dx
2
1 +
dx
dx =

f (x) = lim
h0 h
= lim
h0 h
x =0 0
f ( h) - 1 f ( h) - f (0 )
= f ( x ) lim
4 4
f(x) lim
(3x 2 + 1)
2
= 1 + 9 x 4 + 46 x 2 dx = dx h0 h h0 h
0 0
4 = f ( x ) f (0) = 2 f ( x )

(3x + 1) dx = x 3 + x 0 = 68.
4
= 2
0
Hence, the correct option is (A). 57.

0
0 0
32 x
51. 32 x dx = nLt 32 x dx = Lt
n 2 log 3
1
-

-n -n

1 3 1 -2 n -
- 2 -1 2
Lt =
n
2 log e
3 2 log 3
e 2 log e
3

f(x) = |x| sin x. We can rewrite f(x) as
- x sin x, x < 0
1
1
f(x) = 0, x=0
52. x 0.999
dx
x sin x , x > 0
0

This is a second kind of improper integral. As polynomials and sine functions are differentiable f(x) is
1
1
1
1 differentiable at all points except perhaps at x = 0. At x = 0,
dx = Lt x dx we have
x 0.999 a0 0.999
- ( sin x + x cos x ) , x < 0

0 a
1 f ( x) = f (0-) = 0
= Lt
x -0.999 +1 1
= 0.001 1 - a
0.001 ( sin x + cos x ), x>0
-0 . 999 + 1
a0
a f (0+) = 0,
= 1000 (1 - 0) = 1000. As f(0-) = f(0+) we have x = 0 as a point of differentiability
Hence, the correct option is (D). f(x) is differentiable everywhere.
b b Hence, the correct option is (A).
e -2 x
53. e -2 x
dx = Lt e -2 x dx = Lt
b b
-2 0
3 9-3 y2
0 0
58. We have to evaluate ydxdy
y = 0 x = - 9-3 y2
1 1 1
= Lt e -2 b + =0+ = From the limits, the region of integration is the upper half of
b 2 2 2
x2 y2
the ellipse + = 1 as shown in the figure
Hence, the correct option is (B). 9 3

y
Y 4 2 2 8x
f ( x, y ) dxdy = f ( x, y ) dydx
0 y2 x =0 y =2x
S C 0, 3 8

P1
P Q 60. The area bounded by the parabola y2 = x and the line
X x - y = 2 is the region shown in the figure
(-3, 0) A R O B (3, 0)
Y
x 2 y2
+ = B (4, 2)
9 3
P
Q
X
O
This integral can be evaluated easily by changing the order of (1,1)
integration. A
By changing the order of integration, we first integrate w.r.t x

x-y=2 y2 = x
9 - x2
alone is vertical strip RS from y = 0 to y = and the
3 In this region, x varies from x = y2 to x = y + 2 and y varies
we integrate w.r.t x from x = - 3 to x = 3. from y = -1 to y = 2
9- x2 The required area is equal to

3 9-3 y2 3 3 2 y+2
ydxdy = ydy dx dxdy
0 - 9-3 y2 x = -3
y =0
y = -1 x = y

2

9- x2
3
61. The bottom part of the required solid is the triangle OAB as
y2 3
= dx shown in the figure in xy plane
x = -3
2 y =0
Y
3
1 9 - x2
=
2 3 dx
x = -3 B (0, 2)
x+y=2
3
1
= 2 ( 9 - x 2 ) dx [(9 - x2 is an even function] X
6 0
O A (2, 0)
3
1 x3 1 27
= 9x - = 27 - = 6.
3 3 0 3 3
Hence, the correct option is (C). Here, x varies from x = 0 to x = 2 - y and y varies from
y y = 0 to y = 2.
4 2
59. Given integral is f ( x, y ) dxdy Also, the surface is x + y2 + z = 4 z = 4 - x2 - y2 - (1)
2
y =0 y2
x=
8 The volume of the solid below the surface x2 + y2 + 2 = 4
From the limits of x and y, the region of integration is as and above the triangular region OAB is
shown in the figure V = Zdxdy
OAB
Y 2 2- y
P A (2, 4) = ( 4 - x 2 - y 2 ) dxdy
y =0 x =0
S Q
R 62.
Y
X y=6 (9, 6) C
O
P
A Q
R y=1
B
y = 2x y2 = 8x O X
By changing the order of integration, we have to integrate

w. r. t y first along the vertical strip RS from y = 2x to y = 8x Y 2 = 4x
and then we have to integrate w.r.t y from y= 0 to y = 2 x-y=3

y2 64. Given x = u cot J and y = tan J

In the region R, x varies from x = to x = y + 3 and y varies
from y = 1 to y = 6 4 x x
( x, y )
u J cot J u cos ec 2 J
The volume of the solid generated by the region R about J= = =
y - axis is ( u,J ) y y tan J u sec 2 J
u J
V = 2p xdxdy
R 2u 4u
= =
6 y +3 sin J cos J sin 2J
= 2pdxdy J = 4 u cosec 2J
y =1 y2
x=
4
Now, by changing the variables, the given integral becomes
Hence, the correct option is (B). f ( x, y ) dxdy = f ( u cot J , u tan J ) J dudJ
R R
63. Given integral is r 2 ( sin q + cos q ) - sin 2q dxdq = f ( u cot J , u tan J ) 4u cosec 2J dudJ
2
R R
In polar coordinates, we have i.e. f ( u cot J , u tan J ) Y ( u,J ) dudJ

R
x = r cos q and y = r sin q = f ( u cot J , u tan J ) 4u cosec 2JdudJ

R
1
y
r = (x + y 2 2 2
) and q = tan -1
x y (u, J) = 4 u cosec 2J.

And r 2 ( sin q + cos q ) - sin 2q drdq
2
65. For the solid V for which we have to find the volume
R
X varies from x = 0 to x = 0 - y2
= (r 2 (sin 2 q + cos 2 q + 2 sin q cos q - 2 sin q cos q )) drdq Z varies from z = 0 to z = y and y varies from y = 0 to y = 3
R
The volume of the solid V is given by
= r 2 drdq = ( x 2 + y 2 ) J dxdy
R R 3 y 9 y2
r r dxdydz = dxdzdy
V y =0 z =0 x =0
( r ,q ) x y 3 y 3 y
Where J = = = [ x ]x = 0 dzdy = ( 9 - y 2 ) dzdy
4 y2
( x, y ) q q y =0 z =0 y =0 z =0
x y 3 3
= ( 9 - y 2 ) z dy = ( 9 - y 2 ) ydy
y
x y y =0 z =0 y =0
1 1
(x ) (x )
3
2
+y 2 2 2
+y 2 2
x 2 3
9 y2 y4
= = 1
+ = ( 9 y - y 3 ) dy = -
-y x ( x2 + y2 ) + ( x2 + y )
2 2 y =0 2 4 0
( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 ) =
81 81 81
- = cubic units.
2 4 4
y2
1

( x2 + y2 ) + ( x2 + y2 )2 66. Given the integral is f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz
R
x2 + y2 In spherical polar coordinates,

= 1
X = r sin q cos f, y = r sin q sin f and z = r cos q
( x2 + y2 ) + ( x2 + y2 )2
x x x
1
J= 1
r q f
( x2 + y2 )2 ( x, y, z ) y y y
J= =
( r ,q , f ) r q f
r 2 ( sin q + cos q ) - sin 2q drdq
2
z z z
R
r q f
1
= ( x2 + y2 ) dxdy
1
sin q cos f r cos q cos f - r sin q sin f
( x2 + y2 )2
R
= sin q sin f r cos q sin f + r sin q cos f

1
f ( x, y ) dxdy = ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 dxdy cos q - r sinq 0
R R
= cosq [r2 cosq sinq cos2f + r2 sinq cosq sin2f] +
=
R
(x 2
+ y )dxdy
2 r sin q[r sin2q cos2f + r sin2q sin2f]
= cosq [r2 sin q cos q (cos2f + sin2f)] + r sinq [r sin2q (cos2f
Hence, the correct option is (B). + sin2f)]

= r2 sin q cos2q + r2 sin3q = i (u2 - 2u - 1) - j (- u3 - 4u2 + 4u + 3) + k (u2 + 2u2 - 3u)

= r sin q (cos q + sin q)
2 2 2
( F a)
1
= i (2u - 2) - j (- 3u2 - 8u + 4) + k (6u - 3)
J = r sin q
2
The given integral in spherical polar coordinates becomes put u = 1, we get

f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz = 7 j + 3 k
R
= f ( r sin q cos f , r sin q sin f , r cos q ) J drdqdf
R
75. r = a ewt + b ewt
i.e. f ( x ( r ,q , f ) , y ( r ,q , f ) , z ( r ,q , f )Y ( r ,q , f ) drdqdf
R dr
= w ( a ewt - b ewt)
= f ( r sin q cos f , r sin q sin f , r cos q ) r sin qdrdqdf
2 dt
R
d2r
y (r, q, f) = r2 sin q. = w ( a ewt + b ewt)
dt 2
= w r
67. If q is the acute angle between the vectors a, b , then
a.b
cos q = . 76. f F = xyz i - xy4z j + xy3z3 k
a b
( )=
3 f F
x 2 z

x x x
( )
f F

68. If two vectors (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are orthogonal then x1
x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2 = 0 (dot product is zero) = /x [/x (2xyz i - xy4 j + 3xy3z k )]
Option C alone satisfy this = [4yz i - 2y4 j ]
Hence, the correct option is (C). Put (3, 1, 1) for x, y and z, we get (4 i - 2 j )
69. Given a . b = 0 a or b or both are null vectors or a is Hence, the correct option is (A).
perpendicular to b . a is not parallel to b . d
77. a . b = 2 t3 cos 2 t + t2 sin t - (t - 1) ( a.b )
Hence, the correct option is (C). dt
= 6 t cos 2 t + 2 t (- 2 sin 2 t) + 2 t sin t + t2 (cos t) -1
2 3
70. If a , b are two non zero vectors and a b = 0
a , b are parallel d
dt
a.b
t =0
( )
= - 1
71. A vector perpendicular to the plane containing a, b is given
by a b . A unit vector perpendicular to a, b is given by i j k
ab 78. a b = 5t 2 -3t 1 - 2t 2
ab 3t 2 -5t 4t 3
Hence, the correct option is (A). = i (- 12 t4 + 5 t - 10 t3) - j ( 20 t5 + 6 t4 - 3 t2)

+ k (- 25 t3 + 9 t3)
72. F = a cos u i + a sin u j + auk
d
dF/du = a sin u i + a cos u j + a k ( a b ) = (- 48 t3 - 30 t2 + 5) i - j (100 t4 + 24 t3 - 6t)
dt
d2F/du2 = -a cos u i - a sin u j + 0 k d
-k 48t2 dt ( a b )t = 1
d3F/du3 = a sin u j - a cos u j
At u = 0, dF3/du3 = -a j = -73 i - 118 j - 48 k .

dF 79. Standard result, the correct option is (B).
73. has n as a factor
dt 80. Let c = c i + c j + c k
1 2 3
dF c r = c1 x + c2 y + c3 z
So F should have n as a factor.
dt
/x ( c r ) i = c1 i
/y ( c r ) j = c2 j
i j k /z = ( c r ) k = c3 k
74. F a = u2 - u 2u + 1 Thus c1 i + c2 j + i3 r k = c
2u - 3 1 -u Hence, the correct option is (B).


81. dr/dt = (3 - 3t) i + 6t j + (3 + 3t) k The directional derivative is

2i - j - 2k
( )
n1 . n2
dr/dt = -6t i + 6 j + 6t k = 8i - j - 10 k = 37 3
n2 3

On substituting these values in the formula given,
we get k =
3 (1 + t 2 )
2 Div f = . f (definition).
87.

88. Curl f = f (definition).
dr
82. = d/dt (x i + y j + z k ) Hence, the correct option is (B).
dt
= - a sint i + a cost j + b k 89. r = x i + y j + z k
dr/dt = -a cos t i - a sin t j div r = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
d r/dt = a sin t i - a cos t j
3 3
i j k
On substituting in the formula we get

= b curl r = =0
x y z
a + b2
2
x + y +1 1 - ( x + y)
83. Let f = xy - z Hence, the correct option is (D).
f = y i - x j - 2 z k 90. div(curl F) = 0
f 4i - j - 4 k Hence, the correct option is (C).
n1 = =
f 33 91. If r is solenoidal, div r = 0 and is irrotational curl r = 0
(1, 4 , 2)
f -3i - 3 j - 6 k
n2 = = 92. div F = 0 for F to be solenoidal
f 54
( -3, -3, 3)
1+p-5=0p=4
9
cos a = n1.n2 = Hence, the correct option is (D).
33 54
a = cos-1 1 ( 22 ) 93. By definition div ( F ) = 0 F is solenoidal.
94. By definition curl ( F ) = 0 F is irrotational.
84. Angle between surfaces is same as the angle between their
normals at the common point
95. All are standard results, the correct option is (D).
f1 = 2x i + 2y j + 2z k
96. ( f ) = ( . f ) - 2 f .
f1 at (2, -1, 2) = 4 i - 2 j + 4 k
f = 2x i + 2y j - k Hence, the correct option is (C).
2
f2 at (2, -1, 2) = 4 i - 2 j - k 97. div ( f g ) = f . (curl g ) - g . (curl f ) (standard

f1 f2 result).
cos a = . Hence, the correct option is (B).
f1 f2
98. If 2 f = 0, then f is called harmonic function.
16 + 4 - 4 Hence, the correct option is (B).
cos a =
36 2 99. The Laplace operator is 2 f (Standard definition).
a = cos (8/3 21 ) -1
100. Given f = axy + byz + cxz
85. By definition the directional derivative of any scalar point
If f satisfies laplace equation then 2 f = 0
function is obtained by multiplying a unit vector in that direc-
tion by grad f. f f f
i.e + + =0
Hence, the correct option is (A). x y z
f [ay + cz + bz + ax + by + cx] = 0
86. n1 = = (2xyz + 4z) i + xz j + (xy + 8xz) k
f [(a + c) x + (a + b) y + (b + c) z] = 0
At (1, - 2, - 1) a+c+a+b+b+c=0
n1 = 8 i - j - 10 k a+b+c=0
n2 = 2 i - j - 2 k Hence, the correct option is (D).

101. From choice A: 3xy - 4yz + xz 107. ( 3 x 2 - 8 y 2 ) dx + (4y - 6xy)dy

a+b+c=3-4+1=0 C
1 x
which satisfies laplace equation = ( 6 y ) ( 16 y ) dxdy = 10 ydydx

S 0 x2
Hence, the correct option is (A). x
1
y2 1
x x4
102. x (u v) is as vector, as vector triple product of three vec- = 10 dx = 10. dx
0 2 0 2 2
tors is a vector. x2
1
Hence, the correct option is (C). x x 2 5
= 10.- = 3/2
4 4 0
103. f(r) = f(r)
= i /x f(r)
= i df/dr . r/x 1/2 xdy - ydx = 1/2 (Q /x - P /y ) dxdy
108.
C S
= . i df/dr x/r = 1/2 2dxdy = S
S
= /x [df/dr x/r) + df/dr (r - x x/r) / r]
Thus the integral is basically area enclosed by the ellipse.
d 2 f x 2 df r 2 - x 2
= dr 2 2
+
r dr r 3

X = 3cos q and y = 4sin q
p 3 4 = 12p
d f x + y + z df 3r - r
2 2 2 2 2 2
= + dr r 3
dr 2 r2 109. curl grad f = 0
= df/dr + (2/r) df/dr So F . ds = 0
s
1 1 1
104. i t 2 dt + j 3t 2 dt + k 2tk 110. F . dv
0 0 0
v
= i (1/3) + j (1) + k (1) = 1/3 i + j + k 111 111 111

4xyz dxdydz i y2 dxdydz j + yz dx dy dz k
105. Let r = x i + y j as on x y - plane z = 0 = 1/2(4 1/2 1/2) i - (1/3) j + (1/2 1/2) k

= 1/2 i - 1/3 j + 1/4 k
F. d r = [3x2 y i + 2x y2 j] . [dxi + dyj]
C C
= (3x2 y d x + 2x y2 dy)
C 111. By the statement of Greens theorem choice (D) follows
as y = 2x2 dy = 4x dx Hence, the correct option is (D).
3 3
= (3x2.2x2dx+2x(4x4).4x dx) = (6x4+32 x6 ) dx 112. Guauss divergence theorem.
x =0 x =0
3
x5 x7 243 2187 113. To apply Gauss theorem the given vector point function must
= 6. + 32 = 6. + 32.
5 7 0 5 7 be continuously differentiable.
= = 10289.3
35 114. Statement of Greens theorem.
106. When C is a closed curve F . dr represents circulation of 115. Stokes theorem corresponds to the reduction of line integral
C
F about C. to surface integral
Previous Years Questions 2. Let a = i + j + k , b = 2 i +3 j + k and

x - sin x 1 - cos x c = 5 i + 6 j + 4 k one can easily observe that
1. Lt = Lt
x 0 1 - cos x x 0 sin x
(By L Hospitals Rule) 3 a + b = c
sin x i.e. c can be expressed as a linear combination of a and b
= Lt = 0. hence the three vectors are linearly dependent.
x 0 cos x

3. We have to evaluate ( ydx - xdy ) (1) At x =

3p
, f(x) = e-x sin 100x = -0.954
c 200
1 Which is the approximate minimum value of e-x sin 100x
Where C is the boundary of circle x2 + y2 =
4 Hence, the correct answer is -1 to -0.94
By Greens theorem, we know that
7. From the definition of continuity
Y f
c (f dx - ydy ) = x - y dxdy (2) A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a,
if Lt f ( x ) = f ( a ) .
xa
Here f = y and y = -x Hence, the correct option is (D).
f Y
= 1 and = -1 8. Given vector field is x2z i + xy j - yz2 k
y x
Let F = x2z i + xy j - yz2 k
[ ydx - xdy ] = [fdx - Ydy ]
c c
Divergence of F = . F
Y f 2
= - dxdy (from (2)) = (x z) + (xy) + (-yz2)
x y z
R
x y
1 Div F = 2xz + x - 2yz
Where R is the inside region of the circle x2 + y2 =
4 Div F = 2(1) (1) + (1) - 2(-1) (1) = 5.
= ( -1 - 1) dxdy = ( -2 ) dxdy Hence, the correct option is (C).
R R
= -2 dxdy ( x - 1) sin ( x - 1)
2 2
= -2R
R 9. Let I = 0 ( x - 1)2 + cos ( x - 1) dx
1
= -2 Area of the circle x2 + y2 =
[2 - x - 1] sin ( 2 - x ) - 1
2
4 2
1 = 2 - x - 1 dx
) + cos 2 - x - 1)
2
= -2 pr , where r = Radius =
2
2
0

1
= - 2p a a

4 f ( x ) dx = f ( a - x ) dx
p 0 0
=- .
(1 - x ) sin (1 - x )
2
2 2

= 0 (1 - x )2 + cos (1 - x ) dx
e2 x - 1 2e 2 x ( x - 1) sin ( - ( x - 1))
2
2
4. Lt = Lt
x 0 sin 4 x
x 0 4 cos 4 x = 0 ( x - 1)2 + cos ( - ( x - 1)) dx
(By L laspitals rule)
( x - 1) ( - sin ( x - 1))
2
2
=
1
Lt
e2 x
=
1
= 0.5.
= 0 ( x - 1)2 + cos ( x - 1) dx
2 x 0 cos 4 x 2
( x - 1) sin ( x - 1)
2 2
=- 0 ( x - 1)2 + cos ( x - 1) dx
5. Given F = x2 z2 i - 2x y2z j + 2y2z3 k
I = -I 2I = 0 I = 0
i j k ( x - 1) sin ( x - 1)
2 2

0 ( x - 1)2 + cos ( x - 1) dx = 0.
Curl F = F =
x y z Hence, the correct option is (B).
x2 z2 -2 xy 2 z 2 y 2 z 3 2x 2
x

10. e x + y dydx =
00
y =0
e x . e y dy dx

= (4yz3 + 2xy2) i + 2x2z j - 2y2z k . x =0
2

x
Hence, the correct option is (A). = e x e y y = 0 dx
x =0
6. Let f(x) = e-x sin 100x
2
We know that -1 sin 100 x 1, x =
x =0
e x e x - e x . e 0 dx
-x
Also, for x > 0, 0 < e < 1
3p 2
e2 x
2
And sin 100x will have the minimum value -1 at x =
which e-x = 0.954 200
, at = ( e 2 x - e x ) dx =
x =0
2
- ex
x =0

e4 e0 f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

= - e2 - - e0
2 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
e4 1 e 4 - 2e 2 + 1 Lt 1 - cos x
=
- e2 + = 15. x 0
2 2 2 x2
1 x2
= ( e 2 - 1)
2
Lt 2 sin
2 = x0 2
Hence, the correct option is (B). x2
2
11. cos2x = cos2x - sin2x x
sin 2
Lt
= 1(cos2x) + (-1) sin2x = x0 2
Linear dependent. x

1
Lt sin ax 1
=2.
\ x 0 = a =
1 34
12. ( F . n) dA = p r 3 2
x 2
4 43
S Hence, the correct option is (B).
= p (1)3 = p 16. f(x) = x3 + 1
r=1
f(x) = 3x2 ; f (x) = 6x.
f(x) = 0; f (x) = 0 at x = 0
13. Given the line y = x(1); and the parabola f(x) = x + 1 has a point of inflection at x = 0
3
y = x2 (2) Hence, the correct option is (D).

solving (1) & (2) 17. f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 - 1 = 0
x2 = x
f t f
x ( x - 1) = 0 f = i+ j+ k
x y y
x = 0, 1
Normal vector ( f ) = 2x i + 2y j + 2z k
(1, 1)
1 1
Normal vector at the point , ,0
2 2
= 2i + 2 j
(1, 0)
(0, 0) 2i + 2 j 2i + 2 j
Unit normal vector = =
2+2 2
The area of the region between the parabola and theline
1 1
1 = i+ j
2 2
x - x dx2
0
1
x x 2
1 1 1 3
q3 q5 q7
= - = - =
2 3 0 2 3 6 q=q-
18. sin + - + ..
3! 3! 3!
Hence, the correct option is (A). Standard definition.
14. f(x) = - x when - 1 x < 0 = x when 0 x 1
Lt Lt sin 3q
x 0 - f (x) = x 0 - x = 0 19. Lt =1
q 0 q
Lt Lt
x 0 + f(x) = x 0 + x = 0 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Lt
x 0 f (x) = 0 and f(0) = 0 20. Given f(x) is an even function
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 f(-x) = f(x)
Lt f ( x + h) - f ( x ) a 0 a
f (x) = h 0
h f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
-a -a 0
Lt f ( 0 - h) - f ( 0 ) -h 0
= h 0 = = -1
h h Consider f ( x ) dx
-a
Lt f ( 0 + h) - f ( 0 ) h Let x = - t
= h 0 = =+1
h h dx = -dt

L.L a = t 25. Y
U.L 0 = t
a 0 a B
f ( x ) dx = f ( -t ) ( - dt ) + f ( xt ) dt
-a a 0
X
a a 0 a A
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx Equation of the unit circle is x2 + y2 = 1
-a 0 0 0
a Along the path AB,
= 2 f ( x ) dx In polar coordinates,
0
X = cosq and y = sinq
Hence, the correct option is (D). p
And q Varies from q = 0 to q =
21. The volume of the solid of revolution of 2
p 2
( x + y) ( cosq + sin q )
2 2
y = f(x) about x - axis; a x b is = dq
b AB q =0
V = py 2 dx p 2
a = (1 + sin 2q ) dq
Here a = 1, b = 2 f(x) = x =y 0
p 2
1
2 = q - cos 2q
( x ) dx
2
Volume V = p 2 0
1
p 1 1
2
= - cos p - 0 - cos 0
2
x 2 3 2 2 2
= p xdx = p = p p
1 2 1
2 = +1
2
Hence, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (B).

26. Let P(x, y, z) be a point on the surface
dx 1
22. - 1 + x 2 = 0 1 + x 2 dx z2 = 1 + xy (1)
Distance of P(x, y, z) from the origin
\
1
is an even function and =d= x2 + y2 + z2
1 + x2
Now we have to find the minimum value of d.
a a

f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx for an even function f (x ) D is minimum, if d2 is minimum.
-a 0 So, let f(x, y, z) = d2 = x2 + y2 + z2

= 2tan x 0
-1
f = x2 + y2 + 1 + xy, (from (1))
= 2[tan-1 -tan-10] f f
= 2x + y and = 2y + x
x f
p
= 2 - 0 = p f f
2 Now f is minimum = 0 and =0
x y
2x + y = 0 and x + 2y = 0
23. We know that x is continuous x R and differentiable x=y=0
everywhere except at x = 0 (0, 0) is a stationary point of f
f(x) = 2 - 3 x 2 is continuous x R and d ifferentiable
x -3 2 f 2 f
Now, r = = 2; s = = 1 and
R except at 2 - 3x = 0 x y x y
(i.e., x = 2/3) 2 f
t= =2
Hence, the correct option is (C). y 2
rt - s2 = 4 - 1 = 3 > 0, and r = 2 > 0
24. let F = 3xz i + 2xy j - yz2 k
f has a minimum value at x = y = 0
Also, at x = 0, y = 0, from (1); z2 = 1 + 0 0
DivF = . F = (3xz ) + ( 2 xy ) ( - yz 2 )
x y z Z = 1
Div F = 3 z + 2 x - 2 yz The points (0, 0, +1) and (0, 0, -1) are nearest to the origin
on the surface z2 = 1 + x y
DivF at (1,1,1) = 3 + 2 - 2 = 3 And the distance is d = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (A).

27. Y So, in the region P

B (4, 4)
x2 = 4y X varies from x = 0 to x = 2 - 2y
And y varies from y = 0 to y = 1
X 1 2- 2 y
0
xy dx dy =
P y =0 x =0
xy dxdy
y 2 = 4x 2- 2 y
1
x2
The area enclosed between the curves y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y and
4
= y = 0 2 y
0
dy
x2
A = 2 x - dx 1
x =0
4 1
( 2 - 2 y ) - 0] y dy
2 y= 0
2
=
4
4 x3 16
= x3 2 - = 1
3 12 0 3 1
( 4 y 3 - 8 y 2 + 4 y ) dy
2 y= 0
=
28. The coefficient of (x - a)n in the Taylors series expansion of 1 4 8 3
1
f ( n) ( a ) = y - y + 2 y2
f(x) about x = a is 2 3 y =0
n!
1 8
Here f(x) = ex; a = 2 and n = 4 =
1 - + 2
2 3
f iv(x) = ex f iv(a) = f iv(2) = e2.
1
The coefficient of (x - 2)4 in the Taylors series expansion =
6
f iv ( 2 ) e 2
of ex about x = 2 is = Hence, the correct option is (A).
4! 4!
Hence, the correct option is (C). 32. Given f(x, y, z) = x2 + 2y2 + z
x1 3 - 2 x1 3 - 81 3 f f f
29. Lim = Lim f = i + j+ k
x 8 x -8 x 8 x -8 x y z
1 13 -1 x n - an = 2 xi + 4 y j + k
= 8 Lim = na n -1
3 xa x-a fat (1, 1, 2) = 2 i + 4 j + k
1
= a = 3i - 4 j a = 32 + ( -4 ) = 5
2
12
Hence, the correct option is (B). a 3 4
n= = i j
30. Let F = ( x - y ) i + ( y - x ) j + ( x + y + z ) k a 5 5
The directional derivative of f(x, y, z) in the direction of a
is f . n
Div F = ( x - y ) + ( y - x ) + ( x + y + z )
x y z
3 4
=1+1+1=3 ( 5
)
= 2 i + 4 j + k . i - j = -2
5
31. Y 33. option (A):
p 4
p 4
1 tan x dx = log (sec )
0
0
p
P = log sec - log ( sec 0 )
S 4
R
X
= log 2 - log1
0 2
= log 2 , not unbounded.
Here x - intercept = a = 2
Y - intercept = b = 1

Equation of the line joining (2, 0) and 1
0 x 2 + 1 dx = tan -1x
(0, 1) is 0
x y
+ =1 p
= tan-1 - tan-1 0 = , not unbounded.
2 1 2
x + 2y = 2 (1) Hence, the correct option is (C).


Also, it was given that the second derivatives of f(x, y) and
xe
0
-x
dx = e - x x 2 -1dx = (2) = 1!, not unbounded.
0
y(x, y) are continuous.
Hence, the correct option is (D). f f y y
So, , , and are continuous.
1
1
A
1 x y x y
1 - x dx = Lt - x dx
A1 So, W = f(z) = f + iY can be represented as an analytic
0 0
function, if f and Y satisfy cauchy - Riemann equations.
Lt ( - log (1 - x ) )

f y f -y
A1 0 i.e, = and =
x y y x
= Lt - log1 + log (1 - A)
A1 Hence, the correct option is (B).
= Lt ( log (1 - A) )
A1
38. Given y = x + x + x + x + ............ (1)
= log 0, unbounded.
Hence, the correct option is (D). y - x = x + x + x + ............
34. The length of the curve y = f(x) between x = a and x = b Squaring on both sides,
b dy 2 (y - x)2 = x + x + x + ............
is 1 + dx
dx (y - x)2 = y (from (1))
a
y2 - 2xy + x2 = y (2)
2
Here y = f(x) = x 3 2 ; a = 0 and b = 1 When x = 2; (2) becomes
3
y2 - 4y + 4 = y
dy 2 3 1 2
= x = x1/2 y2 - 5y + 4 = 0
dx 3 2
(y - 1) (y - 4) = 0
The length of the curve
y =1 or y = 4
(1 + ( x ) ) dx
1
From (1), when x = 2

2
= 12
0
y = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ................ > 2
1
2 1
(1 + x ) dx = (1 + x ) y = 4 only
12 32
=
3 0
2 2 39. Area of the triangle formed by the tips of vectors a , b and c
= 23 2 - = 1.22
3 3 is equal to
Hence, the correct option is (D). 1
35. f = yx A = a b + b c + c a
2
f 2 f 1

y
= xyx - 1 and = ( xy x -1 )
x y x
= (
2
)
a - b (a - c )

= y x -1 + x ( y x -1 log y )

2 f x2 x 2 x3 x2
=1 e x - 1 + x + 1+ x + + + ...... - 1 + x +
2 2! 3! 2
xyat x = 2, y =1 40. Lim = Lim
x 0 x3 x 0 x3
x2 x 2 x3 x2
36. Given y = x2 e x - 1 + x + 1+ x + + + ...... - 1 + x +
2 2! 3! 2
Lim = Lim
We know that y = x2 is an increasing function in x 0[1, 5] x3 x 0 x 3

So it will have minimum value at x = 1, which is given by f(1) x3 x 4 x5
= 12 = 1 3! + 4! + 5! + .....
= Lim
Hence, the correct option is (B). x 0 x3
37. If W = f (z) = u(x, y) + i (x, y) is a complex function, then it 1 x x2
is analytic, if x3 + + + .....
3! 4! 5!
= Lim
u u v v x 0 x 3
(i) , , and are continuous.
x y x y 1 x x2
= Lim + + + ......
and (ii) u and satisfy Cauchy - Riemann equations. x 0 3!
4! 5!
u v v u 1 1
i.e., = and = = =
x x x y 3! 6
let W = f(z) = f (x, y) + iy (x, y) Hence, the correct option is (B).

41. The statements given in options (A), (B) and (D) are all correct. and here sin6x is even and sin7x is odd)
Consider the statements (C) a
S = {x : x e A and x e B} represents the intersection of sets A = 2 sin 6 xdx

0
and B, but NOT the union.
So, (C) is INCORRECT. Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (C). 46.
42. Given f(x) = (x - 8) + 1 2/3 Y
2
( x - 8)
-1 3
f 1(x) = y=2
3
B (0, 2)
-1
F (x) at (0, 5) =
1 A (8, 2)
3
Q
P
Equation of normal to the curve f(x) at (x0, y0)
-1
is y - y0 =
f ( x)
( x - x0 ) O

X
-1
y-5= ( x - 0) y=
x
( -1 3) 4
y - 5 = 3x
y = 3x + 5
(2x 2 7x + 3)
Given I = f ( x, y ) dy dx
43. Lim f ( x ) = Lim 0 x 4
x 3 x 3 (5x 2 12x 9) 8 2
= f ( x, y ) dy dx
= Lim
(x 3) (2x 1) x 4 y=x 4
x 3 ( x 3) (5x + 3)
Here the region of integration is the triangle OAB as shown in
= Lim
(2x 1) = 5 the figure
x 3 (5x + 3) 18 By changing the order of integration, we first integrate w. r. t
x, from x = 0 to x = 4y along the strip PQ, followed by integra-
Hence, the correct option is (B). tion w.r.t y from y = 0 to y = 2
44. Stokes theorem says that 8 2 2 4y
If a vector point function F (x, y, z) is continuous and have I= f ( x, y ) dy dx = f ( x, y ) dy dx.

0 x 4 y =0 x =0
continuous first partial derivatives in an open surfaces,
bounded by a closed curve C traversed in counter clockwise q = 4y.
direction, then Hence, the correct option is (A).
F . dr = cur F . ds
c s
47. Given x(u, v) = uv
y(u, v) = v/u
So, Stokes theorem relates a line integral and a surface
In change of variables, the integrand in f(x, y) changes to
integral.
v
Hence, the correct option is (A). f uv, f ( u, v ) , where
a
u
45. (sin 6
x + sin 7 x ) dx x x
-a
( x, y )
u v
f(u, v) = J = =
a
( u, v ) y y
= sin
-a
6
xdx + sin 7 xdx
u v
a v u
= 2 sin 6 xdx + 0 v v
= v 1 = +
0 u u
u2 u
a
a
2 f ( x ) dx; If f ( x ) is even f (u, v) =
2v
.
f ( x ) dx = 0 u
-a 0 ; If f ( x ) is odd

48. p (1,1,1)
B
The value of the line integral
o(0 , 0 , 0)
V . d r is Independent of
1m the path along which the integration is done and will be equal to
D
p p
H
1m H-1 V .dr = . f dr (1)
0 0
A O
R Where f = V
f f f
i.e. i + j+ k = 2xyz i + x2z j + x2y k
x y z
Let R be the radius and H be the height of the right circular
cone that is to be inscribed in the sphere of radius 1 m f f f
= 2xyz; = x2z and = x2y
Now OAD is a right angled triangle x y z
By Pythagoras theorem, we have f (x, y, z) = x2yz
AD2 = OA2 + OD2 From (1)
p p
1 = R2 + (H - 1)2
R2 = 1 - (H - 1)2 = 2H - H2
V .dr = .dr = fatP -fatO
0 0
1 = x2yzat(1,1,1) - x2yzat(0,0,0) = 1.
Volume of the cone = V = pR2H
3
p
= (2H - H2)H
3 50. Given x = a(q + sin q) and y = a(1 - cos q)
p
V= (2H2 -H3) dx dy
3 = a (1 + cos q) and = a sin q
dq dq
dV p
= ( 4 H - 3H 2 ) dy
dH 3 dy dq a sin q
Now = =
dV dx dx a (1 + cos q )
For V to be maximum, =0 dq
dH
p
(4H - 3H2) = 0 sin q
3 =
1 + cos q
4
H = 0; H = q q
3 2 sin cos
= 2 2
d 2V p 4 d 2V p 4 2q
And = ( 4 - 6 H ) At H = ; = 4 -6 2 cos
dH 2 3 3 dH 2 3 3 2
2 dy q
=- p <0 = tan .
3 dx 2
4
V is maximum, when H = m. Hence, the correct option is (C).
3
Hence, the correct option is (D). 51. Given P = (0.86, 0.500, 0) and
49. Given V = 2xyz i + x2z j + x2y k Q = (0.259, 0.956, 0)
i j k Let q be the angle between P and Q

Curl V = V = P .Q
x y z cos q =
P Q
2 xyz x2z x2 y
P .Q
= (x2 - x2) i - (2xy - 2xy) j + (2xz - 2xz) k = (Given that the two vectors are of unit magnitude)
x
curl v = 0 = 0.86 0.259 + 0.500 0.956 + 0 0 cosq = 0.70074

q = cos-1(0.70074) p 1
2p 3
q = 45. = dq sin f df r 2 dr
Hence, the correct option is (C). q =0 q =0 r =0

p
p 3 1
52. Volume = V =
2p 3 1
r 2
sinf drdf dq (
= q ]0
2p
)

- cos f ] r
3
0 .
3 0
0 0 0
p
2p
p
1
=
3
3
= r
q =0 f =0 r =0
2
sinf drdf dq


Chapter 3 Differential Equations
Hints/Solutions
Practice Problems 1 8. The given equation can be written as
Solutions for questions 1 to 80: ex y
dx = dy (variable separable method)
1. Clearly the order and degree of the given D.E is 2 and 1 respectively. e +1
x
y +1
Hence, the correct option is (D). ex y 1

dx = dy = 1 - dy
2. The given D.E. can be written as e +1x
y +1 y +1
3 log(ex + 1) = y log(y + 1) + c
dy 2 d 2 y 2
1 + = 2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
dx dx 9. Using variable separable method, we get
Order is 2 and degree is also 2
xx
Hence, the correct option is (C). dy = |x| dx y = +c
2
4
3. Given equation is y = mx + (1) Hence, the correct option is (D).
m
dy dy du
=m 10. Put x + y = u 1 + =
dx dx dx
dy 4 Substituting in the given equation we get
substituting m in (1) we have y = x +
dx dy
dx du du k 2 k 2 + u2
2 u2 - 1 = k2 = 2 +1 =
dy dy dx dx u u2
(or) x - y + 4 = 0 is the required D.E.
dx dx u2 k2
du = dx or 1 - 2 du = dx
Hence, the correct option is (A). k +u
2 2
k + u2
4. Given: xy = aex + bex (1) Integrating on both sides we get
Differentiating w.r. t x, we get k2
dy
x + y = aex bex
1 - k 2 du = dx
+ u2
dx
1 u
Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get u k2 k tan1 k = x + c
d 2 y dy dy
x. 2 + + = aex + bex
dx dx dx x +y
= x + y k tan1 =x+c
d2y dy k
x . 2 + 2 = xy (from (1))
dx dx x +y
the general solution is y k tan1 = c.
which is the required D.E. k
11. Put 3x + y + 1 = u
Note: The arbitrary constants have to be eliminated while
forming the D.E. dy du dy du
3+ = = 3
5. We note that c2 log c3 and c5 e can be replaced by single
c4 dx dx dx dx
constant. Thus the solution can be written as Substituting in the given equation
y = c1log x + c2ex + c3. Thus the order is 3. du du
Hence, the correct option is (B). 3 = u2 2 = dx
dx u +3
6. The equation of all rectangular hyperbolas with axes as
du
or
u2 + 3
asymptotes is = dx
xy = c2 (c is a constant)
xy1 + y = 0 (by differenting both sides) 1 u
tan -1 = x+c
Hence, the correct option is (C). 3 3
7. Given: D.E. can be written as

sec 2 x
dx +
sec 2 y
dy = 0 1 ( 3 x + y + 1)
tan x tan y or tan -1 = x + c
(separating the variables) 3 3
sec 2 x sec 2 y
Integrating both sides we have dx + dy = 0 Hence, the correct option is (B).
tan x tan y
log tan x + log tan y = log c dy dv
12. Put y = vx =v+x
tan x tan y = c. At x = y = p/4, c = 1 dx dx
The particular solution of the given D.E. is tan x tan y = 1 dy x y
Substituting in = we have
Hence, the correct option is (A). dx x + y

dv x - vx 1 - v a1 b1 dy dt
v+x = = We have = Put x 2y = t 1 2 =
dx x + vx 1 + v a2 b2 dx dx
dv 1 - v - v - v 2 1 - 2v - v 2 dy 1 1 dt
x = = = -
dx 1+ v 1+ v dx 2 2 dx
1+ v dx 1+ v dx
.dv = dv = 1 1 dt t +1 1 dt t +1 1
1 - 2v - v 2 x 1 - 2v - v 2 x = =
2 2 dx 2t + 3 2 dx 2t + 3 2
let 1 2v v2 = t
1 dt 2t + 2 - 2t - 3 -1
dt = =
( 2 2v) dv = dt (1 + v) dv = - 2 dx 2 ( 2t + 3) 2 ( 2t + 3)
2
dt dx (2t + 3) dt = dx (2t + 3) dt = dx

2t x
=
t2
+ 3t = x + c = ( x - 2 y ) + 3 ( x - 2 y ) = x + c
2
2
- log (1 - 2v - v 2
) = log x + log c 2
1 log t = log x + c
2 2 x2 4xy + 4y2 + 2x 6y = c
1 1 Hence, the correct option is (B).
log = log xc 1 2v v2 = 2 2
1 - 2v - v
2 xc
dy
15. Given cos y + 3 x 2 sin y = x 2
2 y y2 1 dx
but v = y/x 1 - = x2 2xy y2 = k
x x 2 x 2c 2 dy dz
Put sin y = z cos y =
x2 2xy y2 = k (constant) dx dx
dz
Hence, the correct option is (C). Then, the above equation becomes + 3x 2 z = x 2
dx
13. The given equation can be written as The above equation is linear
y y Hence, the correct option is (C).
y x cos + y sin
dy x x
= 16. Comparing the given D.E. with M dx + N dy = 0
dx y y
x y sin x cos We have M = yexy
x x
which is a homogeneous equation. M
= e xy + ye xy x
dv dy y
So, we put y = vx v + x =
dx dx N
N = xexy + 2y = exy + x exy.y
dv v [cos v + v sin v ] x
x = v
dx v sin v - cos v M N
= given D.E. is exact
v cos v + v sin v - v sin v + v cos v
2 2 y x
=
v sin v - cos v Solution is Mdx + (the term not containing x in N) dy = c
dv 2v cos v yexydx + 2ydy exy + y2 = c
x =
dx v sin v - cos v Hence, the correct option is (B).
dx v sin v - cos vdv 17. Given (x2 + xy y2)dx + (xy x2 )dy = 0
2 =
x v cos v there M = x2 + x y y2 and N = x y x2
dx 1 M N
2 = tan v - dv = x - 2 y and = y - 2x
x v y x
dx 1 M V
2
x
= tan v - dv The equation is not exact as
v y x
2 log x + log c = log sec v log v M x + N y = x3 + x2y xy2 + xy2 x2y = x3
sec v y y Integrating factor of the given equation is 1/x3
cx2 = or cx2 = sec
v x x Hence, the correct option is (B).
18. I.F of the equation is e = e
pdx 3 x dx 2
= ex
3
y
The general solution is sec = c xy
x Solution is z IF = QIF dx
Hence, the correct option is (D). z e x = x 2e x dx + C
3 3
dy x - 2y +1 1
3
14. Given: = (1) ze x =
3
3 x 2e x dx + C
3
dx 2 x - 4 y + 3

1 dy du
sin y e x = e x + C
3 3
Let y1 = u y -2 = . Using this result (1) can be written
3 dx dx
- du
Hence, the correct option is (D). as + cot xu = sin x
dx
dy x 1- x
19. The given equation can be written as - y = du
dx 1 + x 1+ x - cot xu = - sin x
dy dx
which is a linear D.E of the form + Py = Q
dx I.F = epdx = ecotx dx = e log(sinx) = cosecx
x 1 x I F = cosec x
Here, P = ,Q=
1+ x 1+ x Hence, the correct option is (A).
Integrating factor (I.F.) = epdx
22. Solution of the equation is u. I. F = QIF dx + c
x 1 u cosec x = sinx cosecx dx + c
pdx = dx = - 1 dx = log (1 + x ) - x
1+ x 1 + x u cosec x = Idx + c
log (1+ x )
e 1+ x 1
I.F epdx = elog (1 + x) x = = cosec x = - x + c
ex ex y
solution is y I.F = Q.I.F dx p
When x = and y = 1
1+ x 1- x 1+ x 2
The y x = dx cos ec p 2 -p
e 1 + x ex = +c
1 2
1+ x
y x = (1- x ) e - x dx = (1- x ) ( -e - x ) - - ( -e - x ) dx p +2
C = 1 + p/2 c =
e 2
= (1 x) ex ex = ex (1 1 + x) = xex + c cosec x p +2
The solution is +x=
y (1 + x) = x + cex at x = 0 and y = 1, c = 1, y 2
The solution = y (1 + x) = x + ex Hence, the correct option is (B).

Hence, the correct option is (B). dy
23. Given + 3 xy = y n x
dy dx
20. The given equation is x + y = y2 log x which is a Bernoullis
equation dx Dividing the equation throughout with y n we get
dy
1 dy 1 log x 1 1 dy du + 3 xy - n +1 = x
y-n
+ = Put y = u 2 = dx
y dx xy
2
x y dx dx
dy du
y - n +1 = u (1 - n ) y - n +1-1 =
Substituting in the given equation we have dx dx
- du u log x du u - log x 1 du du
+ = or - = + 3 xu = x, + 3 (1 - n ) xu = (1 - n ) x
dx x x dx x x 1 - n dx dx
3(1- n ) xdx
-1 log x I F = e = e 3(1- n) x
pdx
=e 2
2
which is a linear D.E. Here, P = ,Q=

x x
1 1 The G . S. is u. I F = Q I.F dx
1
I.F. = e x = e x =
- dx log
3 (1- n )
x y - n +1 e 3(1- n) x
2
2
= (1 - n ) e 2 xdx
1 log x 1
The solution is u = . dx 1 dx 3 (1 - x ) x 2
x x x =
3 e 2 xdx where t =
e 2
u 1 1
= - ( - log x ) + - 2 dx 3 (1 - n ) x 2 1
x x x y - ne = e 3 (1 - n ) x 2 + c
2 3
u log x 1
= + +c ( n -1) 3 x 2
x x x 1
y1- n = + ce 2
1 1 3
= 1 + cx + log x u = Hence, the correct option is (A).
y y
Hence, the correct option is (D). 24. Given 2x y d y + (x2 + y2 + 1)dx = 0 (1)
here, M = x2 + y2 + 1 and N = 2xy
dy
21. Given + ( cot x ) y = y 2 sin x M N
dx = 2 y and = 2y
Dividing the equation throughout by y2 we get y x
dy M N
y 2 dx + ( cot x ) y = sin x
-1
(1) The equation (1) is exact as =
y x

Solution is u + f(y)dy = c D4 8D3 + 24D2 32D + 16 = 0

x
(D 2) = 0 4
Where u = md x andf ( y ) = The terms of N not c ontaining x
0
D = 2, 2, 2, 2,
(x2 + y2 + 1) dx + 0 = c As D = 2 is a real root that is repeated four times,
x3 The general solution of (1) is
+ xy 2 + x = c
3 y = (C1 + C2x + C3x2 + C4x3) e2x (2)
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, from the options and equation (2), a solution of the
differential equation (1) is
25. Given equation is (3xy + 2y2)dx + (x2 + 2xy)dy = 0
here, M = 3xy + 2y2 and N = x2 + 2xy y = (1 8x + 24x2 32x3) e2x.
M N
= 3 x + 4 y and = 2x + 2 y 31. Auxiliary Equation of the differential equation
y x
d4x d2x
1 M N 1 1 + 13 + 36x = 0 (1)
- = [ x + 2 y] = = f ( x ) dt
4
dt 2
N y x x 2 + 2 xy x
is D4 + 13D2 + 36 = 0
1
f ( x ) dx (D2 + 4) (D2 + 9) = 0
I.F = e
x dx

=e = e log x = x
Multiplying with x D2 + 4 = 0; D2 + 9 = 0
D = 2i; D = 3i
(3x2y + 2xy2)dx + (x3 + 2x2y)dy = 0
The general solution of (1) is
Now, the above equation is exact
x = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t + c3 cos 3t + c4 sin 3t.
Solution u + f(y) dy = c
x Hence, the correct option is (D).
u = M1dx andf ( y ) = The terms of N1 not containing x. 32. Particular integral of the D.E. (D2 4D + 3) y = e3x is
x
1 1 1 3x 1 1 3x
= ( 3 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 ) dx + 0 = c e3 x = e = e
( D - 3) ( D - 1) D - 3 D - 1 2 D - 3
= x3y + x2y2 = C 1 3 x 3 x -3 x
Hence, the correct option is (B). e e e dx
2
26. The auxiliary equation (A.E) is m2 6m + 8 = 0 1
P.I = e3x.x
(m 2) (m 4) = 0 m = 2, m = 4 2
The solution is y = c1e2x + c2e4x

33. P.I is 6 e0.x
27. The auxiliary equation is am2 + bm + c = 0 D2 ( D - 4)

As discriminant equals to zero implies it has equal roots as it
6 1 -3 1 -3 1
has equal roots, each root is equal to 5. = 2 = e = e x
D 0 - 4 2 D 2 2 D
The solution is y = (c1 + c2x)e5x

Hence, the correct option is (C). -3 x 2 -3 x
= =
2 2 4
28. The auxiliary equation is m3 + 3m2 4 = 0 (m 1)
(m + 2)2 = 0 Hence, the correct option is (C).

m = 1, 2, 2 (repeated roots)
2e x
The general solution is y = (c1 + c2x)e -2 x + c3ex 34. P.I. is cosh2x
( D - 1) ( D - 3)
2

29. The auxiliary equation is m4 4m2 4m 1 = 0
=
1
2ex
( e 2 x + e -2 x ) =
(m + 1)2 (m2 2m 1) = 0 (D 1) (D 3)
2
2
m = 1, 1, 1 2 (repeated and irrational roots) 1 e- x
e3 x +
( D - 1) ( D - 3) ( D - 1) ( D - 3)
2 2
The general solution is
y = (c1 + c2 x) e - x+ ex {c3cosh 2x + c4sinh 2x} xe 3 x e - x
+
Hence, the correct option is (C). 4 -16
30. The auxiliary equation of the given differential equation 1 3x e- x 1
= xe - or {4 xe - e }
-x
3x
d4 y d3 y d2y dy 4 4 16
- 8 3 + 24 2 - 32 + 16 y = 0 (1) is
dx 4
dx dx dx Hence, the correct option is (D).

35. P.I. of the D.E. is d2y dy

Comparing this with +P +Ay=x
1 1 1 dx 2 dx
cos 2x = cos 2x = cos 2x
( D 2
+ 3D + 2 ) 4 + 3D + 2 3D 2 We have p = 5; Q = 6 and X = 5e3x
By the method of variation of parameters, the particular inte-
3D + 2
= cos2x gral of (1) is
9D 2 - 4
Yp = A(x) e2x + B(x) e3x
3 ( - sin 2 x 2 ) + 2 cos 2 x -6 sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
= =
9 ( -4 ) - 4 -40 Where A(x) =
y2 X
dx =
e -3 x 5e -3 x
dx
w -e -5 x
3 sin 2 x - cos 2 x
= = 5 e 5 x dx A(x) = e5x.
20
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (B).
40. Given (D2 + 5D + 6)y = e5x
1
36. P.I. is (x2 2x + 4) A E = m2 + 5m + 6 = 0
D ( D - 1)
(m + 3)(m + 2) = 0, m = 3, 2
1 1
= - (x2 2x + 4) C.F = C1e 3x
+ C2 e 2x
D - 1 D
here, u(x) = e3x and v(x) = e2x
1 2
= (1 D)1 (x2 2x + 4) (x 2x + 4) VR
D A = - dx
x 3 2x 2 dv du
= (1 + D + D2 +..) (x2 2x + 4) + 4x u -v
3 2 dx dx
- x3 2x 2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
= ( x2 + 2x 4 2x + 2 2) + + - 4x
3 2
UR
x 3 41. B = dx
= 4x 4 udv vdu
3 -
dx dx
udv vdu
- = e -3 x ( -2e -2 x ) - e -2 x ( -3) e -3 x = e 5x
37. Auxillary equation m2 m 2 = 0 m = 1, 2 dx dx
C.F. is c1 ex + c2 e2x e -3 x e 5 x e7 x
B= -5 x
dx = e 7 xdx =
1 e 7
P.I is 2 e2x sinx
( D D 2) Hence, the correct option is (C).
e 2x e 2x 42. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0

sin x = sin x
( D + 2 )2 ( D + 2 ) 2 D + 3D
2
m=i
e 2x The solution is y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

sin x When x = 0 and y = 2 we have c1 = 2
( ) + 3D
1
and when x = p/2 and y = 2 we have c2 = 2
e 2 x ( 3D + 1) sin x e2 x
= = [3 cos x + sin x ] The required solution is y = 2 (cos x sin x)
9D 2 - 1 -10
The solution is y = C.F + P.I
d2y dy
e2 x 43. Given 3 x 2 + x - y = x2 (1)
i.e. y = c1 e + c2 e (3 cos x + sin x)
x 2x
dx 2 dx
10 This is a cauchys linear equation.
Hence, the correct option is (D). dy
Put x = ez z = logx and q =
38. The wronskian of the two solutions y1 = e2x and y2 = xe2x is dz
dy d 2y
given by x = qy x 2
= q (q 1) y
y1 y 2 e 2x xe 2 x dx dx 2
= 2x The given equation is changed as follows
y1 y 2
1 1
2e 2xe 2 x + e 2 x
[3q(q 1) + q 1]y = e2z
= 2xe4x + e4x 2xe4x
= e4x. [3q2 2q 1]y = e2z
Hence, the correct option is (A). AE is 3m2 2m 1 = 0
39. Given differential equation is (3m + 1)(m 1) = 0
d 2y dy m = 1/3 or m = 1
+ 5 + 6y = 5e3x (1)
dx
2
dx CF = C1 e1/3z + c2 ez

1 1 e 2z py f (x2 y2) y = xq f (x2 y2) x.

PI= e2 z = e 2z =
3q - 2q - 1 3 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 1
2
2
7 py + xq = (x y) (f(x2 y2))
1
py + xq = z
- z e2 z
G S is y = C1 e 3 + c2e z + Hence, the correct option is (B).
7
x 2 2 z
y = C1 x -1 3 + c2 x + 48. Given = cos (x y)
7 x 2
Hence, the correct option is (D). Integrating w.r.t. x, keeping others as constant
z 1
= sin (x y) + f (y)
d2y dy x y
44. x 2 2 + 7 x + 9 y = x 4 log x
dx dx Again integrating w.r.t x keeping others as constant
The above equation is cauchys equation -1
z= cos (x y) + x f (y) + g (y)
Put x = e ; z = log x
z y2
dy d2y y2 z + cos (x y) = xy2 f (y) + y2 g (y)
x =q x2 = q (q - 1)
dx dx 2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
The given equation becomes
49. Given x2p + y2q = (x + y)z
(q (q 1) + 7q + 9)y = e4zz
The above equation is in the from Pp + Qq = R
(q2 + 60 + 9)y = e4zz
dx dy dz
A E = m2 + 6m + 9 = 0 = (m + 3)2 = 0 m = 3 The auxiliary equations are = =
x 2 y2 ( x + y ) z
4z
( )
C F1= c1 + c 2 z e 3z, P I = 2
1
q + 6q + 9
e z Taking
dx dy 1 1
= 2 = + c1
x 2
y x y
1 1 1 1 1
e4 z z = e4 z z = e4 z z - = c1
(q + 3) (q + 4 + 3) (q + 7 )
2 2 2
x y
-2 x y = c1 xy (1)
e4 z q e 4 z 2q e 4 z -2
= 1+ z = 1- z= z

49 7 49 7 49 7 Taking
dx dy
=
dz

dx dy dz
=
x 2 y 2 ( x + y) z x y z
e 4z 2 4z
P I is z e log (x y) = log z
49 343
(x y) c2 = z
x 4 log x 2 4 x-y
= - x c2 =
49 343 z
Hence, the correct option is (C). c xy xy
from (1) c2 = 1 c3 =
45. The given equation is z z
2 z z z
2
xy x - y
+ 3xy + 5 = 8 which has order 2 and degree 1. Solution is f , = 0.
x 2

x y z z

Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (B).
46. Given z = (x a) (y b)
50. Given x (x2 + 3y2) p y (3x2 + y2) q = 2z (y2 x2)
z z
p = = y b, q = =xa The auxiliary equations are
x y
p q = (x a) (y b) = z. dx dy dz
= =
x ( x 2 + 3 y 2 ) y (3x 2 + y 2 ) 2 z ( y 2 - x 2 )
47. z = (x y) f (x2 y2) (1) 1 1 -1

Take P1 = , Q1 = , R1 =
x y z
z
= 1 f (x2 y2) + (x y) f1 (x2 y2) 2x (1) PP1 + QQ1 + RR1 = x2 + 3y2 3x2 y2 2y2 + 2x2 = 0

x
z 1 1 1
= ( 1) f (x2 y2) + (x y) f1 (x2 y2) ( 2y) dx + dy dz = 0
y x y z
xy
p f (x2 y2) = (x y) f1 (x2 y2) 2x log x + log y log z = log C1 = c1
z
q + f (x2 y2) = (x y) f1 (x2 y2) ( 2y)
x2 + y2
Again take P = x, Q = y and R =
p - f ( x2 - y2 ) -x 2z
= =
q + f ( x2 - y2 ) y P P + Q Q + R R

= x2 (x2 + 3y2) y(3x2 + y2) (+y) + (y2 x2)

( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 z = 0. 54. Given PDE is
2u 2u
+5 2 =0 (1)
2z x 2
y
x2 + y2 xdx + xdy 1 Let u (x, y) = X(x). Y(y) be the solution of (1) obtained by the
xdx + ydy + dz = 0, 2 + dz = 0 method of separation of variables
2z x +y2 2z
u u 2u 2u
2 x dx + 2 y dy 1 1 1 = X1 y, = XY1 2 = X11Y and 2 = XY11
+ dz = 0, 2 d (x2 + y2) + dz = 0 x y x y
x2 + y2 z x + y2 z
Substituting these in (1), we get
log (x2 + y2) + log z = log c2
X11y + 5 XY11 = 0
(x2 + y2) z = c2
x11 y11
xy +5 =0
Solution is f , ( x 2 + y 2 ) z = 0 x y
z
Hence, the correct option is (A). x11 y11
=5 = k (k is a constant)
51. (2p + 1) q = pz (1) x y
let u = x + ay. x11 y 11
dz dz = k and 5 =k
,q=a .p= x y
du du
x11 = kx 5y11 = ky
Substitute these values in (1)
x11 kx = 0 5y11 + ky = 0
dz dz dz dz z
2 du + 1 a du = du z, 2 du + 1 = a Hence, the linear differential equation involving in dependent
variable x is x11 kx = 0
dz z a d2x
2 = 1, 2 dz = du i.e. 2 kX (x) = 0.
du a z-a dx
Integrating both sides we get, 2a log (z a) = u + b. Hence, the correct option is (B).
2a log (z a) = x + ay + b
55. Comparing the given PDE
3x2uxx 6xyuxy + 3y2uyy 5ux + 7uy = 6x2y (1)
52. Given q2 x (1 + y2) = py2
With Auxx + Buxy + Cuyy + F(x, y, u, ux, uy) = 0
q 2 (1 + y 2 ) p
= We have A = 3x2, B = 6xy and C = 3y2
y2 x
B2 4AC = (6xy)2 4x 3x2 3y2 = 0
let
p
= a, q 2
(1 + y 2 ) =a B2 4AC = 0
x y2 Hence, (1) is parabolic.
ay 2 ay 2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
p = ax and q = ,q=
2
1+ y 2
1+ y 2 56. L (2sin2 2t) = L {1 cos 4t} = L {1} L {cos 4t}
ay 2 1 s
dz = pdx + qdy dz = axdx + dy = - 2 .
1 + y2 s s + 16
ax 2 1 Hence, the correct option is (C).
z = + a 2 1 + y2 + b
2 2 57. L {(t + 1)3} = L {t3} + 3L {t2} + 3 L{t} + L {1}
ax 2
z = + a 1 + y 2 + b. 3! 2! 3 1
2 = + 3 3 + 2 + , (s > 0)
Hence, the correct option is (C). s4 s s s
6 + 6s + 3s 2 + s 3
53. Given pqz = q2 (yp + q2) + p2 (xq + p2) =
s4
q p
z = ( yp + q 2 ) + ( xq + p 2 ) Hence, the correct option is (D).
p q
58. We have L {tcos22t}
q3 p3
z = qy + + px + 1 + cos 4t 1 1
p q = L = L {1} + L {cos 4t}
2 2 2
p3 q3
z = px + qy + + 1 1 s 1 s 2 + 16 + s 2
q p = + 2 ,=
This is clairaut equation 2 s 2 s + 16 2 s ( s 2 + 16 )
a3 b3 s2 + 8
z = ax + by + + = = f(s)
b a s ( s 2 + 16 )
Hence, the correct option is (A). By using shifting property i.e., L(eatf(t)) = f(s a)

L[e2t cos22t] = f(s + 2) where L[f(t)] = f(s) t e - st 3 1 3

1
= + e dt
- st
s 2 + 4 s + 12 1 - e -3 s - s 0 s 0
=
( s + 2 ) ( s 2 + 4 s + 20 ) 3 3
1 e st
e 3s +
s s s 0
59. We know that L {sinh 3t} =
3
= F (s) (1 e 3s )
s -9 2
-3 -3 s 1 -3 s 1
L {ei3t sinh 3t} = F (s 3i) =
3
= 2
3 s e - s2 e + s2
( s - 3i ) - 9
2
( s - 18 ) - 6i =
(1 - e -3s )
( s 2 - 18 ) + 6 si
= 3 or L {sinh 3t (cos 3t + isin 3t)} 1
2 = 1 - e -3 s - 3se -3 s
( s - 18 ) - ( 6 si ) s (1 - e -3 s )
2 2
2
3 ( s 2 - 18 ) + 18si Hence, the correct option is (C).

= or L {sinh 3t cos 3t} +iL {sinh 3t sin 3t}
s 4 + 324
e at e bt b
63. We know that dt = log
3 ( s - 18 )
2
18si t a
= 4 + 4 (1) 0
s + 324 s + 324 Taking a = 4 and b = 8,
Comparing real parts
e -4 t - e -8t 8
L {sinh 3t cos 3t} =
3 ( s 2 - 18 )
0 t
dt = log = log 2
4
s 4 + 324
-d
64. We know that L {t sin 3t} =
ds
{L (sin 3t )}
s
60. We know L {cos 3t} =
s +92
d 3 6s
or e 2t t sin 3t dt = =
d2 s 0
ds s 2 + 9 (s 2 + 9)2
L {t2 cos 3t} = (1)2 2 2
ds s + 9
12 12
Putting S = 2 we have e -2t t sin 3tdt = = .
(13)
2
169
d ( s 2 + 9 ) - s ( 2s ) d d s 0
= = 2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
ds ( s 2 + 9 )2 ds ds s + 9

65. Here, f (t) is not defined at t = 0 and t = 1
d 9 - s 2 ( s 2 + 9 ) ( -2 s ) - ( 9 - s 2 ) 2 ( s 2 + 9 ) ( 2 s )
2
1
= = L {f (t)} = e - st 2dt + e - st 1dt
ds ( s 2 + 9 )2
( )
2
( s2 + 9)
2
0 1
1
= 2
e e - st
- st
=
( s 2 + 9 ) ( -2s3 - 18s - 36 s + 4 s3 ) +
-s 0 -s 1
( s2 + 9)
4
-2e - s 2 e - s 1
2s 2 54s 2 s ( s 2 - 27 )
s
+ +
s
=
s
= 2 - e - s , s > 0
s
= =
(s 2 + 9)3 ( s2 + 9 )3 Hence, the correct option is (A).
1 t2
-1
t2
s 66. L1 9 = =
61. We know L {cos 4t} = = F (s) 9 75 31 p
s 2 + 16 s 2 G
2 2 2 2 2

cos h4t

x 1
L = 2 dx = log ( x 2 + 16 ) 16 t 7
t s x + 16 2 =
s 105 p
1 1 Hence, the correct option is (A).
= Lt log ( x 2 + 16 ) - log s 2 + 16
2 x 2

As Lt log ( x 2 + 16 ) is infinite the above value does not exist. 8 4 2s
x 67. L-1 - -
3 s - 2 16 s 2
- 25 16 s 2
- 25

3
62. Clearly f(t) is a periodiC Function of period p = 3
We know that f(t) is a periodiC Function with period p, then
8 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 s
p
e - st f ( t ) dt 3
te - st dt = L L L
L { f ( t )} = = 3 s 2 16 s 2 25 16 s 2 25
0 1- e - sp
0 1- e
-3 s
3 16 16

1
= et + 2et e3t + 3.e3t L1 2

8 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 s s
= L-1 - L - L = et + 2et e3t + 3.e3tt.
3 s - 2 4 2 5 2 8 2 5 2
3 s - 4 s - 4 Hence, the correct option is (C).
s-4
8 11 5t 1 5t = log ( s - 4 ) - log ( s + 3)
72. Let F(s) = log
= e 2 3t - sin h - cos h . s+3
3 45 4 8 4
1 1
4 (s) =
F -
8 1 5t 1 s-4 s+3
= e 2 3t - sin h - cos h 5t 4
3 5 4 8 L-1 {F ( s )} = e 4 t - e -3t ( -1) tL-1 {F ( s )} = e 4 t - e -3t
Hence, the correct option is (C). 1 -3t
\ L-1 {F ( s )} =
( e - e 4t )
t

-1
1 1 Hence, the correct option is (C).
68. L-1 2 =L
s - 8s + 20 ( s - 4 ) + 4
2
73. From the above solution we have
s - 4 1 -3t
1 e 4t L-1 log = (e - e )
4t
sin 2t =
= e4t sin 2t . s + 3 t
2 2
t
Hence, the correct option is (B). 1 s - 4
= f ( x ) dx where
s + 3 0
L-1 log
1 s
1
69. We have L-1 5
= e 4 t L-1 5 e -3t - e 4 t
t
e -3 x - e -4 x
( s - 4 ) s f ( t ) = L-1 {F ( s )} = = dx
t 0 x
t4 1
= e4t = t 4 e 4 t Hence, the correct option is (D).
4! 24
t
e 3s 1 (t 3)4 e 4 (t 3) t > 3 74. Let f (t) = sin x cos ( t - x ) dx

L1 5
= 24 0
(s 4 ) 0 t < 3 By convolution theorem we have

1 s s
1 L{f(t)}= L{sin t} L {cos t} = 2 =
( t - 3) e 4(t -3) H ( t - 3).
=
4
s + 1 s 2 + 1 ( s 2 + 1)2
24
s 1 d 1
Hence, the correct option is (C). f (t) = L1 = L1
2 2
(s + 1) 2 ds s + 1
2
1 1
70. As L-1 2 = sin 2t -1 -1 d 1 -1 1 -1 1
s + 4 2 = L 2 = t ( -1) L 2

By division theorem 2 ds s + 1 2 s + 1
1 t cos 2t t
L-1 2 = sin 2xdx = +1 = sin t
s ( s + 4 ) 0 2 2
1 t 1 cos 2 x t sin 2t
= -
t
dx = -
-1
L 2 2
s ( s + 4 ) 0 2 2 2 4 75. We know that f * g = f ( x ) g ( t - x ) dx
0

t
1 x 1 t 2
cos 2t 1 t
L1 3 2 = sin 2x dx = + 2 * 2 2.2dx = 4t = 22.t
(s s + 4 ) 0 2 4 4 8 8 0
t
1 1 1 t 2 cos 2t 1 2 * 2 * 2 = 4t * 2 = 8 x dx = 4t 2
L1 2 2 L = + -
s (s + 4 )
0
24 8 8 t2
t
= 8 (2 * 2 * 2) * 2 = ( 4t 2 ) * 2 = 4 x 2 2dx
t 2 cos 2t 1 2! 0
= + -
8 16 16 t3 t3
8 or 16
Hence, the correct option is (A). 3 3!

2 s3 - 13s 2 + 34 s - 15 Proceeding like this 2 * 2 * 2 * ..* 2 for n times
71. L-1 2 n t n 1
( s - 1) ( s - 3)
2
2
= ,for n = 1, 2, 3,.....
(n 1)!
1 2 1 3
= L1 + + Hence, the correct option is (C).
2
s 1 s + 1 s 3 (s 3) 76. Given (D4 16)y = 1
1
-1
1 1 -1 1 -1 Taking Laplace transform on both sides we have
= L-1
+ 2L - L + 3L 2
s - 1 s + 1 s - 3 ( s - 3) L {yIV} 16L {y} = L {1}

or s4 L {y} s3y (0) s2y1 (0) sy11 (0) y111 (0) 16L{y} The general solution of the above equation is
1 1
= or (s4 16)L {y} = u = Ae sx
+ Be - sx
s s
But u (x, t) must be bounded as x
1 1
L{y} = = u (x, s) = L {u (x, t)} must also be bounded as x
s ( s - 16 ) s (s 2) (s + 2) (s 2 + 4 )
4
A = 0 u = Be (1), But u (0, t) = 1.

sx
-1 1 s s 1
= + + L {u (0, t)} = L {1} = u (0, s) = (2)
16 s 32 ( s 2 - 4 ) 32 ( s 2 + 4 ) s
1
-1 -1 1 1 -1 s 1 -1 s From (1) and (2), B =
y = L + L + L s
16 s 32 s 2 - 4 32 s 2 + 4 1 - sx 1 x
u = e or u = L-1 e - sx = erf
-1 1 1 s s 2 t
= + cos h 2t + cos 2t
16 32 32 Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (D). 2 y 2 y
77. Given (D2 5D + 6)y = 1 e2t 79. Given = a2 2
t 2
y
Taking Laplace transform on both sides we have Applying Laplace transform on both sides of the above equa-
L {y11} 5L {y1} + 6L {y} = L {1} L {e2t} tion we have
or s2L {y} sy (0) y1 (0) 5 [sL {y} y (0)] + 6L {y} 2 y 2 y
L 2 = a2 L 2
1 1 t x
= d2y
s s+2 or s2 y (x, s) sy (x, 0) y (x, 0) = a2
2 dx 2
or (s2 5s + 6)L {y} s + 5 = d 2 y s2
s (s + 2 ) or y = 0 (1)
dx 2 a 2
2 1
or (s 3) (s 2) L {y} = + s-5 Also y (0, s) = L {t} = 2 and y (x, s) = 0 as x
s ( s + 2) s
2 + s 3 3s 2 10s The solution of (1) is given by
L {y} =
s (s + 2) (s 3) (s 2)
s -s
y (x, s) = c1e a x + c e a x
2
1 1 11 28
y (x, s) = 0 as x it follows that c1 = 0 and y (0, s)
= - + -
6 s 20 ( s + 2 ) 4 ( s - 2 ) 15 ( s - 3) 1
= 2 =B
1 -1 1 1 -1 1 11 -1 1 28 -1 1 s
y = L - L + L - L 1 -s x
6 s 20 s + 2 4 s - 2 15 s - 3 Hence, y (x, s) = 2 e a
s
1 1 -1 1 11 -1 1 28 -1 1
- L + L - L 1 -s
x 1
s 20 s + 2 4 s - 2 15 s - 3 y (x, t) = L1 2 e a as L-1 2 = t
s s
1 1 -2t 11 2t 28 3t x x x
= - e + e - e . = t , t > = 0, t <
6 20 4 15 a a a
x x
= t - H t - when expressed in terms of Heavisides
u 2u a a
78. Given =
t x 2 step function.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the equation we have Hence, the correct option is (B).
u 2u 2u 2u
L = L 2 80. The one dimensional wave equation is = c2 2 .
t x t 2
x
d 2u d 2u Hence, the correct option is (B).
or su (x, s) u (x, 0) = or 2 su = 0
dx 2
dx
Practice Problems 2 Degree of the given D.E. is 1

Solutions for questions 1 to 85: Hence, the correct option is (A).
1. The highest order derivative in the equation is 3 3. The given D.E. by taking the cube on both sides can be written
2
Order of the given D.E. is 3 dy 2 d 2 y 3
as 1 + = 2 .
Hence, the correct option is (B). dx dx
2. The exponent of the highest order derivative in the equation is 1. The order of D.E. is 2, as the highest order derivative is 2.

Degree of D.E is 3, as the power of highest order derivative is 3. 6. The equation of the parabola whose vertex is at the origin and
Hence, the correct option is (A). focus on y-axis is x2 = 4ay (1)
4. Given equation; y = Ae2x + Bex (1) dy x dx

2x = 4a or a =
dx 2 dy
dy
= 2Ae2x Bex (2) Substituting this in (1) we have
dx
d2y x dx dy
= 4Ae2x + Bex (3) x2 = 4y x = 2y
dx 2 2 dy dx
Solving (2) and (3) we get Hence, the correct option is (C).
1 d 2 y dy 1 d 2 y 2dy 7. The equation of the conic whose axes coincide with the
Ae2x = + , Bex = 2 - . coordinate axes is of the from ax2 + by2 = 1 (1)
6 dx 2
dx 3 dx dx
where a, b are two orbitrary constants
Substituting these values in (1)
Differentiating w.r t x, we get
1 d 2 y dy 1 d 2 y 2dy
We get y = + + dy a x
6 dx 2 dx 3 dx 2 dx 2ax + 2by y1 = 0 =
dx b y
d 2 y dy 2d 2 y dy dy
6y = + + -4 y-x
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx d 2 y -a dx
Differentiating w.r. t x again, we get 2 =
3d 2 y 3dy dx b y2
- - 6y = 0
dx 2 dx
d 2 y dy dy
y-x
2 2y = 0 d 2 y y dy dx - a = y dy
dx dx i.e. 2 =
dx x dx y 2 b x dx
5. The equation of the circle that touch as X-axis at the origin is 2 2
d2y dy dy d2y dy dy
of the form x2 + (y a)2 = a2 a is a parameter xy = y x or xy 2 + x = y which is the
dx 2
dx dx dx dx dx
x2 + y2 2ay = 0 (1) required D.E.
Differentiating (1) w.r.t to x we get. Hence, the correct option is (B).
dy dy
2x + 2y 2a = 0 8. The given general solution is y = ae2x + be3x (1)
dx dx
dy
dy = 2ae2x + 3be3x (2)
x + y dx
a= dx
d2y
dy = 4ae2x + 9be3x (3)
dx dx 2
Substituting this value in the equation (1) From (1) ae2x = y be3x (Substituting in (2))
dy dy dy
x+y = 2 (y be3x) + 3be3x be3x = 2y
We have x2 + y2 2y dx = 0 dx dx

(dy )
dx Substituting in (3) we have
dy dy d2y
(x2 + y2) 2xy 2y2 =0 = 4 (y be3x) + 9be3x
dx dx dx 2
dy
dy = 4y + 5be3x = 4y + 5 - 2 y
(x2 y2) = 2xy dx
dx
d2y dy
Alternate method The required D.E. is 2 5 + 6y = 0
dx dx
(y a)2 + x2 = a2
Alternate method
x2 + y2 2ay = 0
y = ae2x + be3x (1)
x2 + y2 = 2ay (1)
y1 = 2ae + 3be
2x 3x
(2)
2 x + 2 y y1 = 2ay1 (2)
y2 = 4ae2x + 9be3x (3)
Dividing (1) by (2)
The elimination of a and b is given by the determinant
y1 (x2 + y2) = 2y (x + yy1)
x2y1 + y1y2 = 2yx + 2y1y2 1 1 y
(x y )y1 = 2xy
2 2 2 3 y1 = 0
Hence, the correct option is (B). 4 9 y2

1 {3y2 9y1} 1 {2y2 4y1} + y {18 12} = 0 1 3 1 1

- log ( v 2 - v + 1) + 2
dv = dX
y2 5y1 + 6y = 0 2 2 1 3 X
v - 2 + 4
9. The given equation can be written as 1
1 3 2 v
3e x sec 2 y + 1 2 = log X + c
e x 1 dx = tan y dy log
v2 v + 1 2 3
tan
3

3 log (ex 1) = log tan y + log c 2
2v 1
(ex 1)3 = c tan y 2 3tan1 = 2 log X + log (v v + 1) + c
2

2Y - X 2
Y2 Y
10.
dy
= e x + y (e x + e y ),
dy
= e2 x e y + e x
2 3tan1 log x 2 - + 1 + c
3 X X X
dx dx
2Y - X
2 3tan1 = log (Y XY + X ) + c
2 2
dy
e y e x e y = e 2 x (1) X
dx Substituting X = x 1 and Y = y 1 we have
du dy 2Y X + 1
Let e y = u = e y
dx dx 2 3tan1 = log (x2 xy + y2 x y + 1) + c
3 ( X 1)
using this equation (1) becomes
du Hence, the correct option is (D).
+ e x u = e 2 x which is a linear D.E
dx 13. Put x + 2y = u
I.F = e
pdx
= e
e x dx
= ee
x dy du dy 1 du
1+2 = = 1
dx dx dx 2 dx
Solution is u I F = QIF dx
1 du u + 1
u ee = ( e 2 x ) ee dx = ex (e e dx) The given D.E. is changed to -1 =
2 dx 2u + 3
x x x
= te t dt where ( t = e x ) du (u + 1) 4u + 5
=2 +1 =
U e e = te t - e t + c dx 2u + 3 2u + 3
x
-e - y e e = e e ( e x - 1) + c
x x 2u + 3
du = dx
4u + 5
Hence, the correct option is (C). 1 4u + 5 + 1
du = dx
11. Given xdy + ydx = x dx 2 4u + 5
d(xy) = x dx 1
Integrating on both sides 1 + du = 2dx
4 u + 5

d(xy) = xdx
On integrating both sides,
x2
x y = +c 1
2
1 + 4u + 5 du = 2 dx
1
u + log(4u + 5) = 2x + c
dy x + y - 2 4
12. Given: =
dx 2 x - y - 1 1
x + 2y + log (4x + 8y + 5) = 2x + c
Solving x + y 2 = 0, 2x y 1 = 0 we get x = 1, y = 1, 4
( u = x + 2y)
Substituting x = X + 1, y = Y + 1 we have
(8y 4x) + log (4x + 8y + 5) = c is the general solution of the D.E.
dy X +Y
= which is homogeneous Hence, the correct option is (B).
dx 2 X - Y
dY dv 14. Given: (a2 2xy y2) dx (x + y)2 dy = 0
put Y = vX = =v+X
dX dx Comparing with M dx + N dy = 0 we have
dv 1 + v M
v + X = M = a2 2xy y2 , = 2x 2y
dX 2 v y
dv 1 + v 1 + v - 2v + v 2 N
X = v= and N = (x + y)2, = 2 (x + y)
dX 2 - v 2-v x
dv 1 v + v 2 2 - v dX M N
X = dv = ; = = 2 (x + y)
dx 2 v v - v +1
2
X y x

The given D.E. is exact x y2 x

=2 + c = y2 + c
The solution is Mdx + The terms not containing x in N) = c y 2 y
(a2 2xy y2)dx + (y2)dy Hence, the correct option is (A).
y3 20. Given: The equation can be written as
a2x x2y y2x =c
3 dx dx
Hence, the correct option is (A). = x tan y + sec y or + x tan y = sec y
dy dy
15. The I F of the given equation is 1/Mx Ny. dx
Hence, the correct option is (D). which is of the form + Px = Q, which in turn is a linear
dy
16. The given D.E. is of the form M dx + N dy = 0 differential equation in x.
Where M = ex (x2 + y2 + 2x) and N = 2yex Here, P = tan y and Q = sec y
M N The integrating factor is ePdy = sec y.
= ex (2y) and = 2yex
y x So, the solution is x sec y = sec y sec y dy
M N = sec2y dy = tan y + c
= = 2yex.
y x The general solution of the D.E is x sec y = tan y + c
The given D.E is an exact D.E. Hence, the correct option is (D).
1
1 - log x
The solution is Mdx + (the terms not containing x in N) dy = c dy log x ex x 2
21. The given D.E can be rewritten as + y=
ex(x2 + y2 + 2x)dx + 0dy = 0 dx x x
ex (x2 2x + 2) + exy2 + 2xex 2ex + c = 0 dy log x 1
- log x
+ y = ex x 2 which is a linear D.E. in x.
ex (x2 + y2) = c is the solution of the given D.E. dx x
Hence, the correct option is (A). log x 1
- log x
Here, P = , Q = ex x 2
17. Given x y d x + (y2 + x2 + y) dy = 0 x
( log x )
2
log x
there M = x y and N = y2 + x2 + y
log x
dx log x
I.F. is e = e 2 = (elogx)
x
=x 2
M N 2
= x and = 2x
y x log x x 1
log x
1
log x
The solution is y x 2 = e x 2 . x2 dx
1 M N 1 1
+ = [2 x x] = = g ( y ) = e dx = e + c
x x

M y x xy y 1
log x
The solution is y x 2 = ex + c
1

I.F = e
g ( y ) dx dy
=e y
= elog y = y
Hence, the correct option is (D). dy
22. = y tanx 2sinx
dx
18. Given (x3 + y3 2x)dx + 3y2 d y = 0
dy
there M = x3 + y3 2x and N = 3y2 tanx y = 2sinx which is a linear D.E. in x
dx
M N Here, P = tanx, Q = 2 sinx
= 3 y 2 and =0
y x I.F. is etanx dx = elog cosx = cosx
1 M N 1 The solution is y cos x = 2 cosx (sinx)dx
- = ( 3 y 2 - 0 ) = 1 = f(x) = sin2x dx
N y x 3 y 2
I. F = e = e 1dx x cos 2 x
The solution is ycosx = +c
dx
19. Given equation can be written as y = x + 2y3 (or)
dy dx
23. Given equation is = xy + x3y3
dx x dy
= 2y2 which is a linear D.E. in y.
dy y Dividing both sides by x3 we have
1 1 dx y
Here, P = , Q = 2y2 - = y3 (1)
y x 3 dy x 2

pdy -
1
y dy 1 1 2 dx du
I.F. = e =e = elogy = Put 2 = u = 3 =
y x x dy dy
G.S is x I.F = Q.I.F dy Substituting in the equation (1) we have
1 1 1 du du
y y
The solution is x = 2 y 2 dy + c + uy = y3 or + 2y u = 2y3
2 dy dy

which is a linear D.E, Clearly (3) and (4) are identical

where P = 2y and Q = 2y3 The given system of curves are self orthogonal
I.F. = e = e = e y Hence, the correct option is (C).
pdy 2 ydy

2
The solution is u e = e 2 y dy
y2 y2 3 dy y 2 x 2
26. Given: = (1)
dx 2 xy
ue y = e y (y2 1) + c
2 2
For finding the D.E. of orthogonal trajectories, in equation (1)

-1
The solution is = (y2 1) + ce - y dx
2
dy
x2 we replace by .
Hence, the correct option is (C). dx dy
24. Dividing by sec y we get -dx y 2 - x 2

= 2xy dx = y2dy x2dy
dy sin y dy 2 xy
cos y = (1 + x)ex (1)
dx 1 + x x2dy + 2xydx = y2dy
dy du 2 xydx x 2 dy x2
Put sin y = u cos y = . or = dy d = dy
dx dx y 2
y
du u Integrating on both sides we have
Substituting in (1), we have = ex (1+x) (2)
dx 1 + x x2
= y + c1 or x2 + y2 = c1 y which is the equation of the
du y
which is of the form + Pu = Q,
dx orthogonal trajectories.
where P = , Q = ex (1 + x).
1+ x
27. Given: rn sin nq = an; a is the parameter
-1
Pdx = 1 + x dx = - log (1 + x ) n log r + log sin n q = n log a
1 Differentiating w.r.t q we have

Integrating factor ePdx = elog (1 + x) =
(1 + x ) n.
1 dr
=
1
n cos nq
1 1 r dq sin nq
1+ x 1+ x
The solution is given by u = = ex(1 + x) dx 1 dr
= cot nq
1 r dq
sin y = ex + c, sin y = (1 + x) (ex + c) is the general dr dq
1
x+ Replacing by r2 dr we have
solution of the D.E. dq
Hence, the correct option is (A). 1 dq dr
( r2 ) = cot nq tan nq dq = 0
25. Given: y2 = 4a (x + a) (1) r dr r
Differentiating w.r.t x integrating we have
1
dy log r + log cos nq = log c
2y = 4a (2) n
dx
log rn + log cos nq = log c or rn cos nq = c
(1) can be written as
y2 = 4ax + 4a2 y2 = 4ax + (4a)2
4 28. Given y = 2xp p2
2
dy 1 dy As we cannot resolve the above in to factors we solve the
i.e. y2 = 2xy + 4y .
dx 4 dx equation for y. Differentiate the equation wrt x
2
dy dy dy dp dp
y + 2x y = 0 (3) = 2x + 2p - 2p
dx dx dx dx dx
dy -dx dp dp
Replacing by we have p = 2x + 2p - 2p
dx dy dx dx
2 dp dx 2 p 2 x
dx
y 2x
dx
y=0 (2 p 2x) = p = - = 2
dx dp p p
dy dy
dy
2
dx 2
Multiplying the equation by we get + x=2
dx dp p
2
dy dy This is a linear equation in x
y 2x y =0
dx dx x I F = QIF dp + c
2
dy dy I F = e2/pdp = e2logp = p2
y + 2x y = 0 (4)
dx dx xp2 = 2p2dp + c

2 3 The general solution is

xp 2 =
p + c where P Is parameter
3 y = e2x [c1cos 3x + c2sin 3x]
Hence, the correct option is (A). or y = c1e2x cos( 3 x + c2)
dy Hence, the correct option is (C).
29. Let =p
dx 34. The auxiliary equation m4 2m3 2m 1 = 0
p2 + 7xp + 10x2 = 0
We can easily find the factors of the equations m = 2i and m = 1 2
The solution is y = (c1 cos2 x + c2 sin2 x) +
p2 + 5xp + 2xp + 10x2 = 0
p(p + 5x) + 2x(p + 5x) = 0 ex {c3 cosh 2 x + c4 sinh 2 x}
(p + 5x)(p + 2x) = 0 Hence, the correct option is (A).
p = 5x, p = 2x
35. Auxiliary equation of the differential equation
dy dy
= 5 x or = 2 x d4 y d3y d 2 y dy
dx dx + 3 + 3 + = 0 (1) is
dx 4 dx 3 dx 2 dx
dy = 5xdx,ordy = 2xdx
-5 x 2 D4 + 3D3 + 3D2 + D = 0
y = + c y = x2 + c
2 D(D3 + 3D2 + 3D + 1) = 0
General solution D(D + 1)3 = 0
5x2 D = 0; D = 1, 1, 1
y + 2 c ( y + x c) = 0
2
The general solution of (1) is

Hence, the correct option is (A). y = (C1 + C2x + C3x2) ex + C4 e0x
y = (C1 + C2x + C3x2)ex + C4.
30. Given p2 + 5px + 4x = 0
2

p2 + 4px + px + 4x2 = 0
p(p + 4x) + x(p + 4x) = 0 36. The auxiliary equation of the differential equation
(p + x)(p + 4x) = 0 d4 y d2y
+ 8 2 + 16y = 0 (1) is
p = x or p = 4x dt 4
dt
dy dy D4 + 8D2 + 16 = 0
= - x or = -4 x (D2 + 4)2 = 0
dx dx
dy = xdxordy = 4 xdx D2 + 4 = 0; D2 + 4 = 0
D = 2i; D = 2i
x2
Y = + y = 2 x 2 + c As the roots of the auxiliary equation are complex c onjugates
2
that are repeated, the general solution of (1) is y = [(C1 + C2t)
x 2
y + + c ( y + 2 x 2 + c ) = 0 cos 2t + (C3 + C4t) sin 2t.
Hence, the correct option is (B). 37. Auxillary equation is m2 4m + 4 = 0
31. Given x = p2 + 3p (m 2)2 = 0 m = 2, 2(equal roots)
Differentiating the given equation w. r. t y we get CF is (c1 + c2 x) e2x

1 x 2 2x
dx dp dp 1 dp PI is e2x = e ( f (D) = 0 when D = 2)
= 2 p + 3 = ( 2 p + 3) ( D 2)
2
2!
dy dy dy p dy
dy = (2p2 +3p)dp Solution is y = C.F + P.I
x2
integrating on both sides i.e. y = (c1 + c2x) e2x + e2x
2
p3 3 p3 Hence, the correct option is (B).
y =2 + +c
3 2
Hence, the correct option is (D). 38. Auxillary equation is m3 4m2 3m + 18 = 0
(m + 2) (m 3)2 = 0 m = 2, 3, 3
32. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m 15 = 0 (m + 5) (m 3) = 0
C.F. is (c1 + c2x) e3x + c3e 2 x
m = 3 or 5 (Roots are real and distinct)
1
The general solution is y = c1e -5 x + c2e3x P.I. is excosh2x
( D - 3) ( D + 2 )
2

33. The auxiliary equation is (m2 4m + 7) = 0 1 e 2 x + e -2 x
= ex
( D 3) ( D + 2) 2
2
m = 2 3i(roots are imaginary)

1 1 3x This is a linear equation in p

) ( D + 2 ) 2 (
e + e - x )
(
2
D - 3 I F = e31dm = e3x
P I F = eQIF dx + c
1 1 1 e- x
= e3 x + p e3x = e3x e2x dx + c
2 ( D - 3) ( D + 2 )
2
( D - 3) ( D + 2 )
2
dy 3 x e 5 x
e = +c
1 1 e3 x 1 e x dx 5
+
2 ( D 3) ( 3 + 2 ) 2 ( 1 3) ( 1 + 2 )
2 2
e2 x
d y = + e -3 x c dx
5
1 x 2 . 3x e- x
e + Integrating on both sides
10 2! 32
e 2 x e -3 x
The solution is y = C.F. + P.I. y = - c + c1
10 3
1 2 3x 1 x
i.e. y = (c1 +c2x)e3x + c3e 2 x + xe + e Aliter: = The given equation can be written as follows
20 32
Hence, the correct option is (A). (D2 + 3D)y = e2x
39. Auxillary equation is m4 + 3m2 4 = 0 A E = m2 + 3m = 0 = 0; 3
(m2 1) (m2 + 4) = 0 C F = C1 e0.x + c2 e3x = c1 + c2 e3x
m = 1, 1, 2i 1 e2 x
PI = e2 x =
C.F. = c1ex + c2ex + c3cos2x + c4sin2x D + 3D
2
10
e2 x
1 G S = C F + P I = C1 + C2 e3x +
P.I. is sin2x 10
( D 2 - 1) ( D 2 + 4 ) Hence, the correct option is (B).
-1 1 x ( - cos 2 x ) 42. Given (x2D2 + x D +1)y = x3ex
= sin2x =
5( D2 + 4) 5 2 2 The above equation is Cauchy; s equation.
The solution is y = C.F + P.I. Put x = ez z = log x
1
y = c1ex + c2e - x+ c3cos2x + c4sin2x + xcos2x dy d2y
20 Let = qy, x 2 2 = q (q - 1)
dx dz
The given equation becomes
40. Auxillary equation m2 3m + 2 = 0
[q(q 1) + q + 1]y = e3zz
(m 1) (m 2) = 0 m = 1, 2
(q2 + 1)y = e3zz
C.F. is c1ex + c2e2x
A E = m2 + 1 = 0 m = i
1 1 1 2
P.I. is (x + x) =
2
- (x + x) C F = c1 cosz + c2 sinz
( D 1) ( D 2) D - 2 D - 1
1 1
[(D 2)1 (D 1)1] (x2 + x) PI= e3 z z = e 3 z z
q2 +1 ( ) +1
2
q + 3
1 D
-1
(1 - D ) - 1 - (x2 + x)
-1
1 1
2 2 = e3z z = e3z 2 z=
q 2 + 6q + 9 + 1 q + 6q + 10
1 D D2
(1 + D + D2 + ..)(x2 + x) 1 + + + ...... (x2 + x) e 3 z q 2 + 60
-1
e 3 z q 2 + 60
2 2 4 = + 1 + z= 1 -
1
x2 + x + 2x + 1 + 2 x 2 + x + 2 x + 1 + 2 10 10 q 10
2 2 4
x2 5 e3 z e3 z e3 z
+ 2x + = z- 6= (10z 6)
2 2 10 100 100
The solution is y = C.F + P.I e3 z
G S = C F + P I = C1 cos z + c2 sin z + (10 z - 6 )
x2 5 100
y = c1ex + c2e2x + + 2x + x3
2 2 = c1 cos (log x) + c2 sin (log x) + (10 log x 6)
d2y dy 43. Given (D2 + 4)y = sec2x
41. Given + 3 = e2 x
dx 2 dx AE = m2 + 4 = 0 m2 = 2i
dy d y dp
2
Let = p, 2 = CF = yc = C1cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
dx dx dx
dp U(x) = cos 2x ; V(x) = sin 2x
The given equation becomes + 3 p = e2 x
dx Yp = AU(x) + B V(x)

dV dU d d 46. Then, Cauchys differential equation can be a transformed in to

U V = cos 2x ( sin 2 x ) - sin 2 x ( cos 2 x ) a linear differential equation by using the substitution x = eZ
dx dx dx dx
= 2cos22x + 2 sin2 2x = 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
47. Let x = ez or z = logx
VR sin 2 x sec 2 x
A = = dx dy d2y
udv vdu 2 Then, x = q ; x 2 2 = q (q - 1)
dx dx dx
dx dx
The above equation becomes
tan 2 x 1
= dx = log ( cos 2 x ) [q(q 1) + 3q 3]y = 0
2 4
[q2 + 2q 3]y = 0
UR cos 2 x sec 2 x 1
B = dx = dx = x A . E = m2 + 2m 3 = 0 = (m + 3)(m 1) = 0
udv vdu 2 2
- m = 3, 1
dx dx
y = c1e3z + c2ez
1 1
yp = log ( cos 2 x ) cos 2 x + x sin 2 x y = c1x3 + c2x
4 2
y = yc + yp= Hence, the correct option is (C).
d2y dy
+ 3 ( x - 1) + y = 2 sin ( log ( x - 1) ) (1)
1 1
C1cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x + log ( cos 2 x ) cos 2 x + x sin 2 x 48. Given (x 1)2
4 2 dx 2 dx
Hence, the correct option is (D). du
let x 1= u = 1
44. The wronskian of the two solutions y1 = Cos 3x and y2 = sin dx
3x is given by dy dy du dy d2y d2y
= = and 2 = 2
dx du dx du dx du
y1 y2
cos 3 x sin 3 x The equation (1) becomes
W = 1 1 =
3 sin 3 x 3 cos 3 x d2y dy
y1 y2 u 2 2 + 3u + y = 2 sin ( log u ) (2)
du du
= 3 cos23x + 3sin23x = 3. This is cauchys of is equation
Hence, the correct option is (C). Put u = ez z = log u
45. The complementary function of the differential equation d udy
q= = = qy
d2y dy dz du
X2 2 4x + 4y = 6x3 (1)
dx dx d2y
u 2 2 = q (q - 1) (2) becomes
d 2 y 4 dy 4 du
Rewriting (1) as is + y = 6x (2) [q(q 1) + 3q + 1]y = 2sinz
dx 2 x dx x 2
d2y dy (q2 + 2q + 1)y = 2sinz
Comparing (2) with 2 + P + Q y = X A E = m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 (m + 1)2 = 0 m = 1
dx dx
-4 4 C F = (c1 +c2 z)ez
We have P = , Q = 2 and X = 6x 1 1
x x PI= 2 sin z= 2 sin z
As yc = C1x + C2x , we have
4 q 2 + 2q + 1 -1 + 2q + 1
Y1 = x and y2 = x4 1
= sin z = cos z
q
The wronskian of y1 and y2 is
GS=CF+PI
y1 y2
x x4 y = (C1 + C2 z)ez cosz
W = 1 1 = = 4x4 x4 1
1 4 x3 y = (C1 + C2 log u) cos(log u)
y1 y2 u
1
W = 3x4 y = C1 + C2 log ( x - 1) - cos ( log ( x - 1) )
x -1
Now, the particular integral of (1) is given as Sp = A(x) x + Hence, the correct option is (A).
B(x).x4 49. Given z = f (x2 + y2)
When calculated by the method of variation of parameters
Differentiate w.r.to x,
y1 X x 6x z 1 2 2
B(x) = dx = dx = f (x + y ) 2x (1)
w 3x 4 x

2 Differentiate w.r.to y
B(x) = .
x z
= f1(x2 + y2) 2y (2)
Hence, the correct option is (D). y


(1) p f 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 x 54. Given px (x + y) = qy (x + y) + (y x) (2x + 2y + z)

= =
(2) q f 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 y px (x + y) qy (x + y) = (y x) (2x + 2y + z)
py qx = 0 It is in the form Pp + Qq = R
Hence, the correct option is (C). The auxiliary equation is
50. z = f (x + at) g (x at) dx dy dz
= =
x ( x + y ) - y ( x + y ) ( y - x )(2x + 2 y + z )
z
= f 1 ( x + at ) g 1 ( x at ) dx dy
x Take =
x( x + y) - y( x + y)
2 z
= f 11 ( x + at ) - g11 ( x - at )
x 2 dx dy
=
z x y
= af1(x + at) + ag1(x at)
t log x = log y + log c1
2 z = log x + log y = log c1 xy = c1
= a2f11(x + at) + a2g11(x at)
t 2 dx + dy
Take
2 z
= a2 2
2 z ( y )( x + y )
x -
t 2
x
dz + dx + dy
Hence, the correct option is (A). =
( y - x )(2x + 2 y + z ) + ( x - y )( x + y )
51. z = f (x y)
dx + dy dx + dy + dz
=
z z x+ y ( x + y + z)
= f1 (x y), = f1 (x y)
x y log (x + y) = log (x + y + z) + log c2
z z (x + y) (x + y + z) = c2
+ = 0, p + q = 0.
x y The solution is f (xy, (x + y)(x + y + z)) = 0
52. z = xy f(x + y )
2 2 55. Given pq = 3
z This is in the form of f(p, q) = 0. Therefore, the solution is in
p = = y f1(x2 + y2) 2x (1) the form of z = ax + by + c
x
z put p = a; q = b
q = = x f1(x2 + y2) 2y (2)
y ab = 3 b = 3
a
from (1) y p = f1(x2 + y2) 2x 3
solution is z = ax +
y + c.
from (2) x q = f1 (x2 + y2) 2y a
(1) y - p x Hence, the correct option is (D).
= =
( 2) x - q y 56. Given q z2 + p = 1
y py = x xq
2 2
The above equation do not contain x and y terms
qx py = x2 y2 Put u = x + ay.
Hence, the correct option is (D). dz adz
p = ,q=
53. Given z(xp + yq) = x + y2 2 du du
zxp + zyq = x2 + y2 dz 2 dz
a z + =1
It is in the form Pp + Qq = R du du
(az2 + 1) dz = du
dx dy dz
Auxiliary equations are = = z3 z3
zx zy x 2 + y 2 a + z = u + C a + z = x + ay + C.
3 3
dx dy dx dy x Hence, the correct option is (A).
Taking = ; = = c1
zx zy x y y
57. zpq = p + q (1)
Take P1 = x, Q1 = y and R1 = z
This equation does not contain x and y.
= P1 P + Q1 Q + R1 R = 0 = xzx + yzy + (x2 + y2) (z) = 0
Put u = x + ay
xdx + ydy zdz = 0 dz adz
x2 + y2 z2 = c2 p = , q =
du du
x substitute these values in (1)
The general solution is f , x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 0
y dz adz dz dz
z = +a
Hence, the correct option is (C). du du du du

dz Hence, the PDE given in option (B) is elliptic

za =a+1
du Also, it can be easily observed that the PDE given in options
az dz = (a + 1) du (A), (C) and (D) do not satisfy the property, B2 4AC < 0.
z2 z2
a = (a + 1) u + b; a Hence, the correct option is (B).
2 2
= (a + 1) (x + ay) + b 61. Let f (t) = sin 3t 3tcos 3t
z2 a + 1 f
1
(t) = 3cos 3t 9t (sin 3t) 3cos 3t = 9tsin 3t and
= x + (a + 1) y + b f (0) = 0
2 a
Hence, the correct option is (B). From L {f1 (t)} = s. L {f (t)} f (0) we have
L {9t sin 3t} = s. L {sin 3t 3tcos 3t}
58. Given (p q) (z x p yq) = 1
1
1
z = x p + yq + L {sin 3t 3tcos 3t} = L {9t sin 3t}
p-q S
9 d 9 d 3
This is a clairaut equation and its solution is = L {sin 3t} =
1 s ds S ds S 2 + 9
z = ax + by +
a-b 9 6 s 54
Hence, the correct option is (D). = =
s ( s 2 + 9 )2 ( s 2 + 9 )2

59. Given u = x(x), y(y) (1) is the solution of the PDE Hence, the correct option is (A).
u u
4 + 5 = 0 (2)
x y 1 + cosh 6t 1 1
62. L {cosh 2 3t} = L = L{1} + L{cosh 6t}
Obtained by solving (2) by the method of separation of 2 2 2
variables 11 1 s s 2 - 18
u u = + =
= x1y and = xy1 where x1 =
dX
and y1 =
dY 2 s 2 s - 36 s ( s 2 - 36 )
2
x y dx dy
(2) becomes Hence, the correct option is (B).
4x1y + 5xy1 = 0 63. Standard result, the correct option is (C).
4x 5 y
1 1 1
+ =0 64. L {e -3t } =
x y s+3
d n 1 ( 1) .( 1) n!
n n
4 x1 5 y1 n!
L {t n e 3t } = ( 1)
n
= = k (say) where k is a constant = =
( s + 3) ( s + 3)
n +1 n +1
x y ds n s + 3
4 x1 5 y1
= k and =k Alternate method
x y n!
kx -ky We know that L{eat tn} =
( s - a)
n +1
x1 = y1 =
4 5 n!
kx ky L{e3t tn} =
( s - 3)
n +1
x1 = 0 y1 + =0
4 5
dX kx dx k Hence, the correct option is (B).
= = dx
dx 4 x 4
t n -1 ( n - 1)! 1
dx k k 65. L = n = n
= dx
x 4
logx = x + c1
4 ( n - 1) ( )
! s n - 1 s
kx kx
e 5t .t n -1 1
X = e 4 + c1 = e 4 c1 L =
( n - 1)! ( s - 5 )
n
kx kx

x =ce 4 ; where c = e c X (x) = ce 4
1

1
60. A PDE is of the form 66. We know that L {e3t} = ,s>3
s3
Auxx + Buxy + Cuyy + F(x, y, u, ux, uy) = 0 (1)
is elliptic, if B 4AC < 0 2 d3 1 d 2 -1
L {t3e3t} = (1)3ds3 s - 3 = - ds 2 2
From the PDE in the options, consider the PDE in option (B) ( s - 3)
Comparing it with (1), we have
d -2 2.3 6
A = 3, B = 4 and C = 5 = = =-
ds ( s - 3)2 ( s - 3)4 ( s - 3)
4
B2 4AC = (4)2 4 3 5 = 44 < 0

B2 4AC < 0 Hence, the correct option is (C).

2 (By resolving into partial fractions)

67. We have L { f ( t )} = e - st f ( t ) dt = 0e - st dt + ( t - 2 ) e - st dt
2
1
1 1 1
0 0 2 1
= 5 L1 2L + 3L 2
( s 2 )

(t - 2)
2 s 2 s 2
2
- e - st + ( t - 2 ) e - st dt
s s2 1
2 = 5e 2t 2e 2t + 3e 2t L1 2
s

2 ( t - 2 ) - st e - st 2e -2 s = 5e 2t 2e 2t + 3e 2t .t
- e - 2
= 3
s s s 2 s Hence, the correct option is (B).

5s + 3 5 ( s - 3) + 18
-1
73. L-1 2 =L
( s - 3) - 6
a
s - 6 s - 27
2
68. L { g ( t )} = e - st g ( t ) dt = e - st 0 dt + e - st f ( t - a ) dt
2
0 0 a
( s 3) 1
5L1 + 18 L1
( s 3) 6 ( s 3) 6
2 2
= e - st f ( t - a ) dt ,Let t - a = x dt = dx,
2 2

a
1
s 3t 1
1
L.L. = 0, U.L. = = 5.e3tL s 2 62 + 18e L s 2 62

= e - s ( a + x ) f ( x ) dx = e - sa e - sx f ( x ) dx 18
0 0
= 5.e3tcosh 6t + 3t sinh 6t
6

= e3t (5cosh 6t + 3sinh 6t)
= e sa e st f ( t ) dt = e sa L { f ( t )} = e sa F ( s )

69. We know that Heavisides unit step function - -
-1
4 s 3 4 s 3
H (t a) = 0, t < a = 1, t > a
74. L-1 2 =L
9 s - 30 s - 25 9 s 2 + 10 s + 25

3 9
L {H (t a)} = e - st H ( t - a )dt
0 5 29
a 4 s +
3 3
e - st
H ( t - a ) dt + e - st H ( t - a ) dt = L1 2
0 a 9 s + 5

a
e

e - as - st
3
0dt + e
-s a
=
st
s
dt =

0 a
4 -1 1 29 -1 1
Hence, the correct option is (B). = 4 L-1 1 29 L 1
9 L s + 55 27 L-1 2
5 2
9 s + s +
3 27 5
1 s 3 3 s + 3
70. L1 5 + 2 3
s 2 s 9 s + 4 4 53 t 29 53 t 1 1
= e e L 2
1 9 27 s
s 1
1
= L1 5 + L1 2 3L 4 - 5 t 29 - 5 t t
s 2 s 9 4
s + = e 3 - e 3
9 27 1!
5 3
-1
t2 t2 1 -5t 29
+ cosh 3t - 3e -4 t = + cosh 3t - 3e -4 t = e 3 4 - t
5 3 1 9 3
G . . p
2 2 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
3
4t 2
5 ( s - 2 ) + 13
+ cosh 3t 3e 4t 5s + 3 -1
3 p 75. L-1 2 =L
s - 4 s + 13 ( s - 2 ) + 9
2

s - 2
-1
1
1 4t 1 1 e 4t . t 4 1 e 4t t 3 = 5 L-1 + 13L
( s - 2 ) + 9 ( s - 2 ) + 3
2 2
71. L1 4
=e L 4= = 2
( s 4 ) s ( 4 1)! 3!
s 2 t -1
1
Hence, the correct option is (B). = 5.e 2t L-1 2 + 13e L 2
s + 32 s + 32
3s 2 + 11s 22 5 1 e 2t
2 3 = 5e 2t cos 3t + 13e 2t sin 3t = (15 cos 3t + 13 sin 3t )
72. L1 2
= L1 + 2 3 3
( s + 2 ) ( s 2 ) s 2 s + 2 ( s 2 ) Hence, the correct option is (D).

s 2 + 2s + 3
1 t
76. The partial fraction of = e - st e - bt a f dt
( s + 2 s + 5) ( s 2 + 2 s + 2 )
2
0
a a
1 t
2 1 1 1 = L e - bt a f dt
= 2 +
3 s + 2 s + 5 3 s 2 + 2 s + 2 a a
1 - tba t
s 2 + 2s + 3 L-1 {F ( as + b )} = e f
= L1 2 a a
( s + 2 s + 5 ) ( s 2
+ 2 s + 2 ) Hence, the correct option is (C).
2 -1 1 1 1
L = + L
-1
79. Given ( D 2 2 D 8) y = 0
3 ( s + 1) + 2 3 ( s + 1) + 1
2 2 2 2
Applying Laplace transform on both sides we have

2 1 t 1 t L ( y) 2 L ( y) 8 L ( y ) = 0
= . e .sin 2t + e sin t
3 2 3 s 2 L { y} - sy ( 0 ) - y ( 0 ) - 2 sL ( y ) + 2 y ( 0 ) - 8 L { y} = 0
-t
e
= {sin 2t + sin t} s2 2s 8 L(y) = L(y) 3s 6 + 6 = 0
3
3s
Hence, the correct option is (B). L( y) =
( ) ( s + 2)
s - 4
s s s
77. = = 1 2
s 4 + 7 s 2 + 16 ( s 2 + 4 )2 s 2 ( s 2 + s + 4 ) ( s 2 s + 4 ) L( y) = +
s+2 s4
1 1 1 1 2 2t
+ y = L1 + = e + 2e
2 s 2 + s + 4 s 2 s + 4
4t
s + 2 s 4
s Hence, the correct option is (D).
L-1 4
s + 7 s 2 + 16 80. Given ty + y + 9ty = 0 taking Laplace transform on both sides
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 we have
= L 2 + L 2
2 s + s + 4 2 s - s + 4 L {ty} + L { y} + 9 L {ty} = 0

- 1 -1
= -11 --11 11
+ 1 -1 11 d
- L { y11} + L { y1} + 9 ( -1) L { y} = 0
d
= 2 L + 2L
(( )) (( ))
L 2 15 L 2 15 ds ds
2 s + 11 2
+ 15 2 ss - 11 2
+ 15
s + 22 + 44 - 22 + 44 d d
- s 2 L { y} - sy ( 0 ) - y ( 0 ) + sL { y} - y ( 0 ) - 9 L { y} = 0
ds ds
1 1 t 1 +d1 e 2 t L1
1
1
= e 12 L1 - 1 s12tL { y} - sy (10 ) - y2 ( 0 ) + sL { y} - y ( 0 ) - 9 d L { y} = 0
21 2 t 1 1 2
e L 2 15 2 +ds2e 2 L1 2 15 2 ds
s + s +
2 2 15 2 2 15
s + 2 s + 2 d 2 d
- s L { y} - 3s + sL ( y ) - 3 - 9 L { y} = 0
2 2
ds ds
1 -1t 1 15 1 1t 1 15
=- e 2 .sin t + e2 . sin t Let L { y} = u
2 15 2 2 2 15 2
d 2 du
2 ( s u - 3s ) - su + 3 + 9 = 0
ds ds
1 15 12 t -1
t
= sin t e - e 2 du du
15 2 =s 2
+ 2 su - 3 - su + 3 + 9 =0
ds ds
2 15 ht du
= sin t sin ( s 2 + 9) + su = 0
15 2 2 ds
du s
Hence, the correct option is (A). or + ds = 0
u s2 + 9
78. We know that L-1 {F ( s )} = f ( t ) Integrating on both sides we get
1
log u + log ( s 2 + 9 ) = log A

F ( s ) = L { f ( t )} = e - st . f ( t ) dt 2
0
A A

or u = L { y} =
F ( as + b ) = e ( as + b)t f ( t ) dt = e ast. e bt f ( t ) dt s +9
2
s +9
2
0 0
1
or y = AJ 0 ( 3t )
1 y = AL1
Put at = x dt = dx
a s2 + 9
1
as L {J 0 ( 3t )} =
bx
1 x
F ( as + b ) = e - sx e
-
a . f dx
0 a a s +9
2

As given y(0) = 3 ( 4(x, 0) = 10sin4px)

3 = AJ0(0) A = 3 ( J0(0) = 1) d 2u s
- u = -5 sin 4px
Hence y = 3J0(3t) dx 2 2
Hence, the correct option is (C). s s s
Auxillary equation m 2 - = 0 m + m - =0
81. Given (D3 D)y = t 2
2 2
Applying Laplace transform on both sides we have s
x -
s
x
C.F. y = Ae 2 + Be 2
L{ y 111
} - L { y } = L {t}
1
5 5 sin 4px 10 sin 4px

1 p.l is .sin 4px = =
s3 L { y} - s 2 y ( 0 ) - sy1 ( 0 ) - y11 ( 0 ) - sL { y} + y ( 0 ) = s s 32p 2 + s
s D2 16p 2
2 2
1
L { y} ( s3 - s ) = as y ( 0 ) = y1 ( 0 ) = y11 ( 0 ) = 0 s

s
10 sin 4px
u ( x, s ) = Ae
x x
s 2 + Be 2 +
1 32p 2 + s
L { y} = 2 2
s ( s - 1) Given u(0, t) = 0 A + B = 0 (1)
1 1 s
-
s
L(y) = 2 - And u(1, t) = 0 Ae 2 + Be 2 =0 (2)
s - 1 s2
Solving (1) and (2) we get A = 0 = B
1 1
y = L1 2 L1 2 10 sin 4px
s 1 s Solution u ( x, s ) =
32p 2 + s
t et - e -t
= sinht = -t Applying Inverse Laplace transform we have
1! 2
u = 10 sin 4px e -32p t
2

82. Given ( D 2 - D ) y = t 3 - 2t 2
Taking Laplace transform on both sides we get 2u 2u
84. Given Differential equation is = 4 2 3
t 2
x
L { y} L { y} = L {t 3} 2 L {t 2 }
Applying Laplace transform on both the sides we get
3! 2.2!
s L { y} - sy ( 0 ) - y ( 0 ) - sL { y} + y ( 0 ) = 4 - 3
2 1
2u 2u
s s L 2 = 4 L 2 3L {1}
6 4 t x
( s - s ) L { y} - 2s + 4 + 2 = 4 - 3
2
s s d 2u 3
6 4 2s 5 6s 4 4s + 6 Or s 2u ( x, s ) - su ( x, 0 ) = 4
-
( s 2 s ) L{ y} = 2s 6 + 4 3 = dx 2 s
s s s4
Applying the given boundary conditions we have
2s - 6 s - 4 s + 6
5 4
L { y} =
s5 ( s - 1) 2 s2 3
D - u =
4 4s
4 2 2 2 6 2
= 2 3 4 5 s2 s
s s s s s s 1 Auxillary equation is D 2 - =0D
4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
y = 4 L1 2 L1 2 2 L1 3 2 L1 4 6 L1 5 2 L1 s s
\u ( x, s ) = c1e 2 + c2e
- x
s 1
x
s s s s s 2
1 1 1 1
2 L1 3 2 L1 4 6 L1 5 2 L1 3 3 3

s s
s s 1 C .F = .1 = =
2 s2 s 2 s3
t3 t4 4s D 4s
y = 4 + 2t - t 2 - - - 2e t 4 4
3 4
s s
1 x - x 3
\G.S .u = c1e 2 + c2e -
{48 + 24t 12t 2 4t 3 3t 4 24et }
2
= s3
12
Hence, the correct option is (B). du
As Lt = 0 c1 = 0
x dx
u 2u
83. Given=2 2 s
x 3
t x u = c2e 2
Applying Laplace transform on both sides we have s3
d 2u 3 3
su ( x, s ) - u ( x, 0 ) = 2 2 u ( 0, s ) = 0 c2 - = 0 c2 = 3
dx s3 s
d 2u 3 - 2s x 3
2 - s.u = -10 sin 4px \u = .e - 3
dx 2 s3 s

Applying inverse transform on both sides we have using the boundary conditions we get
2s x d 2u
1
1 1
e - su = -sinpx
u ( x, t ) = 3L 3 + 3L 3 dx 2
s s
Auxiliary equation D 2 - s = 0 D = s
3t2 1 x
2
x x C.F is u = c1e sx
+ c2e sx
=- + 3 t - , if t = 0, if t
2 2
2 2 2
- sin p x - sin p x sin p x
P .I . is = =
-3 D 2 - s -p 2 - s p 2 + s
8 ( 4tx - x ) if x 2t
2
= 2 Given u ( 0, t ) = 0 c1 + c2 = 0 c1 = c2
-3t f x 2t
8 u (1, t ) = 0 c1e s
+ c2e - s
= 0 c1 e ( s
- e- s
)=0
c1 = c2 = 0
sinpx
u 2 u \u =
85. Given = s +p2
t x 2
Applying inverse Laplace transform we have
Applying Laplace transform to the above equation we get
sin px
u 2u u = L-1 = sin px.e
-p t 2
L = L 2 s + p2
t t x
u = e p t sin px
2
d 2u
su ( x, s ) - u ( x, 0 ) = 2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
dx
Previous Years Questions 1

du = dx
d2y u
1. Given differential equation is =0 (1) 2 cos 2
dx 2 2
dy
= c1 (2) 1 u
dx sec2 du = dx
y = c1x + c2 (3) 2 2
Given y = 5 at x = 0 Integrating on both sides
From (3); 5 = c1 0 + c2 c2 = 5 u
tan
dy 1 2= x + c
Also, given = 2 at x = 10
dx 2 1
From (2), 2 = c1 2

Substituting the values of c1 and c2 is (3), we get the solution
x+ y
of (1) as tan =x+c
2
f(x) = y = 2x + 5 x+ y
Now, f(15) = yat x = 15 = 2 15 + 5 = 35.
The general solution of (1) is tan = x + c.
2
Hence, the correct answer is 34 to 36. Hence, the correct option is (D).
dy
2. Given differential equation is
dx d 2 x (t )
= cos (x + y) (1) 3. Given + x (t) = 0 (1)
dt 2
Put x + y = u Its characteristic equation is
dy du D2 + 1 = 0 D = i
1+ =
dx dx The general solution of (1) is
dy du x(t) = c1 cos t + c2 sin t
= -1
dx dx x(t) is a the general solution of (1)
(1) becomes
cost and sin t are also solution of (1)
du du
-1 = cosu = 1 + cosu Also, cost satisfies the initial conditions given for x1(t) and
dx dx sint satisfies the initial conditions given for x2(t)
1 Take x1(t) = cost and x2(t) = sin t
du = dx
(1 + cos u ) Now Wronskian of x1(t) and x2(t) is

x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) B=
U
;A=
U
cot t sin t
W(t) = dx ( t ) dx2 ( t ) = e KL - 1 1 - e KL
1 - sin t cos t
dt dt U U
u= + KL e kx
= cos2t + sin2t = 1 1- e KL
e -1
p 1 e kx
W(t) at x = = 1. =U +
2 1 - e KL e KL - 1
Hence, the correct option is (A). 1 - e kx
=U
1 - e KL
dy
4. Given differential equation is Hence, the correct option is (B).
dx
= -2xy (1) d2 f
8. 2 + f = 0
Where y (0) = 2 (2) dt
From (1) D2 + 1 = 0
1 D2 = -1
dy = -2xdx
y D = i
Integrating on both sides, we have f(t) = C1 cos x + C1 sin x
ln y = -x + c 2
f(t) = 0, Solving C1 = 0
y = e- x + c C2 = 4
2
y = c1e - x2
where c1 = e c f(t) = 4 sin x
The general solution of (1) is 4
L [f(t)] = 2
y = c1e - x
2
(3) s +1
From (2), y (0) = 2 y = 2 at x = 0

From (3) 1
9. F(s) =
2 = c1 e -0 c1 = 2 s ( s + 1)
2
The required solution of (1) is

1 1 1
y = 2e - x .
2
L-1 [(s)] = L-1 = L-1 -
s ( s + 1) s s + 1
1 1
s = L-1 - L-1 = 1 - e
-t
5. Given L [cos wt] = s 1+ s
s + w2
2

s s
L[cos4t] = = 2 10. Let x = ez or log x = z
s +4 2
s + 16
2
By first shifting theorem, we know that, if L[f(t)] = f (s) then dy d2y

and x = q, x2 2 = q (q -1)
L [eatf(t)] = f (s - a) dx dx
using the above substitutions the given equation can be writ-
s - ( -2 ) ten as (q (q - 1) - q - 4)y = 0
L[e-2tcos4t] =
( s - ( -2 ))
2
+ 16 Auxillary equation is q2 - 4 = 0 q = 2
s+2 solution y = c1 x2 + c2 x-2
= .
( s + 2)
2
+ 16 Given y(0) = 0 c2 = 0
and y(1) = 1 1 = c1
solution is y = x2.
6. non-linear equation of order 2
dy
d 2u du 11. Given = (1 + y2) x
7. -K = 0 D2u KDU = 0 dx
dx 2 dx
dy
D (D K) = 0, D= 0, D= K = xdx
1 + y2
Solution is u = Ae0 + Bekx
x2
u = A + Bekx (i) But u(0) = 0 tan-1y = +c
2
A+ B = 0, u(L) = u x2
y = tan + c
U = A + BeKL 2
U = B + BeXL = Be KL - 1 Hence, the correct option is (D).

12. Given differential equation is The general solution of (1) is

d 2f f d2f y I. F = Q ( x ) I .F dx + c
+ =0 (1)
dh 2
2 dh 2
y x = x 3 xdx + c
Highest ordered derivative is third order derivative.
x5
So, order of (1) = 3 xy = x 4 dx + c ; xy = +c (2)
d2 f 5
The dependent variable f and its second derivative are 6 6
multiplied together. dh 2 Given y(1) = ; y = at x = 1
5 5
So, (1) is non - linear.
6 1
Hence, the given differential equation is a third order non- From (2) ; 1 = +C C = 1
5 5
linear ordinary differential equation.
The solution of (1) is xy = +1
1 5
13. L [f(t)] = 2 x4 1
s ( s + 1) 1 y= +
5 x

s ( s1+ 1)
-1
-1
L 2 = L

s ( s1+ 1)
-1 s ( ss+ 1)
f(t) = L 2
=L -1
s ( s + 1)

s

16. Given x + 3x = 0

d2x
t
1 f ( s ) t + 3x = 0 (1)
= L dt L = L f ( s ) dt
-1 -1 -1
dt 2
0 (
s s + 1) s 0
The Auxiliary Equation of (1) is
t
1 1 D2 + 3 = 0 D = 3i
= L-1 - dt
0 s s + 1 The general solution of (1) is
t
= (1 - e - t ) dt = ( t + e - t ) 0
t x = C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t (2)
0
Given x(0) = 1 x = 1 at t = 0
= (t + e-t) - (0 + e-0)
From (2); C1 cos0 + C2 sin0 = 1
= t - 1 + e-t
C1 = 1
dx
1 From (2) x(t) =
14. Let f ( s ) = 2 dt
s +s
= - 3C1 sin 3t + 3C1 cos 3t
1 1
L-1 f ( s ) = L-1 2 = L-1 Given x (0) = 0
s + s s ( s + 1)
- 3C1 sin 0 + 3C2 cos 0 = 0
1 1
= L-1 - C2 = 0
s s + 1
= 1 - e-t Substituting C1 and C2 in (2), we get
Hence, the correct option is (C). X = cos 3t
15. Given differential equation is Now x(1) = x at t = 1 = cos 3= -0.16
dy 4 Hence, the correct option is (B).
x + y = x 4 (1) , where y(1) = .
dx 5 17. Given differential equation is
dy 1 Y11 + 2y1 + y = 0 (1)
+ y = x3
dx x
The Auxiliary equation is
Which is the form of a linear equation
D2 + 2D + 1 = 0
dy (D + 1) = 0
+ P ( x) y = Q( x)
2
dx D = -1, -1
1 the general solution of (1) is
Where P(x) = ; Q(x) = x3
x
P ( x ) dx y = (C1 + C2x)e-x (2)
Integrating factor = I.F. = e
Given y(0) = 0 y = 0 at x = 0
1
= e x = e loge x
dx
From (2); (C1 + C2 0) e-0 = 0
I. F = x C1 = 0

(2) becomes, Integrating factor = I. F = e

P ( x )dx
y = C2x e -x
(3)
= e
2 xdx
= ex
2
Also given , y(1) = 0 y = 0 at x = 1

From (3), C2e-1 = 0 The general solution of (1) is
C2 = 0 y i . f = Q ( x ) i. f dx + c
Substituting C2 in (3), we get the solution
ye x = e - x .e x .dx + c =
2 2 2
As y = 0xe-x
y=0 ye x = dx + c
2
y(0, 5) = y at x = 0.5 is equal to 0

ye x = x + c (2)
2
y(0. 5) = 0
Given y(0) = 1, y = 1 at x = 0
From (2), 1 e = 0 + c c = 1
18. Given partial differential equation is
Substituting the value of C in (2), we get
2f 2f f f ye x = x + 1
2
+ + + = 0
x 2 y 2 x y y = (1 + x ) e - x2
Order = order of the highest ordered derivative = 2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
Degree = Degree of the highest ordered derivative = 1 22. Given differential equation is
Hence, the correct option is (A). d2y dy
+ 4 + 3 y = 3e 2 x
dy 2 dx 2 dx
19. Given =y (1) 1
dx Particular Integral = X
1 f (D)
dy = dx
y2 1
= 3e 2 x
Integrating on both sides, ( D 2
+ 4 D + 3)
dy 1
y 2 = dx = 3e 2 x
( 2 2
+ 4 2 + 3)
-1
= x+c (2) 1
y
= e 2x
5
Given y(0) = 1 y = 1 at x = 0
-1 Hence, the correct option is (B).
From (2) ; = 0 + c = c = -1
1 dy
23. Given differential equation is x2 + 2xy
Substituting the value of c in (2), we get the solution of (1) as dx
1 2ln x
=x-1 = (1)
y x
1 dy 2 2 ln x
y = (3) + y= 3
1 x dx x x
From (3), y is bounded if 1 - x 0 Which is in the form of a linear equation
x1 dy
+ p(x)y = Q(x)
x < 1, x > 1 dx
Hence, the correct option is (C). 2 2 ln x
Where p(x) = and Q(x) = 3
20. Given L [f(t)] = F(s) x x
t F ( s) Integrating Factor = I.F = e
p ( x ) dx
L f (T ) dT =
0 s The general solution of (1) is
Hence, the correct option is (A). Y I.F = Q ( x ) I. F dx + c
dy 2 ln x
21. Given + 2xy = e x (1)
2
dx yx2 = x 2 dx + c
x3
Clearly (1) is in the form of a linear equation 1
x2y = 2 (ln x ) . dx + c
dy x
+ P ( x) y = Q( x)
dx x2y = (lnx)2 + c (2)
Where P(x) = 2x; Q(x) = e x Given y(1) = 0 y = 0 at x = 1
2


From (2) (D + 2)2 = 0

0 1 = (ln 1) + c c = 0
2 D = - 2, -2
The solution of (1) is x2y = (ln x)2 The complete solution of (4) is
1 1 y = (c1 + c2x) e-2x (5)
y(e) = y at x = e is 2 (ln e)2 = 2 .
e e
By taking c1 = 0 and c2 = 1 in (5), we get a solution of (4) is
y = xe-2x
d2y dy
24. (i) Given differential equation is +p + q = 0 (1) Hence, the correct option is (C).
dx 2 dx
Its auxiliary equation is
0 for t < a
D2 + pD + q = 0 (2) 25. u (t - a) =
1, for t > a
Given that y = c1e-x + c2e-3x is the complete solution of (1)
The Laplace transform of the unit step function is L[u(t - a)]
-1 and -3 will be the roots of its auxiliary equation

-p
Sum of the roots = (-1) + (-3) = = e - st u ( t - a ) dt
1 0
p=4
a
q = e st 0dt + e st .1dt
Product of the roots = (-1) (-3) =
1 0 a
p = 4 and q = 3 (3).
e - st
Hence, the correct option is (C). =
-s a
d2y dy
(ii) Here 2 + p. + ( q + 1) y = 0 (4) e - e - sa
dx dx = +
d2y dy -s s
+ 4. + ( 3 + 1) y = 0 (From equation (3) of 81a)
dx 2
dx e - as
L[u(t - a)] =
d2y dy s
2 + 4. + ( 4 ) y = 0
dx dx Hence, the correct option is (B).
Its auxiliary equation is
D2 + 4D + 4 = 0

Chapter 4 Complex Variables
Hints/Solutions
Practice Problems I
( )
12
1- i 3
- 12
Solutions for questions 1 to 40: = 2 = w 2 = 1.

3 + 5i ( 3 + 5i ) ( 2 + i ) 1+ i 3
-

w ( )
1. = 2
2-i (2 - i)(2 + i)
1 + 13i
= 4. Let -9 + 40i = (a + ib).
5
3 + 5i Squaring on both sides,
The multiplicative inverse of is -9 + 40i = a2 - b2 + 2abi.
2-i
Comparing real and imaginary coefficients we get,
5 5 (1 - 13i ) 5 (1 - 13i )
= = = a2 - b2 = -9 (1), 2ab = 40
1 + 13i (1 + 13i ) (1 - 13i ) 170
(a2 + b2)2 = (a2 - b2)2 + 4a2b2
1 - 13i = (a2 + b2)2 = (-9)2 + (40)2 = 1681
= .
34 a2 + b2 = 41 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get,
4 + 7i 4 - 7i ( 4 + 7i ) ( 2 + 3i ) - ( 4 - 7i ) ( 2 - 3i ) a = 4; b = 5
2. - =
2 - 3i 2 + 3i ( 2 - 3i ( 2 + 3i )) -9 + 40i = (4 + 5i).
-13 + 26i - ( -13 - ( 26i ) ) 5. (5 + 5w + 7w2)9 + (9 + 12w + 9w2)9
=
4+9 = (5 (1 + w) + 7w2)9 + (9 (1 + w)2 + 12w)9
52i = (-5w2 + 8w2)9 + (-9w + 12w)9
= = 4i
13
= (-3w2)9 + (-3w)9
4i = x + iy x = 0; y = 4. = 39 (w18 + w9) = -39(1 + 1) = -2 . 39
3. 1 + 3i = r (cosq + i sinq) 6. x5 + 1 = 0
1
x5 = -1 x = ( -1) 5
r = x2 + y2 = 1 + 3 = 2
The mod-amplitude form of -1 is -1 = (cosp + i sinp)
( 3 ) = p3
1 1
y
q = tan -1 = tan -1 ( 1) 5 = ( cos p + i sin p ) 5
x 1
= [cos (2kp + p) + i sin (2kp + p)]( -1) 5
p p
1 + 3i = 2 cos + i sin 2kp + p 2kp + p
3 3 = cos + i sin k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
12
5 5
p p
(1 + 3i ) p p
12
= 2 cos + i sin = cos ( 2k + 1) + i sin ( 2k + 1) k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
3 3 5 5
= 212 cos4p = 212
p
p p
12 7. Log(logi) = logi + log
(1 - 3i )
12
= 2 cos - i sin 2
3 3 ip p ip 2
= + log = - log .
= 212 cos4p = 212 2 2 2 p
1 + 3i 212
= 12 = 1. 8. (i) z = x + iy
1 - 3i 2 |z - 1| = 3
Alternate solution |x + iy - 1| = 3
|x - 1 + iy| = 3
( )
12
1+ i 3
12 -
( x - 1)
2
1+ i 3 + y2 = 3
= 2
1- i 3 (
1- i 3
-
) (x - 1)2 + y2 = 9.
Chapter 04 Solution.indd 78 9/3/2015 2:58:30 PM

(ii) z 5 = x + iy 5 x2 + y2 + 9x + 3y = 0.
x 5 + iy Hence, the correct option is (D).
y
amp (z 5) = tan1 (vii) Let z = x + iy

x -5
p y 3 z = 3 x iy
= tan -1
3 x -5 3 + z = 3 + x + iy

y
= tan
p 3 - z ( 3 - x ) - iy
x-5 =
3 3 + z ( 3 + x ) + iy
( 3)
2
y2 = (x 5)2
( 3 - x ) - iy ( 3 + x ) - iy
y2 = 3 (x 5)2. =
( 3 + x ) + iy ( 3 + x ) - iy
( 3 - x ) ( 3 + x ) - y 2 - i ( ( 3 + x ) y + y ( 3 - x ) )
(iii) z = x + iy =
(3 + x ) + y 2
2
z2 = x2 y2 + 2xyi
3 z
Arg 1
Im (Z2) = 2xy y
= tan x
10 = 2xy xy = 5. 3+ z
Hence, the correct option is (B). (3 + x ) y + y (3 x )
p
= tan 1
(iv) Let x + iy 6 9 x2 y2

z + 3 = x + iy + 3 = (x + 3) + iy
p 6y
Re (z + 3) = x + 3 tan =
6 9 x2 y2
Given, 4 Re (z + 3) = |z|2
4 (x + 3) = x2 + y2 (9 x2 y2) = 6y 3
x2 + y2 4x 12 = 0. (x2 + y2 9)2 = 108y2
Hence, the correct option is (A). (x2 + y2 9)2 = 108y2.
(v) z = x + iy Hence, the correct option is (C).
z + i = x + iy + i = x + (y + 1) i 1
9. tanh z = tanh(x + iy) = tani(x + iy) [taniq = itanh q]
z + 1 = x + iy + 1 = (x + 1) + iy i
= itan(ix y)
z+i 1z + i1
=2 =2 = itan(y ix)
z +1 1z + 1
i sin ( y - ix ) i 2 sin ( y - ix )cos( y - ix )
= =
x 2 + ( y + 1) cos( y - ix ) 2 cos( y - ix )cos( y - ix )
2
= =2
( x + 1)
2
+ y2 i (sin 2 y sin 2ix ) i (sin 2 y i sinh 2x )
= =
cos 2 y + cos 2ix cos h 2x + cos i 2 y
x2 + (y + 1)2 = 4 [(x + 1)2 + y2]
3x2 + 3y2 + 8x 2y + 3 = 0. i sin 2 y + sinh 2 y sinh 2x
= =
Hence, the correct option is (B). cosh 2x + cos 2 y cosh 2x + cos 2 y
(vi) z = x + iy i sin 2 y
+
z + 9 = x + 9 + iy cosh 2x + cos 2y
z + 3i = x + (y + 3)i
sinh 2x
z+9 x + 9 + iy The real part of tanh z =
= cosh 2x + cos 2 y
z + 3i x + ( y + 3) i
[ x + 9 + iy ] x - ( y + 3) i
=
x + ( y + 3) i x - ( y + 3) i 10. Let z = = x + iy.
The polar form of logsin z = logsin(x + iy) = log(Reif)
x ( x + 9 ) + y ( y + 3) + ( x + 9 ) ( y + 3) + yx i
= Log (Rcosf + iR sinf) = log(sin x cosh y
x 2 + ( y + 3)
2
+ icos x sinh y).
It is purely imaginary R cosf = sin x cosh y
(1) and
The real part is zero. R sinf = cos x sinh y
(2)
x ( x + 9 ) + y ( y + 3) (1) 2 + (2)2 gives,
=0
x 2 + ( y + 3)
2
R2 = sin2 x cosh2 y + cos2 x sinh2 y

1 cos 2x 1 + cosh 2y 1 + cos 2x z+3

R2 = 14. Given, f(z) =
+ z 2 ( z 2 + 1)
2 2 2
cosh 2y 1 z 2 ( z 2 + 1) (1) - ( z + 3) ( 4 z 3 + 2 z )
f(z) =
2
z 4 ( z 2 + 1)
2
1 z 4 + z 2 - 4 z 4 - 2 z 2 - 12 z 3 - 6 z
= [cosh 2y cos 2x] =
2 z 4 ( z 2 + 1)
2
1 -3 z 4 - 12 z 3 - z 2 - 6 z
R= cosh 2 y cos 2x =
2
z 4 ( z 2 + 1)
2
Also, (2) (1) gives If z 0 and z2 + 1 0,

tanf = cot x tanh y f = tan [cot x tanh y] 1
for z = 0 and z = I, f(z) does not exist. So, f(z) is analytic
logsin z = logsin(x + iy) = log(Reif) = logR + if everywhere except at the points z = 0 and z = i.
1 1
= log (cos h 2 y cos 2x ) 2 + itan1 (cot x tanh y).
2 xy 5 - x2 y4
15. Let u = ,v = 2
The imaginary part of log sin z = tan1 (cot x tanh y). x +y
2 8
x + y8
Hence, the correct option is (B). We can easily verify that it satisfies C.R. equations, but not
analytic at the origin.
11. z = x + iy
cos z = cos(x + iy)
f (z)
= cos x cosi y sin x sini y ---------- 16. A rational function is analytic everywhere except at
g (z)
= cos x cosh y isin x sinh y ----------- g(z) = 0.
cos z = cosh y cos x + isin x sinh y (1) The given function is analytic except at z2 4z + 5 = 0
cos z = cos(x iy) 4 16 - 20 4 2i

z= z= = 2 i.
= cos x cosi y + sin x sini y 2 2
f(z) is analytic at every point except at z = 2 i.
= cos x cosh y + isin x sinh y(2)
From (1) and (2),
17. Given u = y2 x2 x
cos z = cos z .

u u
Hence, the correct option is (C). = 2x 1, = 2y.
x y
12. z = r(cosq + isinq) = i
-p As f(z) = u + iv,
rcosq = 0 and rsinq = 1 r = 1 and q =
2 u iv
log(i) = logr + (iq + 2 sinp) [General value]. f(z) = +
x x
p -p u iu
Principal value = log1 i [ p < p]. = - [using C.R. eqns.]
2 2 x y
= (2x 1) i(2y)
13. Given, f(z) = 5z2 = 5(x + iy)2
Using Milne-Thompson method, replace x by z and y by 0,
= 5[x2 y2 + 2xyi]
f(z) = 2z 1.
= 5(x2 y2] + 10xyi. z2
Integrating, f(z) = 2 z + C
u = 5(x2 y2) and v = 10xy 2
u v = z2 z + c f(z) = [z2 + z c]
= 10x and = 10x f(z) = [(x + iy)2 + (x + iy) c]
x y
= x2 y2 + 2xyi + x + iy c
u v
= -10 y and = 10y f(z) = (y2 x2 x) i(2xy + y) + c
y x
v = 2xy y is the harmonic conjugate.
u v u v Hence, the correct option is (A).
= and =-
x y y x 2y
18. Let f(z) = u + iv, where u =
The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied. x + y2
2
f(z) is always an analytic function. u iv u iu

f(z) = + = - [using C.R. equations].
Hence, the correct option is (D). x x x y

2y Put 3z2 = t, 6zdz = dt

As u =
x + y2
2
= e t dt = et + c = e 3 z + c .
2
u 2 ( x + y ) - y ( 2 y ) 2 ( x 2 - y 2 )
2 2
u -4 xy Hence, the correct option is (D).
= and = =
x ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
y ( x2 + y2 )
2
( x2 + y2 )
2
21. Given, f(z) = ex(cospy isinpy)

u (x, y) = excospy and v(x, y) = exsinpy.
u 2 ( x + y ) - y ( 2 y ) 2 ( x 2 - y 2 )
2 2
= = As f(z) is analytic, C.R. equations must be satisfied,

y ( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
2 2
u v
i.e. =
-4 xy x2 - y2 x y
f(z) = -2i
excospy = pexcospy p = 1
( x2 + y2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 )
2 2
u -v
or =
By Miline-Thomsons method, f(z) is expressed in terms of z y x
by replacing x by z and y by 0. pexsinpy = [exsinpy] p = 1.
2iz 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
f(z) =
z4 22. Let f(z) = u + iv.
2i 2i i v v
f(z) = 2 f ( z ) = 2 dz = 2 + c. If v is a constant, then =
x y
=0
z z z
u -u
Hence, the correct option is (A). = = 0 [using C.R. eqns.]
x y
19. Given that, u = 12xy 9x + 6 u must be a constant.
u u Hence, the correct option is (A).
= 12y 9, = 12x.
x y 23. The function u(x, y) = xy2 f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function
u iv whose real part u = xy2
As f(z) = u + iv, f(z) = +
x x If z is analytic, then 2 u = 0,
u iu
= - [using C.R. eqns.] u u 2u
x y = y2 and = 2xy, also 2 = 0 and = 2x.
x y x
f(z) = (12y 9) i(12x) = 12y 9 12ix.
2u 2u
Replacing x by z and y by 0 using Milne-Thompson method, As = 0,
f(z) = 9 12iz. x 2 y 2
Integrating with respect to z, xy2 cannot be the real part.
z2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
f(z) = 9z 12i + C, where c is a complex constant.
2 24. e2z = e2(x+iy) = e2x e2iy
f(z) = 9z 6z2i + c. u v u v
u = e2xcos2y, v = e2x sin 2y; = and =-
x y y x
e2z is analytic.
3( x 2 - y 2 )
20. Given that, u = e cos6 xy Hence, the correct option is (C).
u 25. Let w = u2; given w is harmonic
= e 3( x -y ) (6x) cos6 xy + e 3( x - y2 )
2 2
(sin6 xy)(6y)
2
x
w u w u
= 2u and = 2u
= 6e 3( x - y2 )
[xcos6 xy ysin6 xy].
2
x x y y
u 2u u 2
= e 3( x - y2 )
(6y)cos6 xy + e 3( x - y2 )
2u u 2
2 2
Also, (sin6 xy)(6x) 2w
y Also, = 2 u + = 2
and u 2 .+
x 2 x x
2
y y
= 6e 3( x - y ) [ycos6 xy + xsin6 xy].
2 2

As f(z) = u + iv, 2u u 2
= 2 u 2 +
u iv u iu y y
f(z) = + = - [using C.R. equations]
x x x y 2u 2u u 2 u 2
2w 2w
+ = 2 2 + 2 + +
= 6e 3( x - y2 )
[xcos6 xy ysin6 xy] + 6ie 3( x - y2 ) x 2 y 2 x y x y
2

2

(ycos6 xy + xsin(6 xy)). u u
2 2
u u
w is harmonic only when 2 + 2 = 0 and = =0
Using Milne-Thompson method, replacing x y x y
x by z and y by 0, we get f(z) = 6e 3 z z.
2
u must be a constant harmonic function.

Integrating with respect to z, we get f(z) = 6 ze 3 z dz .
2

26. Given, f(z) = (x2 2xy + py2) + i(qx2 y2 + 2xy) is analytic. 2z - 1 4y

arg = tan1 2
u = x2 2xy + py2 and v = qx2 y2 + 2xy 2z + 1 4x + 4 y2 - 1
u v
= 2x 2y and = 2qx + 2y
x x 4y p
Hence, tan1 2 =
u v 4 x + 4 y 2
- 1 3
= 2x + 2py and = 2y + 2x.
y y 4y p
2 = tan = 3
As f(z) is analytic, C.R. eqns. are satisfied. 4x + 4 y2 - 1 3
u v u -v 4
= and = 4x2 + 4y2 1 y = 0 which is a circle.
x y y x 3
2x + 2py = 2qx 2y p = 1, q = 1.
30. Standard result, the correct option is (B)
27. f(z) = (x2 2xy y2) + i(x2 y2 + 2xy). 31. As t = 1, at (1, 2) and t = 2 at (2, 5), the line integral
2
u v = [[(t2 + 1)2 t]dt + (t2 + t2 + 1) (2t dt)]
f(z) = +i 1
x x 2
u u = ( t 4 + 1 + 2t 2 - t dt + 4t 3 + 2t dt )
= -i [using C.R. eqns.] = (2x 2y) i(2x 2y). 1
x y 2
= t 4 + 4t 3 + 2t 2 + t + 1dt
Using Milne-Thompson method, replacing x by z and y by 0, 1
f(z) = 2z + 2iz = 2z(1 + i). t5 2t 3 t 2

2
= + t4 + + + t
z2 5 3 2 1
Integrating, we get f(z) = 2 (1 + i) + c
2
f(z) = z2(1 + i) + c. 32 16 4 1 2 1
= + 16 + + + 1 + + +1
Hence, the correct option is (D). 5 3 2 5 3 2
1
f f u f v = 28
28. We have, = + (1) 30
x u x v x
f f u f v
and = +
y u y v y cos p z cos p z
32. Let f(z) = =
z 2 - 2 z - 3 ( z + 1) ( z - 3)
-f v f u
= + (2)
u x v x It has two simple poles at z = 1 and 3. Of these, only z = 1
lies within the circle |z| = 5/2.
(1) + (2) gives
2 2
[Res f(z)]z = 1 = z Lt
-1
(z + 1) f(z)
j j j j u v
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y = u + v x + x
+
= Lt (z + 1)
cosp z
z -1 ( z + 1) ( z - 3)
-f f
2 2

= + |f (z)|2 cos p ( -1) cos p -1 1
u v = = = =
( -1 - 3) -4 -4 4
u iv
f ( z ) = + cosp z
x x By Cauchys residue theorem, dz = 2pix
c ( z + 1) ( z - 3)
(sum of the residues of f(z) at the interior poles)
2z - 1 p = 2pi (1/4) = p i/2.
29. Given arg =
2z + 1 3 Hence, the correct option is (C).
2 z - 1 2 ( x + iy ) - 1 ( 2 x - 1) + 2iy z-4
Consider = = 33. Given dz, where c : |z| = 2.
2 z + 1 2 ( x + iy ) + 1 ( 2 x + 1) + 2iy z + 4z + 8
2
( 2 x - 1) + 2iy ( 2 x + 1) - 2iy z-4

= Let f(z) =
( 2 x + 1) + 4 y 2
2
z2 + 4z + 8
( 4 x 2 - 1 + 4 y 2 ) + 2 ( 2 x + 1) y - 2 y ( 2 x - 1) i Poles of f(z) are given by z2 + 4z + 8 = 0
=
( 2 x + 1) + 4 y 2
2
-4 16 - 32
z= = 2 2i.
=
( 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 - 1) + i 4 y 2
As both the poles 2 2i and 2 + 2i lie outside the circle
( 2 x + 1) + 4 y 2
2
|z| = 2,

f(z) is analytic everywhere within c. By Cauchys integral formula,

By Cauchys theorem f ( z ) dz = 0. 1! g( z )
c g1(b) = dz
Hence, the correct option is (C). 2pi c ( z - b )2

34. Standard formula.
z3
Hence, the correct option is (B). dz = 2pig (z)z=i
( z - i)
2
c
1 - e2 z
35. f(z) = = 2pi (3z2) at z = I = (2pi) (3i2) = 6pi
1 + e2 z
The singularities of f(z) are given by 1 + e2z = 0 e -2 z3
+ dz = 2pi 6pi = 8pi.
( z - i)
2
c z 2
e2z = e0 = e(2n+1)pi
z = (2n + 1)pi,
2 z 2 - 8z + 2
n = 0,1, 2, 3 . 38. f(z) =
( z - 2 ) ( z - 4 ) ( z + 3)
1
Hence, z = (2n + 1)p i (n i) are the simple poles of f(z).
2 By partial fractions,
Obviously, the limit point of these poles is z = . 1 1 1
f(z) = +
z = is a non-isolated essential singularity. z-2 z-4 z+3
= - +
36. Let f(z) = ez. Then, f(z) is analytic inside the circle |z| = 3 and z +3-5 z +3-7 z +3
the point a = 1/2 lies inside c. = 1 1 1
+ +
( z + 3) 1 -
By Cauchys integral formula, 5 z + 3 z + 3
7 1 -
z + 3 7
n ! f ( z ) dz
fn(a) =
2pi c ( z a)n +1 1
5 1 z + 3
n
1
n
= + +
1 1 2 j e z dz ( z + 3) n = 0 z + 3 7 n = 0 7 z + 3
Take n = 2 and a =
2
, z we have f =
2
2pi c 1
3
5 z+3
z + Valid for
z+3
< 1 and <1
2 7
e z dz 1 5 < |z + 3| < 7.
= pif = pi (e z )z = 1
c ( z + 1 2)
3
2 2
8e z dz pi 39. As f(z) = logz is analytic within c and the singular point
(2z + 1)
c
3
=
e a = 2 lies inside c,
y
e z dz pi
=
c (2z + 1) 3
8 e
c
e z z3 e z x
37. z + dz, consider 2 dz, and |z| = 3/2. 0 1 2 3 4 5
c
2
(z i ) 2
c
z

Let f(z) = ez which is analytic and the point a = 0 lies
inside C. by Cauchys integral formula,
By Cauchys integral formula, n! f (z )
f (z )
fn(a) =
2pi c ( z a)n +1
dz.
1!
f(a) =
2pi c ( z a)2
dz,
i! log z
We get fn(a) =
2pi c ( z a)2
dz
e z
c z 2 dz = 2pif (0) = 2pi [ez]z = 0 = 2pi. i! log z
2pi c ( z a)2
fn(2) = dz
z 3
Now, consider dz and c is |z|= 3/2.
c ( z i )2 log z
Let g (z) = z3 is analytic inside the circle c: |z| = 3/2, and the dz = 2pi f 1(2)
c ( z 2)
2
point b = i lies within c.

= 2pi ( log z ) e3 ( 3w ) + ( 3w ) + .... , if w 0.

2 3
d

dz z =2
=
w4
1 + ( )
3 w +

2! 3!
2pi 3n n 4
= 2pi =
1
= pi. = e3 w if w 0
z z =2 2 n = 0 n!
3n
Hence, the correct option is (B). = e3 ( z 1)n4, if z 1 # 0
n = 0 n!
e3 z 3n
40. f(z) = = e3 ( z 1)n4, if |z 1| > 0.
( z - 1)
4
n = 0 n!
We want the Laurents expansion of f(z) around z = 1. The first five terms are
Let z 1 = w z = w + 1
e3 3e 3 9e 3 27e 3 81e 3
, , , ,
( z - 1) ( z - 1) 2 ( z - 1) 6 ( z - 1) 24
4 3 2
e 3(1+ w ) e 3e 3w
f(z) = =
w4 w4 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Practice Problems 2 6. Standard result, the correct option is (C).
Solutions for questions 1 to 40: 7. Given, f(z) = logz.
1. 2 + i 2 = r(cosq + isinq) = rcosq + irsinq 1

As f(z) = , the derivative exists except at z = 0.
z
rcos = 2, rsin = 2
Logz is analytic everywhere except at z = 0 [we can verify
r = 4 r = 2 that C.R. eqns. are also satisfied].
cosq = 1/ 2, sinq = 1/ 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
2 + i 2 = 2(cos 45 + isin 45). 8. Given, f(z) = zz = (x + iy)(x iy) = x2 + y2
Hence, the correct option is (B). u = x2 + y2 and v = 0
2. (1 + w) (1 w + w) = (1 + w ) 3 3
u u v v
= 1 + 1 = 2. = 2x, = 2y and =0=
x y x y
u v u -v
x 1 = only when x = 0 and = only when y = 0.
3. f(z) = - (i) x y y x
y (1 - x )
C.R. equations are satisfied only at the origin and not satis-
The function is not defined when y = 0 and 1 x = 0 fied when z 0.
x = 1. f is differentiable only at z = 0 and not analytic at z = 0.
The domain of f(z) is the entire complex plane except at Hence, the correct option is (C).
x = 1 and y = 0. 9. Given f(z) = u + iv, where z = x + iy.
Hence, the correct option is (B). f(z0) = 3x0y0 + 2iy0 is well defined for any z0 = x0 + iy0
z -1
lim Now,
4. Given, z 1 lim
log z f(z) = z z0 (3xy + 2iy)
0
As it is in the form, using L. Hospitals rule
0 = lim ( 3xy + 2iy ) = 3x0y0 + i2y0 = f(z0)
X X 0 Y Y 0
d
lim ( z - 1) Lt 1
z 1 dz z 1
d 1 = lim (3xy + 2iy ) = 3x0y0 + i2y0 = f(z0).
( log z ) z
y y 0 x x0
dz
f (z) is continuous everywhere.
Lt z = 1.
z 1 But, given u = 3xy
Hence, the correct option is (C). u u
= 3y and = 3x
5. Cauchy-Riemann equations must be satisfied. x y
u v u -v v = 2y
i.e. = , =
x y y x v v
= 0 and = 2
Hence, the correct option is (B). x y

u v u v dw 1
and or =
x y y x dz z2 + 1
Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied. When z2 + 1 = 0, w will not be analytic
f is not analytic. i.e. at z = i.
10. f(z) = u + iv = z 5 z -y
17. Given, u = x2 y2 and v =
= (x + iy) 5(x iy) = 4x + 6iy x + y2
2
u = 4x and v = 6y. u u
= 2x, = 2y
x y
u u v v
= 4. = 0 and = 0, = 6. 2u 2u
x y x y and = 2, 2 = 2.
x 2
y
Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied for any z.
2u 2u
f(z) is not analytic anywhere. + =0
x 2 y 2
11. Proof: Given, f(z) is analytic and |f(z)| = k, where k is a u satisfies Laplaces equation.
constant.
v ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 0 ) - ( - y )( 2 x ) 2 xy
|u + iv| k = =
x (x + y ) 2 2
( x + y2 )
2 2 2
u 2 + v 2 = k u2 + v2 = k2
2 v ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y ) - ( 2 xy )( 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 x )
2
u v u v v u =
x 2 ( x2 + y2 )
4
u +v = 0 and u + v = u + v = 0 [using
x x y y x x
C.R. eqns.]. ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 y - 8 x 2 y 2 y 3 - 6 x 2 y
2
= =
u v
( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
4 3
This implies = = 0, unless u2 + v2 = 0.
x x
Also, v = (
f(z) is always a constant. x 2 + y 2 ) ( -1) - ( - y )( 2 y ) y2 - x2
=
y (x + y ) ( x2 + y2 )
2 2
12. If the real part u(x, y) of an analytic function f(z) = u + iv

2v ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y ) - ( y 2 - x 2 ) ( 2) ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y )
2
u v =
is a constant, then = = 0.
y 2 ( x2 + y2 )
4
x y
u v u u
( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y ) - 4 y ( y 2 - x 2 )
2
f (z) = +i = -i = 0 [using C.R. eqns.]. =
x x x y
( x2 + y2 )
4
f(z) is a constant.
Hence, the correct option is (A). = 2x y + 2 y - 4 y + 4x y = 6x y - 2 y
2 3 3 2 2 3

( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
3 3
13. All the given functions are analytic functions.
Hence, the correct option is (D). 2v 2v
14. As f(z) = ex(cos y + isin y) = ex. eiy = ex+iy ez + = 0.
x 2 y 2
we know that, ez is analytic. v too satisfies Laplaces equation.
Hence, the correct option is (D). u v u -v
But and
15. Definition. x y y x

Hence, the correct option is (C). u, v do not satisfy C.R. eqns.
16. Given, z = sinh u cos v + icosh u sin v Hence, the correct option is (B).
z dz 18. Given that, u = x2 y2
= cosh u cos v + isinh u sin v = and
u dw
u u
z2 = sinh2 u cos2 v cosh2 u sin2 v + 2isinh u cosh u sin v cos v = 2x and = 2y.
x y
= cos2 v(cosh2 u 1) sin2 v(1 + sinh2 u) + 2isinh u cosh u As f(z) = u + iv,
sin v cos v
u v u iu
= (cosh u cos v + isinh u sin v)2 1 f (z) = +i = - [using C.R. eqns.]
x x x y
2
=
dz
1 f (z) = 2x + 2y.
dw
2
Replace x by z and y by 0, using Milne-Thompson method,
dz

dz f (z) = 2z.
= z + 1 dw = z + 1
2 2
dw Integrating both the sides with respect to z, we get

2z2 v 1 1 y
f(z) = + C, where C is a complex constant and = (2y) = 2
2 y 2 x + y
2 2
x + y2
Also, v = (
= z2 + C. 2 x 2 + y 2 )1 - x ( 2 x ) y2 - x2
=
x 2 ( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
2 2
19. Given, v = ex(xsin y + ycos y).

and v = (
2 x 2 + y 2 )1 - ( y )( 2 y ) x2 - y2
v =
= ex(xsin y + ycos y) + ex(sin y) y 2
(x + y )
2 2 2
( x2 + y2 )
2
x
v We observe that,
= ex(xcos y + cos y ysin y).
y 2u 2u 2v 2v
+ 2 = 0 and 2 + 2 = 0.
As f(z) = u + iv x 2
y x y
u iv v iv u v u -v
f (z) = + = + But, and
x x y x x y y x
= ex[(x + 1)cos y ysin y] + iex[(x + 1)sin y + ycos y]. u and v are harmonic but, u + iv is not analytic.
Using Milne-Thompson method, replacing x by z and y by They are not conjugate to each other.
0, we get f (z) = ez(z + 1). Hence, the correct option is (C).
Integrating, we get f(z) = e z ( z + 1) dz 24. Standard result, the correct option is (A).
f(z) = ez z + C ex (f(x) + f 1(x))dx = ex f (x).
25. Standard result, the correct option is (B).
26. Definition, the correct option is (B).
20. From the above problem,
f(z) = zez + c
28. Given, |z 1| 3
= (x + iy)ex + iy + c = (x + iy)ex eiy + c
|x + iy 1| 3
= (x + iy) ex (cos y + isin y) + c
( x - 1)
2
u + iv = ex(xcos y ysin y) + iex(xsin y + ycos y) + c. + y2 3
Real part u = ex(xcos y ysin y). (x 1)2 + y2 9
Hence, the correct option is (A). x2 + 1 2x + y2 9 0
21. Standard result, the correct option is (B). x2 + y2 2x 8 0,
22. Let f(z) = u + iv be an analytic function. which is the exterior and boundary (frontier) of the circle.
u v u -v Hence, the correct option is (C).
Then = and = , using (C.R. eqn.)
x y y x
29. z1, z2, z3, are the vertices of equilateral triangle, its circumcentre
Differentiating both the equations again, partially with
is equal to its centroid.
respect to x and y respectively, we get
z1 + z2 + z3
2u 2 v u v 2 2
z0 =
2 = and = 3
x xy y 2 x y
Squaring on both the sides,
2u 2u
+ = 0 2u = 0. (z + z2 + z3 )
2
x 2 y 2 z02
= 1
9
u satisfies Laplaces equation and hence harmonic.
Similarly, differentiating both the equations partially with z + z2 2 + z32 + 2(z1 , z2 + z3 , z1 + z2 , z3 )
2
z02 = 1
respect to y and x respectively, we get 9

v v
2 2
3( z + z + z
2 2 2
) = [ z z + z z + z z = z
+ = 0 2v = 0. z02 = 1 2 3 2
+ z22 + z32]
x 2 y 2 9 1 2 2 3 3 1 1
v also satisfies Laplaces equation and hence harmonic. 3z02 = z12 + z22 + z32
1 u u
23. Let u = 2xy and v = log(x2 + y2) then, = 2y, = 2x 30. Standard result, the correct option is (D).
2 x y
2u 2u 3z 2 - 2 z - 1 1
= 0, 2 = 0. 31. Given, = 1.
dz where C: z -
z ( z - i)
3
x 2
y c
3
The integrand has two singular points at z = 0 and z = i.
v 1 1 x
Also, = (2 x) = 2 The singular point z = 0 lies inside c and the singular point
x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) x + y2 z = i lies outside c.

By Cauchys integral formula, As, z = 0 and z = 3 are inside c, and f(z) = sinp z2 + cosp z2
is analytic on and within c, by Cauchys integral formula we
1 f (z) 3z 2 - 2 z - 1 have, = 2 [2pi (f(3)) 2pi (f(0))]
2pi c ( z - 0 )
f(0) = dz, where f(z) =
( z - i)
3
= 2[2pi (sin9p + cos9p) 2pi [sinp(0) + cosp(0)]]
f (z) = 2 [2pi (1) 2pi (1)] = 2[4pi] = 8pi.
dz = 2pi f(0)
c ( z - 0) Hence, the correct option is (C).
1
2 35. Let f (z) =
= 2pi 3 z - 2 z - 1 ( z - 5)
( z - 1)
3
z =0
F(z) is analytic at all points inside c. In fact, f(z) is analytic
everywhere except at z = 5. But this point is outside c.
-1 -2pi
= 2pi = = 2p. The point z = 0 is inside the circle c.
( -i ) i
3
Hence, by Cauchys integral formula, we have
Hence, the correct option is (A). n! f (z)
f n(a) =
2pi c ( z - a )n +1
dz
z 2 dz
32. Given,
( z - i ) (16 - z ) , c: |z| = 7/2.
c
2
Taking a = 0 and n = 6,
The integrand has three singular points at z = i and 6! 1
2pi c z 7 ( z - 5 )
f 6(0) = dz
z = 4. Of these, only the singular point at z = i lies within c.
dz 2pi 6
Let f(z) =
z2 = f (0)

16 - z 2 c z 7 ( z - 5) 6!
By Cauchys integral formula, 2pi
( z - 5) ( -1) 6! z = 0
-7 6
=
1 f (z) f ( z ) dz 6!
2pi c ( z - i )
f(i) = dz, = 2pi (f(i)) 7
c ( z - i)
-1 -2pi
= 2pi =
5 57
= 2pi
z2
= 2pi
i2
16 - z z =1 16 - i 2
e 2 z cos 2 z - 1
( 2pi ) ( -1) = -2pi 36. Let f(z) =
( z + 3)
2
=
17 17
The given integrand is not analytic at z = 0 and 3.
Only the singular point a = 0 lies inside c.
33. If f (z) is analytic within a closed contour c, and z = a is a point
By Cauchys integral formula,
within c, then we know that
1! f (z)
2pi C ( z - a )2
1 f (z) f (a) = dz
2pi dz = f ( a )
z-a
f (z)
c
1 5 e 3 zp 5 1 1 1 3 zp dz = 2pif (0)
2pi c z 2 + 1 2pi c 2i z - i z + i
dz = - e dz C z2
( z + 3)2 2e 2 z cos 2 z - 2 sin 2 ze 2 z

5 1 e 3 zp 1 e 3 zp - e 2 z cos 2 z - 1 2 [ z + 3]
=
2i 2pi c z - i
dz -
2pi c z + i
dz = 2pi
( z + 3)
4
z = 0
[where f(z) = e3zp which is analytic on and within c, given by
2 2 9 pi 4
|z| = 4] = = pi
81 9
5 5 3 pi Hence, the correct option is (A).
= [f(i) f(i) ] = e - e -3 pi = 5 sin 3p.
2i 2i
sinh z
Hence, the correct option is (B). 37. Evaluate
C
z6 dz , where c is the boundary of the square
1 1 1 1
34. = - whose sides lie along the lines x = 1, y = 1, where c is
z ( z - 3) 3 z - 3 z described in the positive sense.
6 sin p z 2 + cos p z 2 sinh z
has z = 0 as the singular point. It is within c. Let
dz
z
6
z ( z - 3)
c
f(z) = sinh z, a = 0.
6 sin p z 2 + cos p z 2 sinp z 2 + cos p z 2 . sinh z f (z)
= dz dz C z 6 dz = z - a 6 dz
3 c z 3 c
z c ( )

5! f (z) 4 2 2
2 3
2
2pi C ( z - a )6
But, f (a) = dz =1+ 1 + + + + ...
z z z z

f (z) 2pi 2pi d 5 where,
2
<1
dz = f (a) = sinh z
c ( z - a)
6
5! 120 dz 5 z =a= 0
z
2
pi pi 4 2 2 z
[cosh z ]z = 0 = 60 =1+ 1 + + + .... if > 1 i.e. |z| > 2
60 z z z 2
n
Hence, the correct option is (D). 4 2
=1+ if |z| > 2
z n = 0 z
z4
38. Let f (z) =
( z + 1) ( z - 4 )
2

2n
= 1 + 4 n +1 if |z| > 2.
n=0 z
The poles of f (z) are given by (z + 1)2 (z 4) = 0,
i.e. z = 1 and 4. Of these, only z = 1 lies within the circle Hence, the correct option is (A).
|z| = 3/2. z
40. When |z| < 1, then < 1.
Hence, it is enough if we calculate the residue at z = 1 (dou- 4
ble pole). ( z 2)( z + 2)
Given, f (z) =
1 d ( z + 1)( z + 4)
[ Res f ( z )]z=-1= ( 2 - 1)! z Lt ( z + 1) f ( z )
2
-1 dz
Resolving into partial fractions,
d z ( z - 4 ) ( 4 z 3 ) - z 4 (1)
4 1 4 z
1
= Lt = Lt f(z) = 1 = 1 (z + 1)1 1 +
z -1 dz z - 4
z -1 ( z - 4)
2
z +1 z + 4 4
( -5) ( -4) - 1 20 - 1 19 = 1 [1 z + z 2 z 3 + ....]

= = =
( -5)
2
25 25
z z 2 z 3
By residue theorem, 1 + + ....
4 4 4
( -5) ( -4) - 1 20 - 1 19 38
f ( z ) dz = 2 pi
C ( -5)
2
=
25
= =
25 25
pi.
= 1 + ( z z 2 + z 3 ....)
z z 2 z 3
Hence, the correct option is (A). + + ...
4 4 4
z+2 z-2+4 4
39. f(z) = = =1+
n
z-2 z-2 z 2 z
= 1 + ( 1) n +1 z n + ( 1)n +1
n =1 n =1 4
z = 2 is the only singular point of f(z) also f(z) is analytic at
z = 0. z
n
4 4 = 1 + ( 1)n +1 z n +
f(z) = 1 + =1+ n 1 4
z-2 2
z 1 -

z = 1 + ( 1)n +1 1 + 4 n z n
-1 n =1
= 1 + 4 1 - 2
z z Hence, the correct option is (B).

Previous Years Questions p p p

= = .
z 4 4 2
1. We know that arg 1
z2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
2. Given, f(z) = u(x, y) + iJ (x, y) is analytic and u (x, y)
= arg (z1) arg (z2). = 2xy
1+ i u J
arg = arg (1 + i) arg (1 i) = 2y and = 2x.
1 i x x
We know that the exact differential of
1 1
= tan1 tan1 J (x, y) is dJ =
J
dx +
J
dy
1 1 x y


u u 7. Given that, f(z) = u(x, y) + iv (x, y) is analytic.

= dx + dy (by Cauchy-Riemann equations)
y x
Also given, u(x, y) = xy.
dJ = 2xdx + 2ydy. We know that the exact differential of v(x, y)
Integrating on the both sides,
v v
J = x2 + y2 + constant is dv = dx + dy
x y
J (x, y) = x2 + y2 + constant.
u u
Hence, the correct option is (C). = dx + dy (from Cauchy-Riemann equations)
x y
3. Given, f(z) = u(x, y) + iJ(x, y) is analytic.
dv = x dx + y dy.
Also given, u(x, y) = x2 y2
Integrating on both sides,
u u
= 2x and = 2y. dv = x dx + ydy
x y
We know that the exact differential of J(x, y) is x 2 y 2 y 2 x2
v= + + k; v = + k.
J J u u 2 2 2
dJ = dx + dy = dx + dy
x y y x
(by Cauchy-Riemann equation) cos z
8. z = 1 f(z)dz =
= (2y)dx + 2xdy dJ = 2 (ydx + xdy). z =1 z
dJ = 2d(xy) where, d(xy) = ydx + xdy is the exact differen- cos z
z = 0 is a singularity of f(z) =
tial of xy. z
Integrating J = 2xy + c. and it lies inside the unit circle, z = 1.
Hence, the correct option is (C). By Cauchys integral formula,
3i dz cos z
4. = ln [ z ]5
3i z =1 f ( z ) dz = dz = 2pi cos zat z
z =1 z
5 z
= 0 = 2pi.
= ln 3i ln5
= ln 3 + ln i ln5
p 3 e it p 3 1 i p 3
3 p
= ln + i 9. e it dt = = [e ei0 ]
5 2 0 i 0 i
p
= ln (0.6) + i 1 p p
2 = cos i sin 1
i 3 3
= 0.511 + 1.57i.
11 3
Hence, the correct option is (B). = +i 1
i 2 2
5. (1 + i) (2 5i)
= 2 + 2i 5i + 5 = 7 3i. 1 1 3
= +i
i2 2
3 + 4i 3 + 4i 1 3
6. The modulus of = = +
1 2i 1 2i 2i 2
3 1
3 + 4i z z 32 + 42 +i
=
=
1
= 1= = 5. 2 2
1 2i z2 z2 12 + ( 2)2 Hence, the correct option is (A).

Chapter 5 Probability and Statistics
Hints/Solutions
Practice Problems 1 6. Let p be the probability of getting an even number and
Solutions for questions 1 to 32: q be the probability of getting an odd number. Then,
p + q = 1.
1. When 8 coins are tossed together, the total number of out- 1 4
comes = 28 Given, p = 4q 4q + q = 1 q = p =
5 5
To have the number of heads more than the number of tails, 4
For each even number, the probability of getting it is
we must get 5 heads, 6 heads, 7 heads or 8 heads. 1 15
and for each odd number, the probability is
The required probability 15
= p(5 heads) + p(6 heads) + p(7 heads) + p(8 heads) The favourable cases for getting the total score more than 16
are: 566, 656, 665 and 666.
8
C5 8
C6 8
C7 8
C8 56 + 28 + 8 + 1 93 Probability of the combination 566, 656 or 665 is
= + + + = =
2 8
2 8
2 8
2 8 28 256 1 4 4 16
=
Hence, the correct option is (C). 15 15 15 3375
4 4 4
2. As A and B are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, the Probability of the combination 666 =
non-occurrence of A is equal to the occurrence of B. 15 15 15
64
()
3 =
P(B) = P A = . 3375
4
The required probability = 3 + =
3375 3375 3375
3. Total possible outcomes = 64 = 1296.
In the following cases, the total score on the four dice is Hence, the correct option is (D).
greater than or equal to 22, 6664, 6655, 6665, 6666. 7. The number of five digit numbers that can be formed using
4! the digits
Now, the combination 6664 appears in = 4 ways.
3! 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 = 6P5 5P4 = 720 120.
4! A number is divisible by 5 if the digit in its units place is
The combination 6655 appears in = 6 ways.
2! 2! either 0 or 5.
4! Now, the number of five digit numbers that end with 0 are
The combination 6665 appears in = 4 ways and 5
P4 = 120.
3!
The combination 6666 appears in 1 way. The number of five digit numbers that end with 5 are
5
P4 4P3 = 120 24 = 96.
The total number of unfavourable cases = 4 + 6 + 4
+ 1 = 15 The total number of five digit numbers which are divisible
15 1281 by 5 = 120 + 96.
Hence, the required probability = 1 = 216 9
1296 1296 The required probability = = .
600 25
427
= . Hence, the correct option is (D).
432
8. Ten students can be seated in a row in 10! ways. Let E be the
event that the students do not sit together.
4. Three balls can be drawn from a bag containing 9 balls in 9C3
ways. Let E be the event of two students being seated together, then
P(E) = 2(9!)/10! = 2/10 = 1/5.
Let E be the event of drawing different coloured balls.
P(E) = 1 1/5 = 4/5.
5
C1 3C1 1C1 15 5
P(E) = = = Hence, the correct option is (B).
9
C3 84 28
9. Six people can sit around a circular table in (6 1)! = 5! ways.
Hence, the correct option is (B). Let E be the event of two specified persons sitting side by side.
5. Five bulbs can be chosen from 18 bulbs in C5 ways. 18
Treat two persons as one unit. The total 5 members can be
Bad bulbs = 6; good bulbs = 12. arranged in a circular table in (5 1)! = 4! ways.
If we select at least one good bulb, then the room will be The two persons can be arranged among themselves in 2!
lighted. ways. n(E) = 2!4!
6
C5 P(E) = 2(4!)/5! = 2/5.
The probability that the room is not lighted is
18
C5 Hence, the correct option is (C).
6
C5 10. There is no way of placing exactly one letter wrongly.
The required probability = 1
18
C5 Its probability is 0.
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (D).
Chapter 05 Hints.indd 90 9/1/2015 5:19:50 PM

11. Given P( A ) = Probability that A has not solved the problem P(X Y ) = P(X) P(Y) and
= 1
1
=
1 P( X Y ) = P( X ) P(Y ).
2 2 Let x = P(X) and y = P(Y).
1 3
P( B ) = and P( C ) = Then, xy = 1/8 ..(1) and (1x)(1y) = 3/8.(2).
4 4
Solving (1) and (2) we get,
P(A B C) = 1 P( A B C )
1 1
= 1 P( A B C ) x= or x = .
4 2
1 1 3 29 Hence, the correct option is (B).
1 P( A ). P( B ) . P( C ) = 1 =
2 4 4 32
16. The probability that S can be selected from the first word is
2/6; similarly, the probability that S can be selected from the
3 7 second word is 2/6.
12. Given, P(A B) = ; P(A) = . 2 2 1
4 20 The probability that S can be selected = =
(i) Given, A and B are mutually exclusive, then A B = f. 6 6 9
Similarly, the probability that the remaining letters be selected
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(B) = P(A B) P(A)
1 1 1 1
3 7 15 - 7 8 2 from the words = , , ,
= - = = = . 36 36 36 36
4 20 20 20 5
The required probability
4 1 1 1 1 8 2
= + + + + = =
(ii) If A and B are equally likely, then P(A) = P(B) 36 36 36 36 36 36 9
7
P(B) = . Hence, the correct option is (D).
20
17. The cards picked up should contain the letters in the order:
M, A and N. As there are 5 cards bearing M, 3 cards bearing
(iii) If A and B are independent events, then A and 4 cards bearing N and the cards picked up are not being
P(A B) = P(A) . P(B) 5 3 4 1
replaced, the required probability = =
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) 12 11 10 22
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A) . P(B) Hence, the correct option is (B).
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) (1 P(A)) 18. Let A-be the event that the sum of the digits is ten.
3 7 7 3 7 13 Let B-be the event that the number is divisible by five.
= + P( B ) 1 - - = P( B )
4 20 20 4 20 20 The numbers for which the sum of the digits is ten are 19, 28,
8 13 8 20 8 37.91. Out of these, the only number divisible by five is 55.
= P( B ) P(B) = =
20 20 20 13 13 9 1
P(A) = P(A B) =
13. Total number of squares in a 8 8 chess board 1
90
= 12 + 22 + 32 + ........... + 82 = 204. P ( A B)
Number of squares of the size 3 3
P B( )
A
=
P ( A)
= 1 =
90
1
9
36 3
= 6 6 = 36. Hence, the required probability = =
19. P(x = xi) is the probability of typing xi characters wrong.
2 1 Required probability
14. P(pink colour appears) = =
6 3
P ( x = 1)
2 1 =
P(blue colour appears) = = P ( x = 1) + P ( x = 2 ) + P ( x = 3) + P ( x = 4 ) + P ( x = 5 ) + P ( x = 6 )
6 3
2 1
P(green colour appears) = =
=
(0.7 )5 (0.7 ) (0.7 ) (0.7 ) (0.7 ) (0.7 ) ( 0.3 ) = ( 0.7 )5 ( 0.3 )
6 3
1 - P ( x = 0) 1 - ( 0.7 )6
The probability that the same colour (green or blue or pink)
appears on the die is Hence, the correct option is (A).
(1/3) + (1/3) + (1/3) = 3(1/3) = 1/3.
2 2 2 2
20. n(A B) can be 3, 4, 5.
Hence, the correct option is (A). Number of ways in which A, B, C can be constructed such
15. Given, P ( X Y ) = 1/8 and P(X Y ) = 3/8. that n(A B) = 3 and n(A B C) = 5
As X and Y are independent, (
= 5C3 3C 1 2C 2 = 30)

( B has the same elements as A and C should have the other 1 3

Then, p = ; q =
two elements, C can be constructed in 3C1 2C2 ways). 4 4
n(A B) = 4 and n(A B C) = 5 In the following cases, B may win the game.
= 5C3 ( 2C1 3C2 ) 4C2 = 360 Case 1
(B has an element which is not in A and two elements which In the first draw, A loses the game and B wins the game. The
are in A; C has the fifth element and 2 of the 4 elements in probability that B wins the game in the first draw is q.p.
A B). Case 2
n(A B) = 5 and n(A B C) = 5 In the first draw, both A and B lose the game. In the second
= 5C3 3C1 5C3 = 300 draw, A loses the game and B wins the game.
The probability that B wins the game in the second draw is q
(B has two elements which are not in A and one element
q q p.
which is in A; C can have any elements).
Case 3
In the first two draws, both A and B lose the game, in the third
360 + 300 660 22 draw A loses the game and B wins the game.
= = =
30 + 360 + 300 690 23 The probability that B wins the game in the third draw is q q
Hence, the correct option is (A). q q q p.
This process continues till B wins the game.
21. Let E be the event of selecting two Indians. The probability of
The required probability is qp + q3p + q5p + q7p + .
1 10C2
selecting two Indians from group X is P ( X ) P =
E
x 2 25C2 1 a
= q p [1 + q2 + q4 + q6 + .] = q p S =
2

The probability of selecting two Indians from group Y is 1 q a r
E 1 C
18
P (Y ) P = 20 2 =
3 1

1 3 16 3
Y 2 C2 = =
4 4 1 ( 3 / 4 )2 16 7 7
1 10C2 10
C2 24. Total number of combinations possible = 63 = 216.
2 25C2 25
C2 Let E1 be the event of getting a sum of 14.
= 10 =
1 C2 1 8C2 C2 C
( )15
10 8
+ + 20 2 P E1 = . Let E2 be the event of getting the sum 14 such
2 25C2 2 20C2 25
C2 C2 216
(
that, one of the die always shows up 6 is P E1 E2 = ) 12
216
.
10 9 3
=
25 24
= 20 =
57
Required probability P 2 =
(
E P E2 E1 )
10 9 8 7
+
25 24 20 19
3
+
20 380
56 113
E1 P E1 ( )
216 E 4
22. If two coins show head and the third coin shows tail, then the = P 2 =
15 E1 5
person set H45.
216
The total outcomes = 23 = 8.
The favourable outcomes = {HHT HTH, THH}
25. The total number of possibilities when a coin is tossed 7 times
n(E) = 3. is 27 = 128. Let E1 be the event of getting at least 5 heads.
P(E) = 3/8.
7! 7! 7!
Hence, the correct option is (A). + +
23. A card can be drawn from the 52 cards in 52C1 ways. A spade ( )
P E1 =
5! 2! 6 ! 7 !
27
card can be drawn from 13 spades cards in 13C1 ways.
21 + 7 + 1
The probability that the card drawn is a spade is
13 1
=
( )
P E1 =
27
52 4
The probability that the card drawn is not a spade is ( )
P E1 =
29
128
1
1 = 3 / 4. Let E2 be the event of getting at least 6 heads.
4
Let p denote the probability that the card is a spade and q
denote the probability that the card is not a spade.
( )
P E2 =
8
128
,

P 2 =
(
E P E1 E2 ) =
3 1 1 84 + 20 - 35
+ - =
E1 P E1 ( ) 5 7 4 140
8 69
P(A B) = ,
E2 128 8 140
P = =
E1 29 29 69
128 A 1 140 71 7 71
P = = =
Hence, the correct option is (B). B 6 140 6 120
26. Let A-be the event that Federer qualifies for the final. 7
Let B-be the event that Nadal qualifies for the semi-final Hence, the correct option is (B).
It is given that, ()
29. P A = 0.4 P(A) = 0.6
P(A) = 0.7, P(B) = 0.5 P(A B) = 0.8 P(A B) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.7
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) B P( B ( A B )
= 0.7 + 0.5 0.8 = 0.4
P
=
A B P( A B )
P ( A B ) 0.4
( )
P A =
B P ( B)
=
0.5
= 0.8.

(
P( B ( A B ) = P ( B A ) ( B B ) )
= P(A B) = 0.2
27. We know that, P( A B ) = P( B ) - P( A B ) (1) P( A B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) P( A B )
= P(A) + P( B ) [ P( A ) P( A B )]
P( A B ) = P( A ) - P( A B ) (2)
= P(A) + P( B ) P( A ) + P( A B )
= P(A) + P(B) 2P(A B)
P( A B ) + P( A B ) = 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.5
= P(A B) P(A B) (3)
P( B ( A B )) 0.2
= = 2/5.
from (3), P( A B ) + P( A B ) = P(A B) P(A B) P( A B ) 0.5
1 2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
= - P(A B)
2 3 30. Let A be the event that the movie is directed by Nolan.
2 1 4-3 1
P(A B) = - = = Let B be the event that the movie stars Bale.
3 2 6 6
Let E be the event that the movie is a hit.
and it is lso given that,
P(A) = 0.5 P(B) = 0.5
P( A B ) A = 1 / 3 P ( E /A) = 0.6 P ( E /B ) = 0.4
(4)
P( B A ) = 1 / 3
Given that, P( A B ) + P( A B ) = 1 / 2. P ( A E)=
( A)
P ( A) P E
E E
1 1 P ( A) P + P ( B ) P
P( A B ) = - A B
2 3

1 0.5 ( 0.6 ) 30
P( A B ) = = = = 0.6.
6 0.5 ( 0.6 ) + 0.5 ( 0.4 ) 30 + 20

1 Hence, the correct option is (C).
P(B) P(A B) =
6
31. Var (x) = E(x2) (E(x))2 = 6 4 = 2
1 1 1
P(B) = + , P(B) = SD(x) = 2.
6 6 3
The required probability P(A/B) Hence, the correct option is (B).
P( A B ) 1 / 6 1 32. Standard deviation of 3x + 5 is 4.
= = =
P( B ) 1/ 3 2 Standard deviation of x is 4/3.
Hence, the correct option is (B). Variance of x is = (4/3)2 = 16/9.
28. P(A) =
3
5
()
, P B =
6
7 Solutions for questions 33 and 34: Given,
1 A P A B
P ( A B) = , P = =
(
1 P ( A B ) ) x 0 1 2 3 4
4 B P B P B () () p(X = x) k 2k 3k 4k 5k
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) We know that,

n
40. As each of the 15 numbered cards has equal chance to occur,
33. P ( x = xi ) = 1
i=1
when a card is drawn at random from the 15 cards numbered
1 to 15, the random variable x defined by the number appeared
k + 2k + 3k + 4k + 5k = 1
on the card follows discrete uniform distribution in the range
1 {1, 2, 3, 15}.
15k = 1 k =
15 n + 1 15 + 1
Hence, the correct option is (B). Expectation of x = E(x) = = = 8.
2 2
34. P(x 3) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) Hence, the correct option is (A).

= 4k + 5k 41. np = 6 and npq = 2; solve for n, to get n = 9.
9 3
= 9k = = Hence, the correct option is (B).
15 5
42. 9 6C4 p4(1 p)2 = 6C2 p2(1 p)4
-1 1
9p2 = (1 p)2 8p2 + 2p 1 = 0 p = or
Solutions for questions 35 and 36: 2 4
35. P(x 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = 3a + 4a = 7a. 1
As p > 0, p =
1 4
We have, p(x) = 1 33a = 1 a = Hence, the correct option is (D).
33
1 7 43. Binomial because the child can be either male or female i.e.,
P(x 1) = 7 =
33 33 only 2 states.
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (C).
36. x = 1, 2, 3, .......... n with probabilities.
1 Solutions for questions 44 and 45: Given,
P(x = 1) = p(x = 2) ........... =
n
1
1 p = 0.25 =
E(x) = xi pi = (1 + 2 + .... + n) 4
i
n
n( n + 1 ) n + 1 3
= = q = 1 p =
2n 2 4
Hence, the correct option is (C). n = 8.
Solutions for questions 37 and 38: Given, 44. P(x 1) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)
= 8C0 q8 8C1 p1q7
x 4 8 12
8 7 8
3 1 3 1 3 11 3
P(X = x) 1 = + 8 =
3 5 15 4 4 4 3 4

37. Mean = E(x) = xiP( = xi)
45. P(x 3) = 1 P(x < 3)
1 3 1 20 + 72 + 12 104
=4
+8 + 12 = = = 1 [P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2)]
3 5 15 15 15
11 3 8 1 3
2 6
1 3 1 = 1 + 8 c2
E(x2) = xi2 p(x = xi) = 16 + 64 + 144
3 5 15 3 4 4 4
800 160
= = 36
8
3 61
15 3 1
48
[33 + 28 ] = 1 4 9
38. E(3x + 2)2 = E[9x2 + 12x + 4] Hence, the correct option is (B).
= 9E(x2) + 12 E(x) + 4

Solutions for questions 46 to 70:
160 104
= 9 + 12 + 4 = 567.2. 46. l = 1.
3 15
e - l l 3 e -1 1
Hence, the correct option is (D). P(x = 3) = = =
3! 6 6e
1 1
k k 47. P(x = 1) = P(x = 2)
39. kx0
2
dx = x 3 = = 1 k = 3
3 0 3 e-l l 2
1 1 1 ell = l=2
x 3 4 2
E(x) =
0 0
x 3x
dx = 3 x 3 dx = 3 =
4
2
0 4 Mean = 2, variance = 2.

48. Let p be the probability of the person hitting the target Probability that the life time of a bulb is atleast 7 months
3 = p(X > 7) = 1 P(x < 7)
= 0.003 =
1000 1
7
= 1 (1 elx) = 1 1 e 5
Here, n is very large. -7

3 = e 5 = e1.4 = 0.2466.
l = m = np = 2000 = 6.
P(x 2) = 1 P(x < 2) 54. Mean = Median = Mode = m for a normal distribution.
= 1 [P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)]. Hence, the correct option is (C).
l k -l 55. Given m = 35 and s2 = 25 s = 5
P(x = k) = e
k! x-m x 35
Z= =
P(x = 0) = el s 5
P(x = 1) = l el 31 35
When x = 31, z = = 0.8.
P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = e (1 + l) = 7e l 6 5
The required probability = 1 P(x < 2) 45 35
When x = 45, z = = 2.
= 1 7e 6 5
P(31 x 45)

= P(0.8 z 2)
5 5 = P(0.8 z 0) + P(0 z 2)
x x2 25 4 21 1
49. 2 3 dx = 6 2 = 6 6 = 6 = 3 2 = 0.2881 + 0.4772 = 0.7653.
+2 +2 56. Two random variables X and Y are independent if, P(x = xi,
1 1 x2 1 y = yj) = P(x = xi) P(y = yj) for all xi in the range set of x and
50. Mean = E(x) =
4 2 x dx = 4 2 2 = 8 ( 4 4 ) = 0. yj in the range set of y.
Hence, the correct option is (D). From the joint probability mass functions of x1, y1 and x2, y2,
it can be easily observed that P(x1 = xi, y1 = yj)
51. As x is a uniformly distributed random variable in [1, 4], the
= P(x1 = xi) P(y1 = yj), i = 1, 2 j = 1, 2 and P(x2 = xi,
probability density function of x is
y2 = yj) = P(x2 = xi) P(y2 = yj); i = 1, 2 j = 1, 2, 3.
1 1 1
F(x) = = = for x [1, 4] and = 0 otherwise. Hence, X1 and Y1 are independent as well as X2 and Y2 are
b-a 4 -1 3 independent.
4 4
3 1 1 4 Hence, the correct option is (C).
P x >
= f ( x )dx = dx = [ x ]3
2 3 3 3 3 2 57. Given expectation of X = E(X ) = 3.
2 2
Expectation of Y = E(Y ) = 4.
1 3 5
=
4 = . As X and Y are independent random variables,
3 2 6
E(XY ) = E(X ) E(Y )
= 3 4 = 12.
52. The probability density function of the uniformly distributed
random variable x in [2, 5] is
1 1 58. As X and Y are uniformly distributed over [2, 5],
= ; for x [2, 5] we have the probability density functions of X and Y as
F(x) = 5 2 3
0 otherwise 1 1 1
F(x) = g(y) = = =
5 b-a 52 3
1
E(x2) = x 2 f ( x )dx = 2 x 2 3 dx Now as X and Y are independent, we have
11 11 11
P X ,Y = P X P Y
11
1 x3 1
5
4 3 4 3
= [53 23] = 13.
=
3 3 2 9 114 5 114 5

= f ( x )dx = 1 dx 1 dy
3 3
Hence, the correct option is (C). g ( y )dy

1 2 11 2 11
53. As the life time of bulbs is exponential, we have mean = = 3 3
5 months l 11
5
1 1 4 1 11 5
1 = dx dy = [ x ]24 [ y ]11
l= 3 3 2 11 9 3
5 3

1 11 11 1 3 4 1 64. n1 = 12; x1 = 10; n2 = 8; x2 = 12.

= 2 5 - = = .
9 4 3 9 4 3 9 n1 x1 + n2 x2 120 + 96
x= =
Hence, the correct option is (A). n1 + n2 12 + 8
59. As X denotes the number on the first die and y denotes the = 216/20 = 10.8.
number on the second die, when a pair of fair dice are rolled, Hence, the correct option is (B).
we have 65. Mode = 13, Mean = 4, Median =?
P [( X + Y 7 ) ( Y 5 )] 13 = 3 median 8
P(X + Y 7/Y 5) = median = 7.
P( Y 5 )
P ( X = 1,Y = 5 ) ( X = 2 ,Y = 5 ) ( X = 1,Y = 6 )) 66. Given, the median of the given set of numbers is 15.
=
P [( Y = 5 ) ( Y = 6 )] x+ y
= 15 x + y = 30.
2
P ( X = 1,Y = 5 ) + P( X = 2 ,Y = 5 ) + P( X = 1,Y = 6 )) If x = 15 and y = 15, then the mode of the given n umbers is 8,
=
P [( Y = 5 ) + P( Y = 6 )] 14 and 15.
If x = 14 and y = 16, then the mode of the given numbers is 14.
P ( X = 1 )P( Y = 5 ) + P( X = 2 )P( Y = 5 ) + P( X = 1 )P( Y = 6 )) Hence, the mode of the given data cannot be determined
P [( Y = 5 ) + P( Y = 6 )] uniquely.
(X and Y are independent)
67. Given observations {5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 13}.
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 Mean = x = 6.
+ +
x x
2
6 6 6 6 6 6 36 1 2
= = = . Standard deviation =
1 1 2 4
+ n n
6 6 6
344
Hence, the correct option is (C). = - 62 = 7 .
8
13 + 2 3 + 33 + .........10 3
11
60. Mean = = 10
10 2 68. We know that, by subtracting a constant from each of the given
= 302.5 observations, the standard deviation remains unchanged.
Hence, the correct option is (C). S.D. (101, 102, 103,, 111)
= S.D. (1, 2, 3, , 11)
a1 + a2 + ....... + a23 + 23 + 38 (subtracting 100 from each of the observations) = M.
61. Given, = 38
25
a1 + a2 + ..+ a23 = (38 25 61). 69. We know that, on adding a constant value to each of the given
observations, standard deviation remains unchanged.
a1 + a2 + ....... + a23 + 25 + 36
Now, the correct mean = S.D. (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
25
= S.D. (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) = S.
= 38.
70. Let the required observations be x and y.
Note: Here, the observations are taken wrongly. But the mean
The arithmetic mean (3, 4, 8, x, y) = 6.4
is unchanged as the sum of the observations in both the cases
15 + x + y
is unchanged. = 6.4
5
62. We have, A.M. =

f x i i x + y = 17 (1)
f Given variance = 8.24
6 + 10 + 27 43 8.24 =
x 2
(6.4)2
i
= = = 4.3.
2 + 5 +3 10 5
xi2 = 246
32 + 42 + 82 + x2 + y2 = 246
63. Given set = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}. x2 + y2 = 157 (2)
Median = average of 11 and 13 = 12. From the options, x = 6 and y = 11 satisfy (1) and (2).
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (A).

Practice Problems 2 8. Given A and B are two independent events

Solutions for questions 1 to 39: P(A B) = P(A) P(B)
1. n(E) = 4C3 P( A B ) = ( A B )
= 1 P(A B) = 1 P(A) P(B)
n(S) = 7C3
= 1 2/3 4/5 = 7/15.
4
C3 4 Hence, the correct option is (C).
P(E) = =
7
C2 35 9. Given A and B are two independent events
Hence, the correct option is (A). P(A B) = P(A) P(B).
2. Total bulbs = 25. Also given that, P(A B) = 0.75, P(B) = 0.25.
Two bulbs are fused. We know that, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
23 are good bulbs. 0.75 = P(A) + 0.25 P(A) (0.25)
Favourable cases = C1 C1 = 46.23 2 0.5 = 0.75 P(A) P(A) = 2/3.
Total cases = 25C2 = 300. Hence, the correct option is (A).
46 23 10. If n(A B) = 4 means B has one element which is not in A
Hence, probability = =
300 150 and has two elements which are in A.
Hence, the correct option is (C). The total number of ways in which A, B and C can be con-
structed = 5C3 (2C1 3C2)5C3
3. The number of exhaustive cases = 4 4 = 16.
As it is given that n(A B) = 4, for n(A B C) = 5,
The number of favourable cases to the given event are 10.
C should have the fifth element.
Required probability = 10/16 = 5/8.
The number of ways in which A, B, C can be constructed is
C3 2C1 3C2 4C2
4. When two dice are rolled, the total outcomes = 6 6 = 36. 5
C 2C 3C 4C
The required probability = 5 3 2 1 3 2 5 2
Let E be the event that atleast one dice shows 4. C3 C1 C2 C3
E be the event that no dice shows 4. 6 3
= =
25 10 5
n(E ) = 5 5 = 25. P(E) = . Hence, the correct option is (D).
36
25 11 11. It is given a2 + b2 4a < 0
P(E) = 1 P( E ) = 1 = .
36 36 (a 2)2 + b2 < 22
Hence, the correct option is (B). Lets take a on the x-axis and b on the y-axis.
5. The number of exhaustive events = 7C2 = 21.

Let E be the event of the two balls drawn being green. The
number of favourable cases = 4C2 = 6. (2, 0)
P(E) = 6/21 = 2/7.
Hence, the odds against the event E is P( E ) : P(E)
(1 2/7) : 2/7 Inside the above circle, (a 2)2 + b2 < 22
= 5 : 2. We need the probability that (2 b)(2 + b) > a2
Hence, the correct option is (C). 4 b2 > a2 a2 + b2 < 4.
6. The number of exhaustive outcomes = 52C1 = 52.

The number of favourable cases are 52 16 = 36.
The required probability = 36/52 = 9/13.
7. When the sum of the two dice is 9, the person gets H9. When two
dice are rolled, the total outcomes n(s) = 6 6 = 36.
1 3 2
The favourable outcomes for getting sum 9 are Area of the shaded region = 2 (p ) ( 2 2 ) ( 2 )
3 4
= (4, 5) (5, 4), (3, 6), (6, 3) = n(E) = 4
p 3
P(E) =
n( E )
=
4
=
1 23
The required probability =
3 4

(
= 4p 3 3 )
n ( S ) 36 9
p (2 )
2
6p
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (C).

12. 4
The probability that Sunil reaches the summit = P(S) = .
10 7
()
3
6 P S = . The probability that at least two of them reach
7
the summit = exactly two of them reach the summit + three of
them reach the summit
37 5 57 19
= + = = .
4 4 84 21 84 28
p (10 ) p (6 ) 98
3 3
3 3 Hence, the correct option is (D).
The required probability = =
4 125
p (10 )
3
3 17. The total number of balls in the bag = 6 + 4 = 10.
The probability of drawing a blue ball is . As the ball is not
10
13. The probability of getting a blue ball the second time depends replaced, the remaining number of balls in the bag is 9. The
on which ball was drawn the first time. probability of drawing an orange ball from the 9 balls is 4/9.
So, A, B are dependent events, similarly are B, C and A, C. Hence, the probability of drawing the blue ball first and the
So, A, B, C are dependent events. 6 4 4
orange ball second is = .
14. The probability that Akil reaches the summit = P(A) = 2/3.

()
P A = 1/3. 18. The total number of balls in the bag = 6 + 4 = 10.
If the first ball is replaced, the probability of drawing an
The probability that Nikil reaches the summit = P(N) = 5/8.
orange ball from the 10 balls is 4/10.
( )
P N = 3/8.
4 The required probability =
6

4 6
= .
The probability that Sunil reaches the summit = P(S) = . 10 10 25
7
P S = .
3
7
()
19. Let B1 and B2 be two bags. B1 contains 7 red and 3 blue balls,
The probability that none of them reaches the summit B2 contains 6 blue and 4 red balls.
1
( ) () ( ) ()
= P A N S = P A P N P S The probability of selecting any one of the bags is .
2
1 3 3 3 If B1 is selected, then the probability of drawing 2 red balls
=
= . 7
C2
3 8 7 56 from it is .
10
C2
3
C2
15. The probability that Akil reaches the summit = P(A) = 2/3. The probability of drawing 2 blue balls from it is .
10
C2
()
P A = 1/3. The probability of drawing two balls of the same colour from
The probability that Nikil reaches the summit = P(N) = 5/8. 1 7 C2 3
C2 1 24
B1 is 10 + 10 = .
( )
P N = 3/8.
4
2 C2 C2 3 45
The probability that Sunil reaches the summit = P(S) = . Similarly, the probability of drawing two balls of the same
7 colour from the bag B2 is
P S = .
3
7
() 1 6 C2 4
C2 1 21 21
The Probability that exactly two of them reach the summit 10 + 10 = = .
2 C2 C2 2 45 90
= P(A S A) + P(A N S ) + P(N S A) 24 21 45 1
The required probability = + = = .
= P(A) P(S) P(N ) + P(A) P(N) P(S) + P(N) P(S) P(A) 90 90 90 2
2 4 3 2 5 3 1 5 4 37 Hence, the correct option is (C).
=
+ = .
3 7 8 3 8 7 3 8 7 84 20. Let A and B be the two independent events.
Hence, the correct option is (A). 4 5
Given, P( A) : P(A) = 4 : 5 P(A) = ; P(A) = .
16. The probability that Akil reaches the summit = P(A) = 2/3. 9 9
()
P A = 1/3. P(B) : P(B) = 3 : 7 P(B) =
3
10
; P(B) =
7
10
.
The probability that Nikil reaches the summit = P(N) = 5/8.
The probability that none of the events occur is denoted by P
( )
P N = 3/8. A B.

P(A B) = P( A) P(B) ( A, B are independent) 28. From 1 to 25, there are 12 even numbers. There is only one
4 7 14 favourable case that the number is 12.
= = . 1
9 10 45 The probability that the number is 12 is .
21. Let A and B be the two independent events.
4 5 29. We know that, there are 21 consonants in the English alpha-
Given, P( A) : P(A) = 4 : 5 P( A) = ; P(A) = . 1
9 9 bets. The probability that the consonant is c = .
3 7 21
P(B) : P(B) = 3 : 7 P(B) = ; P( B) = .
The probability of at least one of them occuring is 30. When n coins are tossed together, the probability of getting
14 31 n
C
1 p ( A B ) 1 = exactly r heads = nr
45 45 2
Hence, the correct option is (C). Here, n = 5 and r = 4.
22. Given, P(H) = 3P(T). The probability of getting exactly four heads
1
We know that, P(H) + P(T) = 1 3P(T) + P(T) = 1 P(T) =
4
5
C4 5
3 = = .
P(H) = . As the coin is tossed 3 times, two heads may occur 25 32
4
in the 1st and 2nd trial, 2nd and 3rd trial or 1st and 3rd trial. Hence, the correct option is (A).
The required probability 31. If seven letters are placed into seven right envelopes, the
3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 9 9 9 27 eighth letter is also placed into the right envelope.
= + + = + + = .
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 64 64 64 64 (at least seven letters are placed into the right envelopes)
Hence, the correct option is (D). = P(all the 8 letters are placed into right envelopes)
1
23. When four dice are rolled, the outcomes are 6 = 1296.
4
= .
8!
If the total score on the maximum dice is, then all the dice
show 6 only.
This occurs only once. 32. Total possibilities whose sum is 20 is
1
The required probability =. (5, 5, 5, 5) 1
1296
Hence, the correct option is (A). 4!
(6, 6, 4, 4) = 3! = 6
2! 2!
24. In a non-leap year, the month February of will have 28 days.
4!
i.e., every day of the week occurs 4 times. (6, 6, 6, 2) =4
3!
5 Sundays is not possible.
4!
Probability = 0. (6, 6, 5, 3) = 12
2!
4!
25. The possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH and TT of which the (5, 5, 4, 6) = 12 .
outcomes HT and TH are favourable. 2!
2 1 n(s) = 1 + 6 + 4 + 12 + 12 = 23 + 12 = 35.
The required probability is = .
4 2 The number of possibilities whose sum is 20 and start with
Hence, the correct option is (A). 6 is
3!
26. The possible pairs whose product equals 12 are (2, 6) (6, 6, 4, 4) =3
2!
(3, 4), (4, 3) (6, 2). These are four in number.
3!
The total number of outcomes when 2 dice are rolled is (6, 6, 6, 2) =3
2!
6 6 = 36.
(6, 6, 5, 3) 3! = 6
Hence, the probability = 4/36 = 1/9.
3!
Hence, the correct option is (A). (6, 5, 5, 4) = 3.
2!
27. P(both A and B are short listed) = p (A B) = P(A) P(B)
n(E) = 3 + 3 + 6 + 3 = 15.
[ A and B are independent events]
15 3
3 1 3 The required probability = = .
= = . 35 7
7 7 49
Hence, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (D).

33. A number can be selected from the natural numbers 1 to 30 in np = 8

30
C1 ways. 3
n = 8 = 12.
Let E be the event that the number is divisible by 4 or 7 then, 2
the favourable cases for E are Hence, the correct option is (C).
= {4, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 24, 28}. 41. P(x 1) = 1 P(x < 1) = 1 P(x = 0)
10 1 1
The required probability = = . = 1 .
30 3 312
34. P(1 < x 3) = F(3) F(1)
5 1 13
- = . = 42. Poisson distribution (standard result).
7 4 28
S .D . 4
35. By definition of population, it is mean. 43. Coefficient of variation = 100 = 100 = 25.
A .M 16
1
1 44. Standard result, the correct option is (A).
36. cx (1 - x ) dx = 1 c = 12 .
2
0
Solutions for questions 45 and 46: Given P(2) = P(3) where, (x)
Hence, the correct option is (A). is a Poisson variate. We know that,
37. f(x) = kx2 for 0 x < 2 l k -l
P(x = k) = e
= 2k for 2 x 4. k!
4
P(x = 2) = P(x = 3)
The probability density function is given by f ( x ) dx = 1
l 2 -l l 3 -l
2 4 2 4
0
e = e
2! 3!
= f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = 1 = kx 2 dx + 2 k dx = 1
0 2 0 2
3 = l.
x 3 2
8k 20 k 3 45. Mean (m) = l = 3.
= k + 2 k .[ x ]2 = 1 =
4
+ 4k = 1 = = 1 k = . Hence, the correct option is (C).
3 0 3 3 20
Hence, the correct option is (A). l 5 -l 35 -3
46. P(x = 5) = e = e .
5! 5!
38. Given, f(x) = e2x x 0
0 x < 0
3
f ( x ) dx
P(1 x 3) = Solutions for questions 47 to 70:
47. As x is a uniformly distributed random variable in , ,
1 5 5

3
= e 2 x dx = e
2 x 3
the probability density function of x is 3 3
1 2
1 1 3 5 5
1 6 e 2 e 6 5 = , for x ,
=
2
[ e e 2 ] =
2
. 5
F(x) = 10 3 3
3 3
0 otherwise
39. As the 12 faced die is a fair die, each face has an equal chance
to occur at the bottom, when it is rolled. 1 1
3 3
1
3 8
Now, (P(x) 1) =
f ( x ) dx = 10 dx = 10 dx = 10 [ x ]
1
5 = = 0.8
The random variable x defined by The number appeared on 5 5 5 3 10
the bottom of the die is a discrete uniform random variable. 3 3 3
n2 - 1 12 2 - 1 1 1
3 3
1
3 8
Variance of x = = = 11.92.
f ( x ) dx = dx = [ x ]5 =
10 5
1
dx = = 0.8.
12 12 5 5 10 10 3 10
Hence, the correct option is (B). 3 3 3
Solutions for questions 40 and 41: 48. The probability density function of the uniformly distributed
Given, mean (np) = 8 (1) random variable x in [2, 3], is given by
8
Variance (npq) = (2)
3 1 1
F(x) = 1 = ; for x [2, 3] otherwise.
( 2) npq 8 3 1 2 3 ( 2 ) 5
40.
()1
=
np
=
8
=q= p= .
3 3 03 ( 2 )
0

3
1 = var (X) + var (Y) + 0, ( cov (X, Y) = 0)
E(x3) =

x f ( x ) dx = x
3
2
3
5
dx
var (X + Y) = var (X) + var (Y).
3 II is TRUE. (3)
1x 4
1 81 16
= = = 3.25. Hence from (2) and (3), both I and II are TRUE.
5 4 2 5 4
54. As X and Y are uniformly distributed over [1, 7], the prob-
49. As the life expectancy of a mobile battery is exponential, ability density functions of x and y are p(X = x).
1 1 1
variance = 2 = 36 l2 = l= . 1 1 1 1
l 36 6 f(x) = = = and P(Y = y) = g(y) =
ba 7 1 6 b-a
Probability that the life expectancy of a mobile battery lies
1 1
between 7 years and 11 years = = .
7 1 6
= P(7 < x < 11) = P(x < 11) P(x < 7) As X and Y are independent random variables,
11
7

= 1 e 6 1 e 6 ( P( X < x) = 1 e lX ) we have
3 9 7 13
-7 -11 P X , Y
2 4 3 3
=e 6 e 6 = e1.167 e1.83 = 0.1514.
3 9 7 13
Hence, the correct option is (B). = P X P Y
2 4 3 3
50. On standardisation, s = 1. 94 133 94 133
Hence, variance = 1. 1 1 dy
= f ( x ) dx
( ) 6 6
g y dy = dx

Hence, the correct option is (C). 3 7 3 7
2 3 2 3
x 6
51. E(y) = E = 0. 1 1 94 133 1 9 3 13 7
7 =
6 6 [ x ]3 [ y ]7 = 36 4 2 3 3
2 3
This transformation is called standardisation.
1 3 1
Hence, the correct option is (D). =
2= .
36 4 24
52. We know that, two random variables X and Y are independent Hence, the correct option is (C).
if,
55. As X denotes the number on the first die and Y denotes the
P(X = xi, Y = yj) = P(X = xi) P(Y = yj).
number on the second die, when a pair of fair dice are rolled,
From the first table, it can be observed that we have,
P(X1 = 4, Y1 = 2) = 0.22 (1) P [( X 4 ) ( X + Y = 9 )]
P ( X 4 /X + Y = 9 ) =
and P(X1 = 4) P(Y1 = 2) = 0.5 0.4 = 0.2 (2) P( X + Y = 9 )
From (1) and (2), P( X = 3 ,Y = 6 ) ( X = 4 ,Y = 5 )
=
P(X1 = 4, Y1 = 2) P(X1 = 4) P(Y1 = 2). P (( X = 3 ,Y = 6 ) ( X = 4 ,Y = 5 ) ( X = 5 ,Y = 4 ) ( X = 6 ,Y = 3 ))
X1 and Y1 are not independent.
P( X = 3 ,Y = 6 ) + P( X = 4 ,Y = 5 )
P1 is NOT TRUE. (3) =
P( X = 3 ,Y = 6 ) + ( X = 4 ,Y = 5 ) + ( X = 5 ,Y = 4 ) + ( X = 6 ,Y = 3 )
One can easily observe that,
P( X = 3 ) P( Y = 6 ) + P( X = 4 ) P( Y = 5 )
P(X2 = xi, Y2 = yj) = P(X2 = xi) P(Y2 = yj) I, j. =
P( X = 3 )P( Y = 6 ) + ( X = 4 )P( Y = 5 ) + ( X = 5 )P( Y = 4 ) + P( X = 6 )( Y = 3 )
X2 and Y2 are independent.
1 1 1 1
P2 is TRUE. (4) +
= 6 6 6 6
Hence from (3) and (4), only the statement P2 is TRUE. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
Hence, the correct option is (B). 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
53. As X and Y are independent, 2
36 1
we have E(XY) = (E(X) (E(Y)). (1) = = .
4 2
We know that, 36
covariance of (X, Y) = cov (X, Y) = E(XY) (E(X)) (E(Y)) Hence, the correct option is (B).
= E(X) E(Y) E(X) E(Y) (from (1)) 56. For a symmetric distribution, mean = median = mode.
cov (X, Y) = 0. Hence, the correct option is (C).
(I) is TRUE. (2) 57. A.M ((x1 + a, x2 + a, ., xn + a)
We know that, = A.M (x1, x2, ., xn) + a = A + a.
Var (X + Y) = var (X) + var (Y) + 2 cov (X, Y) Hence, the correct option is (A).

58. Given, the A.M. of the first n natural numbers is 8. 65. Given, the average wage of 40 employees is H2000 per month
n+1 and the average wage of 60 employees is H3000 per month.
= 8 n = 15. So, the average wage of the 100 employees per month
2
Hence, the correct option is (B). n1 x1 + n2 x2 40 2000 + 60 3000 260000
= = = = H 2600.
Sn2 n1 + n2 100 100
59. A.M. = = 11
n Hence, the correct option is (A).

( n + 1)( 2n + 1) = 11. 66. Given,
6 the A.M. (a1, a2, an) = M and a1 < a2 < . < an.
Clearly, n = 5 satisfies the above relation.
Also, bi = max{a1, a2,.. ai}
b1 = a1, b2 = a2, b3 = a3,., bn = an
60. Median Mean = 8
A.M. (b1, b2 .. bn) = the A.M.(a1, a2, .. an) = M.
Mode Median = ?
By empirical formula, for moderately symmetric
distribution, 67. Arranging the given values other than x in the increasing
Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean order, we have 5, 12, 14, 15, 29, 23.
(Mode Mean) = 3(Median Mean) = 3(8) = 24. If x 14, then median is 14.
Hence, the correct option is (B). If x 15, then median is 15.
61. Given xi = 160; xi = 4, n = 8.
2
If 14 < x < 15, the median is x.
So, the range of the values of the median is [14, 15].
2
xi2 xi Hence, the correct option is (B).
S.D. =
n n
68. If 2 is subtracted from each of the given set of observations,
the median of the new set of observations reduces by 2.
160
= - 42 = 2. Hence, the median of the new set of observations is 48.
8
69. We know that, the standard deviation of a set of observations
12 + 12 remains unchanged on adding or subtracting a constant to
62. Median = = 12. each of the observation.
2
The S.D. (x1 2, x2 2, xn 2) = s.
xi 2
63. Given, S.D. = 4; 70. S.D. (7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 18)
n
= S.D (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11).
n = 100, xi 2 = ?
Now, A.M. (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11)
2
xi 2 xi xi 2 11
(50 ) = = 1.
2
S.D. = 4=
n n 100 11
S.D. (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11)
xi 2 xi 2
16 = 2500; 2516 =
100 100
( )
2
xi x
= , where x is the arithmetic mean.
xi 2 = 251600. n
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + (10 )
2
=
11
64. Let the average of the remaining 40 observations be x. Then,
120 20 = 80 20 + 40 x.
110
= = 10 .
40 x = 2400 1600 40 x = 800 11
x = 20. Hence, the correct option is (C).

Previous Years Questions A A

= P(A) = P(B1) P + P(B2) P
1. Given the probability density of a discrete random variable x B
1 B2
is (by the total probability theorem)
1 4 1 1
x 1 2 3 = +
2 5 2 2
P(x) 0.3 0.6 0.1
13
=
= 0.65.
Mean of x = E(x) = x P(x) = 1 0.3 + 2 0.6 20
+ 3 0.1 = 1.8. Hence, the correct answer is 0.64 to 0.66.
Variance of x = var(x) = x2P(x) (E(x))2 Alternate Solution:
= (12 0.3 + 22 0.6 + 32 0.1) (1.8)2 Let the men and women be x and x
= 3.6 3.24 The number of men employed is 80% x and the number of
Var (x) = 0.36. women employed is 50% x.
Standard deviation of x = s = Var ( x ) The required probability
80% x + 50% x 13
= 0.36 = 0.6. = = = 0.65.
2x 20
5. Let x denote the random variable, defined by the number of
2. Total number of parts in the box = 25. defective pieces produced by the machine in a day.
No. of good parts = 25 10 = 15. The probability mass function of the discrete random variable
x is as follows:
Probability that the two parts drawn are good
xi 0 1 2
Number of ways of drawing two good parts
= 1 2 1
Total number of ways of drawingg two parts P(xi)
6 3 6
15
C2 7
= = . Mean of x = E(x) = xi P(xi)
25
C2 20
Hence, the correct option is (A). 1 2 1
= 0 + 1 + 2 = 1.
6 3 6
3. Probability of getting red colour on the top in a single throw E(x) = 1.
2 1
of die = = . Variance of x = var (x) = xi2 P(xi) (E(x))2
6 3
Probability of getting red colour on the top at least twice in 1 2 1

= 0 2 + 12 + 2 2 12
three throws 6 3 6
= Probability of getting red colour on the top exactly twice in 1
Var (x) = .
three throws + Probability of getting red colour on the top in 3
all the three throws Hence, the correct option is (A).
6.
1 1 2 1 1 1
= 3C2 +
3 3 3 3 3 3
7 0.5 0.5
= = 0.2593.
27
Hence, the correct answer is 0.25 to 0.27. = 500
4. Let B1 and B2 denote the events of selecting a man and a Given that, the daily balance available in the savings accounts
woman, respectively from the group. of a nationalised bank follows a normal distribution.
Let A denote the event of selecting an employee. Mean = m = H500 and standard deviation
= s = H50.
1 1 A
P(B1) = , P(B2) = P Probability that a savings account selected at random has an
2 2 B1
average daily balance more than H500
100 - 20 = P(x > 500).
=
100 = Area under the normal curve to the right of m = 500 = 0.5.
4 A 100 50 1 The percentage of savings account holders, who maintain an
= and P = = . average daily balance more than H500 = 0.5 100
5 B1 100 2
= 50%.
Probability that the selected person is employed Hence, the correct answer is 49 to 51.

7. Given that, the number of accidents occurring in a plant in a The probability of drawing a red ball and two black balls in
month follows Poisson distribution. 3! 1 1
= .
Given, mean = l = 5.2. 2 ! 1! 6 2
The probability of occurrence of less than 2 accidents in the Hence, the correct option is (D).
plant during a randomly selected month = P(x < 2)
11. When five coins are tossed, the total outcomes = 25 = 32.
= P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)
Let E be the event that atleast one coin shows head and E be
l 0 e - l l 1e - l the event that no coin shows head, n ( E ) = 1.
= +
0! 1! 1
P (E ) =
32
=
(5.2)0 - e5.2 + (5.2)1 - e5.2
1 31
0! 1! P(E) = 1 P ( E ) = 1 = .
=e 5.2
[1 + 5.2] 32 32
6.2
= = 0.0342. 12. Number of washers = 2.
e 5.2
Hence, the correct option is (B). Number of nuts = 3.
Number of bolts = 4.
x - m x -1
8. Z = = when x = 0. The required probability
s 2
Z is less than 0.5.
=
( 2 1) (3 2 1) (4 3 2 1)
Hence, the correct option is (B). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
9. Let B1 and B2 denote the events of the student knowing the 1
= .
answer and guessing the answer, respectively. 1260
Let A be the event of the student answering the question Hence, the correct option is (C).
correctly.
13. The probability of getting at least one head, when three coins
2 1 are tossed = 1 probability of getting no head, when three
P(B1) = ; P(B2) =
3 3 coins are tossed.
A A 1 1 7
P = 1; P = . =1- = .
B1 B2 4 8 8
The required probability Hence, the correct option is (D).

A 14. The standard deviation of a uniformly distributed random
P( B1 ) P

B
= P 1 =
B1
variable between a and b is s =
( b a )2 .
A A A 12
P( B1 ) P + P( B2 ) P
B
1 B2
s=
(1 0 ) 2
=
1
.
2/ 3 2/ 3 2/ 3 12 12
= = =
2 / 3 + 1 / 3 1 / 4 2 / 3 + 1 / 12 9 / 12 Hence, the correct option is (A).
2 12 8 15. If a coin is tossed 4 times, then the total number of possible

=
= . outcomes = 24 = 16.
3 9 9
Hence, the correct option is (D). Out of these, head occurs exactly 3 times out of 4 times as
shown below:
10. The probability of drawing a red ball is
4 THHH, HTHH, HHTH, HHHT.
= .
10 4 1
Required probability = = .
As the first ball in not replaced, there are 9 balls remaining. 16 4
The probability of drawing a black ball from 3 red balls and Hence, the correct option is (A).
6
6 black balls is .
9 16. If X and Y are two independent random variables, then the
The probability of drawing a black ball from the remaining identities given in option (A), (B), and (C) are always TRUE.
5 But, E(X2 Y2) = (E(X))2 (E(Y))2 need not be true.
3 red balls and 5 black balls is .
The probability of drawing a red ball and two black balls in
4 6 5 1 17. Number of defective items = 20.
that order is = .
10 9 8 6 Number of non-defective items = 80.

Total number of ways of selecting two items at random 1 1

without replacement from 100 items (20 defective + 80 non- Hence, standard deviation = s = = .
6 6
defective) = 100 99.
Out of these, the number of ways in which both will be defec-
tive = 20 19. 19. The process of choosing 10 items can be taken as a binomial
experiment with selecting a defective item as the success.
Required Probability
10
20 19 19 Probability of selecting a defective item = = 0.1
= = . 100
100 99 495
(10% of the items are defective)
i.e. probability of success = p = 0.1
18. The probability density function of a continuous random
variable is given by q = 1 p = 0.9 and n = 10.
Probability of selecting exactly
1 + t ; 1 t 0 2 defective items
F(t) =
1 t ; 0 t 1 = P(x = 2) = 10C2 p2q10 2

= 45 (0.1)2 (0.9)8 = 0.1937.
Variance = s2 = t f (t ) dt m
2 2 (1)
As f(t) is an even function, we have tf(t) as an odd function.
20. If a die thrown twice, the total number of possible outcomes
1
= 36.
So, mean = m = tf ( r ) dt = tf (t ) dt = 0 .
1 The number of outcomes in which the sum is 8 = 5 i.e.

(6, 2), (5, 3), (4, 4) (2, 6) (3, 5).
From (1), variance = s2 = t f (t ) dt 0

2
The number of outcomes in which the sum is 9 is 4 i.e. (6, 3)

(5, 4) (4, 5) and (3, 6).
= 2 t 2 f (t ) dt.
Probability that the sum of the numbers is neither 8 nor 9
0
( f(t) is an even function) = 1 probability that the sum of the numbers is 8 or 9

1
=1
(5 + 4 )
= 2 t 2 (1 - t ) dt 36
0
27 3
1
= = .
= 2 t 2 (t 2 - t 3 ) dt 36 4
0
1
t3 t4
= 2 21. Number of cards in a pack of regular playing cards = 52.
3 4 0
Probability of drawing two kings without replacement
1 1 1
= 2 = 2 43 1
3 4 12 = = .
52 51 221
1
Variance = s2 = . Hence, the correct option is (D).
6

Chapter 6 Numerical Methods
Hints/Solutions
Practice Problems 1 All the five roots are accounted for.
Solutions for questions 1 to 45: f(x) = 0 has zero non-real roots.
1. The given equation is x4 + lx3 + mx2 + nx + 24 = 0. Let the Hence, the correct option is (A).
roots 3, 1, -2 and the fourth root be denoted by b, g, d and a 5. f(x) = 3x4 - 13x3 + 7x2 + 17x + a - 10 = 0 has 3 positive roots.
respectively.
The number of sign changes in f(x) have to be 3, 5, .. as
The product of the roots = 24 f(x) is a 4th degree polynomial there have to be exactly 3 sign
If the fourth root is a, 3(1) (-2) a = 24 a = -4 changes a - 10 must be negative.
The roots of the equation are a = -4, b = 3, g = 1 and d = -2 Among the options 4 is less than 10.
- = (Sum of roots) = (- 4 + 3 + 1 - 2) = - 2 l = 2. Hence, the correct option is (B).
m = (ab + ag + ad + bg + bd + gd) 6. The given equation is x3 +3x2- 10x - 24 = 0 (1)
= a(b + g + d) + b (g + d) + gd Let the roots of the equation be a, 2a, b
= (-4) (2) +3 (- 1) + 1(- 2) = - 13 3a + b = -3 (2)
-n = (abg + abd + agd + bgd) = ab(g + d) + (a + b)gd a(2a) + 2a b + a b = -10
= - 12 (-1) + (-1)(- 2) = 14. n = -14 i.e. 2a2 + 3ab = - 10 (3)
+ m - n = 2 - 13 + 14 = 3 and 2a b = 24
2
(4)
Hence, the correct option is (D). (2),(3)
2. The given equation is x3 + 5x2 - 12x - 36 = 0 (1) 2a2 + 3a (-3 -3a) + 10 = 0
Let the roots be a, 3a and b. 2a2 - 9a - 9a2 + 10 = 0
4a + b = - 5 (2) 7a2 + 9a - 10 = 0
3a2 + 4ab = - 12 (3) (a + 2) (7a - 5) = 0
5
and 3a2b = 36 (4) a = -2 or
7
Combining (2),(4) would produce a cubic equation, while Let us find b in each case from (2)
combining (2), (3) would produce a quadratic. When a = -2, b = 3 when a = 5/7, b = 36/7. Only in the first
(2), (3) 3a2 + 4a(- 5 - 4a) = - 12 case, (4) is satisfied.
13a2 + 20a - 12 = 0 (a + 2) (13a - 6) = 0. a = -2 and b = 3 i.e. the third root is 3.
a = -2 or 6/13 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Let us find b in each case from (2) When a = -2, 7. By the definition of algebraic equation A is the correct option.
b = 3 when a = 6/13, b = -89/13. Only in the first case, (4) Hence, the correct option is (A).
is satisfied.
8. By the definition of transcendental equation B is the correct
a = 2 and b = 3 i.e. the third root is 3. option.
The third root is 3 Hence, the correct option is (B).
Hence, the correct option is (B). 9. Given f (x) = x3 - x - 5
3. f(x) = x + 5x + 11x + 25x + 34x + 20 x + 24 = 0.
6 5 4 3 2
We know that f(0) = -5 < 0 and f(3) = 27 - 3 - 5 = 19 > 0
There are no changes of sign in f(x), f(x) = 0 has no positive One root lies between 0 and 3 and the first approximation is
roots given f(x) = 0 has four complex roots f (x) = 0 has two 0+3
= 1.5
negative roots. The number of sign changes in f(-x) has to be 2
more than 2 by an even number. In fact there are four sign Also f (1.5) < 0 and f (3) > 0
changes in f(-x). 1.5 + 3
Hence, the correct option is (D). The second approximation is = 2.25
2
4. Let f(x) x5 + 5x4 - 103x3 - 329x2 + 2802x + 3024 = 0 Now, f (2.25) = (2.25)3 - 2.25 - 5 > 0
f(x) has two sign changes 1.5 + 2.25
The third approximation x2 is
f(x) = 0 has 2 or 0 positive roots 2
3.75
But it is given that it has one positive root. With this we con- = = 1.875
2
clude that f(x) = 0 has two positive roots.
f(-x) = -x5 + 5x4 + 103x3 - 329x2 - 2802x + 3024 = 0
10. Let f (x) = 2x - cos x
f(-x) has 3 sign changes
f (0.5) = (0.5 2) - cos (0.5) = 1 - 0.8775 = 0.1224 > 0
f(-x) = 0 has 3 or 1 negative roots.
and f (0) = 0 - cos 0 = -1 < 0
But it is given that f(x) = 0 has two negative roots. With this
we conclude that f(x) = 0 has 3 negative roots The root lies between 0 and 0.5

0 + 0.5 14. Let f (x) = 2x - 3sin x - 5

The first approximation to the required root =
2 f (2) = 4 - 3sin 2 - 5 = -3.7278 < 0
= 0.25 f (3) = 6 - 3sin 3 - 5 = 0.5766 > 0
Now, f (0.25) = 2 (0.25) - cos (0.25)
A root lies between 2 and 3
= 0.5 - 0.9689
Here, a = 2, b = 3
= -0.4689 < 0
af ( b ) - bf ( a )
The root lies between 0.25 and 0.5 x1 =
f (b) - f (a)
The second approximation to the required root
0.25 + 0.5 0.75 2 ( 0.5766 ) - 3 ( -3.7287 )
= = = 0.375 =
2 2 0.5766 - ( -3.7278 )
1.1532 + 11.1834
11. Let f (x) = x3 + x - 11 = = 2.866
4.3044
f (2) = 8 + 2 - 11 = -1 < 0 and
f (3) = 27 + 3 - 11 > 0 Now, f(2.866) = 2(2.866) - 3(sin 2.866) - 5 = -0.0843 < 0
and f (3) > 0
One root lies between 2 and 3
The first approximation to the root, by bisection method The root lies between 2.866 and 3
2+3 2.866 ( 0.5766 ) - 3 ( -0.0843)
= = 2.5 x2 =
2 0.5766 - ( -0.0843)
Now, f (2.5) = (2.5)3 + 2.5 - 11 = 7.125 > 0
The root lies between 2 and 2.5 1.6508 + 0.2529
= = 2.8804
0.6609
The second approximation to the root
2 + 2.5 4.5
= = = 2.25 15. Let f (x) = x2 -2 loge x - 10
2 2
Now, f (2.25) = (2.25)3 + 2.25 - 11 = 2.6406 > 0 f (3) = 9 - 2 loge 3 - 10 = -3.19722 < 0
The root lies between 2 and 2.25 f (4) = 16 - 2 loge 4 - 10 = 3.2274 > 0
The third approximation to the root A root lies between 3 and 4
2 + 2.25 4.25 Here, a = 3, b = 4
= = = 2.125
2 2 The first approximation
Now, f (2.125) = (2.125)3 + 2.125 - 11 = 0.7207 > 0
af ( b ) - bf ( a )
The root lies between 2 and 2.125 x1 =
f (b) - f (a)
The fourth approximation to the root is
2 + 2.125 4.125 3 ( 3.2274 ) - 4 ( -3.1972 )
= = 2.0625 =
8 2 ( 3.2274 ) - ( -3.1972 )
9.6822 + 12.7888
12. Standard resul, the correct option is (B). =
6.4246
13. Let f (x) = x3 - x -4
22.471
f (1) = 1 - 1 - 4 = -4 < 0 and = = 3.4976
6.4246
f (2) = 8 -2 - 4 > 0
One root lies between 1 and 2. Now, f (x1) = f (3.4976) = -0.2709 < 0 and f(4) is positive
Given 1.666, 1.780 are first two approximates f(1.780) < 0 The root lies between 3.4976 and 4
and f(2) > 0 The second approximation to the root is given by
The root lies between 1.780 and 2
The third approximation is 3.4976 ( 3.2274 ) - 4 ( -0.2709 )
x2 =
x f ( b ) - bf ( x1 ) 3.2274 - ( -0.2709 )
x2 = 1
f ( b ) - f ( x1 ) 11.2881 + 1.0836 12.3717
= = = 3.5364
3.4983 3.4983
as f(2) = 2 and f(1.780) = -0.1402
x2 =
(1.780 )( 2 ) - 2 ( -0.1402 ) = 1.794 Now, f (3.5364) = -0.0200 < 0
2 - ( -0.1402 ) The root lies between 3.5364 and 4

Hence, the correct option is (B). The third approximation to the root

x3 =
( 3.5364 )( 3.2274 ) - 4 ( -0.02 ) Let the initial approximation be 0.045. Then,
3.2274 - ( -0.02 ) x1 = x0 (2 - 22x0) = (0.045) (2 - (22) (0.045)) = 0.04545
11.41337736 + 0.08 x2 = x1 (2 - 22x1) = (0.04545) (2 - (22)(0.04545))

= = 3.5392 = 0.0454545
3.2474
Hence, the correct option is (A). As x1 = x2, the reciprocal of 22 is 0.0454545.
16. Standard result, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (A).
17. We know that Newton iteration form for b is 22. Let f (x) = x3 - 3x - 5
Then, f 1 (x) = 3x2 - 3
1 b
xi1 = xi + We know that, the Newtons iterative formula is

2 xi
f ( xi )
Given x0 = 5.5, b = 28 xi+1 = xi -
f 1 ( xi )
1 28 Given x0 = 2
x1 = x0 +
2 x0 f ( x0 )
x1 = x0 -
f 1 ( x0 )
1 28
= 5.5 +
2 5.5 =2+
1
= 2.333
3
x1 = 5.29545
Hence, the correct option is (A). 23. Let f (x) = x4 + x3 - 7x2 - x + 5
b
18. We know that the Newtons iterative formula to find a is f 1(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 - 14x - 1
1 a Let x0 = 2
xi+1 = ( b - 1) xi + b -1 f ( xn )
b xi xn+1 = xn -
f 1 ( xn )
Put b = 3 and a = N, we get
f ( x0 )
1 N x1 = x0 -
xi + 1 = 2 xi + 2 f 1 ( x0 )
3 xi
=2-
( -1) =2+
1
b
4 (8 ) + 3 ( 4 ) - 28 - 1 32 + 12 + -29
19. We know that, the Newtons iterative formula for a is
1
1 a =2+ = 2.0666
xn+1 = ( b - 1) xn + 15
b xnb -1 Hence, the correct option is (A).
To find the 3
24 , put b = 3 and a = 24 24. Given:
x + 2y + 3z = 16
Let x0 = 2.5
3x + 5y + 8z = 43
1 24 1 24 4x + 9y + 10z = 57
x1 = 2 x0 + 2 = 2 ( 2.5 ) + 2
3 x0 3
( 2.5) Step 1:
1 2 3 x 16
=
1
5 +
24 1
= {8.84} = 2.946 The matrix equation is 3 5 8 y = 43
3 6.25 3
4 9 10 z 57
1 24 A X B
x2 = 2 x1 + 2
3 x1 Let LU = A
1 0 0 u11 u12 u13 1 2 3
1 24 l
x2 = 2 ( 2.946 ) + 2 21 1 0 0 u22 u23 = 3 5 8
3
( 2.946 ) l 1 0 0 u33 4 9 10
31 l32
1 24
= 5.892 + = 2.8857 2.885 u11 u12 u13
3 2.6789
l21u11 l21u12 + u22 l21u13 + u23
Hence, the correct option is (B). l u l31u12 + l32u22 l31u13 + l32u23 + u33
31 11
20. Standard result, the correct option is ( B).
1 2 3
21. We have by Newton-Raphson method
= 3 5 8
xn+1 = xn (2 - xnN) 4 9 10


Equating the corresponding elements of the first row, b -a 3-2 1

h = = = = 0.25
u11 = 1, u12 = 2, u13 = 3 n 4 4
Equating the corresponding elements of the second row,
x 1
l21u11 = 3 l21 = 3 y=
1+ x 2
l21u12 + u22 = 5 3 (2) + u22 = 5 u22 = -1 x0 = 2 y0 =
1
= 0.2
1 + 22
l21u13 + u23 = 8 (3) (3) + u23 = 8 u23 = -1
Equating the corresponding elements of the third row, 1
x1 = 2.25 y1 = = 0.1649
1 + (2.25 )
2
l31u11 = 4 l31 = 4
1
l31u12 + l32u22 = 9 (4) (2) + l32 (-1) = 9 x2 = 2.5 y2 = = 0.1379
1 + ( 2 .5 )
2
-l32 =9 - 8 = 1
l32 = -1 1
x3 = 2.75 y3 = = 0.1167
1 + ( 2.75 )
2
l31u13 + l32u23 + u33 = 10

(4) (3) + (-1) (-1) + u33 = 10 1 1
x4 = 3 y3 = = = 0.1
1 + 32 10
u33 = 10 - 12 - 1 = -3
u33 = -3 By trapezoidal rule,
1 0 0 1 2 3 xn
h

Thus, L = 3 1 0 and U = 0 -1 -1 ydx = 2 [(y 0
+ yn) + 2 (y1 + y2 +..+yn-1)]
4 -1 1 0 0 -3 x0
3
1 0.25
Step 2: 1+ x
2
2
dx =
[(0.2 + 0.1) + 2 (0.1649 + 0.1379
2 + 0.1167)]
LUX = B LY = B, where UX = Y
0.25
1 0 0 y1 16 = [1.139] = 0.1423
2
LY = B 3 1 0 y2 = 43
3
1
By actual integration, dx
4 -1 1 y 57 2 1+ x
2
3
= ( tan -1 x )2 = tan-1 3 - tan-1 2
3

y1 = 16, 3y1 + y2 = 43 48 + y2 = 43 y2 = -5
= 1.2490 - 1.1071 = .0.1419
4y1 - y2 + y3 = 57 64 + 5 + y3 = 57 y3 = 57 - 69
Error obtained using Trapezoidal rule
y3 = -12 = Exact value - Obtained value
Step 3: = 0.1419 - 0.1423 = - 0.0004
UX = Y Hence, the correct option is (D).
1 2 3 x 16
b - a 1- 0
0 -1 -1 y = -5 26. a = 0, b = 1, n = 4, h = = = 0.25
n 4
0 0 -3 z -12

x2
x + 2y + 3z = 16 x y=
1 + 8x 3
-y -z = -5
x0 = 0 y0 = 0
-3z = -12
( 0.25 )
2
z=4 x1 = 0.25 y1 = = 0.0555
1 + 8 ( 0.25 )
3
y+z=5 y=1
( 0 .5 )
2
x + 2y + 3z = 16
x2 = 0.5 y2 = = 0.125
1 + 8 ( 0 .5 )
3
x + 2 (1) + 3 (4) = 16 x = 16 - 14 = 2
( 0.75 )
2
x=2
x3 = 0.75 y3 = = 0.1285
1 + 8 ( 0.75 )
3
The solution set is (2, 1, 4)
x4 = 1 y4 = = = 0.1111
1+ 8 9
3
1
25. Given dx
2 1+ x
2 By Trapezoidal rule,
xn
h
a = 2, b = 3, y =
1
,n=4 ydy = 2 [(y0 + yn) + 2 (y1 + y2 +..)]
1 + x2 x0

1
x2 0.25 X y = sin x
dx = [(y0 + y4) + 2 (y1 + y2 + y3)]
1 + 8 x 2
2
0
x0 = 0 y0 = sin 0 = 0
1
= [(0 + 0.1111) + 2 (0.0555 + 0.125 + p p
8 0.1285)] x1 = y1 = sin = 0.258
2 2
1 p p
= [0.1111 + 0.618] x2 = y2 = sin = 0.5
8 6 6
0.7291 p p
= = 0.0911 x3 = y3 = sin = 0.707
8 4 4
p p
x4 = y3 = sin = 0.8660
x2
1 3 3
27. In the previous problem, by direct integration dx
0 1 + 8x
3
5p 5p
x5 = y5 = sin = 0.9659
1 1 12 12
x2 1 24 x 2
=
24 0 1 + 8 x 3
dx = dx
0 1 + (2 x) p p
3
x6 = y6 = sin =1
2 2
1 1
= (log (1 + 8x3))]10 = (log 9 - log 1) = 0.0915
24 24
1
By Simpsons rule,
Error = Direct value - Trapezoidal value 3
xn
= 0.0915 - 0.0911 = 0.0004 h
Hence, the correct option is (B). ydy = 3 [(y
x0
0
+ yn) + 4 (y1 + y3 + ..) + 2 (y2 + y4 +)]

p
28. Let y = x log x; a = 2, b = 6 and n = 4 2
h
b-a 6-2 sin x dx = [(y + y ) + 4 (y1 + y3 + y5) + 2 (y2 + y4)]
h = = =1 0 3 0 6
n 4
p
= [1 + 7.7236 + 2.732] = 0.99968
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 36
x 2 3 4 5 6
30. By direct integration, in the previous problem,
y = xlog x 1.3862 3.2958 5.5451 8.0471 10.7505 p
2 p
p
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4
sin x dx = ( - cos x )
0
2
0
= -cos
2
- (-cos 0) = 1
1 Error = 1 - 0.99968 = 0.00032

By Simpsons rule,
xn
h 3
ydx = 3 [(y 0
+ yn) + 4 (y1 + y3 +) + 2 (y2 + y4 +.)] 31. Given
1
dx

x0
0 2 + x2
6
h Here, a = 0, b = 3, n = 3
x log x dx = [(y0 + y4) + 4 (y1 + y3) + 2y2]
2
3 b -a 3-0
h = = =1
1 n 3
= [(1.3862+10.7505) + 4 (3.2958 + 8.0471)
3
+ 2 (5.5451)] 1
x y=
2 + x2
1
= (1.3862 + 10.7505 + 45.3732 + 11.0902)
3 1
x0 = 0 y0 = = 0.5
2 + 02
= 22.8661
x1 = 1 y1 = = 0.3333
2 +1
p
2
29. Given sin x dx x2 = 2 y2 =
1
= 0.1666
0 2+4
p
-0 1
p p
x0 = 0, xn = , n = 6, h = 2 = x3 = 3 y3 =
2+9
= 0.0909
2 6 12

3 35. Given:
By Simpsons rule,
8 f (x, y) = 1 - 3xy2
xn
3h x0 = 0, y0 = 0, x1 = 0.1, y1 = ?
ydx =
x0 8
[ (y0 + yn) + 3 (y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 + .) +
Let h = 0.1
2 (y3 + y6 + .)] dy
= yI = 1 - 3xy2 y1 (0) = 1 - 3x0y02 = 1 - 3(0) (0)
3
1 3h dx
= [y0 + y3 + 3(y1 + y2)]
2 + x 2
8 yII = -3y2 yII (0) = -3y02 = 0
0
3 By Taylors formula
= [0.5 + 0.0909 + 3 (0.3333 + 0.1666) y1 = y0 + hy10 = 0 + (0.1) (1) = 0.1
8
= 0.7839 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (C). 36. f (x, y) = 2x + y
x0 = 0, y0 = 1
32. h = 0.25, 1
Picards first approximation
Volume of the solid = py 2 dx x
y1 = y0 + f ( x, y ) dx
0
hp 0
= [(y02 + y42) + 4 (y12 + y32) + 2y22] x0
3 x
=
0.25p
[1 + 0.7286 + 4 (0.9570 + 0.8105) + 2 (0.8858)]
=1+ ( 2 x + y ) dx
x0
0
3
x
= 2.7672 =1+ ( 2 x + 1) dx
y1 = 1 + x + x2
33. Let y = loge5
4
1
y= dx, here a = 0, b = 4, n = 4 h = 1 37. Modified Eulers formula for
0 (1 + x)
h
y1(1) = y0 + [f (x0, y0) + f (x1, y1(0))]
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 2
0.3
x 0 1 2 3 4 =1+ [1.2 + 1.9312] = 1.4696
2
y= 1y0 0.5y1 0.33y2 0.25y3 0.2y4
1+ x
38. Given:
By Simpsons rule, dy
= x + | y|, y (0) = 1, h = 0.2
4 dx
1 h
(1 + x ) dx = 3 [(y 0
+ y4) + 4 (y1 + y3) + 2y2] x0 = 0, y0 = 1
0
Now, x1 = 0.2, y1(0) = h f (x0, y0) = (0.2) [0 + 1] = 0.2
1
= (1 + 0.2 + 4 (0.5 + 0.25) + 2 (0.33)] f(x1, y1(0)) = f(0.2, 0.2)
3
= 0.2 + | 0.2 | = 1.6472
1
=
[1.2 + 4 (0.75) + 0.66] = 1.62 To find y (0.2), the first approximation to y1,
3
h
Hence, the correct option is (A). y1(1) = y0 + [f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1(0))]
2
34. Given y0 = 0, y1 = 4, y2 = 16 y3 = 6, y4 = 0 and h = 10 and 0.2
n=4 =1+ [1 + f(0.2, 1.6142)]
2
By sympsons rule area is = 1 + (0.1) 1 + 0.2 + 1.2004 = 1.2004
b
h
f ( x ) = 3 ( y + yn ) + 4 ( y1 + y3 + ...) + 2 ( y2 + y4 + ...)
The second approximation to y1,
0
h
a
y1(2) = y0 + [ f (x0, y0) + f(x1, y1(1))]
b-a 2
where h = = 1 + (0.1)1 + 0.2 + 1.2297 = 1.2297
n
40 The third approximation to y1,
10
i.e. f ( x ) dx = ( 0 + 0 ) + 4 ( 4 + 6 ) + 2 (16 )
3
h
0 y1(3) = y0 + [f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1(2))]
2
= 240
= 1 + (0.1) 1 + 0.2 + 1.2297 = 1.23089

The fourth approximation to y1, and Milnes predictor formula

h 4h
y1(4) = y0 + [ f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1(3))] yn+1(p) = yn-3 + (2yn-21 - yn-11 + 2yn1)
2 3
= 1 + (0.1) [1 + 0.2 + | 1.23094 |] = 1.2309
Put n = 3, and take h = 0.2
y1 y1(4), y1 = y (0.2) = 1.2309
(3)
Hence, the correct option is (B). (0.2) 1(p)

y4c = y2 + (y4 + 4y31 + y21)
3
39. Given:
dy dy
= 2x + 3y2, y(0.1) = 1.1165 = x - y2
dx dx
h = 0.1 x0 = 0.1, y0 = 1.1165 y41(p) = x4 - y42 = 0.8 - (0.3049)2 = 0.7070
The formula for k1 in Runge-Kutta Method of order 4
0.2
k1 = hf (x0, y0) = (0.1) [2x0 + 3y02] y4c = 0.0795 + (0.3937 + 4 (0.5689) + 0.7070)
3
= (0.1) [0.2 + 3 (1.1165)2] = 0.3939 = 0.3046
40. Given:
43. Adams-Bashforth predictors formula is
dy y 2 - 3 x 2
= , h = 0.5, k1 = 0.8 and y (0) = 1 h
dx y 2 + 3 x 2 yn+1p = yn + [55y31 - 59y21 + 37y11 - 9y01]
24
x0 = 0, y0 = 1
In Runge-Kutta method of order 4 0.1
= 1.023 + [55(0.1535) - 59(0.1022)
24
h k
k2 = hf x0 + , y0 + 1 + 37(0.0505) - 9 (0)] = 1.0408
2 2
1 1
0.5 0.8 Also, y41p = x y = (0.4) (1.0408) = 0.20816
k2 = (0.5) f 0 + , 1+ 2 4 4 2
2 2
Adams-Bashforth corrector formula is
(1.4 )2 - 3 ( 0.25 )2
= (0.5) f [0.25, 1.4] = (0.5) h
(1.4 ) + 3 ( 0.25 )
2 2
yn+1(c) = yn + [9yn+11(p) + 19yn1 - 5yn-11 + yn-21]
24
1.96 - 0.1875
= (0.5) 0.1
1.96 + 0.1875 Put n = 3, y4c = y3 + [9y4p + 19y31 - 5y21 +y11]
24
= 0.5
1.7725
= 0.4126
0.1
2.1475 = 1.023 + [9 (0.20816) + 19 (0.1535) - 5 (0.1022)
24
Hence, the correct option is (D). + (0.0505)] = 1.0410
41. Milnes predictor formula Hence, the correct option is (B).
4h
yn+1(p) = yn-3 + [2yn-21 - yn-11 + 2yn1] 44. To find y (0.5), by Adams-Bashforth formula
3
According to the information given in the problem, put h
yn+1p = yn + [55yn1 - 59yn - 11 + 37yn - 21 - 9yn - 31]
24
n = 3, and h = 0.2
4h Put n = 4,
y4(p) = y (0.8) = y0 + [2y11 - y21 + 2y31]
3 0.1
y5p = y4 + [55y41 - 59y31 + 37y21 - 9y11]
4 ( 0.2 ) 24
=0+ [2 (0.1996) - 0.3937 + 2 (0.5689)]
3 0.1
= 1.0408 + [55 (0.20816) - 59(0.1535)
= 0.3049 24
+ 37(0.1022) - 9(0.0505) = 1.06463
42. Milnes corrector formula Hence, the correct option is (B).
h 45. Standard result, the correct option is (C).

yn+1(c) = yn-1 + (y 1(p) + 4yn1 + yn-11)
3 n+1

Practice Problems 2 Clearly, options II, III and IV cant be true.

Solutions for questions 1 to 55: Hence, the correct option is (D).
1. Given a, b, g are the roots of the equation 6. Let f(x) = e2x - 9x
x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 As f(0) = 1 > 0 and f(1) = e2 - 9 = -1.61 < 0, a root lies
g = -1 From the roots and the coefficients relations between 0 and 1
0 +1
a + b - 1 = -a i.e. -a - b + 1 = a (1) The first approximation to the root = = 0.5
2
ab - b - a = b (2) Now, f (0.5) = e 2(0.5)
- 9 (0.5)
ab(-1) = -1 i.e. ab = c (3) = -1.78 < 0 and f (0) > 0
Also given a, b, c are in arithmetic progression The root lies between 0 and 0.5
2b = a + c (4) The second approximation to the root
From (1) and (3) a + c = -a - b + 1 + ab 0 + 0.5
From (4), 2(ab - b - a) = ab - a - b + 1 = = 0.25
2
ab - b - a = 1 Now, f (0.25) = e2(0.25) - 9 (0.25) = -0.601 < 0
Hence, the correct option is (D). The root lies between 0 and 0.25. The third approximation
2. Let the two numbers be x and y (x > y) 0 + 0.25
to the root = = 0.125
x2 + y2 = 185 (1) 2
x + 3y = 35 f(0.125) = e2(0.125) - 9 (0.125)
x = 35 - 3y (2)
= 0.159 > 0 and f (0.25) < 0
Substituting in (1) we get;
The root lies between 0.125 and 0.25. The fourth approxi-
(35 - 3y)2 + y2 = 185
0.125 + 0.25
10y2 - 210y + 1040 = 0 y2 - 21y + 104 = 0 mation to the root = = 0.1875
2
y = 8 or 13 When y = 8, x = 11 Hence, the correct option is (B).
When y = 13, x = - 4 x = 11 7. As bijection method is the average of this appropriation we
Hence, the correct option is (A). can do someway appropriation,
3. The given equation is x3 - 7x2+ 36 = 0 (1) The convergence is very slow
Let a , -3a , b be the roots of the equation Hence, the correct option is (C).
a - 3a + b = 7 b - 2a = 7 (2) 8. Standard result, the correct option is (C).
a (3a) + (-3a)b + b (a) = 0 -3a2 - 2ab = 0 (3) 9. Let f(x) = 0.32 sin (0.3 + x) - x
(2), (3) - 3a2 - 2a (7 + 2a) = 0 -3a2 - 14a - 4a2 = 0 f(0) = (0.32) sin (0.3) = 0.094 > 0 and f (1)
7a2 + 14a = 0 7a (a + 2) = 0
= (0.32)sin (1.3) - 1 = -0.691 < 0
a = 0, or a = -2
a = -2 satisfies equation (1) while a = 0 does not
Using the false position, the first approximation to the root is
b = 7 + 2a = 7 - 4 = 3
af ( b ) - bf ( a )
The roots of the equation are -2, 6, 3 x1 = , where a = 0 and b = 1
f (b) - f (a)
The difference of the greatest two roots = 6 - 3 = 3
Hence, the correct option is (B). 0 - (1)( 0.094 ) -0.094
= = = 0.1197
4. Since f(x) = 0 has four positive roots, the number of changes -0.691 - 0.094 -0.785
of sign in f(x) could be 4, 6, 8, .. 3 is not the number of sign Now, f(0.1197) = 0.32 sin (0.3 + 0.1197) - 0.1197 = 0.0106 > 0
changes in f(x) = 0. and f(1) < 0
Hence, the correct option is (B). The root lies between 0.1197 and 1
5. Given f(x) ax3 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0 has exactly two nega- The second approximation to the root
tive roots. Therefore, there are 2 or 4 sign changes in f(-x) =
ax4 - bx3 + cx2 - dx + e we tabulate the four options below 0.1197 ( -0.691) - (1)( 0.0106 )
x2 =
-0.691 - 0.0106
a b c d e No.of sign
changes -0.0827 - 0.0106
=
I + + + - + 2 -0.7016
-0.0933
II + + + - - 1 = = 0.1329
-0.7016
III + + + + + 0
Now, f(0.1329) = 0.32sin (0.3 + 0.1329) - 0.1329 = 0.0013416
IV + + - + - 3
> 0 and f (1) < 0

The root lies between 0.1329 and 1. The third approximation Let x0 = 2
to the root is Using Newtons method, the first approximation
( 0.1329 ) ( -0.691) - (1)( 0.0013) f ( x0 ) -3 3
x3 = x1 = x0 - = 2 - = 2 + = 2.3333
-0.691 - 0.0013 f 1
(x )
0 9 9
-0.0931
= = 0.1344 Now, f(2.333)
-0.6923
Hence, the correct option is (D). = (2.333)4 - 2 (2.333)3 + (2.333)2 - 3 (2.333) - 1
10. Let f(x) = 5x - 2cos x - 1 = 29.6250 - 25.396 + 5.442 - 6.999 - 1 = 1.672 > 0
f(0) = -3 < 0 and f(1) = 5 - 2cos 1 - 1 = 2.919 > 0 f I(x1) = 4 (2.333)3 - 6 (2.333)2 + 2 (2.333) - 3 = 19.801
A root lies between 0 and 1, here a = 0, b = 1 The second approximation
af ( b ) - bf ( a ) 0 - 1( -3) 3 f ( x1 ) 1.672
x1 = , = = 0.5068 x2 = x1 - = (2.333) - = 2.248
f (b) - f (a) 2.919 - ( -3) 5.919 f 1 ( x1 ) 19.801
f(0.5068) = 5 (0.5068) - 2cos (0.5068) - 1 Hence, the correct option is (A).

= -0.2146 < 0, and f (1) > 0 16. N = 52, x0 = 7.5; to find N , using Newtons iterative for-
b
The root lies between 0.5068 and 1 mula, a s iteration formula is
The second approximation x2, 1 a
xn+1 = ( b - 1) xn +
0.5068 f (1) - f ( 0.5068 ) b xn b -1
x2 =
f (1) - f ( 0.5068 ) Put a = 52 and b = 2
0.5068 ( 2.919 ) - (1) ( -0.2146 )
x2 = 1 52
2.919 - ( -0.2146 ) x1 = x +
2 0 x0
1.6939
= = 0.5405 1 52
3.1336 = 7.5 + = 7.216
2 7.5
Now, f(0.5405) = 5 (0.5405) - 2cos (0.5405) - 1
= - 0.0124 < 0
17. P = 30, x0 = 3.5, to find 3 N . using Newtons iteration formula,
The root lies between 0.5405 and 1
to find b a
The third approximation to the root,
1 a
0.5405 f (1) - f ( 0.5405 ) xn+1 = ( b - 1) xn + b -1
x3 = b xn
f (1) - f ( 0.5405 )
Put a = 30, b = 3
0.5405 f (1) - f ( 0.5405 )
=
f (1) - f ( 0.5405 ) 1 30
x1 = 2 x +
3 0 x0 2
1.5901
= = 0.5424
2.9314 1 30 1 30
= ( 2 3.5 ) + = 7 + = 3.1496
Hence, the correct option is (B). 3 3.52 3 12.25
11. Standard result, the correct option is (B). 1 30 1 30
x2 = 2 x1 + 2 = 2 ( 3.1496 ) + 2
12. Standard result, the correct option is (B). 3 x1 3
( 3.1496 )
13. Standard result, the correct option is (C).
1 30
14. The order of convergence in Newton-Raphson Method = 2 = 6.2992 + = 3.1078
3 9.9199
15. Let f (x) = x4 - 2x3 + x2 - 3x - 1 16
1
f(2) = 16 - 16 + 4 - 6 - 1 = -3 < 0 and 18. Given:
5
f(3) = 81 - 54 + 9 - 9 - 1 > 0
We know that, using Newtons iteration formula, to find b a ,
1 a
f I(x) = 4x3 - 6x2 + 2x - 3 f I (2) = 32 - 24 + 4 - 3 xn+1 = ( b - 1) xn + b -1
b xn
= 36 - 27 = 9

1
Put b = 6 and a = and let x0 = 0.5 we get 1 1
5 x4 = 5 (1.0450 ) + 5
= 0.8975
6
5 (1.0450 )
1 1 5
x1 = 5 x0 + 5
6 x0 1 1
x5 = 5 ( 0.8975 ) + 5
= 0.8051
6 5 ( 0.8975 )
1 1
= 5 ( 0.5 ) + 5
6
5 ( 0.5 ) Hence, the correct option is (A).
1
= {2.5 + 6.4} = 1.483 20. Standard result, the correct option is (D).
6
1 1
x2 = 5 x1 + 5 22. Standard result, the correct option is (D).
6 5 x1
1 1
= 5 (1.483) + 5
= 1.2404 7
5
6
5 (1.483) 24. Given 3+ x
5
2
, here a = 5, b = 7, n = 8
1 1
b-a 7-5
x3 = 5 (1.2404 ) + 5
= 1.0450 h = = , x0 = 5 and y0 = 0.1785
6
5 (1.2404 ) n 8
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
x 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5 6.75 7
y= 5 0.1635 y1 0.1503 y2 0.1386 y3 0.1282 y4 0.1188 y5 0.1104 y6 0.1029 y7 0.0961 y8

3 + x2
7
5 h 1
By trapezoidal rule, = [(y0 + y8) + 2 (y1 + y2 + y3 + = [(2 + 806.857) + 4(5.436 + 40.171 + 296.826)
3 + x 2
2 3
5
y4 + y5 + y7)] + 2 (14.778 + 109.196)]
0.25 1
= [(0.1785 + 0.0961) + 2(0.1635) + 0.1503 + 0.1386 + = [2 + 806.857 + 1369.732 + 2 (14.778 + 109.196)]
2 0.1282 + 0.1188 + 0.1104 + 0.1029] 3
= 0.2625 = 808.845
Hence, the correct option is (D). By actual integration,
25. Standard result, the correct option is (C). 6
6
26. Standard result, the correct option is (A).

2e dxx = 2 e x 0 2 [e6 - e0] = 2 [402.428] = 804.856
0
27. Standard result, the correct option is (A). Error obtained = 804.856 - 808.845
6
= -3.989
28. Given: 2e x dx
0
b-a 6-0
a = 0, b = 6, n = 6 h = = =1 29. Standard result, the correct option is (C).
n 6
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
31. y = f (x) = 1 + x 3 , h = 0.5
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
y = 2ex 2y0 5.436 14.778 40.171 109.196 296.826 806.857
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 X 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Y= 1.414 2.091 3 4.077 5.291 6.623 8.062
1 1+ x 3 y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
By Simpsons rd rule,
3
6
h 3
2e dx x =
3
[(y0 + y6) + 4 (y1 + y3 + y5) + 2 (y2 + y4)] By Simpsons
8
th rule,
0

4
3h Eulers formula,
1 + x 3 dx =
8
[(y0 + y6) + 3 (y1 + y2 + y4 + y5) + 2y3]
yn+1 = yn + h f (xn, yn)
1
3 ( 0.5 ) y1 = y0 + h f (x0, y0)
= [(1.414 + 8.062) + 3 (2.091 + 3 + 5.291
8 = 1 + 0.005 f (0, 1)
+ 6.623) + 2 (4.077)]
1- 0
1.5 = 1 + 0.005 = 1.005
= [9.476 + 3 (17.005) + 8.154] 1+ 0
8
= 12.8709
39. Given:
dy
33. Given: = x + cos y, y (0) = 1, h = 0.2
dx
dx Using Eulers formula,
= 3ex - 4y, y (0) = 0 x0 = 0, y0 = 0
dy
y1 (0) = y0 + hf (x0, y0) = 1 + (0.2)[0 + cos 1] = 1.108
yI = 3ex - 4y y1 (0) = 3 ex0 - 4y0 = 3
x1 = 0.2, f (x1, y1 (0)) = f (0.2, 1.108)
y11 = 3ex - 4y1 y11 (0) = 3ex0 - 4y01 = 3 - 4(3) = -9
= 0.2 + cos (1.108) = 0.646
y111 = 3ex - 4y11 y111 (0) = 3ex0 - 4y011 = 3 - 4 (-9) = 39
yIV = 3ex - 4y111 yIV (0) = 3 - 4 (39) = 3 - 156 = -153 Now, to find y, i.e. y (0.2)
h
Hence, the correct option is (C). y1(1) = y0 + [ f (x0, y0) + f (x1, y1(0))]
2
dx
34. Given: = x2y - 1, y (0) = 1, h = 0.1 0.2
dy =1+ [cos 1 + 0.646] = 1.1186
2
Here, x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1
Next approximation to y1,
y1 = x2y - 1, y01 = -1 h
y11 = 2xy + x2y1, y011 = 0 y1(2) = y0 + [ f (x0, y0) + f (x1, y1(1))]
2
y111 = 2y + 4xy1 + x2y11 = 2 0.2
=1+ [cos 1 + f (0.2, 1.1186)]
dx = 1 + 0.1[0.540 + (0.2 + cos 1.1186)]
35. = xy + 1; y (0) = 1 x0 = 0, y0 = 1
dy = 1 + 0.1 [0.540 + 0.636] = 1.1176
Using Picards Method, Next approximation,
x
h
yn + 1 = y0 + f ( x, y ) dx
0
n
y1(3) = y0 + [ f (x0, y0) + f (x1, y1(2))]
2
x x 0.2
=1+ [cos 1 + f (0.2, 1.1176)]
y1 = 1 + f ( x + 1) dx = 1 + f ( x + 1) dx
0 0
2
= 1 + 0.1[cos 1 + 0.2 + cos 1.1176] = 1.1176
x2
y1 = 1 + x + Next approximation,
2
0.2
x y1(4) = 1 + [cos 1 + 0.2 + cos 1.1178]
y2 = y0 + f ( x, y ) dx1
2
x0 = 1.1177
x
x2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
=1+ x 1 + x + + 1dx
2 dx
0
40. Given = 2xy, y (0) = 1, h = 0.22

x
x3 dy
y2 = 1 + x + x 2 + + 1dx
2 y (0.22) = ? x0 = 0, y0 = 1
0
x 2 x3 x 4 y1 (0) = y0 + h f (x0, y0) = 1 + 0.22 (2x0y0) = 1
= 1+ + + +x
2 3 8 x1 = 0.22, f (x1, y1 (0)) = f (0.22, 1) = 2 (0.22) (1) = 0.44
which is upto biquadratic terms
To find y1, i.e. y (0.22), the first approximation to y1
h
36. Standard result, the correct option is (B) y1(1) = y0 + [ f (x0, y0) + f (x1, y1(0)]
2
dx y-x
37. Given: = , y (0) = 1, h = 0.005, x0 = 1, y0 = 1, 0.22
dy y+x =1+ [0 + 0.44] = 1.0484
h = 0.005 2

The second approximation k4 = h f (x0 + h, y0 + k3)

h = (0.3) = f (0.3, 1.44)
y1(2) = y0 + [f (x0, y0) + f (x1, y1(1))]
2 = (0.3) [3e0.3 + 2 (1.44)] = 2.078
0.22
=1+ [0 + f (0.22, 1.0484)] 1
2 Hence, y (0.3) = y0 + (k + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4)
6 1
= 1 + (0.11) (2 0.22 1.0484)
1
= 1.0507 =0+ (0.9 + 2 (1.315) + 2 (1.44) + 2.078)
6
The third approximation to y1,
= 1.414
h
y1(3) = y0 + [f (x0, y0) + f (x1, y1(2))] Hence, the correct option is (A).
2
0.22 dx
=1+ [0 + 2 (0.22) (1.0507)] 43. Given = x + y, x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1
2 dy
= 1.0508 k1 = h f (x0, y0) = (0.1) (x0 + y0) = (0.1) (0 + 1) = 0.1
The correct answer is 1.0508
h k
Hence, the correct option is (A). k2 = h f x0 + , y0 + 1
2 2
dy 2 xy + e x
41. = 2 , y (1) = 0 0.1 0.1
x + ex = (0.1) f , 1+
2
dx
2
x0 = 1, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 = (0.1) f (0.05, 1.05) = (0.1) (0.05 + 1.05) = 0.11
2x y + ex 0 el h k
k1 = hf (x0, y0) = (0.2) 02 0 x = (0.2) k3 = h f x0 + , y0 + 2
x0 + e 0
1 + e 2 2
=
( 0.2 )( e ) = 0.1462 0.11
= (0.1,) f 0.05, 1 +
3.718 2
h k = (0.1) (0.05 + 1.055)
k2 = h f x0 + , y0 + 1
2 2 = 0.1105
k4 = h f (x0 + h, y0 + k3)
0.2 0.1462
= 0.2 f 1 + ,0 + = (0.1) f (0.1, 1 + 0.1105) = (0.1) (0.1 + 1.1105)
2 2
k4 = 0.12105
= 0.2 f (1.1, 0.0731)
2 (1.1)( 0.0731) + e1.1
= (0.2) 44. For the above problem, y (0.1),
(1.1) + e1.1
2
1
y(0.1) = y0 + (k + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4)
3.1649 6 1
= (0.2) = 0.1502 1
4.2141 =1+ (0.1 + 2 (0.11) + 2 (0.1105) + (0.12105))
42. Given: = 1.1103402
dx Hence, the correct option is (A).
= 3ex + 2y, y (0) = 0, h = 0.3
dy 45. Standard result, the correct option is (C).
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, let x1 = 0.3, y1 = y (0.3), 46. Standard result, the correct option is (D).
k1 = hf (x0, y0) = 0.3 f (0, 0) = 0.3 (3) = 0.9 47. Standard result, the correct option is (A).
k 48. Standard result, the correct option is (B).
h 0.3 0.9
k2 = h f x 0 + , y 0 + 1 = (0.3) f , 49. Standard result, the correct option is (A).
2 2 2 2
= 0.3 f (0.15, 0.45) 50. Standard result, the correct option is (A).
= (0.3) [3e0.15 + 2 (0.45)] = 1.315
h k
k3 = h f x 0 + , y0 + 2 53. Standard result, the correct option is (C).
2 2
54.
= (0.3) f (0.15, 0.6575)
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
= (0.3) [3e0.15 + 2 (0.6575)]
x4 81 16 1 0 1 16 81
= 1.440

b 55. Let a, b, g, d be the roots of the given equation.

By trapezoidal rule, f ( x ) dx
a a + b + g + d = 2
h ab + bg + ag + ad + bd + gd = -13
= ( y0 + yn ) + 2 ( y1 + y2 + )
2 abg + agd + abd + bgd = -14
Here, h = 1, y0 = 81, y1 = 16 y2 = 1, y3 = 0, y4 = 1, y5 = 16, abgd = 24
y6 = 81
From the options, we notice that only the values in the option
3
1 (D) satisfy the above equations.
-1 x dx = 2 (81 + 81) + 2 (16 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 16 ) = 115
4

Hence, the correct answer is (1).
Previous Years Questions 1

3
1
3. We have to evaluate dx by trapezoidal rule with step size 1,
1 x
1. Given integral is x dx
-1 i.e. h = 1, a = 1 and b = 3
Here a = -1 and b = 1 and n = 3 1
let f(x) y =
b - a 1 - ( -1) 2 x
h= = =
n 3 3
Xi 1 2 3
Let y = f(x) = x 1 1
F(xi) = yi 1
2 3
-1 1
xi -1 1
3 3 By trapezoidal rule
yi = f(xi) 1 1 1 1
3 3
1 h
3 3 ydx = x dx = 2 [(y 1
+ y3) + 2y2]
1 1
By Trapezoidal rule, we have

1 1 1 7
= 1+ + 2 =
2 3
1 1
h
-1 x dx = -1 ydx = 2 [(y0 + y3) + 2(y1 + y2)] 2 6
= 1.1667
2 Hence, the correct answer is 1.1 to 1.2.
3 1 1
= (1 + 1) + 2 + 4. Let f(x) = 5x - 2 cos x - 1 = 0
2 3 3
F(0) = -3 and f(1) = 2.9194
1 4
=
2+ By intermediate value the theorem, f(x) = 0 has a root that lies
3 3
between 0 to 1
10
= = 1.11. Let x0 = 1 f(x0) = 2.9194
9
Hence, the correct answer is 1.10 to 1.12. f(x) = 5x - 2cosx - 1 f 1(x) = 5 + 2sinx
4
f 1(x0) = f 1(1) = 6.6829
2. Given integral is ln ( x ) dx
2.5 f ( x0 )
x1 = x0 -
Here, a = 2.5, b = 4, and n = 5
f 1 ( x0 )
b - a 4 - 2.5
h= = = 0.3
n 5
=1-
( 2.9194 )
Let y = f(x) = ln x ( 6.6829 )
Xi 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 4 x1 = 0.5632
Yi = f(xi) 0.9163 1.0296 1.1314 1.2238 1.3083 1.3863
f ( x1 )
By trapezoidal rule x2 = x1 - = 0.5426
4 4
f 1 ( x1 )
h
ln ( x ) dx = ydx = [(y + y ) + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4)]
2 0 5 f ( x2 )
2.5 2.5
x3 = x2 - = 0.5426
0.3 f 1 ( x2 )
= [(0.9163 + 1.3863) + 2(1.0296 + 1.1314
2
+ 1.2238 + 1.3083)] The real root of 5x - 2cosx - 1 = 0 upto two decimal accu-
= 1.7533 racy is 0.5426.
Hence, the correct answer is 1.74 to 1.76 Hence, the correct answer is 0.53.

5. Given differential equation is p 4

= ( 0 + 0 ) + 2 ( 0.70711 + 1 + 0.70711 + 0 - 0.70711 - 1 - 0.70711)
2
dx p 4
= 4t + 4 (1)
dt 2 ( 0 + 0 ) + 2 ( 0.70711 + 1 + 0.70711 + 0 - 0.70711 - 1 - 0.70711) = 0
dx
Also given x = x0 at t = 0, h = t = 0.2 comparing (1) with Hence, the correct option is (A).
dt
f(t, x) we have f(t, x) = 4 t + 4
9. Gauss-Seidel method is used to solve system of linear
By Runge. Kutta method of fourth order, we have algebraic equations.
x1 = x0 + x So P should be matched to (4)
1
Where x = [k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4] (2) Forward Newton-Gauss method is used to find interpolation.
6
So, Q should be matched to (1)
k1 = hf(t01 x0) = (0.2) [4t0 + 4] = 0.8
Runge-Kutta method can be used to solve non - linear dif-
h k 0.2 ferential equations.
k2 = hf t0 + , x0 + = (0.2) 4 + 4 = 0.88
2 2 2 So, R should be matched to (2)
k2 0.2 Trapezoidal Rule is used for numerical integration.
k3 = hf (to + h, x0) + = ( 0.2 ) 4 + 4 = 0.88.
2 2 So, S should be matched to (3)
and k4 = h f(t0 + h, x0 + k3) = (0.2) [4 0.2 + 4] = 0.96 P - 4, Q - 1, R - 2 and S - 3
From (2), x = [0.8 + 2 0.88 + 2 0.88 + 0.96]
6
x = 0.88 10. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x - 7 = 0
The increment in x = x = 0.88. f 1(x) = 3x2 + 3
Hence, the correct option is (D). X0 = 1
6. P 3, Q 1, R 2 f(x0) = - 3 and f 1(x0) = 6
Hence, the correct option is (D). By Newton Raphson method
3
1
7. dx f ( x0 )
x1 = x0 -
1 x
f 1 ( x0 )
x0 1 2 3
1 1
y0 1
=1-
( -3)
2 3
6
h=1
x1 = 1.5.
by simpsons rule
h Hence, the correct option is (C).
= y0 + y2 + h ( y1 )
3
10 11. X F (x) Df (x) D2f (x) D3f (x)
= 1 + + h. =
1 1 1
= 1.11
3 3 2 9 0 1 1
1 2 -2
2p
8. We have to evaluate sin xdx
0
2 1 -1 12
Here, number of intervals = n = 8 a = 0 and b = 2p 3 1 9 10
b - a 2p - 0 p
h= = = By Newton forward difference formula
n 8 4
Let y = f(x) = sinx
x ( x - 1) x ( x - 1) ( x - 2 )
F(x) = f(0) + xf(0) + 2f(0) +
3 7p 2! 3!
x 0 p/4 p/2 3p/4 p 5p/4 p 2p
2 4 3 f(0)
y = sinx 0 0.70711 1 0.70711 0 -0.70711 -1 -0.70711 0
x ( x - 1) x ( x - 1) ( x - 2 )
= 1 + x 1 + (-2) + 12
By Trapezoidal rule, 2 6
2p 2p
h = 2x3 - 7x2 + 6x + 1.
2p
sin xdx = ydx = 2 ( y
+ y8 ) + 2 ( y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 + y7 )
0
h 0 0 Hence, the correct option is (D).

in xdx = ydx = ( y0 + y8 ) + 2 ( y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 + y7 )
0 2

Test
Hints/Solutions
1. We know that if l is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A, y11 = (x + 2)ex
1 At x = 1
then is also an eigen value of A. So, P is TRUE
l 1
y11 = ( 1 + 2) e1 = >0
Also, as A is orthogonal, e
|A| = 1. y has a local minimum at x = 1
i.e. A is non-singular. Hence all eigen values of A are non-zero Hence, the correct option is (B).
l0 d2y
5. Given the differential equation is + 4y = 0 (1)
Hence Q is also TRUE dx 2
Hence, the correct option is (C). Its Auxiliary Equation is D2 + 4 = 0
2. Let A be the event of getting a non-composite number, when D2 = 4
a fair die is rolled once. D = 2i
4 2 The general solution of (1) is
p = P(A) = = ,
6 3 y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x (2)
( )
q = P A = 1 - P ( A) =
1
3
Given y (0) = 4 y = 4 at x = 0
from (2),
The probability of getting a non-composite number for atleast 3
4 = C1 cos 2 (0) + C2 sin 2 (0)
times, when the die is rolled 4 times = probability of happening
of the event A for 3 times + probability of happening of A for C1 = 4
4 times = 4C3p3q + 4C4p4 = p3(4q + p) Now, from (2),
3
2 1 2 8 4 2 y1 = 2 c1 sin 2x + 2c2 cos 2x (3)
= 4 + = 3 + 3
3
3 3 27 Also given y1 (0) = 8
16 y1 = 8 at x = 0
=
27 from (3),
Hence, the correct option is (A). 8 = 2c1 sin 2(0) + 2c2 cos2(0)
2 2 2
2c2 = 8 c2 = 4
x4 x4 1
3. I = x 3 ln xdx = (ln x ) - dx The required solution is y = 4 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x
1
4 1 1 4 x
( udv = uv - vdu ) 1
(1 + 2n) n e 2 1
1
1 + 2n n nLt
16 1 1
2
6. Lt = 0 = 3 = e
= ln 2 - ln1 - x 3dx n 0 1 + 3n

1
e
4 4 41 Lt (1 + 3n ) n
n0
2
1 x 4 1 Hence, the correct option is (B).
= 4ln2 = 4 ln2 (16 1)
4 4 1 6
7. F = xy 2 i - x 2 y j
15
= ln 16
16 F dr
c
= xy dx - x
c
2 2
ydy
y
y
4. Given x = n
x B (0,1)
y
= ex
x
C
y = xex
y1 = xex + ex = ex(x + 1)
For the maximum and minimum y1 = 0
x
ex (x + 1) = 0 0
A (1,0)
x+1=0x=1
As the path C is the boundary of the triangle OAB, C is a
x = 1 is a stationary value
closed curve and the integration is in anticlockwise direction.
now y11 = ex (x + 1) + ex So, by Greens theorem in a plane,
Part 2_Test -Hints.indd 120 9/3/2015 12:42:00 PM

2.121 | Engineering Mathematics
Also, the product of the eigen values of A = Det of A

N M
Mdx + Ndy = x y dxdy 7 a
c
R
10 2 =
5 b
Here, M = xy2 and N = x2y 20 = 7b 5a
7(5) 5a = 20
N = 2 xy 5a = 15 a = 3
M x
and = 2 xy a = 3 and b = 5
y
Also, as R is the region inside the triangle OAB, which is
bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1 3p
9. Put x =t
2
We have, y varies from
y = 0 to y = 1 x 3p
x= +t
and x varies from x = v to x = 1 2
3p
cos + t
F .dr, = xy 2dx x 2 ydy Now,
cos x
=
2
c c 3p 3p
x x
1 1 x 2 2
= [ 2 xy 2 xy ]dydx sin t
x=0 y=0
=
1 1 x
t
= [ 4 xy ]dydx
x=0 y=0 =
1
sin t
t
1 1 x 1 t 3 t 5 t 7
= 4
x=0
xydy dx
y=0
= t + + .....
t 3! 5! 7!
1 1 x t2 t4 t6
y2 = 1 + + ........
= 4
x=0
x 2
y=0
dx 3! 5! 7!
2 4 6
3p 3p 3p
(1 x )2
1
x x x
= 4 x dx cos x 2 2 2
= 1 + + .....
x=0
2 3p 3! 5! 7!
x
2
1
= 2 x (x
x=0
2
2 x + 1) dx Hence, the correct option is (D).
10. By Gauss Divergence Theorem
1
= 2 (x 3
2 x 2 + x ) dx
x=0
11. Let F = 2 xyi + xy 2 z j 6 xz 3 k
1
x4 2 x2
= 2 x 3 + i j k
4 3 2 x=0

Curl F = F =
1 2 1 x y z
= 2 +
4 3 2 2 xy xy 2 z 6 xz 3
3 2
= 2 = 2
1 = i ( 6 xz 3 ) ( xy 2 z ) j ( 6 xz 3 ) ( 2 xy )
4 3 12 y z x z
1
= . + k ( xy 2 z ) ( 2 xy )
6 x y
= i (0 xy 2 ) j ( 6 z 3 0 ) + k ( y 2 z 2 x )
7 a
8. Given l1 = 10 and l2 = 2 are the eigen values of A = curl F = xy 2 i + 6 z 3 j + ( y 2 z 2 x ) k
5 b
we know that sum of the eigen values of A = Trace of A Curl F at (0, 2, 3) = 162 j + 12k
7 + b = 10 + 2 b = 5 Hence, the correct option is (C).


Test |2.122
12. The total number of arrangements of letters of the word 16. Given the system of equations can be written in matrix from
AUTHORISED without repletion = 10! out of the 10 letters, as AX = B
5 are vowels (A,U,O,I and E) and 5 are consonants (T,H, R S
1 2 3 x 4
and D).

Where A = 2 3 a 4 ; X = y and B = b
To get an arrangement in which I occurs at a later position
than all other vowels, one can proceed as follows: 4 7 1 z 5
(i) First arrange the 5 consonants Consider the augmented matrix
(ii) Then, in the last position that is available, place I
(iii) Then, arrange the remaining four vowels in the four po- 1 2 3 4
sitions that are available prior to I [A/B] = 2 3 a 4 b
The number of such arrangements = (10C5 5!) 1 (4!) 4 7 1 5
10
c5 5! 1 4! 1 R2 R3
Hence, required probability =
10! 5
1 2 3 4
Hence, the correct option is (A). 4 7 1 5
~
13. Here, f(x) = 4x2 4x 15 = 0 and x0 = 1.6, 2 3 a 4 b
f (x) = 8x 4
R2 R2 4 R1 and R3 R3 2 R1
By Newton Raphson method, the interactive formula,
f ( xn ) 1 2 3 4
Is xn +1 = xn 0 1 13 11
f 1 ( xn ) ~
0 1 a 10 b 8
( 4 xn2 4 xn 15)
xn R3 R3 R2
8 xn 4

1 2 3 4
4 x x2 + 15
xn +1 = [A/B] ~ 0 1 13 11
(1)
(8 xn 4)
0 0 a + 3 b + 3
4 x0 2 + 15)
Now, x1 = Given the system of linear equations can have infinite no. of
(8 x0 4)
solutions if Rank of [A/B] = Rank of A < 3 (= No of unknowns)
4 (1.6) + 15 From it can be easily observed that,
x1 = = 2.8682
(8 (1.6) 4)
P([A/B]) = P(A) < 3 only if a + 3 = 0 and b + 3 = 0
4 x12 + 15 a = 3 and b = 3
x2 = = 2.5286
8 x1 4 Hence, the correct option is (C).
4 x + 15
2 3
x3 = 2
= 2.5002 17. By Simpsons Rule, we have
8 x2 4 8
b b
x4 =
4 x32 + 15
= 2.5000 f ( x ) dx = ydx =
3h
8
( )
[ y0 + yn + 3 (y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 + ----)
8 x3 4 a a
So, we are approaching to one of the actual solutions x = 2.5 + 2(y3 + y6 + y9 +----)
in 4th iteration p
Hence, the correct option is (B). Here, h = ; n = 6
18
14. Standard Result p /3
3h
Hence, the correct option is (C). f ( x ) dx = 8 [( y
0
0
+ y6 ) + 3 (y1 + y2 + y4 + y5) + 2(y3)]
15. Let f(x) = x 3x 5x + 6
3 2
Here, a = 3 and b = 4 p
3
f(a) = f(3) = 9 and f(b) = f(4) = 2 18
= [(0 + 1.7299) + 3 (0.1762 + 0.3638 + 0.8385 +
8
As f(a) and f(b) are of opposite signs, f(x) = 0 has a root that
lies between a = 3 and b = 4 1.1907) + 2(0.5770) = 0.6929.
By Regula Falsi method, we have Hence, the correct option is (B).
af (b) bf ( a) 3 2 4 ( 9) 42 18. The arithmetic mean of 12, 22, 32, . . . 102 is
x1 = = =
f ( b) f ( a) 2 ( 9) 11 12 + 22 + 32 + ..... + 10 2 10.11.21 77
= = = 38.5
x1 = 3.8182 10 6.10 2

2.123 | Engineering Mathematics
19. Given the standard deviation of a1, a2, a3 ..an is r 1

the standard deviation of ka1, ka2, ..kan will be kr
3
the standard deviation of ka1 + 1, ka2 + 1, ka3 + 1, kan + 1 T 1 1 1
and x 1 x2 = , , 0
will be kr. 2 2 3

3
20. Given a = i + j 2k and b = i 2 j + k ,
1 1
= +0
( )( )

a.a = i + j 2k i + j 2k = 6 6 6
x1T x2 = 0
( )( )

a.b = b.a = i + j 2k i 2 j + k = 3
x1 and x2 are orthonormal Also, it can be easily checked
and b.b = (i 2 j + k ) (i = 2 j k ) = 6 that the pairs of vectors given in options (A), (B) and (C) are
not orthonormal
a . a a . b 6 3
= = 36 9 = 27 Hence, the correct option is (D).
b . a b . b 3 6
2 + 3i ( 2 + 3i ) (3 4i )
Hence, the correct option is (B). 25. =
3 + 4 i ( 3 + 4 i ) (3 4 i )
21. Standard Result
=
(2 + 3i ) (3 4i )
(3 + 4 i ) (3 4 i )
22. Standard Result
6 8i + 9i + 12 18 + i 18 1
Hence, the correct option is (D). = = = +i
3 +4
2 2
25 25 25
23. Let f(x) = x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 (1) Hence, the correct option is (B).
Let a1 = 2, a2 = 3 and a3 = 6
26. Let M = x2 + 2xy 2y2
Now, we know that sum of the roots = a1 + a2 + a3 = (coeff
of the 2nd highest power term of x) and N = y2 + 2xy 2x2
2 + 3 + 6 = p clearly, M and N are homogenous functions of same degree
p = 7 1
Integrating factor =
Also, a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a1 = coeff of 3rd highest power of x Mx + Ny
(2) (3) + (3) (6) + (6) (2) = q
1 1
= =
x ( x 2 + 2 xy 2 y 2 ) + y ( y 2 + 2 xy 2 x 2 ) x3 + y3
6 + 18 12 = q
q=0
dy
And product of roots + y = 3x2
27. x (1)
dx
= a1a2a3 = (constant term) dy y
+ = 3x (2)
(2) (3) (6) = r dx x
36 = r Clearly, (2) is a linear differential equation of first order in y
r = 36 1
Here, P(x) = and Q(x) = 3x
Hence, the correct option is (C). x
I.F. = espdx
24. Consider the pair of vectors in option (D) 1
= e x = e log x
dx

1 1
2 I.F = x
3 The general solution of (1) is y(I.F.) = [Q(x) (I.F.)dx + c
1 1
Let x1 = and x2 = y(x) = (3x) (x) dx + c
2 3 xy = 3x2dx + c
0 1
xy = x3 + c (3)
3
Given that y(1) = 2 y = 2 at x = 1
1
2
1
2
From (3), (1) (2) = (1)3 + C C = 1
x1 = + +0 = 1
2
2 2 The required solution of (1) is xy = x3 + 1

1
2 2 2 y = x2 +
1 1 1 x
and x1 = + + =1
3 3 3 Hence, the correct option is (D).


Test |2.124
f(x) is continuous xR differentiable every where except

28. Given that x = y + y + y + ....... ,
3
Squaring on both sides, at x =
2
x 2 = y + y + y + y + ....... , Hence, the correct option is (D).
x2 = y + x From (1) 2s + 3
30. Here, L[f(t)] = . Now we know that the initial value
y = x2 x s 2 + 5s + 6
of f (t)
dy
= 2x 1
dx
= f (0) = Lt ( sL [ f (t )])
s
dy
= 1 at x = 1
dx s( 2 s + 3)
= Lt 2
Hence, the correct option is (B). s s + 5 s + 6

2 x 3; for x 3 3
s2 2 +
2 s
29. Given that f(x) = = Lt
3 2 x; for x < 3 s
2 5 6
s 1 + + 2
2 s s
f(x) = |2x 3| xR
3
We know that |x| is continuous x/R and differentiable 2+
= Lt s
every where except x = 0 s 5 6
1+ +
|2x 3| is continuous, xR and s s2
Differentiable everywhere except at 2x 3 = 0 = 2
x=
2

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Chapter 1 Linear Algebra

Chapter 1 solution .indd 1 9/1/2015 3:36:54 PM

=0 24. Clearly, the given matrix satisfies A = A = A

Chapter 1 solution .indd 2 9/1/2015 3:36:55 PM

A = 4(-3 - k) - 2(-1 - k) - (-3)

As the system has a solution x = 0 = y = z now 8 2 6 2 8 6 2 2 8

Chapter 1 solution .indd 3 9/1/2015 3:36:58 PM

Chapter 1 solution .indd 4 9/1/2015 3:37:02 PM

2x1 + 2x2 = 0 and - 2x1 - 2x2 = 0 x1 = -x2 4 -6

Chapter 1 solution .indd 5 9/1/2015 3:37:07 PM

= 813.(8A) (From (1)) Again from (1), l(l2 - 5l + 4) = 0

Practice Problems 2 a10 0 0

Chapter 1 solution .indd 6 9/1/2015 3:37:09 PM

In general (using mathematical induction we can prove that) = x +1

For illustration let us take n = 3, then trace (AB) = trace (C) = 1 1 1

Chapter 1 solution .indd 7 9/1/2015 3:37:11 PM

17. Let A be an nth order nonsingular matrix A = k ( 0 ), then Statement P is true.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Chapter 1 solution .indd 8 9/1/2015 3:37:16 PM

When Det = 0; check out for the 1 or 2 or 3 values 3 -3 5

Chapter 1 solution .indd 9 9/1/2015 3:37:18 PM

a a2 a3 a a2 1 For having non-zero solutions Det = 0

Chapter 1 solution .indd 10 9/1/2015 3:37:21 PM

3 - l -2 -8 Corresponding to l = 5, the eigen vectors are:

Product of the roots =

Chapter 1 solution .indd 11 9/1/2015 3:37:26 PM

Chapter 1 solution .indd 12 9/1/2015 3:37:31 PM

5x - 2y = 0 5 4 - 2y = 0 y = 10. l = 0, l = 13.775 and l = -3.775

Previous Years Questions -5 2

Chapter 1 solution .indd 13 9/1/2015 3:37:35 PM

x 3x1 + 3x2 = 0. x1 = -x2

Chapter 1 solution .indd 14 9/1/2015 3:37:41 PM

Chapter 1 solution .indd 15 9/1/2015 3:37:45 PM

* For a real symmetric matrix, eigen values are always real 5 - l 0 0 0

Chapter 1 solution .indd 16 9/1/2015 3:37:50 PM

Taking the derivative on both sides, 8 x 0

Chapter 1 solution .indd 17 9/1/2015 3:37:51 PM

Left limit Right limit limit does not exist.

3x + 9 x2 x Applying log on both sides, we get

Hence, the correct option is (D). Lt |x - 2| + [ x - 2] = Lt + (x - 2) + 0 = 0

y n n y However, lim secx and lim tanx do not exist.

Hints and Sol.indd 18 9/1/2015 5:58:54 PM

11. Statement II is true 17. Lt f(x) = 7; Lt f(x) = Lt ax + b = 5a + b = 7 (1)

Hints and Sol.indd 19 9/1/2015 5:59:00 PM

20. \ sin x - x is differentiable at x = 0

Now, f I(x) = 1, 2 < x < +1 Q is true

f(x) is not differentiable at x = -2 23. 5th root function of f(x) = x3 is u = x 3

Hints and Sol.indd 20 9/1/2015 5:59:04 PM

25. Given f(x) = x (1 - x cot x) - 1 in 0 , p , we have and 0 cos2x 1

0 when x = 0 Hence, the correct option is (A).

27. f(x) = 3 sin2 x + 4 cos2 x 3x , 0 x 1

Hints and Sol.indd 21 9/1/2015 5:59:09 PM

log 3 3 x , 0 < x < 1 k 4 x 2 y 2 2 k 4 y 2 z 2 + 5 k 4 x 2 z 2 3k 4 xyz 2

Clearly f I(x) > 0 If x(x + 2) > 0 1 u u y y

Hints and Sol.indd 22 9/1/2015 5:59:17 PM

Hints and Sol.indd 23 9/1/2015 5:59:22 PM

Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, Area of OAB = 4 3 sq units.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Hints and Sol.indd 24 9/1/2015 5:59:29 PM

54. Given curve is y = loge (cosx) = n (cos x) 1

= 0 + 10000 = 10000 Hence, the correct option is (C).

= 5(0) - 5(- 2 )1/5 + 5 = 5 + 5.21/5 4 4x + 7

Hints and Sol.indd 25 9/1/2015 5:59:41 PM

2 2 From the limits of x and y the region of integration is as

* For a real symmetric matrix, eigen values are always real 5 - l 0 0 0

Hence, the correct option is (A). ( x 2 ydx + xy 2dy ) = ( y 2 - x 2 ) dxdy

Limit does not exist Lt f (x) = Lt 3x = 3 (2)

= r2 sin q cos2q + r2 sin3q = i (u2 - 2u - 1) - j (- u3 - 4u2 + 4u + 3) + k (u2 + 2u2 - 3u)

Hence, the correct option is (A). = i (- 12 t4 + 5 t - 10 t3) - j ( 20 t5 + 6 t4 - 3 t2)

3. We have to evaluate ( ydx - xdy ) (1) At x =

y = x2 (2) Hence, the correct option is (D).