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Mandatory Appendices

A02 MANDATORY APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Supplementary Design Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313


Appendix 2 Rules for Bolted Flange Connections With Ring Type Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Appendix 3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Appendix 4 Rounded Indications Charts Acceptance Standard for Radiographically
Determined Rounded Indications in Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Appendix 5 Flanged and Flued or Flanged Only Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360.1
Appendix 6 Methods for Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Appendix 7 Examination of Steel Castings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Appendix 8 Methods for Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Appendix 9 Jacketed Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Appendix 10 Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Appendix 11 Capacity Conversions for Safety Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Appendix 12 Ultrasonic Examination of Welds (UT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Appendix 13 Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Appendix 14 Integral Flat Heads With a Large, Single, Circular, Centrally Located
Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Appendix 16 Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Appendix 17 Dimpled or Embossed Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Appendix 18 Adhesive Attachment of Nameplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Appendix 19 Electrically Heated or Gas Fired Jacketed Steam Kettles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Appendix 20 Hubs of Tubesheets and Flat Heads Machined From Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Appendix 21 Jacketed Vessels Constructed of Work-Hardened Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Appendix 22 Integrally Forged Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Appendix 23 External Pressure Design of Copper, Copper Alloy, and Titanium Alloy
Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes With Integral Fins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Appendix 24 Design Rules for Clamp Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Appendix 25 Acceptance of Testing Laboratories and Authorized Observers for Capacity
Certification of Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Appendix 26 Pressure Vessel and Heat Exchanger Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Appendix 27 Alternative Requirements for Glass-Lined Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Appendix 28 Alternative Corner Weld Joint Detail for Box Headers for Air-Cooled Heat
Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Appendix 29 Requirements for Steel Bars of Special Section for Helically Wound
Interlocking Strip Layered Pressure Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Appendix 30 Rules for Drilled Holes Not Penetrating Through Vessel Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Appendix 31 Rules for CrMo Steels With Additional Requirements for Welding and Heat
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

312
APPENDIX 1
SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN FORMULAS

1-1 THICKNESS OF CYLINDRICAL where


AND SPHERICAL SHELLS
2 2 2


(a) The following formulas, in terms of the outside R+t Ro Ro
Zp p p
radius, are equivalent to and may be used instead of R R Ro t
those given in UG-27(c) and (d).
(1) For cylindrical shells (circumferential stress), (2) Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints).
When the thickness of the cylindrical shell under internal
PRo SEt
tp or Pp (1) design pressure exceeds one-half of the inside radius,
SE + 0.4P R o 0.4t
or when P exceeds 1.25SE, the following formulas
shall apply:
where
R o p outside radius of the shell course under consid- When P is known and t is desired,
eration, in. (mm)
1
(2) For spherical shells,

1 2
2 Z 1
t p R (Z 1) p Ro 1
(3)
2
PR o 2SEt Z
tp or Pp (2)
2SE + 0.8P R o 0.8t
where
Other symbols are as defined in UG-27.

SE + 1
P
Zp

1-2 THICK CYLINDRICAL SHELLS


(a)(1) Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints). When t is known and P is desired,
When the thickness of the cylindrical shell under internal
design pressure exceeds one-half of the inside radius, P p SE (Z 1) (4)
or when P exceeds 0.385SE, the following formulas
shall apply: where
When P is known and t is desired,
2 2 2


1 R+t Ro Ro
1 2 Zp p p
2 (Z 1) R R Ro t
t p R (Z 1) p R o 1
(1)
2
Z
Symbols are as defined in UG-27 and 1-1.
where

SE + P
Zp
SE P
1-3 THICK SPHERICAL SHELLS
Where t is known and P is desired, When the thickness of the shell of a wholly spherical
vessel or of a hemispherical head under internal design

Z + 1
Z1 pressure exceeds 0.356R, or when P exceeds 0.665SE,
P p SE (2)
the following formulas shall apply:

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1-3 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-4

FIG. 1-4 PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL HEADS

When P is known and t is desired, where

3 3

R p R t
1
R+t Ro
Yp


1 3
3 Y 1 o
t p R (Y 1) p R o 1
(1)
3
Y
Symbols are as defined in UG-27 and 1-1.

where
1-4 FORMULAS FOR THE DESIGN OF
FORMED HEADS UNDER
2(SE + P) INTERNAL PRESSURE
Yp
2SE P
(a) The formulas of this paragraph provide for the
design of formed heads of proportions other than
those given in UG-32, in terms of inside and outside
When t is known and P is desired, diameter.
(b) The symbols defined below are used in the
formulas of this paragraph (see Fig. 1-4):
tp minimum required thickness of head after form-

Y + 2
Y1 ing, in. (mm)
P p 2SE (2)
Pp internal design pressure (see UG-21), psi (kPa)

314
1-4 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-4

TABLE 1-4.1
VALUES OF FACTOR K
(Use Nearest Value of D/ 2h; Interpolation Unnecessary)
D /2h 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
K 1.83 1.73 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.14 1.07 1.00

D /2h 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 ...
K 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 ...

Dp inside diameter of the head skirt; or inside length (c) Ellipsoidal Heads 1
of the major axis of an ellipsoidal head; or inside
diameter of a cone head at the point under con-
sideration measured perpendicular to the longi-
tudinal axis, in. (mm) PDK 2SEt
Do p outside diameter of the head skirt; or outside tp or P p (1)
2SE 0.2P KD + 0.2t
length of the major axis of an ellipsoidal head;
or outside diameter of a cone head at the point
under consideration measured perpendicular to PDo K
the longitudinal axis, in. (mm) tp
2SE + 2P (K 0.1)
Sp maximum allowable working stress, as given in
Subsection C, psi (kPa), except as limited by
footnote 1 to 1-4(c) and (d), UG-24, UG-32(e), or
and UW-12.
Ep lowest efficiency of any Category A joint in
2SEt
the head (for hemispherical heads this includes Pp (2)
KD o 2t (K 0.1)
head-to-shell joint). For welded vessels, use the
efficiency specified in UW-12.
rp inside knuckle radius, in. (mm) where
Lp inside spherical or crown radius for torispherical
and hemispherical heads, in. (mm) 2


1 D
Lp K1 D for ellipsoidal heads in which K1 is ob- Kp 2+
6 2h
tained from Table UG-37, in. (mm)
Lo p outside spherical or crown radius, in. (mm)
L / rp ratio of the inside crown radius to the inside Numerical values of the factor K are given in Table
knuckle radius, used in Table 1-4.2 1-4.1.
Mp a factor in the formulas for torispherical heads Example 1. 2 Determine the required thickness t of
depending on the head proportion L / r a seamless ellipsoidal head, exclusive of provision for
hp one-half of the length of the minor axis of the corrosion for the following conditions:
ellipsoidal head, or the inside depth of the ellip- D p 40 in; h p 9 in; P p 200 psi; S p 13,750
soidal head measured from the tangent line psi; E p 1.00.
(head-bend line), in. (mm)
Kp a factor in the formulas for ellipsoidal heads
depending on the head proportion D / 2h 1
Ellipsoidal heads designed under K > 1.0 and all torispherical heads 01
D / 2hp ratio of the major to the minor axis of made of materials having a specified minimum tensile strength
exceeding 70,000 psi (482 MPa) shall be designed using a value of
ellipsoidal heads, which equals the inside S equal to 20,000 psi (137.2 MPa) at room temperature and reduced
diameter of the skirt of the head divided by in proportion to the reduction in maximum allowable stress values
twice the inside height of the head, and is at temperature for the material as shown in the appropriate table
(see UG-23).
used in Table 1-4.1 2
This calculation is intended only to illustrate the use of the formula
p one-half of the included (apex) angle of the cone herein. Other paragraphs in this Division may have to be satisfied
at the center line of the head to permit use of the full tabular stress value.

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1-4 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-4

D 40 Numerical values of the factor M are given in Table


p p 2.22
2h 18 1-4.2.

From Table 1-4.1, K p 1.14. Substituting in Eq. (1), Example 1. 2Determine the required thickness t, exclu-
sive of allowance for corrosion, of a torispherical head
200 40 1.14 for the following conditions:
tp p 0.33 in. D p 40 in.; L p 40 in.; r p 4 in.; P p 200 psi;
[2 13,750 (1.00) (0.2 200)]
S p 13,750 psi; E p 1.00 (seamless head).

Example 2. 2 Determine the maximum allowable L 40


working pressure P of a seamless ellipsoidal head for p p 10
r 4
the following conditions:
D p 30 in.; h p 7.5 in.; total thickness p 12 in.
and from Table 1-4.2, M p 1.54. Substituting in Eq.
with no allowance for corrosion; maximum operating
(3),
temperature p 800F; E p 1.00.
From the appropriate table given in Subpart 1 of
Section II, Part D, S p 10,200 psi. 200 40 1.54
tp p 0.45 in.
[2 13,750 (1.00) (0.2 200)]

D 30 Example 2. 2Determine the maximum allowable work-


p p 2.0
2h 15 ing pressure P of a torispherical head for the following
conditions:
From Table 1-4.1, K p 1.0. Substituting in Eq. (1), D p 30 in.; L p 24 in.; r p 2.00 in.; E p 1.00
(seamless head); total thickness p 0.5 in. with no
allowance for corrosion; material conforms to SA-515
2 10,200 1.0 0.5 Grade 70; maximum operating temperature p 900F.
Pp p 339 psi
[1 30 + (0.2 0.5)] From the appropriate table given in Subpart 1 of
Section II, Part D, S p 6500 psi.

(d) Torispherical Heads 1


L 24
p p 12.0
r 2.00

PLM 2SEt From Table 1-4.2, M p 1.62. Substituting in Eq. (3),


tp or Pp (3)
2SE 0.2P LM + 0.2t
2 6500 1.0 0.5
Pp p 167 psi
24 1.62 + 0.2 0.5
PL o M
tp
2SE + P (M 0.2) (e) Conical Heads

or PD
tp
2 cos (SE 0.6P)

2SEt
Pp (4) or
ML o t (M 0.2)

2SEt cos
where Pp (5)
D + 1.2t cos

r
L
M p 14 3 + PD o
tp
2 cos (SE + 0.4P)

316
1-4 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-5

TABLE 1-4.2
VALUES OF FACTOR M
(Use Nearest Value of L/r ; Interpolation Unnecessary)
L/r 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50
M 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.22

L/r 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
M 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.41 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50

L/r 9.5 10.00 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 16231
M 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62 1.65 1.69 1.72 1.75 1.77
NOTE:
(1) Maximum ratio allowed by UG-32(j) when L equals the outside diameter of the skirt of the head.

or E1 p efficiency of longitudinal joint in cylinder. For


compression (such as at large end of cone),
E1 p 1.0 for butt welds.
2SEt cos
Pp (6) E2 p efficiency of longitudinal joint in cone. For com-
D o 0.8t cos
pression, E2 p 1.0 for butt welds.
f1 p axial load at large end due to wind, dead load,
etc., excluding pressure, lb /in. (kN /m)
f2 p axial load at small end due to wind, dead load,
A02 1-5 RULES FOR CONICAL REDUCER etc., excluding pressure, lb /in. (kN /m)
SECTIONS AND CONICAL HEADS Pp internal design pressure (see UG-21), psi (kPa)
UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
QL p algebraical sum of PRL /2 and f1 , lb /in. (kN /m)
(a) The formulas of (d) and (e) below provide for Qs p algebraical sum of PRs /2 and f2 , lb /in. (kN /m)
the design of reinforcement, if needed, at the cone-to- Rs p inside radius of small cylinder at small end of
cylinder junctions for conical reducer sections and cone, in. (mm)
conical heads where all the elements have a common RL p inside radius of large cylinder at large end of
axis and the half-apex angle 30 deg. Subparagraph cone, in. (mm)
(g) below provides for special analysis in the design Ss p allowable stress of cylinder material at design
of cone-to-cylinder intersections with or without rein- temperature, psi (kPa)
forcing rings where is greater than 30 deg. Sc p allowable stress of cone material at design tem-
In the design of reinforcement for a cone-to-cylinder perature, psi (kPa)
juncture, the requirements of UG-41 shall be met. Sr p allowable stress of reinforcing ring material at
(b) Nomenclature design temperature, psi (kPa)
ArL p required area of reinforcement at large end of tp minimum required thickness of cylinder at
cone, in.2 (mm2) cone-to-cylinder junction, in. (mm)
Ars p required area of reinforcement at small end of tc p nominal thickness of cone at cone-to-cylinder
cone, in.2 (mm2) junction, in. (mm)
AeL p effective area of reinforcement at large end in- tr p minimum required thickness of cone at cone-
tersection, in.2 (mm2) to-cylinder junction, in. (mm)
Aes p effective area of reinforcement at small end in- ts p nominal thickness of cylinder at cone-to-cylin-
tersection, in.2 (mm2) der junction, in. (mm)
Es p modulus of elasticity of cylinder material, psi p half-apex angle of cone or conical section, deg.
(kPa) p angle indicating need for reinforcement at cone-to-
Ec p modulus of elasticity of cone material, psi (kPa) cylinder junction having a half-apex angle 30
Er p modulus of elasticity of reinforcing ring mate- deg. When , no reinforcement is required at the
rial, psi (kPa) junction (see Tables 1-5.1 and 1-5.2), deg.
yp cone-to-cylinder factor
NOTE: The modulus of elasticity shall be taken from the applicable
Table TM in Section II, Part D. When a material is not listed in p Ss Es for reinforcing ring on shell
the TM tables, the requirements of U-2(g) shall be applied. p Sc Ec for reinforcing ring on cone

317
1-5 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-5

TABLE 1-5.1 and the quantity is larger than the PRL /2 term, the
VALUES OF FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE design shall be in accordance with U-2(g). The calcu-
CYLINDER FOR 30 deg. lated localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not
P/SsE1 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 exceed the stress values specified in 1-5(g)(1) and (2).
, deg. 11 15 18 21 23 The effective area of reinforcement can be determined
in accordance with the following formula:
P/SsE1 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.0091 ...
, deg. 25 27 28.5 30 ...
NOTE:
AeL p (ts t) RL ts + (tc tr ) RL tc /cos (2)
(1) p 30 deg. for greater values of P/SsE1.
Any additional area of reinforcement which is required
shall be situated within a distance of RL ts from the
TABLE 1-5.2 junction of the reducer and the cylinder. The centroid
VALUES OF FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE SMALL of the added area shall be within a distance of 0.25
CYLINDER FOR 30 deg.
RL ts from the junction.
P/SsE1 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02 (e) Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction
, deg. 4 6 9 12.5 of the conical shell of a reducer without a flare and
P/SsE1 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.1251
the small cylinder when the value of obtained from
, deg. 17.5 24 27 30 Table 1-5.2, using the appropriate ratio P /Ss E1 , is less
than .
NOTE:
(1) p 30 deg. for greater values of P/SsE1. The required area of reinforcement shall be at least
equal to that indicated by the following formula when
Qs is in tension:
(c) For a cone-to-cylinder junction, the following

kQs Rs
values shall be determined at large end and again at Ars p 1 tan (3)**
Ss E1
the small end in order that both the large end and the
small end can be examined:
Determine P /Ss E1 and then determine at the large At the small end of the cone-to-cylinder juncture,
end and at the small end, as appropriate, from Tables the PRs /2 term is in tension. When f2 is in compression
1-5.1 and 1-5.2. and the quantity is larger than the PRs /2 term, the
Determine k: design shall be in accordance with U-2(g). The calcu-
k p 1 when additional area of reinforcement is not lated localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not
required exceed the stress values specified in 1-5(g)(1) and (2).
p y /Sr Er when a stiffening ring is required, but The effective area of reinforcement can be determined
k is not less than 1.0 in accordance with the following formula:
(d) Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction
of the cone with the large cylinder for conical heads Aes p 0.78 Rs ts [(ts t) + (tc tr) /cos ] (4)
and reducers without knuckles when the value of
obtained from Table 1-5.1, using the appropriate ratio Any additional area of reinforcement which is required
P /Ss E1 , is less than . Interpolation may be made in shall be situated within a distance of Rs ts from the
the Table. junction, and the centroid of the added area shall be
The required area of reinforcement shall be at least
within a distance of 0.25 Rs ts from the junction.
equal to that indicated by the following formula when
( f ) Reducers not described in UG-36(e)(5), such as
QL is in tension:
those made up of two or more conical frustums having


kQL RL different slopes, may be designed in accordance with (g).
ArL p 1 tan (1)**
Ss E1 (g) When the half-apex angle is greater than 30 A02
deg. (0.52 rad), cone-to-cylinder junctions without a
At the large end of the cone-to-cylinder juncture,
knuckle may be used, with or without reinforcing rings,
the PRL /2 term is in tension. When f1 is in compression
if the design is based on special analysis, such as
the beam-on-elastic-foundation analysis of Timoshenko,
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result Hetenyi, or Watts and Lang. See U-2(g). When such
in SI units. an analysis is made, the calculated localized stresses

318
1-5 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-6

FIG. 1-6 SPHERICALLY DISHED COVERS WITH BOLTING FLANGES

at the discontinuity shall not exceed the following shall be designed in accordance with the formulas
values. which follow.
A02 (1) (Membrane hoop stress) + (average discontinu- (b) The symbols used in the formulas of this para-
ity hoop stress) shall not be greater than 1.5S, where graph are defined as follows:
the average discontinuity hoop stress is the average tp minimum required thickness of head plate after
hoop stress across the wall thickness due to the disconti- forming, in. (mm)
nuity at the junction, disregarding the effect of Poissons Lp inside spherical or crown radius, in. (mm)
ratio times the longitudinal stress at the surfaces. rp inside knuckle radius, in. (mm)
A02 (2) (Membrane longitudinal stress) + (discontinuity Pp internal pressure (see UG-21) for the pressure
longitudinal stress due to bending) shall not be greater on concave side, and external pressure for the
than SPS [see UG-23(e)]. pressure on convex side [see UG-28(f)], psi
The angle joint (see 3-2) between the cone and (kPa)
cylinder shall be designed equivalent to a double butt- Sp maximum allowable stress value, psi (kPa) (see
welded joint, and because of the high bending stress, UG-23)
there shall be no weak zones around the angle joint. Tp flange thickness, in. (mm)
The thickness of the cylinder may have to be increased Mo p the total moment, in.-lb (kNWm), determined as
to limit the difference in thickness so that the angle in 2-6 for heads concave to pressure and 2-11
joint has a smooth contour. for heads convex to pressure; except that for
heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (d),
HD and hD shall be as defined below, and an
1-6 SPHERICALLY DISHED COVERS additional moment Hr hr (which may add or sub-
(BOLTED HEADS)
tract) shall be included where
(a) Circular spherical dished heads with bolting Hr pradial component of the membrane load
flanges, both concave and convex to the pressure and in the spherical segment, lb (kN), acting
conforming to the several types illustrated in Fig. 1-6, at the intersection of the inside of the

319
1-6 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-6

flange ring with the center line of the (1) head thickness
dished cover thickness (a) for pressure on concave side,
pHD cot 1
hr plever arm of force Hr about centroid of 5PL
flange ring, in. (mm) tp (1)
6S
HD paxial component of the membrane load in
the spherical segment, lb (kN), acting at (b) for pressure on convex side, the head thick-
the inside of the flange ring ness shall be determined based on UG-33(c) using the
p0.785 B 2 P outside radius of the spherical head segment;
hD pradial distance from the bolt circle to the (2) flange thickness for ring gasket
inside of the flange ring, in. (mm)
1 pangle formed by the tangent to the center
SB A B
Mo A + B
line of the dished cover thickness at its Tp (2)**
point of intersection with the flange ring,
and a line perpendicular to the axis of the
dished cover (3) flange thickness for full face gasket

S
P B (A + B)(C B )

B T p 0.6 (3)
parc sin AB
2L + t
NOTE: The radial components of the membrane load in the spherical
segment are assumed to be resisted by its flange.
NOTE: Since Hr hr in some cases will subtract from the total moment,
the moment in the flange ring when the internal pressure is zero
may be the determining loading for flange design.
(Within the range of flange standards listed in Table
U-3, the flange and drillings may conform to the
standards, and the thickness specified therein shall be
Ap outside diameter of flange, in. (mm) considered as a minimum requirement.)
Bp inside diameter of flange, in. (mm) ( f ) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (c)
Cp bolt circle, diameter, in. (mm) (no joint efficiency factor is required):
(1) head thickness
(c) It is important to note that the actual value of
(a) for pressure on concave side,
the total moment Mo may calculate to be either plus
or minus for both the heads concave to pressure and
the heads convex to pressure. However, for use in all 5PL
tp (4)
of the formulas which follow, the absolute values for 6S
both P and Mo are used.
(d) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (a): (b) for pressure on convex side, the head thick-
ness shall be determined based on UG-33(c) using the
(1) the thickness of the head t shall be determined
outside radius of the spherical head segment;
by the appropriate formula in UG-32 for pressure
(2) flange thickness for ring gasket for heads with
on concave side, and UG-33(a)(1) for pressure on
round bolting holes
convex side;
(2) the head radius L or the knuckle radius r shall

1.875Mo (C + B)
comply with the limitations given in UG-32; TpQ+ (5)**
SB (7C 5B )
(3) the flange shall comply at least with the require-
ments of Fig. 2-4 and shall be designed in accordance
where
with the provisions of 2-1 through 2-7 for pressure on
concave side, and 2-11 for pressure on convex side.

(Within the range of flange standards listed in Table PL C + B
Qp **
4S 7C 5B
U-3, the flange and drillings may conform to the
standards, and the thickness specified therein shall be
considered as a minimum requirement.)
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
(e) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (b) necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result
(no joint efficiency factor is required): in SI units.

320
1-6 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-7

(3) flange thickness for ring gasket for heads with (2) flange thickness
bolting holes slotted through the edge of the head

TpF+ F2 + J (10)

1.875Mo (C + B)
TpQ+ (6)**
SB(3C B)

where
where

4L2 B 2
PL C + B PB
Qp
4S 3C B Fp
8S (A B)

(4) flange thickness for full-face gasket for heads


with round bolting holes and

SB A B
Mo A+B
Jp

3BQ (C B)
TpQ+ Q2 + (7)
L

where (h) These formulas are approximate in that they do


not take into account continuity between the flange


PL C + B ring and the dished head. A more exact method of
Qp
4S 7C 5B analysis which takes this into account may be used if
it meets the requirements of U-2.
(5) flange thickness for full-face gasket for heads
with bolting holes slotted through the edge of the head

Q 2 3BQ (C B) 1-7 LARGE OPENINGS IN


TpQ+ + (8)
L CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
1-7(a) Openings exceeding the dimensional limits
where given in UG-36(b)(1) shall be provided with reinforce-
ment that complies with the following rules. Two-


PL C + B thirds of the required reinforcement shall be within the
Qp
4S 3C B following limits:
1-7(a)(1) parallel to vessel wall: the larger of
(6) the required flange thickness shall be T as three-fourths times the limit in UG-40(b)(1), or equal
calculated in (2), (3), (4), or (5) above, but in no case to the limit in UG-40(b)(2);
less than the value of t calculated in (1) above. 1-7(a)(2) normal to vessel wall: the smaller of the
(g) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (d) limit in UG-40(c)(1), or in UG-40(c)(2).
(no joint efficiency factor is required): 1-7(b) Openings for radial nozzles that exceed the
(1) head thickness limits in UG-36(b)(1)
(a) for pressure on concave side, 1-7(b)(1) and which also are within the range
defined by the following limits shall meet the require-
ments in (b)(2), (3), and (4) below:
5PL
tp (9) (a) vessel diameters greater than 60 in. (mm)
6S
(b) for pressure on convex side, the head thick- I.D.;
ness shall be determined based on UG-33(c) using the (b) nozzle diameters which exceed 40 in. (mm)
outside radius of the spherical head segment; I.D. and also exceed 3.4 Rt; the terms R and t are
defined in Figs. 1-7-1 and 1-7-2;
(c) the ratio Rn /R does not exceed 0.7; for
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result nozzle openings with Rn /R exceeding 0.7, refer to (c)
in SI units. below and/or U-2(g).

321
1-7 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-7

A02 FIG. 1-7-1

The rules are limited to radial nozzles in cylindrical reinforcing plate, and/or nozzle flange divided by the
shells that do not have internal projections, and do not shell material allowable stress is at least 0.80.
include any analysis for stresses resulting from exter-
nally applied mechanical loads. For such cases U-2(g)
NOTE: The bending stress Sb calculated by Eq. (5) is valid and
shall apply. applicable only at the nozzle neck-shell junction. It is a primary
1-7(b)(2) The membrane stress Sm as calculated bending stress because it is a measure of the stiffness required to
by Eq. (1) or (2) below shall not exceed S, as defined maintain equilibrium at the longitudinal axis junction of the nozzle-
shell intersection due to the bending moment calculated by Eq. (3).
in UG-37 for the applicable materials at design condi-
tions. The maximum combined membrane stress Sm
and bending stress Sb shall not exceed 1.5S at design Case A (See Fig. 1-7-1)
conditions. Sb shall be calculated by Eq. (5) below.
1-7(b)(3) Evaluation of combined stresses from
internal pressure and external loads shall be made in
accordance with U-2(g).
Sm p P R(Rn + tn + Rmt) + Rn(t + te + Rnmtn)
As (1)

1-7(b)(4) For membrane stress calculations, use


the limits defined in Fig. 1-7-1, and comply with the
strength of reinforcement requirements of UG-41. For
bending stress calculation, the greater of the limits
defined in Fig. 1-7-1 or Fig. 1-7-2 may be used. The Case B (See Fig. 1-7-1)


strength reduction ratio requirements of UG-41 need
R(Rn + tn + Rmt) + Rn(t + Rnmtn)
not be applied, provided that the allowable stress ratio Sm p P (2)
As
of the material in the nozzle neck, nozzle forging,

322
1-7 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-7

FIG. 1-7-2

Cases A and B (See Fig. 1-7-1 or Fig. 1-7-2) Ip moment of inertia of the larger of the shaded
areas in Fig. 1-7-1 or Fig. 1-7-2 about neutral

6 + R R e P
R3n axis, in.4 (mm4)
Mp n (3)**
ap distance between neutral axis of the shaded area
in Fig. 1-7-1 or Fig. 1-7-2 and the inside of
vessel wall, in. (mm)
a p e +t / 2 (4)
Rmp mean radius of shell, in. (mm)
Rnmp mean radius of nozzle neck, in. (mm)
Ma ep distance between neutral axis of the shaded area
Sb p (5)**
I and midwall of the shell, in. (mm)
Smp membrane stress calculated by Eq. (1) or (2),
psi (kPa)
1-7(b)(5) Nomenclature. Symbols used in Figs.
Sbp bending stress at the intersection of inside of
1-7-1 and 1-7-2 are as defined in UG-37(a) and as
the nozzle neck and inside of the vessel shell
follows:
along the vessel shell longitudinal axis, psi (kPa)
Asp shaded (cross-hatched) area in Fig. 1-7-1, Case
Syp yield strength of the material at test temperature,
A or Case B, in.2 (mm2)
see Table Y-1 in Subpart 1 of Section II, Part
D, psi (kPa)
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result 1-7(c) It is recommended that special consideration
in SI units. be given to the fabrication details used and inspection

323
1-7 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-8

employed on large openings; reinforcement often may be Bp factor determined from the applicable material
advantageously obtained by use of heavier shell plate for a chart in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D for
vessel course or inserted locally around the opening; welds maximum design metal temperature, psi (kPa)
may be ground to concave contour and the inside corners of [see UG-20(c)]
the opening rounded to a generous radius to reduce stress DL p outside diameter of large end of conical section
concentrations. When radiographic examination of welds is under consideration, in. (mm)
not practicable, liquid penetrant examination may be used Do p outside diameter of cylindrical shell, in. (mm).
with nonmagnetic materials and either liquid penetrant or (In conical shell calculations, the value of Ds
magnetic particle inspection with ferromagnetic materials. and DL should be used in calculations in place
If magnetic particle inspection is employed, the prod method of Do depending on whether the small end Ds ,
is preferred. The degree to which such measures should be or large end DL , is being examined.)
used depends on the particular application and the severity Ds p outside diameter at small end of conical section
of the intended service. Appropriate proof testing may be under consideration, in. (mm)
advisable in extreme cases of large openings approaching E1 p efficiency of longitudinal joint in cylinder. For
full vessel diameter, openings of unusual shape, etc. compression (such as at small end of cone),
E1 p 1.0 for butt welds.
E2 p efficiency of longitudinal joint in cone. For com-
A02 1-8 RULES FOR REINFORCEMENT OF pression, E2 p 1.0 for butt welds.
CONE-TO-CYLINDER JUNCTION Ec p modulus of elasticity of cone material, psi (kPa)
UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Er p modulus of elasticity of stiffening ring material,
psi (kPa)
(a) The formulas of (b) and (c) below provide for
Es p modulus of elasticity of shell material, psi (kPa)
the design of reinforcement, if needed, at the cone-to-
Ex p Ec , Er , or Es
cylinder junctions for reducer sections and conical heads
where all the elements have a common axis and the NOTE: The modulus of elasticity shall be taken from the applicable
Table TM in Section II, Part D. When a material is not listed in
half-apex angle 60 deg. Subparagraph (e) below the TM tables, the requirements of U-2(g) shall be applied.
provides for special analysis in the design of cone-to-
cylinder intersections with or without reinforcing rings f1 p axial load at large end due to wind, dead load,
where is greater than 60 deg. etc., excluding pressure, lb / in. (kN/m)
In the design of reinforcement for a cone-to-cylinder f2 p axial load at small end due to wind, dead load,
juncture, the requirements of UG-41 shall be met. etc., excluding pressure, lb / in. (kN/m)
The nomenclature given below is used in the formulas Ip available moment of inertia of the stiffening
of the following subparagraphs: ring cross section about its neutral axis parallel
Ap factor determined from Fig. G and used to enter to the axis of the shell, in.4 (mm4)
the applicable material chart in Subpart 3 of I p available moment of inertia of combined shell-
Section II, Part D cone or ring-shell-cone cross section about its
AeL p effective area of reinforcement at large end in- neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell, in.4
tersection, in.2 (mm2) (mm4). The nominal shell thickness ts shall be
Aes p effective area of reinforcement at small end in- used, and the width of the shell which is taken
tersection, in.2 (mm2) as contributing to the moment of inertia of the
ArL p required area of reinforcement at large end of combined section shall not be greater than 1.10
cone, in.2 (mm2) Dts and shall be taken as lying one-half on
Ars p required area of reinforcement at small end of each side of the cone-to-cylinder junction or of
cone, in.2 (mm2) the centroid of the ring. Portions of the shell
As p cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq in. plate shall not be considered as contributing
(mm2) area to more than one stiffening ring.
AT p equivalent area of cylinder, cone, and stiffening CAUTIONARY NOTE: Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral
ring, sq in. (mm2), where buckling. This should be considered in addition to the requirements
for Is and I s [see U-2(g)].
LL ts Lc tc
ATL p + + As for large end Is p required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring
2 2
cross section about its neutral axis parallel to
Ls ts Lc tc the axis of the shell, in.4 (mm4)
ATS p + + As for small end
2 2 I s p required moment of inertia of the combined

324
1-8 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-8

shell-cone or ring-shell-cone cross section about TABLE 1-8.1


its neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell, VALUES OF FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE
in.4 (mm4) CYLINDER FOR 60 deg.
P/SsE1 0 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02
If the stiffeners should be so located that the maximum , deg. 0 5 7 10 15
permissible effective shell sections overlap on either P/SsE1 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.125 0.15
or both sides of a stiffener, the effective shell section , deg. 21 29 33 37 40
for that stiffener shall be shortened by one-half of each
overlap. P/SsE1 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Note (1)
kp 1 when additional area of reinforcement is not , deg. 47 52 57 60
required NOTE:
p y /Sr Er when a stiffening ring is required, but k (1) p 60 deg. for greater values of P/SE.
is not less than 1.0
Lp axial length of cone, in. (mm)
Lc p length of cone between stiffening rings mea-
sured along surface of cone, in. (mm). For cones tc p nominal thickness of cone at cone-to-cylinder
without intermediate stiffeners, junction, in. (mm)
tr p minimum required thickness of cone at cone-
Lc p L2 + (RL Rs )2 to-cylinder junction, in. (mm)
ts p nominal thickness of cylinder at cone-to-cylin-
der junction, in. (mm)
LL p design length of a vessel section, in. (mm), taken y p cone-to-cylinder factor
as the largest of the following: p Ss Es for stiffening ring on shell
(1) the center-to-center distance between p Sc Ec for stiffening ring on cone
the cone-to-large-shell junction and an adjacent p one-half the included (apex) angle of the cone
stiffening ring on the large shell; at the center line of the head
(2) the distance between the cone-to-large- p value to indicate need for reinforcement at cone-
shell junction and one-third the depth of head to-cylinder intersection having a half-apex
on the other end of the large shell if no other angle 60 deg. When , no reinforcement
stiffening rings are used. is required at the junction (see Table 1-8.1).
Ls p design length of a vessel section, in. (mm), taken
(b) Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction
as the largest of the following:
of the cone with the large cylinder for conical heads
(1) the center-to-center distance between
and reducers without knuckles when the value of
the cone-to-small-shell junction and adjacent
obtained from Table 1-8.1 using the appropriate ratio
stiffening ring on the small shell;
P /Ss E1 is less than . Interpolation may be made in
(2) the distance between the cone-to-small-
the Table.
shell junction and one-third the depth of head
The required area of reinforcement shall be at least
on the other end of the small shell if no other
equal to that indicated by the following formula when
stiffening rings are used.
QL is in compression:
Pp external design pressure, psi (kPa)
QL p algebraical sum of PRL /2 and f1 , lb /in. (kN /m)

kQL RL tan PRL QL
Qs p algebraical sum of PRs /2 and f2 , lb /in. (kN /m) ArL p
Ss E1
1 14
QL
(1)**
RL p outside radius of large cylinder, in. (mm)
Rs p outside radius of small cylinder, in. (mm)
At the large end of the cone-to-cylinder juncture,
Sc p allowable stress of cone material at design tem-
the PRL /2 term is in compression. When f1 is in tension
perature, psi (kPa)
and the quantity is larger than the PRL /2 term, the
Sr p allowable stress of stiffening ring material at
design shall be in accordance with U-2(g). The calcu-
design temperature, psi (kPa)
lated localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not
Ss p allowable stress of cylinder material at design
exceed the stress values specified in 1-5(g)(1) and (2).
temperature, psi (kPa)
tp minimum required thickness of cylinder at
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
cone-to-cylinder junction [see UG-28(c)], in. necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result
(mm) in SI units.

325
1-8 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-8

The effective area of reinforcement can be determined temperature line for the design temperature, the design
in accordance with the following formula: shall be either per U-2(g) or by changing the cone or
cylinder configuration, stiffening ring location on the
AeL p 0.55 DL ts (ts + tc /cos ) (2) shell, and /or reducing the axial compressive force to
reduce the B value to below or at the material/tempera-
Any additional area of stiffening which is required ture line for the design temperature. For values of B
having multiple values of A, such as when B falls on
shall be situated within a distance of RL ts from the
a horizontal portion of the curve, the smallest value
junction of the reducer and the cylinder. The centroid
of A shall be used.
of the added area shall be within a distance of 0.25
Step 6. Compute the value of the required moment
RL ts from the junction. of inertia from the formulas for Is or Is. For the
When the cone-to-cylinder or knuckle-to-cylinder circumferential stiffening ring only,
juncture is a line of support, the moment of inertia
for a stiffening ring at the large end shall be determined ADL2 ATL
by the following procedure. Is p
14.0
Step 1. Assuming that the shell has been designed
and DL , LL , and t are known, select a member to be For the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone section,
used for the stiffening ring and determine cross-sectional
area ATL . Then calculate factor B using the following
ADL2 ATL
formula. If FL is a negative number, the design shall I s p
10.9
be in accordance with U-2(g):
Step 7. Determine the available moment of inertia
A
FL DL
B p 34 ** of the ring only I or the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone I .
TL
Step 8. When the ring only is used,
where
I Is

FL p PM + f1 tan ** and when the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone is used,

RL tan LL RL2 Rs2 I I s


Mp + + **
2 2 3RL tan
If the equation is not satisfied, a new section with
Step 2. Enter the right-hand side of the applicable a larger moment of inertia must be selected, and the
material chart in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D for calculation shall be done again until the equation is
the material under consideration at the value of B met.
determined by Step 1. If different materials are used
for the shell and stiffening ring, use the material chart The requirements of UG-29(b), (c), (d), (e), and (f )
resulting in the larger value of A in Step 4 below. and UG-30 are to be met in attaching stiffening rings
Step 3. Move horizontally to the left to the to the shell.
material / temperature line for the design metal tempera- (c) Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction
ture. For values of B falling below the left end of the of the conical shell of a reducer without a flare and
material / temperature line, see Step 5 below. the small cylinder. The required area of reinforcement
Step 4. Move vertically to the bottom of the chart shall be at least equal to that indicated by the following
and read the value of A. formula when Qs is in compression:
Step 5. For value of B falling below the left end
of the material / temperature line for the design tempera- kQs Rs tan
Ars p (3)**
ture, the value of A can be calculated using the formula Ss E 1
A p 2B / Ex . For value of B above the material /
At the small end of the cone-to-cylinder juncture,
the PRs /2 term is in compression. When f2 is in tension
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result and the quantity is larger than the PRs /2 term, the
in SI units. design shall be in accordance with U-2(g). The calcu-

326
1-8 APPENDIX 1 MANDATORY 1-8

lated localized stresses at the discontinuity shall not A p 2B / Ex . For value of B above the material /
exceed the stress values specified in 1-5(g)(1) and (2). temperature line for the design temperature, the design
The effective area of reinforcement can determined shall be either per U-2(g) or by changing the cone or
in accordance with the following formula: cylinder configuration, stiffening ring location on the
shell, and /or reducing the axial compressive force to
Aes p 0.55 Ds ts [(ts t) + (tc tr) /cos ] (4) reduce the B value to below or at the material /
temperature line for the design temperature. For values
Any additional area of stiffener which is required of B having multiple values of A, such as when B
falls on a horizontal portion of the curve, the smallest
shall be situated within a distance of Rs ts from the
value of A shall be used.
junction, and the centroid of the added area shall be
Step 6. Compute the value of the required moment
within a distance of 0.25 Rs ts from the junction. of inertia from the formulas for Is or I s .
When the cone-to-cylinder or knuckle-to-cylinder
juncture is a line of support, the moment of inertia For the circumferential stiffening ring only,
for a stiffening ring at the small end shall be determined
by the following procedure. ADs2 ATS
Is p
Step 1. Assuming that the shell has been designed 14.0
and Ds, Ls, and t are known, select a member to be
used for the stiffening ring and determine cross-sectional For the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone section,
area ATS. Then calculate factor B using the following
formula. If Fs is a negative number, the design shall ADs2 ATS
I s p
be in accordance with U-2(g): 10.9

A
Fs Ds Step 7. Determine the available moment of inertia
B p 3 4
TS of the ring only I or the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone
I .
where Step 8. When the ring only is used,

I Is
Fs p PN + f2 tan
and when the shell-cone or ring-shell-cone is used:
R tan Ls RL2 Rs2
Np s + + **
2 2 6Rs tan I I s

Step 2. Enter the right-hand side of theapplicable If the equation is not satisfied, a new section with
material chart in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D for a larger moment of inertia must be selected, and the
the material under consideration at the value of B calculation shall be done again until the equation is met.
determined by Step 1. If different materials are used
for the shell and stiffening ring, use the material chart The requirements of UG-29(b), (c), (d), (e), and (f )
resulting in the larger value of A in Step 4 below. and UG-30 are to be met in attaching stiffening rings
Step 3. Move horizontally to the left to the to the shell.
material / temperature line for the design metal tempera- (d) Reducers not described in UG-36(e)(5), such as
ture. For values of B falling below the left end of the those made up of two or more conical frustums having
material / temperature line, see Step 5 below. different slopes, may be designed in accordance with (e).
Step 4. Move vertically to the bottom of the chart (e) When the half-apex angle is greater than 60 A02
and read the value of A. deg. (1.1 rad), cone-to-cylinder junctions without a
Step 5. For values of B falling below the left end knuckle may be used, with or without reinforcing rings,
of the material / temperature line for the design tempera- if the design is based on special analysis, such as
ture, the value of A can be calculated using the formula the beam-on-elastic-foundation analysis of Timoshenko,
Hetenyi, or Watts and Lang. See U-2(g). The effect
of shell and cone buckling on the required area and
** For some of the terms of the above equation(s), it may be
necessary to convert millimeters to meters to obtain a rational result moment of inertia at the joint is to be taken into
in SI units. consideration in the analysis. When such an analysis

327
1-8 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 1-8

is made, the calculated localized stresses at the disconti-


nuity shall not exceed the following values.
A02 (1) (Membrane hoop stress) + (average discontinu-
ity hoop stress) shall not be greater than 1.5S.
A02 (2) (Membrane longitudinal stress) + (discontinuity
longitudinal stress due to bending) shall not be greater
than SPS [see UG-23(e)], where the average discontinu-
ity hoop stress is the average hoop stress across the
wall thickness due to the discontinuity at the junction,
disregarding the effect of Poissons ratio times the
longitudinal stress at the surfaces.

328

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