Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ajanta Sachan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering
IIT Gandhinagar
Shoring
Foundations
1
You pay for soil
investigation whether you
carry out or not.
Infact you eventually pay
more without a soil
investigation.
2
Terzaghi says:
(Father of Soil Mechanics)
Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963)
construction site
3
Purpose of Soil Testing?
Can the soils Support the structure?
Wh
What is the
h impact off Excavation
E or
Filling?
Are the earth and rock Slopes stable?
What type of Foundation is best suited
for the structure?
How will the site respond to
an Earthquake? ground
Is the site Contaminated?
Determine potential problems
and Avoid surprises!!
4
Grain Size Distribution
hydrometer
stack of sieves
sieve shaker
soil/water suspension
0.212 52.55
0.15 43.24
40 0.075 24.30
0.06267 17.09
0.04567 14.18
0.03277 12.73
20 0.02121 10.31
0.01513 9.34
0.01247 8.37
0.00889 7.40
0.00631 6.92
0 0.00450 5.95
0.00320 5.46
1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.00228 4.49
ParticleSize(mm) 0.00133 3.52
5
Soil Groups
Cohesive
C h i Granular
G l soils
il or
soils Cohesion less soils
Subangular Angular
6
Plasticity Index (PI)
Range
g of water content over which the soil
remains plastic
water content
0 Shrinkage Plastic Liquid
limit limit limit
plastic
Classifying Fines
Purely
y based on LL and PI
Intermediate plasticity
60 Low High
plasticity plasticity
Clays
40
uid
Limiit
Liqu
20 Silts
0
0 20 35 50 100
Liquid
Limit
7
GDS & Soil classification
Soil classification:
Coarse grained soil - GSD
Fine ggrained soil -Atterberg
g limits ((PI-LL chart))
Soil Sampling
Disturbed Samples: Natural soil structure is modified or
destroyed during sampling
Representative Samples:
Natural water content and mineral constituents of particular soil
layer are preserved
Good for soil identification and water content
Non-representative Samples:
Water content altered and soil layers mixed up
Of no use.
Undisturbed Samples: Soil structure and the other
mineral properties are preserved to an extent.
Some disturbance is always there, e.g. due to stress release.
However it should be minimized in order to have suitable
sample for our analysis.
8
Standard Split Spoon Samplers
Shelby Tube
(Thin-wall) Sampler
9
Sealing of
Sampling Tube
10
Compaction Test: Proctor Test
- to obtain the compaction curve and define the optimum water content
and maximum dry density for a specific compactive effort.
3 layers 5 layers
Representative
Disturbed soil
1000 ml compaction mould samples are used to
perform these tests.
Compaction Curve
y (d)
Dry density
- low permeability
d, max
Representative
Representative
Disturbed soil
samples are used to
perform these tests.
optimum
water content Water content
11
d Compaction
specifications
Compare!
d,field = ?
w
wfield = ?
compacted ground
23
Dynamic Properties
(i) Cyclic Triaxial test
(ii) Cyclic Simple Shear test
(iii) Resonant Column test
(iv) Bender Element test
Undisturbed soil samples are used to perform these tests.
12
Consolidation Test: Oedometer Test
100kPaverticalstress
9.82 0.40
9.8
9.78
0.35
DialGaugeReading (mm)
9.76
VoidRatio,e
9.74
9.72 0.30
9.7
9.68
9.66
0.25
9.64
9.62
0.20
9.6
0.1 1 10
0 10 20 30 40
Square Root of Time LogEffectiveStressinkg/cm2
Parameters: Cv Parameters: Cc , Cr , pc
13
Shear failure
Soils g
generally
y fail in shear
embankment
27
14
Direct Shear Test
(Recommended for Cohesionless soils)
1.6
c= 0
Shearstre ss(kg/cm2 )
1.2 = 43deg
08
0.8
0.4
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Normalstress(kg/cm2 )
15
Unconfined Compression Test (UC test)
(Recommended for Cohesive soils)
250
c= 133 kPa
150 Test1
Test2
Test3
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Axial Strain (%)
16
Triaxial Testing Setup
Soilspecimen
Triaxial test measures shear
strength parameters of soil
shear strength properties:
cohesion,
h i friction
f i ti anglel
Triaxialsetup
Triaxial UU test
Triaxial 3 d q p
UUtest ( )
(kPa) ( )
(kPa) ( )
(kPa) ( )
(kPa)
Test1 100 390.9 195.45 295.45
c= 88kPa
Test2 200 488.6 244.3 444.3
= 22deg
Test3 300 631.6 315.8 615.8
400
sin()=tan()
300
c=a/cos()
q(kPa)
200 q=(13)/2
p=(1 +3 )/2
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
p(kPa)
17
Soil Properties
Cohesion (c)
Modulus G = .V
Shear Modulus, VS2
Shear wave velocity = VS (m/sec)
Mass density = /g) (Kg/m3)
Unit weight of soil = (KN/m3)
Acceleration of gravity = g (m/sec2)
18
Dynamic properties of soil
High
g Strain Amplitude
p test
Cyclic Triaxial Test
19
Cyclic Triaxial Test (High strain amplitude test)
Dynamic
properties of
soil using Cyclic
Triaxial system:
1. Shear
Modulus (G)
2. Damping
p g
ratio (D)
20
Cyclic Simple Shear Test (High strain amplitude test)
Digitally controlled Electro-
mechanical actuators are used
to apply the stress or strain
controlled loading
ShearStress ShearStrain
ShearModulus G Damping D
21
Resonant Column Test
(Low strain amplitude test)
22
Resonant Column Test:
Determination of Shear Modulus of soil (G)
(t ) C eit
Resonant freq. f1
Acc.
+
Sample Geometry
+
f End restraint
f +
Wave equation (torsion)
2
2 f
G0 vs2 2H 1
FT
D = 1/21
23
Bender Element Test (Low strain amplitude test)
Bender Elements
(made by Piezoelectric material)
Two Piezoelectric bender elements are placed opposite one another and
inserted a small distance into a soil sample. One bender element work as
source and other as receiver.
The voltage in one element is varied creating shear waves through the
sample, which are received by the opposite element. The input voltage,
(created using a function generator) and the received signal are recorded
continuously
i l using
i an oscilloscope,
ill allowing
ll i the h travell time
i off the
h shear
h
waves to be measured from which the dynamic elastic shear modulus (G)
can be determined.
24
Thank You
25