Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Seminar
Riga
Juli 2006
Overview
Fk = i F
Fk characteristic value
of crane action
i dynamic factor
F static component
of a crane action
Accidental actions
collision with buffers (buffer forces)
collsion of lifting attachments with obstacles (tilting forces)
Load arrangements
Vertical loads from overhead travelling cranes
Load arrangements
Vertical loads from overhead travelling cranes
e = br/4
Load arrangements
Horizontal loads from overhead travelling cranes
caused by
acceleration or deceleration of the crane in relation to its movement along the
runway beam
acceleration or deceleration of the crab or underslung trolley in relation to ist
movement across the crane bridge
skewing of the crane in relation to ist movement along the runway beam
Buffer forces related to
crane movement
movement of the crab or underslug trolley
Only one of the five types of horizontal load should be included in the same
group of simultaneous crane load components
Load arrangements
with
HL,i longitudinal horizontal wheel forces
HT,i transverse horizontal wheel forces
Load arrangements
with
HS,i,j,k longitudinal and transverse horizontal wheel forces
S guide force
H = K 1
L,i 5 nr (2.2)
Qr,max
1 =
Qr
>2 = 1 - >1;
Qr = Qr,max + Qrmax;
Qr,max see Figure 2.1;
Qrmax see Figure 2.1;
a is the spacing of the guide roller or the wheel flanges;
M = K s ;
s = ( >1 - 0,5) ;
is the span length of the crane bridge;
5 is the dynamic factor, see Table 2.6;
K is the drive force, see 2.7.3.
where
: the friction factor, see (3);
for single wheel drive:
Q*r,min = mw Qr,min
mw = number of single wheel drives;
for central wheel drive:
Q*r,min = Qr,min + Qrmin
where
0,3
f = 0,3(1-exp(-250)
non-positive factor
= F + V + o 0,015 rad
skewing angle
Sj
Temperature effects
Action effects on runways due to temperature variations shall be taken into account where
necessary. Non-uniform distributed temperature need not to be considered.
after coordination with Part 1.7 Thermal actions of EN 1991 these clauses will be
substituted by a reference to Part 1.7
Horizontal loads
Test loads
When tests are performed after erection of the cranes on the supporting structures,the
supporting structure should be checked against the test loading conditions.
If relevant, the crane supporting structure should be designed for these test loads.
The hoist test load shall be amplified by a dynamic factor 6.
Accidental actions
Buffer forces HB,1 related to crane movement
- forces on the crane supporting structure arising from collision with the buffers shall be
calculated from the kinetic energy of all relevant parts of the crane moving at 0,7 to 1,0
times the nominal speed
- buffer forces (including dynamic effects):
HB,1 = 7 1 m c S B (2.15)
where:
7 see Table 2.10;
1 70 % of the long travel velocity [m/s];
mc mass of the crane and the hoist load [kg];
SB spring constant of the buffer [kN/m].
Accidental actions
Buffer forces
Accidental actions
Buffer forces HB,2 related to movement of the crab
- provided that the payload is free to swing:
10% of the sum of the hoist load and the weight of the crab
- other cases:
buffer force should be determined as for crane movement
Tilting forces
- If a crane with horizontally restrained loads can tilt when its load or lifting
attachment collides with an obstacle, the resulting static forces shall be considered.
Fatigue loads
If a crane with horizontally restrained loads can tilt when its load or lifting
attachment collides with an obstacle, the resulting static forces shall be considered
normal service condition of the crane:
- fatigue damage equivalent loads Qe
- constant for all crane positions
The fatigue damage equivalent load Qe includes:
- the effects of the stress histories arising from the specified service conditions
- ratio of the absolute number of load cycles during the expected design life of the structure
to the reference value N = 2,0106 cycles
Fatigue loads
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Fatigue loads
Specification of fatigue loads:
Fatigue loads
i-loads according to the classification of cranes
Fatigue loads
Damage equivalent dynamic impact factor fat for normal conditions
1 + 1
fat,1 =
2
(2.19)
1+ 2
fat,2 =
2
Variable actions
- dynamic actions caused by accelerated masses
Accidental actions
- accidental magnification of the eccentricity of masses
- short circuit or missynchonisation between generators and machines
- impact effects from pipes by shutting down
Design situations
relevant actions shall be determined for each design situation identified in accordance with
EN 1990
Representation of actions
Distinction between static and dynamic action effects
Representation of actions
Modelling of dynamic actions
- machines with only rotating parts:
periodically changing forces
(sinoidal function)
Characteristic values
Available from the machine manufacturer:
- complete survey of the static and dynamic forces for the various design situations
- all other machine data such
(outline drawings, weights of static and moving parts, speeds, balancing etc.)
where:
Fs free force of the rotor
mR mass of the rotor
s circular frequency of the rotor
e eccentricity of the rotor mass
s e accuracy of balancing of the rotor, expressed as a velocity amplitude.
Characteristic values
Persistent situation
- machine is well balanced
- balance of the machine decreases to a certain limit
no vibration hindrance may occur to the structure
the surroundings and the requirements concerning the vibration level must be fulfilled
Accidental situation
- balance is completely disturbed by an accidental event
structure must be strong enough to withstand the dynamic forces
Characteristic values
Static equivalent force (for simple cases):
where:
Fs free force of the rotor
< magnification factor which depends on the ratio of the natural frequency ne (or e)
of the structure to the frequency of the exciting force ns (or s) and the damping ratio D
Characteristic values
Time history of the short circuit moment Mk(t)
(if not indicated by the manufacturer)
t 1
t
t
For natural frequencies in the range 0,95N to 1,05N the cumulative frequencies of the
electric net should be identical with these natural frequencies
Characteristic values
As a simplification, an equivalent static action may be considered for determine moments
as below:
where
Mk,max peak value of Mk(t)
In case no indication on Mk,max is given from the manufacturer the following value may be
used:
Mk,max = 12 Mo (3.7)
Serviceability criteria
Serviceability criteria are related to vibration movements of:
a) the axis of the machine and its bearings
b) extreme points of the structure and the machinery
In calculating the amplitudes of the system, the translational vibrations as well as the
rotational vibrations caused by the dynamic forces and moments shall be taken into account
and also the spread in the stiffness properties of the foundation and the supporting medium
(soil, piles).
Feq (3.8)
A=
k
where:
k spring constant of the system.
- For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions should be
determined by combining the values of actions which occur simultaneously in accordance
with EN 1990
- Where an accidental action is to be considered no other accidental action nor wind nor
snow action need to be considered to occur simultaneously
G,sup
G,inf
- the favourable and unfavourable parts of variable crane actions should be considered as
individual actions
- unless otherwise specified the unfavourable and favourable parts should be associated
with Gsup =1,05 and Ginf = 0,95, respectively
- For verification of serviceability limit states the various combinations should be taken from
EN 1990
- When tests are performed, the test loading of the crane, see 2.10, should be considered
as the crane action
- partial factor on actions on crane supporting structures should be taken as 1,0
unless otherwise specified
- The verification rules for fatigue depend on the fatigue load model to be used and are
specified in the design Eurocodes.