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Presented by:
Moh. Zaenal Efendi
PENS Surabaya Indonesia
power electronics-zen17
Definition:
Converting the unregulated DC input
to a controlled DC output with a desired voltage
level
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by ZEN PENS 1
General block diagram:
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by ZEN PENS 2
Switch mode power supply (SMPS)
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by ZEN PENS 3
Applications of dc-dc converters
DC motor control
,
DC motor control,battery chargers
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DC motor control
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by ZEN PENS 4
Applications of dc-dc converters
Battery chargers
Dc-dc converter
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Soft-switching Converter:
Resonant Converter
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by ZEN PENS 5
Linear regulator
Until about two or three decades ago, the linear
regulators were the only reliable methods to meet
all dc requirements.
Some of the major problems associated with the
linear regulator is its size and weight of its
components such as the transformer.
The voltage regulator element in these circuits has a
comparatively high voltage across its terminals and
dissipates large amounts of power, which results in
low efficiency.
For this very reason, the use of linear regulators is
now limited to low power applications.
power electronics-zen17
Linear regulator
Transistor is operated
in linear (active) mode.
By adjusting the transistor
base current, the output
voltage can be controlled
over range of 0 to Vs
Output voltage:
Vo I L R L Model of linear regulator
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by ZEN PENS 6
The transistor can
be conveniently
modeled by an
equivalent variable
resistor,as shown in
Fig1.
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Switching Regulator
As the power semiconductor devices became more reliable
and efficient in their operation, the switched mode power
supplies came into existence.
In the design of these power supplies, the semiconductor
devices are either switched on or switched off.
Due to the low voltage drop across the semiconductor device
when it is on, its power consumption is low.
For this reason, the switched mode power supplies are highly
efficient.
Since the switching action, which simply means to turn a
power semiconductor device either on or off, is usually done
at high frequencies, the relative size and weight of the
components needed for its design is comparatively small.
power electronics-zen17
by ZEN PENS 7
Switching Regulator
( CHOPPER )
The transistor operates as
electronic switch (operated in
cutoff or saturation mode)
Periodic opening and closing of
the switch results in the pulse. Model of linear regulator
Equivalent circuit
power electronics-zen17
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by ZEN PENS 8
Buck (step-down) converter
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by ZEN PENS 9
Rearranging,
diL V s Vo Vs-Vo
dt L
Since the derivative of iL
is a positive constant,
the current increases
linearly.
By modifying the preceding
equation, the change
in current while
switch closed is:
di L i L i L Vs Vo
dt t DT L
V Vo
( i L ) closed s .DT power electronics-zen17
L
by ZEN PENS 10
Analysis for switch opened
Rearranging,
di L Vo
dt L
Steady-state operation
Unstable current
Decaying current
Steady-state current
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by ZEN PENS 11
Steady-state operation requires that iL at the
end of the switching cycle is the same as that at
the beginning of the next cycle, meaning the
change of iL over one period is zero:
(i L ) closed (i L ) opened 0
Vs Vo V
.DT o .(1 D )T 0
L L
Vo DVs
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by ZEN PENS 12
Maximum current:
i L V 1 V
I max I L o o 1 D )T
2 R 2 L
1 (1 D )
I max Vo
R 2 Lf
Minimum current:
iL 1 (1 D )
I min I L V o
2 R 2 Lf
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by ZEN PENS 13
From previous analysis,
iL 1 (1 D)
I min I L Vo
2 R 2Lf
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by ZEN PENS 14
iC
1
Q iL
2
t
1
T
2
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by ZEN PENS 15
Calculate C for ripple factor requirement.
Capacitor ratings:
- Must withstand peak output voltage
- Must carry required RMS current .
RMS current for triangular is Ip/3, where Ip is
the peak capacitor current given by iL/2
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by ZEN PENS 16
Boost (step-up ) converter
It is called a boost converter because
the output voltage is larger than the input
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by ZEN PENS 17
The inductor voltage is:
diL di V
VL Vs L or L s
dt dt L
The change in inductor current is:
i L i L Vs
t DT L
power electronics-zen17
Vs C RL Vo
S
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by ZEN PENS 18
The inductor voltage is:
di L
VL Vs Vo L
dt
di L Vs Vo
dt L
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Steadystate operation
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by ZEN PENS 19
Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current
i L Vs V DT
I min I L s
2 (1 D) 2 R 2L
by ZEN PENS 20
Capacitor filter value
Vs
Ripple factor:
Vo DT Vo D
Vo
RC RCf
Vo D
r
Vo RCf
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by ZEN PENS 21
For non ideal condition:
1 V 1
L (Vo V f Vs min ) s min
f V V i
o f L
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Buck-Boost Converter
It is called a buck-boost converter because
the output voltage can be either higher or lower
than the input voltage
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by ZEN PENS 22
Buck-Boost analysis: switch closed
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by ZEN PENS 23
Buck-Boost analysis :switch opened
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by ZEN PENS 24
Steadystate operation
(iL ) closed (iL ) opened 0
Vs DT Vo (1 D )T
0
L L
D
Vo Vs
1 D
Note : Output of buck boost converter either be
higher or lower than the source voltage
if D > 0.5, output voltage is higher
if D < 0.5, output voltage is lower
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NOTE:
The output voltage has opposite polarity from
the source voltage
The buck-boost is called as an indirect
converter, because the source is never
connected directly to the load and energy is
stored in the inductor when the switch is
closed and transfered to the load when switch
is open
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by ZEN PENS 25
Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current
Assuming no power loss in converter
Input power = Output power
2
Vo
Vs I s
R
Average source current is related to inductor current as:
Is IL D
2
V
Vs I L D o
R
2
V P Vs D
I L ( avg ) o o
Vs RD Vs D R 1 D 2
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by ZEN PENS 26
Capacitor filter value
Vs
Ripple factor:
Vo DT Vo D
Vo
RC RCf
Vo D
r
Vo RCf
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by ZEN PENS 27
For non ideal condition:
1 Vs (min) 1
L (Vo V f )
f Vs (min) Vo V f iL
iL 10% 40% I L ( avg )
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by ZEN PENS 28