Mathematical Principle about the Mass Change of Moving Object along with the Velocity

Yiyuan Wang Keywords: Relativistic mass, Phase mass, Dimensionless number W,

The mass and energy field, Quaternion form of time and spatial
North China Electric Power University
relationships, Evolution Model of particles and antiparticles, Mass

2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan Town, Changping District, Beijing, model of elementary particles.

China
PACS 02.90.+p 03.50.Kk 02.10.Yn

Abstract: British physicist Paul Dirac, using Albert Einstein's special

Introduction
theory of relativity, and Erwin Schrodinger's theory, clever reasoning

obtained the behavior of electrons and positrons, and predicted Since the famous physicist Albert Einstein created the special

antiparticles presence. In the standard model Higgs field at the theory of relativity, the theory of the famous French physicist Louis

center of the thought lies in: even if is in a state of lowest energy, de Broglie, using the special theory of relativity and the German

space is not empty. Through particle in the space will be more or physicist Max Planck's theory, the creation of the material wave

less with the Higgs field, the effect to make particles in motion theory, followed by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrdinger, based on

produced a "sticky" characteristics, namely mass, as a result of the the wave theory of matter, wave mechanics was established, then

Higgs field is not carrying a net electric charge or colors, photon and the British physicist Paul Dirac, combined with special relativity and

gluons don't interact with it, so there is still no mass, for the mass of the Schrodinger equation , built can describe the physical behavior

the neutrinos. Based on these use quaternion, matrix method and of fermions Dirac equation, accurately describe the behavior of

linear combination of relationship, combined with Albert Einstein's electrons and positrons, and predicted the existence of antimatter.

special theory of relativity, and Louis de Broglie's thought, it is

Later, the British physicist Peter Higgs and other theoretical
concluded that there are the three kinds of changes in the mass of
physicists proposed the Higgs mechanism, and predicted a spin-0
moving objects, the relativistic state, the phase state, the relativistic
boson: Higgs boson. A few years later, Gerald Guralnik, Carl Hagen,
state and phase state superimposed "superposition state", and
and Tom Kibble, will integrate these concepts become a more
through the use of de Broglie theory of phase harmony theorem
realistic theory, which is the predecessor of the standard model.
deduced the mass of moving object, regardless is in the relativity

state ,or in the phase state, the same wavelength of matter waves, Among the standard model, the Higgs field lead to

according to their different frequency propagation, their spontaneous symmetry breaking, and giving mass specification

momentum is equal, and predicted that the mass of a moving object, propagator and fermions, Higgs field is the Higgs field quantum

in the relativistic state and the phase state "superposition state" excitation, which is obtained by self-interaction mass It is

considered the source of the mass of elementary particles

the same wavelength of matter waves, according to a different
generated.
frequency propagation, momentum is equal, and research the

relationship between mass and energy of moving objects, obtained

In Einstein's time, the Austrian physicist Wolfgang E.Paul,
the evolution models of particles and anti-particles, and the mass
neutrinos mention hypothesis, then the United States physicist
model of elementary particles.
Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan, the use of decay product of
nuclear reactors produce antineutrinos, observed neutrino-induced In the special theory of relativity, Einstein's formula of first quality,

reaction. Later the Italy particle physicist Bruno Pontecorv, by power series expansion of the Taylor series, namely:

m1 m0 1 2 2 m0 1 2 4
proposed the concept of neutrino oscillations, until modern times,
1
1 3
2 8 , the second mass
Japan physicist Takaaki Kajita and Canada physicist Arthur
formula, or by power series expansion of the Taylor series, namely:
B.Mcdonald found the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations,

m1 m0 1 2 2 m0 1 2 4

3
3 15
suggesting that indicates that neutrinos is to have mass.
2 8 .

1, On the Relationship between Mass and Energy of the Three

Above first mass formula and second mass formula of expand
Formulas
type, first items are is m0 ,from second items began, to remaining

According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, a rest mass

all items, are not same , is ,

m0 of the object, if the object with velocity v c relative to an

m1 m2 m0 ,is , m1 m2 ,so fully

observer at constant velocity, and for simplicity, our observer is

describe obtained a conclusion, objects of mass has such of nature:
stationary, by the known results of relativistic mechanics, the
movement , objects of mass with speed will occurred different of
observer will measure the mass of the body as m1 ,
changes, that: movement, objects of mass with speed will occurred,

relativity changes and phase changes. In other words, objects

(1)
m0 1
1
m0 m0 m0 2 2
m1
1 2 1
1
v
2
2 2 moving, mass in gas, namely: object motion, mass in relativistic
1
c
state or phase state. So when motion mass would likely be in the

relativitic state and phase state "superposition", when this is motion,

In order to facilitate the discussion later, (1) is the expression of
a change in mass, then:
Einstein's special theory of relativity, then (1) is called in

Einstein's special theory of relativity mass called relativistic mass, (1) m1 m2 9

m3 m0 1 2 4
2 8 (3)
can be called the relativistic mass formula, in order to facilitate the

discussions, the (1) is called the first mass formula.

(3) it is called in the third mass, (3) is called the third mass

In the second article, I used two methods to derive a formula: formula. Physical meaning of the third mass formula is: relativistic

mass and phase mass, described the movements, changes in the

m0 1 2
3
m0 2 2
m2 mass and speed of an object, then the relativistic mass and phase
1
3
2 2

mass of linear superposition, also describes the movements,

(2) type can from de Broglie theory, proved is derived " phase changes in the mass and speed of an object.

wave group velocity equals the velocity of moving object" theorem,

Three mass formulas, when is,
by using of principle is derived out, so (2) type in the of , will
m1 m2 m3 m0 ,that represents the mass of the body when at
called de Broglie meaning phase mass, referred to phase mass, (2)
rest, rest mass is m0 . Using the Taylor series, the first mass formula
type can called phase mass formula, to convenient discussion, put (2)

type called second mass formula. and the second mass formula to expand, where 2 1 , obviously,
when value is small, the first mass formula and the second mass as a function of , then: dV c2 c2
,that: dV d ,
d
formula can be taken approximately separately:

d
d mc
V m0c 1 13 .
2
1 3 0 1 m0c
m1 m0 1 2 4 m2 m0 1 2 5
- 32
1 2
2 d d
1
3
2 h h 2 2 h

Similarly, the third mass formula approximate formula: The (13) on both sides at the same time multiplied by to

m1 m0 1 2 6 .
d
get: hc V m c 2 1 2 - 2 , you only need to prove that this left
3

d
0

In Einstein's special theory of relativity, the most important is

energy-related, then:
the concept of mass-energy relation: mass and energy are always
c c
associated with each other, namely: d d 2 d
V d V dV 1 1
hc hc hc h d Energy
d V2 d c2 d d
2
E1 m1c 2 m0 c 2 1 2 7 , E2 m2c 2 m0c 2 1 2 2 8
1 3

,

2 3
,that: m Energy m 1 2 2 .
2 0
c2

E3 m3c 2 m0c 2 1 2 4 9
9
8 .
The second method is to introduce velocity v* l .In Einstein's
t
Equation (7), (8), (9) called the first mass-energy equation, the
2
theory of relativity, t0 , l l 1 v , v l0 , and
second mass-energy equation and the third energy formula, t
t0
0
2 c
v
corresponds with the approximate relationship: 1
c

1
e1 m0c 2 1 2 m0c 2 m0v 2 10
1 the momentum ,located in line with the relativistic
m0 v
2 2 p
2
v
1
3 c
e2 m0c 2 1 2 m0c 2 m0v 2 11
3
2 2 ,
v2
2
v l0 1 2
l0 1
e3 m0c 1
2
2
m c
0
2
m0v 12 .
2 case, velocity is
v*
l

c
=
c ,relative to
t v
2 t 0
t0 1
2, The Second Mass Formula and Momentum Relations Discussion
c

the object itself, t l0 , then: v* v 1 v .

2

Second mass formula has been derived in two ways, the first 0
v 2
c
method is by De Broglie's theory is derived the second mass formula,
In the De Broglie theory, De Broglie proved " phase wave group
de Broglie was intended to prove that " phase wave group velocity
velocity equals the speed of moving object ", is the velocity of a
equals the velocity of moving object " is
moving body is energy transfer speeds, their introduction of velocity
given,

, h is the
v* , does not have a physical meaning, is obtained by the
, v and
2

1
Planck constant, is a frequency, m0c 1 2 2

h momentum m0 v , to reason out the

p m1v m2v*
2
v
1
c
relationship between relativistic mass m1 and phase mass m2 , It has long been recognized that because of the photon mass is

zero, so it has two perpendicular to the direction of momentum of

namely:
transverse polarization, and general mass of vector particle, there
t0
l0 l0 are three polarization direction, two of which are transverse
m1 v0 t0 l0 t 1 2 1
W *
m2 v l l t0 l0 1 t0 1 2
2 polarization, is polarized in the direction of the movement.
t

3 From the above physical model, to understand the p1 , p2 ,

Thereby derived: m2 m0 1 2 2 , W is a dimensionless

p3 ,then, p1 m0v is the momentum of the direction of motion.

number, it is a ratio between relativistic mass m1 and phase mass
One of the p2 3m0 v , is the direction of the movement of the
m2 , meaning it represents: relativistic mass m1 and phase mass
object of the momentum, the other two, and the direction of
m2 ,close to a degree of the rest mass m0 , That is W of closer to 1,
motion perpendicular. Two of the p3 2m0 v , both of which are

relativistic mass m1 and phase mass m2 , the more close to the perpendicular to the direction of movement of the object. It is very

rest mass m0 .When ,namely ,the dimensionless important to understand the p1 , p2 , p3 ,which is the birth of

number W 1m1 m2 m3 m0 ,therefore the dimensionless some of the important ideas, giving the inspiration.

W ,discussions on the back of the approximate calculation is very

important.
3, The Spatio-temporal Relationship between the Mass and Energy

In the special theory of relativity, when is very small, then Field

get the first mass-energy equation, relationship with the kinetic

Quaternions are Ireland mathematician Hamilton, invented the
energy Edyn : E E m c 2 m 1 2 2 m c 2 1 m v 2 ,that is,
1

dyn 1 0 0 0
2
0
mathematical concept, it is simple to Super-complex. Plurals are

when the value of very small, the first mass-energy equation formed by real with the imaginary unit i , i 2 1 , similarly,
quaternions, is made up of real numbers plus three imaginary units
approximation: e m c 2 1 m v 2 , m0 c 2 as a constant,
1 0 0
v is the
2
i, j, k ,and they have the following relationship:
velocity function of e1 , then de1
m0v , as p1 remember. Then,
dv . Each Quaternion is a linear combination of

when the value of very small, the second and third mass-energy 1, i, j, k , the Quaternion, generally expressed as a bi cj dk ,

equation can approximate formula: e m c 2 3 m v 2 , where a, b, c, d is a real number.

2 0 0
2

e3 m0c 2 m0v 2 , m0 c 2 as a constant, and are a function of For i, j, k , itself of geometry meaning, can understanding for a

velocity v ,then de2 3m0v , de3

2m0v , respectively, are
rotating, which, i rotating, said X axis and Y axis intersect surface
dv dv
in the, X axis are to, to Y axis are to of rotating, j rotating, said Z
recorded as p2 , p3 .
axis and X axis intersect surface in the, Z axis are to, to X axis are to

of rotating, k rotating, said Y axis and Z axis intersect surface in the,

Y axis are to, to Z axis are to of rotating i, j,k respectively W , the measure error of approximate calculation, so for

representative i, j, k rotating of reverse rotating. mass-energy field, the dimensionless number

W
1

1 u .
Discussed a relationship between the mass and energy, to 1 2 2 1 2 c

study the mass- energy field, now introducing Quaternion, but at

Whether it is the first mass formula, or the second to
this point the use of Quaternions, is no longer a simple Hamiltonian

1

Quaternions, but to promote a Quaternion, then the time-space third mass formula, which factors 1 2 2 is a very

relationship mass-energy field is set to: O o0 o1i o2 j o3 k , important part, it will be three mass formula, and three mass

i j k 1 . In Quaternions, the i, j, k understood as a kind of corresponding to the formula all transformation between

closely related. Therefore, in the mass-energy relation of time

rotation, in the mass-energy field of space and time relationship,

1
and space, mass factor 1 , in
i, j, k understood as a kind of transformation, 1 is called mass - 1 2 2 2

1
2

energy field conversion factor of space and time, remember as

which the u , W 2 . In special relativity, the first
.Type o0 , o1 , o2 , o3 as the product of mass factor and space c

velocity, to as mass factor, time and space transform velocity

mass-energy formula E1 m1c 2 m0 c 2 1 2
1
2 , derived

respectively for u0 , u1 , u2 , u3 , and u u12 u 22 u32 called part

1

E12 p 2c 2 m02c 4 , p m1v m0v 1 2 2 .In the mass-

O vector transformation relationship between time and space energy relation of time and space , E12 p 2c 2 m02c 4 ,

velocity model.
p m1v m0 v1 2 2 2 , , which is E12 p 2c 2 m02c 4
1
u
c
In the About the Mass Change of Moving Object along
open quadratic equal to E1 p 2 c 2 m02 c 4 and
with the Velocity article the second mass formula is derived,

1
, u .

E1 p 2 c 2 m02 c 4 , p m1v m0 v 1
2 2
the relationship between relativistic mass m1 and phase mass 2

m2 : W m1
1 , the dimensionless number says, is the
Mass factor by E1 obtain, therefore, mass factor
m2 1 2 m0 c 2

significance of the theory of between relativistic mass m1 and takes a positive sign or a negative sign, and is not the only

factor 1 2 2 .
1

phase mass m2 , close to a degree of the rest mass m0 , also

said that the third mass of m3 near the rest mass m0 , In the About the Mass Change of Moving Object along

because when the dimensionless number with the Velocity article, the second mass formula was derived,

1
, , m1 m2 m3 m0 . In using the the most important of which is m1v m2 v * m0 v 1 2

2 ,

third mass formula, Taylor series expansion approximation to the relationship among the summary and discussion, the use

calculate, when the dimensionless number W is close to 1, of the phase of DE Broglie harmonious theorem can be

the smaller the , the smaller the v , the smaller is the error derived, it said that the mass of the moving object, whether in

the theory of relativity, or is in the phase state, the

of the approximate calculation results. Dimensionless number

1
Normally, a dimensionless number W 1 , when
momentum is m0v 1 2 2 . DE Broglie proved, phase wave
1 2
group velocity equals the speed of moving object, that is, the
velocity v infinitely close to the speed of light, the
mass of the moving object, whether in the theory of relativity,
dimensionless number W tends to infinity. The
or phase, all in the same motion velocity v , so in a
dimensionless number W , the significance of relativistic
conclusion, the mass of the moving object, whether in the
mass m1 and phase mass m2 , infinitely far away from the

1
theory of relativity, or phase, the momentum is m0v 1 2 2 ,
rest mass m0 , the mass of the moving object with velocity
kinetic energy is E 1 m v 2 1
1
2 2 .
k 0
2 becomes infinite. When v c , the mass energy relations, the

conversion of mass into energy, and at this time only in the

The mass of the moving object in the theory of relativity
form of the energy of the mass times the speed of light

1
state or phase, momentum is m0v 1 2 2 , then just
squared, for kinetic energy is Ek 0 ,in other words, when

mentioned in the About the Mass Change of Moving Object

v c , the kinetic energy Ek disappeared due to the reason
along with the Velocity last " p1 m0 v is an object moves in
of mass into energy. So, related to the kinetic energy of
the direction of momentum, and p2 3m0 v one of them, is
p1 m0 v , with the loss of kinetic energy, can look at this
the object movement direction of the momentum." is
moment, only p2 3m0 v the rest of the two perpendicular to
consistent, then the " p2 3m0 v the rest of the two, and
the direction of motion, and p3 2m0 v , this would mean that
vertical direction, p3 2m0 v of the two, are perpendicular to
the theory of relativity of state and phase superposition
the movement direction of the object" is also true, because
"superposition", in this case, there is the value and
only p2 3m0 v of the remaining two, and vertical direction,
significance, then the third formula approximation of the mass:
to make the mass of the moving object, is in the phase state,
e3 m0c 2 m0v 2 , and can be used to solve many problems.

the kinetic energy is E 1 m v 2 1 2 2 , this also means that

1

k 0 But, when v c , whether it is dimensionless number W , is

2

p2 3m0 v of the remaining two perpendicular to the the first mass formula and the second mass formula, both the

denominator is zero, the relationship is known, the mass to

direction of motion, the kinetic energy of a moving object in
any formula related to the mass, will be meaningless.
the phase state, without any contribution, so p3 2m0 v is

perpendicular to the movement direction of the object, the Using quaternions mathematical concepts, in order to

system had no contribution, which makes the mass of the solve these problems, this article analyzes the difficulties of. In

moving object, in the theory of relativity of state and phase mass-energy field,

superposition "superposition", became the state is not O o0 o1 o2 o3 u0 u1i u2 j u3k is relationship

necessary to exist, but that these conditions are established: between time and space, in which i j k 1 . The

is very small, v is far less than the velocity of light.

nature of the quaternion, the related matrix, said:

o o i o1 o2i u0 u3 u1 u2 .
P 0 3
o1 o2i o0 o3i u1 u2 u0 u3
 Evolution of a physical system, the initial state and final The evolution of the system in the mass-energy field, this paper

state, it is obvious that in mass-energy field, for an object discusses, from the establishment of the three kinds of expression in

system evolution of the mass and energy, the initial state is the early state of m0 c 2 of fundamental particles, spatio-
m0 c 2 , O o0 o1 o2 o3 u0 u1i u2 j u3k the
temporal relationship O vector part between time and space
scalar part o0 relationship between time and space, said it is velocity is the speed of light, respectively is u1 u2 u3 c ,

the object's state at the beginning of m0 c 2 , in the process of

u
u u12 u22 u32 3c , 3 , in which spatio-temporal
c
transformation of time and space changes, so, in the mass -

energy field, in time and space transformation, relationship transform factor 1 , the dimensionless number

between time and space velocity u0 equals the velocity of
1 1 1 ,therefore ,
W 0.25 , the mass factor
1 1
2
2 2

light, therefore, the relationship between time and space is

the relationship between time and space is
O o0 o1 o2 o3 u0 u1i u2 j u3k c u1i u2 j u3k
1 1 1 1
,in which i j k 1 , is: O o0 o1 o2 o3 c u1i u2 j u3 k c ci cj ck ,
2 2 2 2

o o i o1 o2i u0 u3 u1 u2 c u3 u1 u2
P 0 3 i j k 1 , (m) m0 1 m0 , U u ,
o1 o2i o0 o3i u1 u2 u0 u3 u1 u2 c u3 2
.
u u12 u22 u32 3c , for the final state of the evolution of
So, for the final state of system evolution, using the third
1 1
Q (m)c 2 (m)U 2 m0c 2 m0 2 u m0c 2 .
2

formula approximation of the mass-energy, but not the 2 2

original e3 m0c 2 m0v 2 , it's about mass-energy formula of

Through on spatio-temporal relationship O and system

relationship between time and space in the field: evolution of eventually state Q of research told us, early state for

Q (m)c 2 (m)U 2 , among them, the dimensionless

m0 c 2 of has mass elementary particles, can from positive energy

number W 1 , 1 , u ,mass factor state m0 c 2 evolution for negative energy state m0 c 2 , then for
1
2
c
the reverse transformation, early state for m0 c 2 of elementary
1 , U u , u u12 u 22 u32
.
1
2
particles, spatio-temporal relationship O vector partial

transformation velocity respectively for the speed of light, that

In the field of mass and energy, three kinds of different
u
representations are established, which can give a reasonable u1 u2 u3 c , u u12 u22 u32 3c , so 3 , spatio-
c
explanation to some very important questions. The role and
temporal transform factor 1 , the dimensionless number
significance of these three different representations in the
1 1 1,
W 0.25 ,the mass factor
1 1
2
mass-energy field will be discussed in the following discussion. 2 2

therefore, the relationship between time and space is

4, Physical Theory Model: the Evolution Model of Particle and
1 1 1 1
Antiparticle, and the Mass Model of Elementary Particles O o0 o1 o2 o3 c u1i u2 j u3 k c ci cj ck ,
2 2 2 2

i j k 1 ,, (m) m0 1 m0 , U u ,
2
 system Q (m)c 2 (m)U 2 m0 c . Here the relation between
2
u u12 u22 u32 3c , the evolution of the final state of the

m0 c
2

system Q (m)c 2 (m)U 2 1 m c 2 1 m 2 u 2 m c 2 .

0 0 0
2 2 its corresponding matrix:

1 1 1 1
So, for mass-energy field of spatio-temporal relationship O 2 c 2 c 1 c c 1
1 1 2 2
c c 1
1 1
1 c c
and system evolution of eventually state Q , allowed to have the o0 o3i o1 o2i c u3 u1 u2 2 2 2 2
P
o1 o2i o0 o3i u1 u2 c u3 1 c 1 c 1 1
1 c c 1

2 2 2 2
mass of fundamental particles have positive energy and negative 1 1
1
1 1
2 c 2 c 1 c c

2 2
energy, has continuous of positive energy state, began m0 c 2
, the values det( P ) c 2 , m0 det(P) m0c 2 characterization is that

(equivalent to the dimensionless number W 1 , namely

each particle and antiparticle, whether positive energy fundamental

0, p 0 ), as a mirror reflection, has continuous of negative particles, or negative energy fundamental particles, which itself

energy state, began m0 c 2 (also in dimensionless number W 1, contains energy is m0 c 2 , then the particles and antiparticles

that 0, p 0 of conditions ), that is to say, there are a positive annihilate, m0 c 2 is twice times the energy generated by, rather than

energy m0 c 2 mass fundamental particles and a negative energy cancel each other out for 0. Therefore, evolutionary models of

m0 c 2 mass fundamental particles, mutual for particles and particles and antiparticles, dimensionless number W 0.25 , in the

antiparticles. This is obvious, spatio-temporal relationship O and mass-energy field, by the spatio-temporal relationship O , the

system evolution of eventually state Q , these two mathematical matrix P and the evolution of the final state of the system Q to

expressions, unlike Paul Dirac's theory, limited to electronics, but defined.

universal.
Because of mass factor and spatio-temporal covariance

Thus, in the mass-energy field, each evolution of particles and transform velocity u0 , u1 , u2 , u3 , implied in spatial and temporal

antiparticles, spatio-temporal relationship O vector partial transformation of mass-energy field, velocity vector of any objects

transformation velocity respectively for the speed of light, namely can't travel faster than the speed of light, but magnitude of

u velocity may be greater than the speed of light. In the mass-energy

u1 u2 u3 c , u u12 u22 u32 3c , 3 , spatio-
c
field, the velocitys magnitude of spatio-temporal relationship O
temporal transformation factor 1 , dimensionless number
vector part transform is u u12 u 22 u32 , so be associated with
1 1 1 , and
W 0.25 , mass factors
1 1
2
2 2
u , and spatio-temporal relationship O equivalent of form

spatio-temporal relationship:
O u c u i c u , which i 1 , is related to u
1 1 1 1
2 c 2 ci 2 cj 2 ck
O o0 o1 o2 o3 c u1i u2 j u3k and matrix P equivalent of form c u , so, the
1 1 1 1 Pu
c ci cj ck u c
2 2 2 2 ,
evolution model of particles and antiparticles, dimensionless
i j k 1 , (m) m0 1 m0 , U u ,
2
number W 0.25 , in the mass-energy field, also can by

u u12 u22 u32 3c , for the evolution of the final state of the
 1 1 Analysis m0 c 2 energy elementary particles and m0 c 2
2 c 2 3c 1
O u c u i c u
1 1
c 3c 1 , energy elementary particles, mass-energy fields, in relativistic state
2 2
and phase state, the use of O c u and c u
Pu
1 1 c
u
c 3c 1
u
1 2 2
3c 1
1
c u 2 c in connection with u , dimensionless number W 1 ,
Pu 2
c 1
2
u
1
c
1
3c 1
2 2
1 1 and

2 3c 1 c spatio-temporal transform factor 1 , u , mass factor
2 c

system evolution of eventually state Q to determine. 1 , U u . When u c , the dimensionless number

1
2

In the mass-energy field, for m0 c 2 energy elementary

W 0.5 , u 1 , mass factor 2 , U u 1c ,
c 2

1

particles , relativity mass m1 m0 1 2 2 2 , phase mass
2 2
O u c u c c 1 , so, O c , and

3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 u
m2 m0 1 2 , and corresponds to E1 m0c 2 1 2 ,

2 2
u 2 c c 1
3
E2 m0c 2 1 2 2

, so on E1 and E2 of approximate, c
Pu
2 2
u c 2 2 , the values
c 1 c
dimensionless number W 1 , is on E1 of approximate: 2 2
1
2

det Pu c 2 , therefore m0 det Pu m0c 2 . For relativity state and
1 3
e1 m0c 2 m0U 2 , on E2 of approximate: e2 m0c 2 m0U 2 ,in
2 2 1 1
m0 c 2 m0U 2 m0 c
2 2 2

e1
1 1
which spatio-temporal transform factor 1 , u , phase state, are: m0 c 2 m0U 2 m0 c 2 ,
c 2 2

U u , and on relativity state and phase state superimposed 3 1

m0 c 2 m0U 2 m0 c
2 2 2

e2
3 1
"superposition state" is: e3 m0c 2 m0U 2 . So, for m0 c 2 energy m0 c 2 m0U 2 m0 c 2 , And in mass-energy field,
2 2

1
relativity state and phase state superimposed "superposition state":
elementary particles, relativity mass m1 m0 1 2 2 2 , phase

e3 m0c 2 m0U 2 0 . So, in mass-energy field, the mass model of

3

mass m2 m0 1 2 2 2 , and corresponds to
elementary particles, dimensionless number W 0.5 , by the

1 3
2 2 2 2
E1 m0c 1
2 2 , E2 m0c 1 2 2 , so on E1 and E2
spatio-temporal relationship O u , the matrix Pu , e1 and e2 to

of approximate, dimensionless number W 1 , is on E1 of

1 determine.
2

approximate: e m c 2 1 m U 2 , on E2 of approximate:
1 0 0 Through on evolution model of particle-antiparticles and mass
2
model of elementary particles, mathematics relationship of
3
e2 m0c 2 m0U 2 , in which spatio-temporal transform factor
2
established, so, in mass-energy field, exists such a surface, this

1 , u , U u , and on relativity state and phase state surface in spatio-temporal is between positive energy sea and
c
negative energy sea, when energy value is m0 c 2 , in this surface, has
superimposed "superposition state" is: e3 m0c 2 m0U 2 .

counterclockwise of role makes energy trend counterclockwise for

 1 four polarization degree of freedom, characterized by an electron or
m0c 2 , has clockwise of role makes energy trend clockwise for
2
a positron, etc. This also showed that, photon in the positive
1
m0c 2 , this two species different role of cooperation with
2 energy sea or in the negative energy sea, no counterclockwise role

direction is a polarization freedom. Annihilate by the positive and and clockwise role, it is always the form of photon.

negative energies known, the formed system is unstable, so if there

5, Summary and Discussion
are two polarization degree of freedom, which makes it stable and

does not affect the system, the two polarization degree of freedom Louis Victor de Broglie thought that his truly great achievement is

perpendicular to the direction of cooperation. So, there is a such the phase harmonious theorem rather than two minimum principle

system, for m0 c 2 of energy, in counterclockwise role and clockwise of equivalence, harmonious theorem is of universal significance, it

role, formed stable of system, cooperation with direction vertical of applies not only to the classical approximation, but also the entire

two polarization freedom, in the positive energy sea, as a mirror wave mechanics, and contains all of the features.

reflection, for m0 c 2 of energy, in counterclockwise role and

The phase harmonious theorem: in association with the moving
clockwise role, formed stable of system, cooperation with direction
object, relative to the stationary observer's frequency is equal to
vertical of two polarization freedom, in the negative energy sea, is 1
1 m0 c 2 1 2 changes periodically, for stationary observation
h
this two m0 c 2 energy composition of system, mutual for particles
always following a wave with phase, the frequency of the wave is
and antiparticles.
1 c motion of an
m0c 2 1 2 , its direction and velocity V
h
So, three polarization freedom, and which a polarization freedom
object moving in same direction.
contains two roles, makes energy into for has mass of vector

particles, two polarization freedom and contains two role of
polarization freedom vertical, and this two polarization freedom of
p
location, direction and angle, is to determine this has mass vector
Using phase harmonious theorem and DE Broglie Formula
h h ( for the wavelength), combined with relativity mass
V

1 3

particles nature, part factors. Another polarization freedom, by m1 m0 1 2 2 and phase mass m2 m0 1 2 2 , to discuss.

counterclockwise role and clockwise role of cooperation with to out, Known, wave velocity is expressed as the product of the wavelength

is to determine this has mass vector particles mass, part factors(the and frequency, momentum is expressed as the product of mass and

weak interaction, strong interaction, and so on, will affect particles velocity. In de Broglie theory, relative to the same observer,

nature and mass). So also can be said to be four degrees of vector 2

movement objects of energy is equal to m0 c ,
1 2
particle energy into mass, but massless particles, there are only two

polarization degree of freedom. Equal to a photon energy, for corresponding of frequency for 1 m c 2
0 1 2 , so for
h
example, when no roles of clockwise and counterclockwise, is equal
frequency is equal to 1 m c 2 1 2 , the momentum is
to the energy of a photon, has two polarization degree of
0
h

freedom, shown as a photon, roles of clockwise and

P m1 m0 1 2
1

h 1
m0c 2

1 2
m0 c 2 , for
2

2
p h p 1
2

counterclockwise when equal to the energy of a photon, have

frequency is equal to 1 m c 2 1 2 , the momentum is interactions to detect neutrinos, will see a different neutrino. So the
1 0
h
nature of neutrinos, may is the neutrino in relativitic state, phase

2
1
2 2 h 1 m0 c 2 ,
P1 m1 m0 1 m0c 2 1 2
p h p 1
2
state, relativitic state and phase state superimposed "superposition

apparently state", according to different frequency 1 m c 2 1 2 ,

0
h

m02 c 2 m02 c 2 m0 c 2
P P1
1 mV , 1 2 transmission.
1
1

1
m0 c 2 1 2 , 2 m0 c 1 1

2 2
p 1 2 1 2 2
v 1 2 1 2
m0 v h h 2

while also description has movement objects of mass, in relativitic

Through discussions of the mathematical method of

1
2 2
state or phase state, the momentum is m0v 1 , proved has relationship between mass and energy, come to universal, evolution

third article The spatio-temporal relationship between the mass model of particles and antiparticles, and mass model of elementary

and energy Field described content. particles, using Quaternion, matrix and linear combinatorial

algorithms, of which the most important is the dimensionless

If the mass of moving object, in relativitic state and phase state
number W .
superimposed "superposition state", then for the third mass

1 When the dimensionless number W 1 , the mass factors 1 ,

m0 1 2
m m2 m2 1 2 m2 2 , meet the
m3 1
2 2
1
3
2 2 0 , the vector part of spatio-temporal relationship O is 0, only

1 the scalar part o0 , m0 det(P) m0c 2 , the velocity of an object is

m0 1 2
P2 P mV m3u2
momentum 2 h ,so
2
0, the mass not relativitic state changes, or phase changes, or
3
p
1 2 2

relativitic state and phase state superimposed "superposition state"

m02 c 2

1

2 P2 m
p 1
2

m0 c 2 1 . 2 2
changes, obtained by linear m1 m2 m3 m0 .
1 1
3
m 0 1 2 h1 2
2 h 2
When the dimensionless number 0.5 W 1,the spatio-

3
p
1 2 2
temporal relationship O vector part transform modules of velocity
Cutting-edge research has shown that Neutrino Oscillations due
is less than the speed of light, m0 det(P) m0c 2 , objects of mass
to three types of neutrino mass eigenstates are mixed in with the
with velocity, occurred relativitic state changes and phase state
weak interaction eigenstate. Eigenstates of an electron neutrino has
changes, then relativitic state and phase state superimposed
three kinds of mass ingredients, spread some distance into electron
"superposition state" changes is little effect, can ignored this
neutrinos, muon neutrinos, tau neutrino superposition. Generation

1

and detection of neutrinos is through the weak interaction, while changes, linear relationship combination study: m1 m0 1 2 2 ,

the mass is determined by the mass eigenstates. Due to mixed,

3 1

m2 m0 1 2 2 , E1 m1c 2 m0 c 2 1 2 2 ,
produced weak interaction eigenstates are not the mass eigenstates,

E2 m2 c 2 m0 c 2 1 2 2 .
3

but three kinds of superposition of eigenstates of mass. Three mass

eigenstate in matter waves of different frequencies transmitted, so

on the different distance observation neutrinos, will show a weak

interaction eigenstates of the different components. When weak

 When the dimensionless number W 0.5 , the mass factor Dimensionless number W from above, and to discuss the

2, relationship between mass and energy, in mass-energy fields, the

1 , the spatio-temporal relationship O vector part
2
matrix m0 det( P ) m0 det( Pu ) m0 c 2 , linear combinations
transform modules of velocity is equal to the speed of light,
depending on the dimensionless number W have many
m0 det(P) m0c , in mass-energy fields, relativistic and phase
2

combinations.
changes in objects, by the relativitic state and phase state
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