George Washington University

Department of Political Science

Fall 2002

PSC 252 Theories of Security in World Politics

Professor Deborah Avant Course: Th. 4-6

Funger 501 Office Hours: Th. 12-2
202.994.6703
avant@gwu.edu

Course Objectives:
In the 40 years following World War II, the study of security assumed a divide between international
relations (the politics between states) and domestic politics (the politics within states) and gradually
became separated from studies of economics. International or national security largely centered on two
different enterprises: (1) exploring the likelihood of conflict between states in different systems and
scenarios (when does conflict occur) and (2) examining the causes and consequences for actors of
pursuing different strategies (what determines which strategy states will choose and what are the
consequences for security – i.e., war, conquest, security gain, security loss, etc. – of different choices).
Since the end of the Cold War debates about the meaning of security and the prevalence of intra-state
conflict have led many to question usefulness of the assumed difference between international and
domestic politics, and between security and economics. Also studies of conflict have increasingly
focused on a variety of variables, some of which cannot be classified as international at all (thus the new
title for the course). This course will examine the way scholars have addressed security in world politics
over time. Part of this examination will look at the historical unfolding of debates, but the course is
constructed analytically so as to encourage an exploration of different types of questions. (Which
questions prove most fruitful, why do some seem to be misleading or result in dead ends? What are the
tradeoffs of addressing different questions?) The reading list also includes a variety of research strategies
and methods so as to encourage attention to different of strategies for research and the costs and benefits
of these choices. My hope is that we will all learn about both the substance of debates in security studies
and about how to frame productive questions and research strategies in the study of politics and violence.

Requirements:
Each student will be required to write three short (three to five page) papers and present their arguments
in class. These papers are to be based on the questions passed out in class (though students are welcome
to write on something different if they clear it with me ahead of time). A longer (ten to fifteen page)
paper will be the final assignment – questions for this assignment will be available two-three weeks
before the end of the semester. Students can select one of these or clear their own topic with me.
Students are also expected to have read the assigned reading and be prepared to participate actively in
class.

Grading:
Class participation 20%
Short papers 55% (15% for the first and 20% for each additional)
Final exam 25%

Reading:
It’s a lot, sorry. The following books are available at the bookstore (or, if you prefer, Borders,
amazon.com, etc.). All other required readings are available either on line (via Prometheus, JSTOR or
other on line databases) or in hard copy on the back of my door (those in hard copy are to be copied or
read and returned within 2 hours, please). You are on your own for the recommended reading – though
much of it is available on line via JSTOR.
Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1998)
Michael Brown, et. al. Debating the Democratic Peace (Cambridge: MTI Press, 1996)
Yuen Foong Khong, Analogies at War (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1992)
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000)
Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)
Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)
David Lake and Robert Powell, Strategic Choice in International Relations (Princeton: Princeton
University Press 1999)
Jonathan Mercer, Reputation and International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996)
Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: Britain, France and Germany Between the Wars (Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1984)
Scott Sagan and Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997)
Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven; Yale University Press 1967)
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret Eds., (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1989).
Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: Free Press, 1991)
Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1999.)
Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw Hill, 1979)

Weekly Assignments:
9/5 Introduction – where we began, the levels of analysis and the causes of war
(If you have never read Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War, you should)

9/12 Defining Security

David Baldwin, “Security Studies and the End of the Cold War,” World Politics Vol. 48, No. 1
(October 1995): 117-141
Richard Betts “Should Strategic Studies Survive,” World Politics Vol. 50, No. 10 (October 1997):
7-34
Roland Paris, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?” International Security Vol. 26, No.
2 (fall 2001)
Barry Buzan, “New Patterns of Global Security in the 21st Century,” International Affairs Vol.
67, No. 3 (1991)
Recommended:
Bernard Brodie, “Strategy as Science,” World Politics Vol. 1 (July 1949)
Steven Miller, “International Security at Twenty-five: From One World to Another,”
International Security Vol. 26, No. 1 (summer 2001)
Joseph Nye and Sean Lynn Jones, “International Security Studies: Report of a Conference on the
State of the Field,” International Security Vol. 12, No. 4 (spring 1988)
Jessica Tuchman Mathews, “Redefining Security,” Foreign Affairs Vol. 68, No. 2 (spring 1989):
162-177
Stephen Walt, “The Renaissance of Security Studies,” International Studies Quarterly Vol. 35,
No. 2 (June 1991): 211-240 (see also Edward Kolodziej, “Renaissance of Security Studies?
Caveat Lector!” ISQ Vol. 36 (December 1992): 421-438)
Keith Krause and Michael Williams, eds., Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997)
 Systems and State Conflict

9/19 Neorealism and Game Theoretic Analyses: the Challenge of Anarchy

K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (esp., 1,2, 5, 6)
R. Jervis, “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics 1978
S. Walt , “Testing Theories of Alliance Formation: the Case of Southwest Asia,” International
Organization Vol. 42, No. 2 (spring 1988) or The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1987), Chs. 1-2
J. Snyder and T. Christenson, “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in
Multi-polarity,” IO 44:2 (spring 1990)
Recommended:
C. Glaser, “The Security Dilemma Revisited,” World Politics Vol. 50, No. 1 (October 1997): 171-201
R. Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983)
J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 2001)
D. Copeland, The Origins of Major War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000)
“Forum: The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs,” American
Political Science Review Vol. 91, No. 4 (December 1997)
D. Reiter, “Learning, Realism and Alliances: the Weight of the Shadow of the Past,” World Politics Vol.
46, No. 4 (July 1994): 490-526

9/26 Neoliberalism and Game Theoretic Analyses: Institutions and Stability

C.Wallander, “NATO After the Cold War,” IO 54:4 (autumn 2000): 705-36
A. Kydd, “Trust, Reassurance and Cooperation,” IO 54:2 (spring 2000): 725-58
D. Lake, “Beyond Anarchy,” International Security Vol. 26, No. 1 (summer 2001): 129-60
“Can Institutions Deliver?” Debate in International Security 20:1 (summer 1995): 39-93
Recommended:
Andrew Kidd, “Trust Building, Trust Breaking: The Dilemma of NATO Enlargement,” International
Organization Vol. 55, No. 4 (Autumn 2001)
R. Powell, In the Shadow of Power (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)
Kenneth Oye, ed., Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986)

10/3 Constructivist Analyses of the System

A Wendt, “Anarchy is what states make of it: the Social Construction of Power Politics,”
International Organization Vol. 46, No. 2 (spring 1992): 391-425
R. Jepperson, A. Wendt and P. Katzenstein in P. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security
D. Eyre and M. Suchman in P. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security
M. Finnemore in P. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security
Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1998), Chs 1-2 and one substantive chapter from Part II
M Zacher, “The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force,”
International Organization Vol. 55, No. 2 (spring 2001)
J. Snyder, “Anarchy and Culture,” International Organization Vol. 56, No. 1 (winter 2002): 7-46

Recommended:
T. Hopf, “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory,” International Security 23:1
(summer 1998)
Nicholas Onuf, Worlds of Our Making: rules and rule in Social Theory and International Relations
(Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989)
Rodney Bruce Hall, National Collective Identity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)
Christian Reus-Smit, “The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of
Fundamental Institutions” International Organization Vol. 51, No. 4 (autumn 1997): 555-89
 State Actors and Security

10/10 Does the Organization of Actors Matter (and for what)? The Sovereign State and Its
Consequences
J. Ruggie, “Continuity and Transformation in the World Policy,” in R. Keohane, ed. Neorealism
and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986)
H. Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1994), parts I, III, and IV or H. Spruyt, “Institutional Selection in International Relations,” IO
Vol. 48, No. 4 (autumn 1994)
C. Tilly, “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Evans et. al. Bringing the State
Back in (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985)
D. Philpott, “The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations,” World Politics 52:2
(January 2000)
S. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)
S. Barkin and B. Cronin, “Changing Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty,” IO 48:1 (winter 1994)
J. Capraso, “Changes in the Westphalian Order: Territory, Public Authority and Sovereignty, in
International Studies Review special issue, 2000
Recommended:
Janice Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994)
Janice Thomson, “State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and
Empirical Research,” International Studies Quarterly Vol. 39, No. 2 (June 1995): 213-233
Other contributors to International Studies Review special issue, 2000
.
10/17 Does the type of government matter for conflict? A Democratic Peace?
M. Brown, Debating the Democratic Peace (Boston: MIT Press, 1996)
K. Schultz, “Do Democratic Institutions Constrain or Inform?” IO 53:2 (spring 1999)
Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, “Democratic Transitions, Institutional Strength and War,”
International Organization Vol. 56, No. 2 (spring 2002)
J. Fearon, “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes,” APSR
88:3 (September 1994)
K. S. Gleditsch and M. Ward, “War and Peace in Space and Time: The Role of Democratization,”
International Studies Quarterly 44:1 (March 2000)
Recommended:
E. A. Henderson, “The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820-1989,” ISQ 42:3
(September 1998)
J Oneal and B. Russett, “The Classic Liberals were Right: Democracy, Interdependence and Conflict,
1950-1985,” ISQ Vol 41, No. 2 (June 1997)
Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, Democracy, Liberalism and War (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001)

States and the Sources and Consequences of Security Strategies

10/24 Sources and Consequences of Strategy I: Technology and Organizations

Technology: Nuclear Weapons
T. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966)
K. Waltz in The Spread of Nuclear Weapons
N. Tannenwald, “The Nuclear Taboo: The US and the Normative Bias of Nuclear Non-Use,”
International Organization Vol. 53, No. 3 summer 1999.
Technology: Offense Defense Balance
S. Van Evera, “Offense, Defense and the Causes of War,” International Security 22:4 (spring
1998)
 C.Glaser and C. Kaufman, “What is the Offense-Defense Balance and how can we measure it?”
International Security 22:4 (spring 1998)
K. Lieber, “Grasping the Technological Peace: the Offense-Defense Balance and International
Security,” International Security 25:1 (summer 2000)
Organizations
J. Snyder, “Civil-Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984” International
Security (summer 1984)
B. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: Britain, France and Germany Between the Wars
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984), ch. 1-2
S. Sagan, in The Spread of Nuclear Weapons
Recommended
S Miller, S. Lynn-Jones and S. Van Evera, Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991)
H. Wagner, “Nuclear Deterrence, Counterforce Strategies, and the Incentive to Strike First,” APSR 85:3
(September 1991)
Read ahead to Avant or Kier on Posen and Snyder.

10/31 Sources and Consequences of Strategy II: Politics, Culture and Psychology
Politics
D. Avant, “The Institutional Sources of Military Doctrine: Hegemons in Peripheral Wars,” ISQ
(1993) or D. Avant, “From Mercenary to Citizen Armies: Explaining Change in the Practice of
War,” IO 54:1 (winter 2000)
D. Lake and R. Powell, Strategic Choice in International Relations, Chs 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Culture and Identity
E. Kier in P. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security
T. Berger in P. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security
A. Johnston in P. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security
M. Desch, “Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies,” International
Security 23 (Summer, 1998)
Psychology
J Mercer, Reputation and International Politics, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), Chs. 2, 6
(3, 4 or 5 recommended)
Yuen Foong Khong, Analogies at War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), parts I and
III
Recommended:
J. Goldgeier and P. Tetlock, “Psychology and International Relations Theory,” Annual Review of
Political Science, 2001
J. Legro, "Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the ‘Failure’ of Internationalism." International Organization
Vol. 51 (1997), pp. 31-64

The Logic of Violence, Conflict and War

11/7
Clausewitz, On War, ed and trans by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1976), Books I and II
Van Creveld, The Transformation of War, (New York: Free Press, 1991), Chs 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
Christopher Gacek, The Logic of Force, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), Chs. 1, 8
Ivan Arrequin-Toft, “How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict,” International
Security Vol. 26, No. 1 (summer 2001)
Recommended:
Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War (New York: Metropolitan
Books, 1997)
Sun Tzu, The Art of Warfare Roger Ames, trans. (New York: Ballantine, 1993)
Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1986)
John Keegan, A History of Warfare
A. Mack, “Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars: The Politics of Asymmetric Conflict,” World Politics Vol.
27, No. 2 (January 1975)
Mark Trachtenberg, History and Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991)

Nonstate Actors, Violence, and Security

11/14 Ethnic, Religious, and Political Violence

Andrew Kidd and Barbara Walter, “The Politics of Extremist Violence,” International
Organization Vol. 56, No. 2 (Spring 2002)
J. Fearon and D. Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity,” IO 54:4
(autumn 2000)
G. Prunier, “The Rwandan Patriotic Front,” in Christopher Clapham, ed., African Guerillas
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998)
B.Walter and J. Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1999), Part I, one chapter from Part II, Part III
N. Sambanis, “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War,” World Politics Vol. 52, No. 4 (July 2000)
T. Gurr and W. Moore, “Ethnopolitical Rebellion: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 1980s with
Risk Assessments for the 1990s,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 41, No. 4. (Oct.,
1997): 1079-1103
Recommended:
S. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Affairs 72:3 (Summer, 1993)
Erol Henderson, “Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of War,
1820-1989,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, No. 5 (October 1997): 649-668
Stephen N. Ndegwa, “Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination of Two Transition Moments in Kenyan
Politics,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No. 3. (September 1997), pp. 599-616
Eghosa E. Osaghae, “Human Rights and Ethnic Conflict Management: The Case of Nigeria,” Journal of
Peace Research, Vol. 33, No. 2. (May, 1996), pp. 171-188.11/21
Neta Crawford, “The Passion of World Politics, Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships,”
International Security Vol. 24, No. 4 (spring 2000)

11/21 Terrorists and Criminals

Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998)
Peter Andreas and Richard Price, “From War Fighting to Crime Fighting: Transforming the
American National Security State,” International Studies Review Vol. 3, No. 3 (fall 2001): 31-52.
Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars, ch 4, 6, 7
Michael Howard, “What’s in a Name? How to Fight Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs
January/February 2002: 8-20
Barry Posen, “The Struggle Against Terrorism: Grand Strategy, Strategy and Tactics,”
International Security Vol. 26, No. 3 (winter 2001/02): 39-55
Recommended:
Philip Heymann, “Dealing with Terrorism: An Overview,” International Security Vol. 26, No. 3 (winter
2001/02): 24-38
Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995)
Ethan Nadelmann, “Global Prohibition Regimes: the Evolution of Norms in International Society,”
International Organization Vol. 44, No. 4 (autumn 1990)
Stephen E. Flynn, “The Global Drug Trade Versus the Nation-State,” in Maryann Cusimano Love,
Beyond Sovereignty (Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2003)
Victor Davis Hanson, An Autumn of War: What America Learned from September 11th and the War on
Terrorism (Anchor, 2002)
G John Ikenberry, “America’s Imperial Ambition,” Foreign Affairs October 2002

12/5 Another State? Unipolarity, Empire, Global State, New Feudal Order?
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000)
David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations:
Politics, Economics, Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), pp. 1-30; 87-147; 414-
444
Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, “The Imperial Peace: Democracy, Force and Globalization,”
European Journal of International Relations Vol. 5, No. 4 (December 1999)
Recommended:
Kenneth Waltz, “The Emerging Structure of International Politics,” International Security Vol. 18, No. 2
(fall 1993): 44-79
William Wohlforth, “The Stability of a Unipolar World,” International Security Vol. 24, No. 1 (summer,
1999)
Christopher Layne, The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers will Rise,” International Security Vol.
17, No. 4 (spring 1993)
G. John Ikenberry, “Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Persistence of American Power,”
International Security Vol. 23, No. 3 (winter 1998/99)
John Ruggie, “UN Forces: whither or whether?” in John Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (New
York: Routledge, 1998)

What we have not covered

There are many ways to organize a syllabus on security studies. This one is organized analytically,
looking at how different people have conceptualized the system, the actors (states), and how the addition
of different kinds of actors may or may not matter for major changes in the way we think. One week that
could have been included, but was not (I’ll explain why) is feminism. An alternate organization of the
syllabus would be to focus on a variety of dependent variables: war, alliances, nuclear strategy,
deterrence, arms control, intervention, military doctrine, civil-military relations, etc. Had I included a
week on feminist theory or organized the class in a different way, different readings may have seemed
obvious. While I do not intend to develop a whole syllabus this way, I do want to list some works in each
of these areas that you should not miss.

Feminist Theory:
Jean Bethke Elshtain, “Realism, Just War and Feminism in the Nuclear Age,” Political Theory 13:1
(February 1985)
Carol Cohn, “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals,” Signs (summer 1986)
Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases (Berkeley: UC Press, 1989)
Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (Brighton: Harvestor, 1987)
Christine Sylvestor, Feminist Theory and International Relations Theory in a Postmodern Era
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

War:
Jack Levy, “Theories of General War,” World Politics Vol. 37, No. 6 (April 1985)
S. Van Evera, The Causes of War (Ithaca: Cornell Univeristy Press, 1999)
Quincy Wright, A Study of War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966)
Michael Howard, The Causes of War (London: Temple Smith 1983)
Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1976)
Fred Ilke, Every War Must End (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
H. Goemans, War and Punishment: the Cause of War Termination and the First World War (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2000)

Alliances:
Hans Morgenthau, “Alliances in Theory and Practice,” In Arnold Wolfers, ed., Alliance Policy in the
Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959)
Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser, “An Economic Theory of Alliances,” Review of Economics and
Statistics (August 1966)
Richard Neustadt, Alliance Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970)
Stephen Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987)
Glenn Snyder, “Alliances, Balances and Stability,” IO Vol. 45, No. 1 (winter 1991)
James Morrow, “Arms Versus Allies,” IO Vol. 47, NO. 2 (spring 1993)

Nuclear Strategy, Deterrence and Arms Control:

Bernard Brodie, The Absolute Weapon (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1946)
Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960)
John Steinbruner, “National Security and the Concept of Strategic Stability,” Journal of Conflict
Resolution Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 1978)
Bruce Blair, Strategic Command and Control: Redefining the Nuclear Threat (Washington, D.C.:
Brookings, 1984)
Rober Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989)
Alexander George and Richard Smoke, Deterrence in American Foreign Policy (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1974)
Lawrence Freedman, “The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (St Martins, 1990)
Raymond Gathoff, Deterrence and the Revolution in Soviet Military Doctrine (Washington, D.C.:
Brookings, 1990)
Fred Kaplan, The Wizzards of Armageddon (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991)
Scott Sagan, The Limits to Safety (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989)
Thomas Schelling and Morton Halperin, Strategy and Arms Control (Twentieth Century Fund, 1961)
Graham Allison, ed., Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy (Cambridge: MTI Press, 1995)
P Feaver and E. Niou, “Managing Nuclear Proliferation: Condemn, Strike or Assist?” ISQ Vol. 40, No. 2
(June 1996)

Intervention and Limited War:

Douglass Blaufarb, The Counterinsurgency Era (New York: Free Press, 1977)
Andrew Kreineivch, The Army in Vietnam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1985)
Daniel Elsberg, “The Quagmire Myth and the Stalemate Machine,” Public Policy Vol. 19, No. 2 (1971)
Richard Stubbs, Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989)
Sir Richard Thompson, No Exit From Vietnam (New York, MacKay, 1969)
Ian Beckett, “Guerilla Warfare,” in McInnes and Sheffiled, eds., Warfare in the Twentieth Century
Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (New York: MacMillan, 1973)
F J West, The Village (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985)

Military Doctrine and Planning:

Robert Pape, Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996)
Stephen Biddle, “Victory Misunderstood: What the Gulf War tells us about Conflict in the Future,”
International Security Vol. 21 No. 2 (fall 1996)
Daryl Press, “Lessons From Ground Combat in the Gulf: The Impact of Training and Technology,”
International Security Vol. 22, No. 2 (fall 1997)
S. Rosen, “Military Effectiveness: Why Society Matters,” International Security Vol. 19, No. 1 (spring
1995)
A.Millet and W Murray, “The Effectiveness of Military Organizations,” In Millet and Murray, eds.,
Military Effectiveness Vol. I (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1988)
J. Black, War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1998)
C. Williams, Holding the Line: US Defense Alternatives for the 21st Century (Boston: MIT Press, 2001)
T. Dupuy, The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare (New York: DaCapo, 1984)

Civil-Military Relations:
Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1957)
Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier (New York: Free Press, 1960)
Amos Perlmutter, The Military and Politics in Modern Times (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977)
Peter Feaver and Richard Kohn, Soldiers and Civilians (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001)
Deborah Avant, “Conflicting Indicators of Crisis in American Civil-Military Relations,” Armed Forces
and Society Vol. 24, No. 3 (spring 1998)
Michael Desch, Civilian Control of the Military (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)

Defense Economics:
Keith Krause, Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1992)
Herbert Wulf, Arms Industry Limited (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)
Ann R. Markusen and Sean S. Costigan, eds., Arming the Future: A Defense Industry for the 21st Century
(New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1999)
Lora Lumpe, Running Guns: The Global Black Market in Small Arms, (New York: Zed, 2000)