LABORATORY MANUAL

Electronics Circuits lab

II B.TECH -II Semester (ECE)


LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

The following experiments are simulated in simulation laboratory using Multisim

software.

1. Common Emitter Amplifier.

2. Two stages RC coupled amplifier.

3. Common Source Amplifier.

4. Class A Power Amplifier.

5. Class B Complementary - Symmetry Power Amplifier

6. RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Transistors.

7. Single Tuned Amplifier

 COMMON EMITTER (CE) AMPLIFIER

AIM (OBJECTIVE):

1. To simulate the Common Emitter amplifier in Multisim and study the

transient and frequency response.
2. To observe the phase relationship between the input and output
waveforms by
performing the transient analysis.
3. To determine the maximum gain, 3dB gain, lower and upper cutoff
frequencies
and bandwidth of CE amplifier by performing the AC analysis.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Range Quantity

1 Multisim Software ---- ----

2 P.C ---- 1

3 Regulated power supply 12V 1

4 Function generator (Vs) ---- 1

Oscilloscope (CRO) ---- 1

3 Transistor: BC107BP ---- 1

1k 10K
2 2
4 Resistors 100k
1 1
4.7K

5 Capacitors 10f 3

Fig: Common Emitter Amplifier circuit diagram

THEORY:

The practical circuit of CE amplifier is shown in the figure. It consists of different

circuit components. The functions of these components are as follows:
 1. Biasing Circuit: The resistances R1, R2 and RE form the voltage divider
biasing circuit for the CE amplifier. It sets the proper operating point for
the CE amplifier.

2. Input capacitor C1: This capacitor couples the signal to the transistor. It
blocks any dccomponentpresentinthesignalandpassesonlyacsignalfor
amplification. Because of this, biasing conditions are maintained constant.

3. Emitter Bypass Capacitor CE: An emitter bypass capacitor CE is connected

in parallel with the emitter resistance, RE to provide a low reactance path
to the amplified ac signal. If it is not inserted, the amplified ac signal
passing through RE will cause a voltage drop across it. Thiswillreducethe
output voltage, reducing the gain of the amplifier.
4. Output Coupling Capacitor C2: The coupling capacitor C2 couples the
output of the amplifier to the load or to the next stage of the amplifier. It
blocks DC and passes only AC part of the amplified signal.

OPERATION:

When positive half of the signal is applied, the voltage between base and
emitter (Vbe) is increased because it is already positive with respecttoground.So
forward bias is increased i.e., the base current is increased. Due to transistor
action, the collector current IC is increased times. When this current flows
through RC the drop IC RC increases considerably. As a consequence of this, the
voltage between collector and emitter (Vce) decreases. In this way, amplified
voltage appears across RC). Therefore thepositivegoinginputsignalappearsasa
negative going output signal i.e., there is a phase shift of 180 between the input
and output.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Multisim Software to design Common Emitter amplifier circuit

2. Select on New editor window and place the required component on the
circuit window.

3. Make the connections using wire and set oscillator (FG) frequency &
amplitude.

4. Check the connections and the specification of components value properly.

5. Go for simulation using Run Key observe the output waveforms on CRO

6. Indicate the node names and go for AC Analysis with the output node

7. Observe the Ac Analysis and draw the magnitude response curve

8. Calculate t he bandwidth of the amplifier

 (i) TRANSIENT RESPONSE:

Input Wave Form

Output Wave Form

(ii) FREQUENCY RESPONSE



Tabular Column:
Input Voltage Vin =
Output Gain in dB
S.No. Frequency Gain (Av)= Vo/Vin
Voltage (Vo) (Av)dB= 20*log10 (Av)

From the frequency response curve (Graph) the following results are calculated

S. No. Parameter Value

1 Max. Absolute Gain

2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
4 Lower Cutoff
Frequency
5 Upper Cutoff
Frequency
6 Bandwidth

Review questions:

1. Why the CE amplifier provides a phase reversal?

2. In the dc equivalent circuit of an amplifier, how are capacitors treated?
3. What is the effect of bypass capacitor on frequency response?
4. Define lower and upper cutoff frequencies for an amplifier.
5. State the reason for fall in gain at low and high frequencies.
6. What is meant by unity gain frequency?
7. Define Bel and Decibel.
 8. What do we represent gain in decibels?
9. Why do you plot the frequency response curve on a semi-log paper?
10. Explain the function of emitter bypass capacitor CE?

Result: Thus, the Common Emitter amplifier circuit was simulated by using Multisim software
and the lower and upper cutoff frequencies & bandwidth of the amplifier were calculated
by performing the AC analysis.

 TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

AIM (OBJECTIVE):

1. To simulate the Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier in Multisim and study

the transient and frequency response.

2. To observe the phase relationship between the input and output

waveforms by performing the transient analysis.

3. To determine the maximum gain, 3dB gain, lower and upper cutoff
frequencies and bandwidth of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier by
performing the AC analysis.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Range Quantity

1 Multisim Software ---- ----

2 P.C ---- 1

3 Regulated power supply 12V 1

4 Function generator (Vs) ---- 1

Oscilloscope (CRO) ---- 1

3 Transistor: BC 107BP/ Q2N2222A ---- 2

1k 3

100K 2
4 Resistors 10K 2

4.7K 2

6K 1

10F 3
5 Capacitors
47uF 2


Fig: Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier Circuit Diagram

THEORY:

An amplifier is the basic building block of most electronic systems. Just as

one brick does not make a house, a single-stage amplifier is not sufficient to
build a practical electronic system. The gain of the single stage is not sufficient
for practicalapplications.Thevoltagelevelofasignalcanberaisedtothedesired
level if we use more than one stage. When a number of amplifier stages areused
in succession (one after the other) it is called a multistage amplifier oracascade
amplifier. Much higher gains canbeobtainedfromthemulti-stageamplifiers.In
a multi-stage amplifier, the output of one stage makes the input of the next
stage. We must use a suitable coupling network between two stages so that a
minimum loss of voltage occurs when the signal passes through this network to
the next stage. Also, the dc voltage at the output of one stage should not be
permitted to go to the input of the next. If it does, the biasing conditions of the
next stage are disturbed.

Figure shows how to couple two stages of amplifiers using RC coupling

scheme. This is the most widely used method. In this scheme, the signal
developed across the collector resistor RC (R2)of the first stage is coupled to the
base of the second stage through the capacitor CC. (C2) The coupling capacitor
blocks thedcvoltageofthefirststagefromreachingthebaseofthesecondstage.
In this way, the dc biasing of the next stage is not interfered with. For this
reason, the capacitor CC (C2)is also called a blocking capacitor.
As the number of stages increases, the gain increases and the bandwidth
decreases.
RC coupling scheme finds applications in almost all audio small-signal
amplifiers used in record players, tape recorders, public-address systems, radio
receivers, television receivers, etc.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Multisim Software to design Two stage RC coupled amplifier circuit

2. Select on New editor window and place the required components of

amplifier on the circuit window.

3. Make the connections using wire and check the connections and oscillator.

4. Go for simulation and using RunKeyandobservetheoutputwaveformson

CRO

5. Indicate the node names and go for AC Analysis with the output node

6. Observe the Transient response and Ac Analysis for the first stage and
second stage separately and draw the magnitude response curve

7. Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier

 (i) TRANSIENT RESPONSE:

Input Wave Form

Output Wave Form :

(ii) FREQUENCY RESPONSE



 Tabular Column:
Output Voltage Gain Voltage Gain in dB of Output Voltage of Voltage Ga
S.N Frequen Voltage of stage 1 stage 1 stage 2 of stage 2
o cy of stage 1 (Av1 (Av1) dB=20 log10 (Vo2) (Av2
(Vo1) =Vo1/Vin) (Av1) =Vo2/Vin)














I nput Voltage Vin =


 From the frequency response curve (Graph) the following results are
calculated:

S.
Parameter Stage 1 values Stage 2 values
No.
1 Max. Gain in dB

2 3dB Gain
Lower Cutoff Frequency
3
(FL)
Upper Cutoff
4
Frequency(FH)
5 Bandwidth

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Why do you need more than one stage of amplifiers in practical circuits?
2. What i s the effect of cascading on gain and bandwidth?
3. What happens to the 3dB frequencies if the number of stages ofamplifiers
increases?

4. Why weusealogarithmicscaletodenotevoltageorpowergains,insteadof
using the simpler linear scale?

5. What is loading effect in multistage amplifiers?

RESULT: Thus, the Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier circuit was simulated by using Multisim
software and the lower and upper cutoff frequencies & bandwidth of the individual stages
of amplifier were calculated by performing the AC analysis.


COMMON SOURCE (CS) AMPLIFIER

AIM (OBJECTIVE):

1. To simulate the Common Source amplifier in Multisim and study the transient
and frequency response.
2. Toobservethephaserelationshipbetweentheinputandoutputwaveforms
by performing the transient analysis.

3. To determine the maximum gain, 3dB gain, lower and upper cutoff frequencies
and bandwidth of CS amplifier by performing the AC analysis.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Range Quantity

1 Multisim Software ---- ----

2 P.C ---- 1

3 Regulated power supply 12V 1

4 Function generator (Vs) ---- 1

Oscilloscope (CRO) ---- 1

3 Transistor: BFW10 ---- 1

1k 2
4 Resistors 22K 1
2k 1

10f 2
5 Capacitors
4.7u 1

Fig: Common Source Amplifier circuit Diagram

THEORY:

InCommonSourceAmplifierCircuitSourceterminaliscommontoboththeinput
and output terminals. In this Circuit input is applied between Gate and Source and the
output is taken from Drain and the source. JFET amplifiers provide an excellent voltage
gain with the added advantage of high input impedance and other characteristics JFETs
are oftenpreferredoverBJTsforcertaintypesofapplications.TheCSamplifierofJFETis
analogous to CE amplifier of BJT.
 1. Open Multisim Software to design FET common source amplifier circuit

2. Select on New editor window and place the required component CS amplifier on
the circuit window.

3. Make the connections using wire and check the connections and oscillator.

4. Go for simulation and using Run Key observe the output waveforms on CRO

5. Indicate the node names and go for AC Analysis with the output node

6. Observe the Transient response , Ac Analysis and draw the magnitude response
curve

7. Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier

 (i) TRANSIENT RESPONSE:

Input Wave Form

Output Wave Form

(iii) F
REQUENCY RESPONSE :
Tabular Column:
I nput Voltage Vin =
Output Gain in dB
S.No. Frequency Gain (Av)= Vo/Vin
Voltage (Vo) (Av)dB= 20*log10 (Av)

From the frequency response curve (Graph) the following results are
calculated:
 S. No. Parameter Value
1 Max. Absolute Gain
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
4 Lower Cutoff
Frequency
5 Upper Cutoff
Frequency
6 Bandwidth

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is Miller effect on common source amplifier?

2. What is the purpose of source resistor and gate resistor?
3. What is swamping resistor
4. What is the purpose of swamping resistor in common source amplifier
5. FET is a liner or non-linear device. And justify your answer
6. What is square law and give an example for a square law device

RESULT: Thus, the Common Source amplifier circuit was simulated by using Multisim software
and the lower and upper cutoff frequencies & bandwidth of the amplifier werecalculated
by performing the AC analysis.

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM (OBJECTIVE):

To simulate RC phase shift oscillator in Multisim and study the transient

response by determining the frequency of oscillations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Range Quantity

1 Multisim Software ---- ----

2 P.C ---- 1

3 Regulated power supply 10V 1

4 Function generator (Vs) ---- 1

5 Oscilloscope (CRO) ---- 1

6 Transistor: BC 107BP ---- 1

1 K 4.7
1 3
K 2.7 K
7 Resistors 1 1
10 K 3
1
K

8 Capacitors 100uF 10nF 1 1

9 Inductor 21.9uH 1

Fig: RC Phase Shift oscillator

THEORY:

A circuit which is used to generate a periodic signal without any A.C input
signal is called an oscillator. RC phase shift oscillator uses transistor as the main
component in CE configuration, which provides a phase shift of 180 degrees. And
the another required phase shift of 180 degrees is obtained in the feedback loop
from output to input is obtained using R and C components. Since each RC
section provides a practical phase shift of 60degrees. Hence, the overall phase
shift is either 0degree or 360degrees. RC oscillators are simple and less
expensive. These are preferred at audio frequencies.
The frequency of oscillations RC phase shift oscillator is given by
fo
=
1/ 2
RC
{6+(4RC/R)} , if collector resistance RC is considered.
or
fo =
1 / 2
RC
6, if collector resistance RC is not considered.

The condition for maintainance of oscillations is given by =1/29. Hence,

the transistor with gain more than 29 is required to get the oscillations from the
circuit.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open Multisim Software to design RC Phase shift oscillator

2. Select on New editor window and place the required component on the circuit
 window.

3. Make the connections using wire and check the connections and oscillator.

4. Go for simulation and using Run Key observe the output waveforms on CRO

5. Observe the Transient Response and Calculate the Frequency of the oscillations.

OBSERVATIONS/GRAPHS:

TRANSIENT RESPONSE:
Output Waveform

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No C R Theoritical Practical Practical signal Amplitude of Practical

(F) () Frequency Frequency Time period (m signal V(p-p)
(K Hz) (K Hz) sec) (volts)

1 10n 4.7 K

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is a oscillator?

2. what are the conditions for oscillations?

3. What is the expression for frequency of oscillations of LC and RC oscillators?

4.what is the condition for maintainance ofoscillationsinRCPhaseshiftoscillator

?

5. Give the applications for LC and RC oscillators.

RESULT: Thus, the RC phase shift oscillator circuit was simulated by using Multisim software
and its frequency of oscillations was calculated from the transient response.
 CLASS - A POWER AMPLIFIER

AIM (OBJECTIVE):

4. To simulate the class - a power Amplifier in Multisim and study the transient and
frequency response.

5. To observe the phase relationship between the input and output waveforms by performing
the transient analysis.

6. To determine the maximum gain, 3dB gain, lower and upper cutoff frequencies and
bandwidth of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier by performing the AC analysis.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Range Quantity

1 Multisim Software ---- ----

2 P.C ---- 1

3 Regulated power supply 10V 1

4 Function generator (Vs) ---- 1

5 Oscilloscope (CRO) ---- 1

6 Transistor: 2N2222A ---- 1

75 K 1
7 Resistors 150 1
100 K 1

8 Capacitors 10uF 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Class - A Power Amplifier

THEORY:

A power amplifier is a one which delivers a substantial amount of power to a load . In

class-A power amplifier the transistor is biased such that the output current flows, i.e the transistor
is on for full cycle (360degrees) of the input AC signal. Basically class-A power amplifiers are two
types
(i) Series fed (resistive load) class-A power amplifier.
(ii) Transformer coupled class-A power amplifier.
Maximum value of efficiency that can be obtained from Series fed(resistive load) class-A
power amplifier is 25%. This happens because the load resistor is connected directly in the output
circuit, As the collector current passes through this resistor resulting in considerable waste of power
as it does not contribute to AC signal at the output, thereby decreasing the efficiency of the
amplifier. The expression for efficiency of this amplifier is
= 25 *{(Vmax-Vmin)/Vmax} %
Whereas Maximum value of efficiency that can be obtained from Transformer coupled
class-A power amplifier is 50%. In this amplifier since the load is not directly connected to the
collector terminal and the DC collector current does not pass through it, it provides more
efficiency compared to Series fed(resistive load) class-A power amplifier. The expression for
efficiency of this amplifier is = 50 *{(Vmax-Vmin)/Vmax} %
PROCEDURE:

1. Open Multisim Software to design the class - A power Amplifier circuit

2. Select on New editor window and place the required components of

amplifier on the circuit window.

3. Make the connections using wire and check the connections and oscillator.

4. Go for simulation and using RunKeyandobservetheoutputwaveformson

CRO

5. Indicate the node names and go for AC Analysis with the output node

6. Observe the Transient response and Ac Analysis for the first stage and
second stage separately and draw the magnitude response curve

7. Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier

OBSERVATIONS / GRAPHS:

(i) TRANSIENT RESPONSE:

Input Wave Form

Output Waveform

(iii) FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

Tabular Column:

Output Voltage Voltage Gain Voltage Gain in dB
S.No Frequency
(Vo) (Av =Vo/Vin) = 20 log10 (Av)

From the frequency response curve (Graph) the following results are
calculated:

S. No. Parameter Value

1 Max. Absolute Gain
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
 4 Lower Cutoff
Frequency
5 Upper Cutoff
Frequency
6 Bandwidth

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is the conduction angle in C
lass A power amplifier?
2. In C
lass A power amplifier the operating (Q) point is located at where?
3. What is the Maximum value of efficiency of Series fed (resistive load) class-A power
amplifier?
4. What are the limitations of Series fed (resistive load) class-A power amplifier?
5. What is the Maximum value of efficiency of transformer coupled class-A power
amplifier?
6. What is the limitation of transformer coupled class-A power amplifier?

RESULT: Thus, the Class A Power Amplifier circuit was simulated by using Multisim
software and the lower and upper cutoff frequencies & bandwidth of the amplifier were
calculated by performing the AC analysis.


COMPLEMENTARY SYMMATRY CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER

AIM (OBJECTIVE):

1. To simulate the Complementary Symmetry Class B Power Amplifier in

Multisim and study the transient response.
2. To observe the cross over distortion in the output waveform also
determines the value of cross over distortion (delay) by performing the
transient analysis.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Range Quantity

1 Multisim Software ---- ----

2 P.C ---- 1

3 Regulated power supply 15V 2

4 Function generator (Vs) ---- 1

5 Oscilloscope (CRO) ---- 1

6 Transistor: 2N2222A ---- 1

7 Resistors 10 K 1

8 Capacitors 1uF 2

THEORY:
In class-B power amplifier the transistor is baised and amplitude of
input signal are selected such that the output current flows, i.e. the transistor is
on for only one half cycle(180degrees) of the input ac signal. The advantages of
class-B as compared with class-A power amplifier are
(i) Possible to obtain greater power output .
(ii) Efficiency is higher.
(iii) Negligible power loss(as no output current flows)
at no input signal.
In complimentary symmetry class-B amplifier, a PNP-NPN transistor pair is used in
CC configuration for impedence matching. Because of push-pull action this amplifier
cancels even harmonics. Hence, maximum value of efficiency of 78.5% can be obtained.
The expression for maximum value of efficiency is

= /4 *{1-(Vmin/Vcc)}*100 %
The expression for the maximum value of collector power dissipation is
Pc max =2V2cc/2RL
The expression for maximum value of collector power dissipation in terms of the
maximum power that can be delivered is
Pc max = 0.4 P ma

 1. Open Multisim Software to design theComplementarySymmetryClassB

Power Amplifier circuit

2. Select on New editor window and place the required components of the
amplifier circuit on the circuit window.

3. Make the connections using wire and check the connections and oscillator.

4. Go for simulation and using Run Key observe the output waveforms on CRO

5. Indicate the node names and go for AC Analysis with the output node

6. Observe the Transient response , Ac Analysis and draw the magnitude

response curve

7. Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier

 OBSERVATIONS / GRAPHS:

TRANSIENT RESPONSE:

Input Wave Form

Output Wave Form


Tabular Column:

Input wave form Output wave form

Amplitude: Amplitude:

Time period: Time period:

Frequency: Frequency:

Cross over distortion(delay):

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is the conduction angle in C

lass B power amplifier?
2. How the even harmonics can be eliminated in C
lass B power amplifier?
3. What is the Maximum value of efficiency of Class B power amplifier?
4. What are the limitations of push-pull Class B power amplifier?
5. In the Complementary Symmetry Class B Power Amplifier the two
transistors are operated in which configuration? And why?

RESULT: Thus, the Common Source amplifier circuit was simulated by using Multisim software
and the lower and upper cutoff frequencies & bandwidth of the amplifier werecalculated
by performing the AC analysis.

 SINGLE TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

AIM (OBJECTIVE):

To design single tuned amplifier using Multisim software and to

calculate the
bandwidth from its frequency response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Range Quantity

1 Multisim Software ---- ----

2 P.C ---- 1

3 Regulated power supply 15V 1

4 Function generator (Vs) ---- 1

5 Oscilloscope (CRO) ---- 1

6 Transistor: BC 107BP ---- 1

1K
15K 1 1
7 Resistors
6.8K 1 1
10K

0.01uF 2
8 Capacitors 0.047uF 1
10uF 1

9 Inductor 21.9uH 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Single Tuned amplifier circuit

THEORY :

A tuned amplifier is a one which amplifies the specified band of frequencies

and rejects the signals below the lower cut-off frequency and also above the
upper cut-off feequency.Tuned amplifiers are classified as:

(i) Single Tuned Amplifier

(ii) Double Tuned Amplifier

(iii) Staggered Tuned Amplifier

Single tuned amplifier uses one parallel resonance circuit as the tuned
circuit in the load of the amplifier. The advantage of this amplifier is tuning is
easy but the bandwidth is less. Double Tuned Amplifier uses two tuned circuits in
the load. It provides large bandwidth but tuning is difficult. A Staggered Tuned
Amplifier is a one which is series connection of number of single tuned
amplifiers. Tuning of this amplifier is easy compared to double tuned amplifiers
also the large bandwidth can be obtained
 1. Open Multisim Software to design circuit

2. Select on New editor window and place the required component on the circuit
window.

3. Make the connections using wire and check the connections and oscillator.

4. Go for simulation and using Run Key observe the output waveforms on CRO

5. Indicate the node names and go for AC Analysis with the output node

6. Observe the AC Analysis and draw the magnitude response curve

7. Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Tabular Column:

 Output Gain in dB
S.No. Frequency Gain (Av)= Vo / Vin
Voltage (Vo) (Av)dB= 20*log10 (Av)

10

11

12

13

14

15

From the frequency response curve (Graph) the following results are calculated:

S. No. Parameter Value

1 Max. Absolute Gain
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
4 Lower Cutoff
Frequency
5 Upper Cutoff
Frequency
 6 Bandwidth

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is a tuned amplifier ?

2. Classify the tuned amplifiers.

3. Define Q-factor

4.What is the limitation of double tuned amplifier?

5. Is tuned amplifier a hallow band or wide band amplifier?

6.Give the applications for tuned amplifier

RESULT: Thus, the Single Tuned Amplifier circuit was simulated by using Multisim
software
and the lower and upper cutoff frequencies & bandwidth of the amplifier werecalculated
by performing the AC analysis.