Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded PDF

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2013) xxx, xxxxxx
King Saud University
Journal of Saudi Chemical Society

www.ksu.edu.sa
www.sciencedirect.com
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles embedded

in SBA-15 silica wall as a green and recoverable
catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols and suldes
Hassan Atashin Ph.D., Reihaneh Malakooti *
Nanochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Birjand, P.O. Box 97175-615, Birjand, Iran
Received 9 July 2013; revised 20 September 2013; accepted 24 September 2013
KEYWORDS Abstract Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in situ for the preparation of ordered meso-
Mesoporous; porous silica SBA-15 through the hydrothermal method to afford Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst. The syn-
Heterogeneous catalyst; thesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorptiondesorption
Fe2O3; measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM)
Hematite and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). The catalytic
activity was tested for the oxidation of alcohols and suldes. Easy recovery, good reusability, high
conversion and relatively short reaction times were observed for the mentioned catalyst.
2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
1. Introduction Mn(VII) salts are used for oxidation. In addition to high cost
and low atom efciency, these oxidants produce toxic waste
The selective oxidation of alcohols to form carbonyl com- that is a serious problem in industrial procedures [2]. Due to
pounds is one of the most important processes in organic syn- the economical and ecological aspects, much attention of re-
thesis, because corresponding carbonyl compounds as search was directed to the development of new methods for
intermediate could be used for producing compounds impor- the oxidation of alcohols using transition-metal catalysts under
tant in pharmacy, agriculture and ne chemistry [12]. Tradi- mild conditions. Therefore oxidants such as dioxygen (O2) and
tionally, oxidants such as stoichiometric amounts of especially hydrogen peroxide which is cheap and only produce
hypervalent inorganic salts, notably chromium(VI) and water as by product are preferred.
In recent years, using magnetic metal and metal oxide
nanoparticles in catalysis science has received great attention,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 9151604376; fax: +98
although one of the main problems that may be encountered
5614437502. is the small size of metal nanoparticles and their aggregation
E-mail addresses: rmalakooti@birjand.ac.ir, reihaneh.malakooti@g-
which can cause to lose magnetic and catalytic properties of
mail.com (R. Malakooti).
nanoparticles [9,7]. For example Beller et al. reported one of
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
the outstanding results by using of Fe2O3 nanoparticles for
oxidation of alcohols with high selectivity, but they stated that
the catalyst system should be further improved for application
Production and hosting by Elsevier in organic synthesis [13]. Regarding the limitations,
1319-6103 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2013.09.007
Please cite this article in press as: H. Atashin, R. Malakooti, Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in SBA-15 silica wall as a green and
recoverable catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols and suldes, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.jscs.2013.09.007
2 H. Atashin, R. Malakooti
Preparation and stabilization of metal nanoparticles can be palladium in catalyst was determined by 7300DV inductively
performed in porous solids support somehow support con- coupled atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). A Shima-
trolled the size, shape and dispersion of the metal nanoparti- dzu AA-6300 ame atomic absorption spectrometer was uti-
cles. As a result, mesoporous silica materials especially SBA- lized to determine the amount of iron leached from the
15 presented as a good candidate because of high surface area catalyst. Fourier transform infrared spectrum was taken from
and large pore diameter can ensure stability of nanoparticles samples embedded in KBr pellets using a Jasco 4200 FT-IR
without agglomeration and of progress of organic reaction spectrophotometers. Reectance UVVis (DRUV) data of
within the pore additionally over other advantages such as pressed powders were recorded on a UVVis Spectrophotom-
thermal stability, easy surface modication, possibility of eter, Jasco V-670 in wavelength range of 190900 nm. Mag-
recovery and reusing of the catalyst from reaction which are netic susceptibility measurements were carried out using a
important from economical and environmentally aspects [15]. vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) (BHV-55, Riken, Ja-
For this purpose, herein we are going to report embed- pan) in the magnetic eld range of 8000 Oe to 8000 Oe at
ded iron oxide nanoparticles in silica framework of SBA- room temperature.
15 as a good catalyst for oxidation of alcohols which in
comparison with various heterogeneously catalyzed protocols 2.3. Synthesis of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst
[10,3,11,16] can overcome limitations such as using high cost
noble metal (Pd, Ag, . . .), performed only for activated Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst was prepared according to the proce-
substrates, needing large quantities of additives such as ionic dure reported by Kim et al. [6]. In a typical synthesis, 2 g of
liquid or bases and electron transfer mediators or microwave P123 was dissolved in 15 g of deionized water and 70 g of
irradiation. 2.9 M HCl under stirring. Then 4.25 g of TEOS and 4.36 g
ferric nitrate nonahydrate were added into the solution and
2. Experimental the temperature was set at 313 K and was stirred for 24 h.
Subsequently the solution was heated in a Teon-lined
2.1. Materials
Poly (ethylene oxide)-block-poly (propylene oxide)-block-poly 18000

(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (P123) was purchased
from Aldrich. Other materials were purchased from Merck. 16000
All materials were used without further purication.
14000
Intensity (Counts)
2.2. Characterizations 12000
10000
X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) were conducted using Bru-
ker D8Advanced model with Ni-ltered Cu Ka radiation 8000
(1.5406 A). Data were recorded with a speed of 2 min1 and
a step of 0.05. TEM images were performed on a Philips 6000
CM10 electron microscope at 150 kV. N2 adsorption/desorp-
4000
tion isotherms were acquired at 77.35 K utilization Quanta-
chrome Nova 2200, Version 7.11 Analyzer. Before 2000
measurements, the samples were out-gassed at 120 C for over-
night. The specic surface area and the pore size distributions 2 4 6 8 10
were obtained from the desorption branch of the isotherms 2 theta (degree)
using the BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET) method and
BarrettJoynerHalenda (BJH) analysis. Amount of Figure 2 Low angle XRD pattern of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
Figure 1 Reaction scheme for the oxidation of alcohols and suldes over Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
j.jscs.2013.09.007
3
385
251
Intensity (Counts)
Absorbance
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Wavelength(nm)
2 theta (degree)
Figure 6 UV/Vis spectrum of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
Figure 3 High angle XRD pattern of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
Intensity (a.u.)
Figure 4 TEM image of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst. 1000 2000 3000 4000

Wavenumber (1/cm)
Figure 7 FT-IR spectrum of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
Figure 5 Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm incorporated

with pore size distribution at inset of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst. Figure 8 Magnetization curve of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
j.jscs.2013.09.007
2.4. General procedure for the oxidation
A mixture of hydrogen peroxide (0.2 mL, 2 mmol) and Fe2O3/

SBA-15 catalyst (0.02 g, 1.64 mol% Fe) in 3 mL water was
placed into a glass tube equipped with a magnetic stirrer. Next,
the alcohol (1 mmol) or sulde (1 mmol) was added into the
solution (Fig. 1). After the completion of the reaction (deter-
mined by TLC), the catalyst was separated by ltration,
washed with ethyl acetate and dried prior to its reuse in the
next reaction. Then ethyl acetate was added to the ltrate
and the organic layer was extracted to determine the conver-
sion with Gas Chromatography.
3. Results and discussion

Figure 9 Effect of solvent on the synthesis of benzaldehyde
under reaction conditions: benzyl alcohol (1 mmol), Fe2O3/SBA- XRD pattern of Fe2O3/SBA-15 is showed in Fig. 2. A sharp
15 catalyst (0.02 g, 1.64 mol% Fe), H2O2 (2 mmol, 0.2 mL) in peak at 2h = 1 corresponding to (1 0 0) plane and two weak
2 mL solvent at room temperature after 8 h. peaks at 1.6 and 1.8 corresponding to (1 1 0) and (2 0 0) planes
were observed which are typical of hexagonally structured
SBA-15 silica with highly ordered mesoporous channels [18].
The hexagonal unit cell or lattice parameter, a measure of
spacing between the hexagonal layers, is calculated from the
p
d100 (2/ 3) which is 104 A for the Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
Also, the high angle XRD pattern of the catalyst (Fig. 3) in
addition to the peak at about 2h = 23 related to amorphous
silica showed diffraction peaks corresponding to the Miller
indices value (h k l) of (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (4 0 0), (4 2 2), (5 1 1) and
(4 4 0), respectively which agree with the tetragonal structure
Table 2 Effect of the catalyst amount on the synthesis of

benzaldehyde.a
Entry Catalyst Catalyst amount Conversion
Figure 10 Effect of the temperature on the synthesis of
1 Fe2O3/SBA-15 0.005 20
benzaldehyde under reaction conditions: benzyl alcohol (1 mmol),
2 Fe2O3/SBA-15 0.01 50
Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst (0.02 g, 1.64 mol% Fe), H2O2 (2 mmol, 3 Fe2O3/SBA-15 0.02 95
0.2 mL) in 2 mL water after 3.5 h. 4 Fe2O3/SBA-15 0.025 95
5 Fe2O3/SBA-15 0.03 95
6 Fe(NO3)3/SBA-15 0.02 40
7 SBA-15 0.1
autoclave up to 373 K and remained at this temperature for 8 Without catalyst
48 h under static conditions. The resulting solid was ltered a
off and washed carefully with distilled water, dried at room Reaction conditions: benzyl alcohol (1 mmol), Fe2O3/SBA-15
catalyst (0.82 mmol g1 Fe), H2O2 (2 mmol, 0.2 mL) at 80 C in
temperature, and then calcined at 873 K for 6 h to burn the
2 mL water after 3.5 h.
surfactants.
Table 1 Effect of the oxidants on the synthesis of benzaldehyde.a

Entry Oxidant Temperature (C) Time (h) Conversion (%)
1 H2O2 (1 mmol) 80 3.5 65
2 H2O2 (2 mmol) 80 3.5 95
3 H2O2 (2 mmol) 25 4.5 30
4 H2O2 (3 mmol) 80 3.5 90
5 Air 80 4.5 20
6 Air 25 5 10
8 TBHP 80 3.5 30
6 Oxone 80 3.5 45
7 PhIO 80 3.5 10
a
Reaction conditions: benzyl alcohol (1 mmol), Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst (0.02 g, 1.64 mol% Fe) and oxidant in 2 mL water.
j.jscs.2013.09.007
5
Table 3 Oxidation of alcohols to aldehyde using Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst in water in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.a
Entry Substrate Time (h) Conversion (%)
1 3.5 95
OH
2 4 80
OH
3 2 100
O
OH
4 5 80
OH
5 OH
8 70
6 2.5 100
OH
OH
7 2 100
H3CO
OH
8 3 100
O2N
OH
9 4.5 90
Cl
OH
10 4.5 80
OH
Cl
11 2 95
Cl
OH
Cl
12 4 40
OH
(continued on next page)
j.jscs.2013.09.007
Table 3 (continued)
13 OH
6 45
14 6 85
O
OH
15 4 90
Cl
16 2 95
a
Reaction conditions: alcohol (1 mmol), Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst (0.02 g, 1.64 mol% Fe), H2O2 (2 mmol, 0.2 mL) at 80 C in 2 mL water.
Table 4 Oxidation of suldes to sulfoxide using Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst in water in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.a
S
1 3.5 95
2 S 4 80
S
3 2 100
4 5 80
5 S 8 70
6 4.5 95
7 S 4 90
a
Reaction conditions: sulde (1 mmol), Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst (0.02 g, 1.64 mol% Fe) at 80 C in 2 mL water.
j.jscs.2013.09.007
7
conversion at 80 C and it was selected as a suitable tempera-

Table 5 Reusability of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst on the synthe-
ture for the reaction. Higher temperatures were avoided be-
sis of benzaldehyde.a
cause of acid formation.
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 To evaluate the oxidizing potential of other oxidants, oxi-
Time (h) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 dation of benzyl alcohol was performed under oxidant such
Conversion (%) 95 95 95 95 90 90 as O2, H2O2, TBHP, Oxone and PhIO. Results from Table 1
a
Reaction conditions: benzyl alcohol (1 mmol), Fe2O3/SBA-15 reconrmed that the presence of hydrogen peroxide as oxidant
catalyst (0.02 g, 1.64 mol% Fe) at 80 C in 2 mL water. afforded higher conversion.
As indicated in Table 2, it is clear that 0.02 g of Fe2O3/
SBA-15 (1.64 mol%) shows exceedingly high catalytic activity
compared to other amount and there is no signicant increase
of maghemite (JCPDS le No 251402) with a unit cell dimen-
in the conversion with increase of catalyst amount (Table 2,
sion of (a = 8.34 A; c = 25.02 A) and the space group of
entry 5). By using SBA-15 alone and in the absence of the sup-
P4132 (2 1 3) [8].
ported catalyst was not observed any product which conrmed
The TEM image of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst also showed
the main role of iron oxide nanoparticles as catalytic center.
ordering cylindrical pore structure which is in accordance with
In continuation of our investigation using the optimized
XRD data (Fig. 4).
reaction condition, the activity of Fe2O3/SBA-15 was exam-
Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and also pore size
ined for oxidation of a variety of different primary and second-
distribution of Fe2O3/SBA-15 are shown in Fig. 5. The catalyst
ary alcohols by using hydrogen peroxide oxidant (Table 3).
exhibited type IV isotherm and H1 hysteresis loop during high
The catalyst efciently works in the presence of alcohols
relative pressures (0.60.8) according to the IUPAC classica-
containing both electron rich and electron decient groups.
tion of mesoporous materials [17] with uniform pore size distri-
Sterically demanding substituent derivatives of benzyl alcohol
bution (see inset in Fig. 5). The specic surface area, total pore
also showed good reactivity, and converted to their corre-
volume and pore diameter (calculated with BJH method) of
sponding aldehydes in excellent yields under the same reaction
the catalyst are 743 m2 g1, 1.24 cm3 g1 and 6.66 nm, respec-
conditions. Moreover, Fe2O3/SBA-15 is a suitable catalyst for
tively which indicated high capability for catalytic activity.
the oxidation of alcohols containing heteroatom such as furfu-
Fig. 6 shows the UVVisible spectrum of the Fe2O3/SBA-
ryl alcohol, hindered substituted alcohols and secondary ben-
15 catalyst. The UVVisible spectrum exhibited one strong
zylic alcohols. As the aldehyde products were not further
absorption band centered at 251 nm which is attributed to
oxidized to carboxylic acid, the selectivity of the catalyst can
the charge transfer from p orbitals of oxygen (O2) to the d
be concluded.
orbitals of iron (Fe3+) in the tetrahedral coordinated (FeO
Also oxidation of aromatic olens to the corresponding
Si) in the silica framework [4]. Also another band at 385 nm
aldehydes with high rates can be established in the scope of
can be assigned to the extra-framework and/or cluster or
Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.
aggregated iron oxide species [14].
Sulde was subjected to the oxidation under optimized con-
FT-IR spectrum of Fe2O3/SBA-15 (Fig. 7) clearly shows
dition which was used for oxidation of alcohols (Table 4). In
the strong peak for stretching of the SiOSi at 1100 cm1,
addition to oxidation of aromatic sulde, aliphatic and allylic
bending vibration of SiOSi at 805 cm1, 960 cm1 (the Si
suldes can also be oxidized to sulfoxide without further oxi-
OH bending), HOH bending vibrations of physisorbed
dation to the sulfone.
water at 1627 cm1 and a broad band at 3420 cm1 (hydroxyl
To investigate the heterogeneous behavior of the catalysis
stretching vibrations) [1]. In addition, two peaks at 580 and
system, synthesis of benzaldehyde was carried out. After pro-
616 cm1 are attributed to stretching and bending vibration
ceeding for 1 h (30% conversion), the reaction mixture was l-
mode of the FeO in the FeOSi bonds [5].
tered in the reaction temperature to avoid redeposition of
In order to investigate the magnetic properties of the pre-
solubilized iron species and continuation of the reaction on l-
pared catalyst we also obtained the hysteresis loop at room
trate showed no further increase in conversion under similar
temperature using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
conditions for 7 h which conrmed that the catalyst was evi-
Magnetization curve of prepared materials is shown in
dently worked within the pores of SBA-15 not in the solution
Fig. 8. The magnetization curve exhibited no remanence effect
phase with homogeneous manner. In addition, after analysis of
(superparamagnetic property) with saturation magnetization
the ltrate solution, no iron was detected in the solution by
of about 40 emu/g which is sufcient for the separation of
atomic absorption spectrophotometer after rst run.
the catalyst from the reaction mixture with external magnet.
The stability of the Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst was also studied
In the preliminary study for the optimization of the reac-
by reusing of the recovered catalyst from the oxidation of ben-
tion conditions, oxidation of benzyl alcohols (1 mmol) in the
zyl alcohol. After each run, the catalyst was separated by easy
presence of hydrogen peroxide by using 0.02 g catalyst in var-
ltration, washed with absolute ethanol and dried. As shown
ious solvents was tested at room temperature (Fig. 9). Excel-
in Table 5, the recovered catalyst was reused again successively
lent yields of benzaldehyde were observed in water as
for 6 runs with only a low decrease in conversion, concluding
solvent. However solvent free condition and other solvents
that the catalyst is stable in the reaction conditions.
such as hexane, toluene, dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloro-
methane (CH2Cl2), and chloroform (CHCl3) did not show
4. Conclusions
good activity for this reaction.
In order to select the best temperature for the reaction, var-
ious reactions were tested at different temperatures (Fig. 10). In conclusion, through an easy and simple procedure by addi-
The results showed that using water as solvent obtained higher tion of an iron precursor during the synthesis of SBA-15, a
j.jscs.2013.09.007
highly active and recyclable catalyst containing hematite iron imaging contrast application, Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 5812
oxide nanoparticle embedded silica walls of SBA-15 was affor- 5820.
ded. Characterization of the catalyst displays mesoscopic order [9] R. Narayanan, M.A. El Sayed, Catalysis with transition metal
of structure, high surface area and void space for catalytic nanoparticles in colloidal solution: nanoparticle shape
dependence and stability, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 12663
activity. The catalyst can progress oxidation of alcohols, sul-
12676.
des and olens to the desire products in a relatively short [10] C. Parmeggiani, F. Cardona, Transition metal based catalysts in
reaction time in addition to stability and easy separation. the aerobic oxidation of alcohols, Green Chem. 14 (2012) 547
564.
[11] F. Rajabi, S. Naserian, A. Primo, R. Luque, Efcient and
Acknowledgement Highly Selective Aqueous Oxidation of suldes to sulfoxides at
room temperature catalysed by supported iron oxide
Authors are thankful to the University of Birjand Research nanoparticles on SBA-15, Adv. Synth. Catal. 353 (2011) 2060
Council for the funding of this study. 2066.
[12] S.S. Stahl, Palladium oxidase catalysis: selective oxidation of
organic chemicals by direct dioxygen coupled turnover, Angew.
References Chem., Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 34003420.
[13] F. Shi, M.K. Tse, M.M. Pohl, A. Bruckner, S. Zhang, M. Beller,
[1] N. Anand, K.H.P. Reddy, V. Swapna, K.S.R. Rao, D.R. Burri, Tuning catalytic activity between homogeneous and
Fe(III) complex anchored SBA-15 is a new heterogeneous heterogeneous catalysis: improved activity and selectivity of
catalyst for the cleavage of aliphatic CC bond of styrene free nano-Fe2O3 in selective oxidations, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
and its derivatives, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 143 (2011) 46 (2007) 88668868.
132140. [14] Y. Sun, S. Walspurger, J.P. Tessonnier, B. Louis, J. Sommer,
[2] G.J. Brink, I.W.C.E. Arends, R.A. Sheldon, Green catalytic Highly dispersed iron oxide nanoclusters supported on ordered
oxidation of alcohols in water, Science 287 (2000) 16361639. mesoporous SBA-15: a very active catalyst for FriedelCrafts
[3] S.E. Davis, M.S. Ide, R.J. Davis, Selective oxidation of alcohols alkylations, Appl. Catal., A 300 (2006) 17.
and aldehydes over supported metal nanoparticles, Green [15] R.J. White, R. Luque, V.L. Budarin, J.H. Clark, D.J.
Chem. 15 (2013) 1745. Macquarrie, Supported metal nanoparticles on porous
[4] B. Echchahed, A. Moen, D. Nicholson, L. Bonneviot, Iron- materials: methods and applications, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38
modied MCM-48 mesoporous molecular sieves, Chem. Mater. (2009) 481494.
9 (1997) 17161719. [16] L. Wang, J. Li, X. Zhao, Y. Lv, H. Zhang, S. Gao, An efcient
[5] IlT Kim, G.A. Nunnery, K. Jacob, J. Schwartz, X. Liu, R. and scalable room temperature aerobic alcohol oxidation
Tannenbaum, Synthesis, characterization, and alignment of catalyzed by iron chloride hexahydrate/mesoporous silica
magnetic carbon nanotubes tethered with maghemite supported TEMPO, Tetrahedron 69 (2013) 60416045.
nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 69446951. [17] W.H. Zhang, X.B. Lu, J.H. Xiu, Z.L. Hua, L.X. Zhang, M.
[6] J. Kim, C. Anand, S.N. Talapaneni, J. You, S.S. Aldeyab, E. Robertson, J.L. Shi, D.S. Yan, J.D. Holmes, Synthesis and
Kim, A. Vinu, Catalytic polymerization of anthracene in a characterization of bifunctionalized ordered mesoporous
recyclable SBA-15 reactor with high iron content by a Friedel materials, Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 (2004) 544552.
Crafts alkylation, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 51 (2012) 28592863. [18] D. Zhao, Q. Huo, J. Feng, B.F. Chmelka, G.D. Stucky,
[7] C.W. Lim, I.S. Lee, Magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst Nonionic triblock and star diblock copolymer and oligomeric
systems for the organic reactions, Nano Today 5 (2010) 412 surfactant syntheses of highly ordered, hydrothermally stable,
434. mesoporous silica structures, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998)
[8] J. Lu, S. Yang, K.M. Ng, C.H. Su, C.S. Yeh, Y.N. Wu, D.B. 60246036.
Shieh, Solid-state synthesis of monocrystalline iron oxide
nanoparticle based ferrouid suitable for magnetic resonance
j.jscs.2013.09.007

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2013) xxx, xxxxxx

King Saud University

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles embedded

Received 9 July 2013; revised 20 September 2013; accepted 24 September 2013

Poly (ethylene oxide)-block-poly (propylene oxide)-block-poly 18000

2.2. Characterizations 12000

Figure 4 TEM image of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst. 1000 2000 3000 4000

Figure 7 FT-IR spectrum of Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalyst.

Figure 5 Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm incorporated

2.4. General procedure for the oxidation

A mixture of hydrogen peroxide (0.2 mL, 2 mmol) and Fe2O3/

3. Results and discussion

Table 2 Effect of the catalyst amount on the synthesis of

Table 1 Effect of the oxidants on the synthesis of benzaldehyde.a

(continued on next page)

conversion at 80 C and it was selected as a suitable tempera-

You might also like