5.4, DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TANK Design Example §.1, Design an underground water tank 4mx10mX3m deep. The sub soil consists of sand having angle of repose of 30°, and saturated unit weight of 17kN/m’. The water table is likely to rise upto ground level. Use M 20 concrete and HYSD bars. Take unit weight of water as 9.81 kN/m’. Solution. 1. General : ‘There are four components of design : Design of tong walls (ii) Design of short walls (iii) Design of roof slab (iv) Design of base slab. ‘The design of the walls will be done under two con: i @) Tank full with water, with no earthfill outside. (b) Tank empty, with full earth pressure duc to saturated earth fill. The base slab will be designed for uplift pressure and the whole tank is to be tested against floatation. As the L/B ratio is greater than 2 the long walls will be designed as cantilevers . The bottom one metre (>H/4) of short walls will be designed as cantilever while the top portion will designed as slab supported by long walls. 2. Design constants. For M 20 concrete, we have oze= 7 N/m? and m = 13. Since the face of wall will be in contact with water for each condition, Ou = 150 N/mm” for HYSD bars. Also, permissible compressive stress in steel under direct compression is o,¢= 175 N/mm’. For ocke= 7N/mm?, a= 150 N/mm” and m = 13, we -have —13x7__o378 137+ 150 j= 1-0.378/3 = 0.874 R=¥x 6x 0874 x 0378 = 1.1563. Design of long walls. (@) Tank empty with pressure of saturated soil from outside Pom Kay’ H+ yoH [520] yp’ = 17-981 = 7.19 kN/m’ = 7190 N/m? 9.81 kN/m? = 9810 N/m? Pom 5X 7190 X 3 + 9810 X 3 = 35620 N/m? 3 Max. B.M. at the base of wall 19.93 x 10° N-mm. = 36620 x 3 x 3 = 54930 N-m: Provide total depth T= 260 mm so that d= 260 —35= 225 mm 54.93 x 10° 0 = F505 0874 x05 7 18622 mm" Using 16 mm @ bars, spacing - et 108 mm. However, provide 16 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c on the outside face, at the bottom of long wall. Curtailment of reinforcement. Since the B.M. is proportional to A’, we have da Aa its a (AN? From which A =H (4) If As =4Aq (be. half the bars being curtailed), 1y3_3 (1 A =H (p)*=3 (3] *. Height from base = 3 - 2.38 = 0.62 m . However, as per code requirements, the bars are to be continued further for a distance of 12@(= 12x 16=192 mm) or d (= 225 mm), whichever is more, beyond this point. Hence curtail half the bars at 0.62+0.225 ~0.85 m from base.Similarly, depth where only 1/4 th reinforcement is required is 1\$_ 3 (hy hen (,)5=3(Z)'= 189m. Height from base =3 - 1.89 =1.11 m. However, as per Code requirement, the bars are to be continued further for a distance of 12@(= 192mm) or d(= 225mm), whichever is more, beyond this point. Hence curtail 3/4 of the bars at 1.11+0.225=1.35 m above base. Fo ¥ nit (260 = 100) _ Minimum, % reinforcement= 0.3 - 0.1 x (450 = 100) 0.254 % Min, A= 0.254 x = 660.4 mm? ‘This is more then 1/4 of A, at the bottom. Hence the above curtailment is not permissible. Hence the reinforcement will be provided as under : (® At base : 16@ bars @ 100 mm cc Gi) At 085 m above base, up to top : 164 bars @ 200 mm of. Distribution steel 260 x 1000 00 sca invak 260 — 100) % distribution steal = 03 ~0.1 EET TO = 01254 % ‘ - 260 x 1000 _ 2 fs Aas = 0.254 x 260% 1009 = 660.4 mm Area to be provided on each face = 330.2 mm’ < Spacing of 8 mm @ bars = 100% 5026 152.2 mm Hence provide 8 mm @ bars @ 150 mm cc on each face. Actual, Aud = 2x ee = 610mm? Direct compression in long walls ‘The earth pressure acting on short walls will cause compression in Iong walls, because top portion of short walls act as slab supported on long walls. at anim(>4) above the base of short walls, Pa =Kay' (Hh) -+y0 (H=A $7190 (3-1) +9810~1) = 4793 + 19620 = 24413 N/m?This direct compression developed on long walls is given by Pre = pa-% = 24813 x 3 = 48826 N ‘This will be well taken by the distribution steel and wall section. (©) Tank full with water, and no earth fill ousside = tw H = 9810 x 3 = 29430 N/m? Nop 3.3 : apt Hapossoxdxdma4ids Nem =44.145%10 Nem 44.145 x 106 YO arene mere eey AE ? T50 x 0874 x 25 ~ 14966 men As’ 1000 x 201.1 1496.6 However, provide 16 mm © bars @ 130 mm cfc at the inside Using 16 mm @ bars, spacing = = 1344 mm face. Curtailment of reinforcement, =H (std a) It A= }Aq (ie half the bars being curtailed), 1y} 1)$ h=H 5)F=3 3)? = 2.38 m. As decided earlier, curtail half the bars at 0.85 m from the Min. reinforcement @ 0.254 % = 660.4 mm*. Hence further curtailment is not possible. ‘Thus, the reinforcement at the inner face will be provided as follows : @ At base : 16 mm @ bars @ 130 mm cle (i At 0.85 m above base, upto top. : 16 m © bars @ 260 mm cfc Direct tension in long walls Since the top portion of short walls act as slab supported on long walls, the water pressure acting on short walls will cause tension in long walls.P.=p%, where p=9810x2=19620N/m? at 1m above base P, = 19620 x $ = 39240 N ‘A, required = 29240 «261.6 mm? Area of distribution stee! provided in horizontal direction = 670mm’. Hence distribution steel will take direct tension . 4. Design of short walls (@) Tank empty, with pressure of saturated soil from outside @ Top Portion The bowom 1 m (>H/4) acts as cantilever, while the remaining 2 m acts as slab supported on long walls. At hel m (4 above the base of short wall, Pa= Kay’ (H —h) + yw (H —A) = $x 7190 x 2 + 9810 x 2 = 4793 + 19620 = 24413 N/m* aL? My (at supports) = eat 2 BCL = 32551 Nem (causing tension outside) M (at centre) _Pal® Pol? _ =P MPa = 16275 N-m (causing tension inside)d=260 — (25 +16 + 8) = 211 mm. At supports, Aa= 325511000 150x0874x211 aentam =1177 mm’. Using 12 mm © bars, We3m = 1000 x 113.1 DEM OR 1m bars @ 95 m c/c at the outer i == Hence provide 12 mm © face, at 2 mm below the top. At midspan, | see20 4 Ag = 3% 1177 = 588.5 mm? Min. Au= 660.4 mm? (as found FIG. SS earlier) © Spacing of 12 mm @ bars = 2000x1131 _ 3713 660.4 Hence provide.12.mm . bars at 170 mm c/e at the inner face, (i) Bottom portion The bottom 1 m will bend as cantilever. Intensity of earth pressure at bottom = 36620 N/m’ (step 3) Ms (5*38620%1) x3=6103 N-m (with tension at outside face) «A, = $103 x 1000 2 * Au = T59x0874 x 205 7 207 mn Minimum steel @ 0.254 % = 660.4 mm* (found earlier) = 1000 x 113.1 6604 + Spacing of 12 mm © bars =1713 mmHence provide 12 mm bars @ 170 mm ci at the outside face, in the vertical direction for bottom 1m height. The spacing gan be doubled for the upper portion. (ii) Direct compression in short walls Though the long walls bend as cantilever, it is observed that end one meter width of long wall contributes to push in short walls, due to earth pressure, and its magnitude is given by Poc= pa X 1 = 24413 x 1 = 24413 N This is quite small, and hence its effect has not been considered. (@) Tank full with water, and no earthfill outside @ Top Portion The bottom portion & = 1m (> H/4) acts as a cantilever, while the remaining 2 m acts as slab supported on long walls. At h= 1m(>H/4) above the base of short wall, p=w (H~h) = 9810 x2 = 1960 N/m? My (at supports) : PE 196206) 26160 Nem (causing tension at the inside ) Mc (at centre) (causing tension at the outside) Direct tension in short wall, due to water pressure on the end FIG? 56 one metre width of long walls is Py=w(H—h)x1=19620% 1=19620 N Effective depth d, for horizontal steel =211 mm2. Distance xed-ZTeni-130=81 mm Net BM. =M-— Pp.x Ay = MP oujd Ana = 28 % Alt the inside face (end of short walls) Aay= Ma Ped = 25160 1000 19620 81 « 698.2 mm? On f * Total Av=Awi+ Ave =888,2 + 130.8=1019 mm? Using 12 mm © bars, 1000 x.113.1._ 1019 =111 mm Hence provide 12 mm & bars @ 110 mm_ at the inner face. At the outside face (midle of short walls) —MemPox Anim Cid 13080x 1000- 1962081 1500874211 Reav2zs—t b-T 260 +4 2 Total Ag = 415.4 + 1308 = 546.2 mm” FIG. $7 Min, Aq = 660.4 mm? (as found earlier) Using 12 mm © bars, 5 = Wes 171 mm Hence provide 12 mm & @ 170 mm cle at the outside face(i) "Bottom portion The bottom 1 m will bend as cantilever. P (at bottom)= 29430 N/m? (step 3 ) .M= x 29430 x 1) x 4 = 2280 = 4905 N-m (with tension at inside face) «4g, = 4905 x 1000 2 » An = TEx = 166.3 mm’ Min. steel @ 0.254%= 660.4 mm? (found earlier ) *. Spacing of 12 mm © bars = Hence provide 12 mm ® bars @ 170 mm c/c at the inside face, in the vertical direction for bottom 1 m height. The spacing can be doubled for the upper portion. (©) Summary of. reinforcement in short walls @ Horizontal reinforcement at inner face For lateral earth pressure, horizontal reinforcement required is 12 mm © @ 170 mm cfc in the mid-span. For water pressure, horizontal reinforcement required is 12 mm® @ 100 mm cic at the ends. Hence provide greater one of the two reinforcements. Thus, proivde 12 mm@ @ 100 mm c/c at the inner face at 2 m from the top. At top 1 m height, the pressure will be reduced to half the value ; hence provide 12 mm @ @ 170 mm cic for the top 1m height. (i) Horizontal reinforcement at outer face For lateral earth pressure, horizontal reinforcement required is 12 mm @ 95 mm cfc at the supports. For water pressure, horizontal reinforcement required is 12 mm @ 170 mm cic at the mid span. Hence provide 12 mm @ 95 mm c/c at the outer face, at 2 m from the top . At top 1 m height, the presssure will be reduced iv half the value, hence provide 12 mm @ 170 mm c/c for the top 1-m height. (iii) Vertical reinforcement at inner face Provide 12 mm © bars @ 170 mm c/c at the inner face, for bottom 1 m height ; the spacing can be doubled for the upper portion. (@&) Vertical reinforcement at outer face Provide 12 mm bars @ 170 mm cic at the outer face, for bottom 1 m height. The spacing can be doubled for the upper portion.Step 5. Design of top slab L/B = 10/4 = 2,5 Hence the top slab will be designed as one way slab. Let the live load on top slab = 2000N/m? Assuming a thickness of 20 em including finishes etc, Self weight = 0.20 x 1 x 1 x 25000 = 5000 N/m? Total w= 2000 + 5000 = 7000 N/m? 2 2 wate 000 4 ? 0.26)" = 15879.15 Nem = 117.2 mm Provide total thickness = 150 mm. Keeping a clear cover of 25 mm and using 12 mm ® bars, d = 150-25-6=119 mm. 15879,15 x 1000 = ns 2 a= Tox 0874 x 119 ~ Sm Spacing of 12 mm@ bars = ex US nt mm Hence provide 12 mm @ bars @ 110 mm cc. 150=100)_ 13-01 [ss0=r03] =0.286% 2 ag = 0286 150 100 4986 mn! 1000 x 78.54 428.6 Distribution reinforcement= ++ Spacing of 10 mm @ bars = = 183.26 mm Hence provide 10 mm @ bars @ 180 mm c/c the other direction.Step 6. Design of bottom slab If there were no sub-soil water, only nominal reinforcement would be required. However, because of saturated subsoil, there will be uplift pressure on the bottom slab, of the magnitude given by Pu =w Hi = 9810 x 3,3 = 32373 N/m? (Assuming thickness of base slab to be 300 mm) (@) Check against floatation The whole tank must be checkced against floation when the tank is empty. Total upward floatation force = Py= pu BX L = 32373 x 4 x 10 = 1294920 N. Total downward force consists of weight of the tank. Let us assume thickness of bottom slab = 300 mm. Weight of walls = 0.26(4+4-+ 10+ 10)x3x25000=546000 N. Weight of roof slab and finishes=0.2x4x10x25000= 200000 N Weight of base slab = 4 x 10 x 0.3 x 25000 = 300000 N <. Total W = 546000 + 200000 + 300000 = 1046000 N This is much fess than the floatation force. “Hence provide projections of ‘base slab, beyond the face of vertical walls, by an amount x m_ alround, so that weight of soil column supported by the projections will proivde additional downward force. It is assumed that if the tank is floated, the earth would rupture on the vertical planes shown by dotted lines (Fig. 5.8). Most soils would tend to Tupture on an inclined plane, thus tending to increase the effective downward load from the earth but this increase might be small in waterloggeed non-cohesive ground. Weight of soil supported by projection x=2(L+B)x H yor 2.(4 + 10)x @ x 17000) = 1428000 N Weight of roof slab= 200000 N (as before) Weight of walls = 546000 N (as before) 8 z B aap | |Weight of base slab = (4420.26 +2x)(10-+2%0.26 + 2x) x0.3x25000 = (4.52 + 2x) (10.52 + 2x) x 7500 Total uplift force = 29430 (4.52 + 2x) (10.52 + 2x) Equating total upward force to the total downward forces, we get 29430 (4.52-+2.x) (10.52+2x) = 1428000 x-+200000+ 546000 + (4.52 + 2x) (10.52 + 2r) 7500 or — 21930 (4.52 + 2x) (10.52 + 2r) = 1428000 + 746000 or (4.52 + 2x) (10.52 + 2t) = 65.116x + 34.017 which gives 4x7 — 35.036x + 13.533 =0 From which x= 0.4 m. Check Width By =4+ (2x 0.26) +04=492 m Length Ly = 10 + (2 x 0.26) + 0.4= 1092 m £- Weight of soil supported on projectionx = 2 (Li+B,) x H yea = 2 (4.92 + 10.92) 0.4 x 3 x 17000 = 646272 N Weight of walls= 546000 N fil) Weight ‘of roof stab= 200000 N --(iti) Weight of base slab = (452+2x0.4) (10.52+20.4) x0.3x25000=451668 (iv) ++ Total downward weight =646272 + 545000+ 200000 + 451668 = 1843940 N 9430 (4.52 + 0.8) (10.52 + 0.8) 772345 N “. FS. against floation =+ Total uplift force A factor of safety of about 1.1 is needed because (i) concrete may weigh less than 25000N/m’ (fi) earth may weigh less than 17000 N/m®, or (iii) ground water may turn saline, and may weigh more than 9810 N/m’. Hence keep x= 0.5 m ‘The base slab will be designed as one way slab. Consider one metre length of the slab.be——_—_—_-———— 5-286 m ————___- 1 FIG. 5.9. Upward water pressure (p,) = 32373 N/m? Self weight of stab = 1x 1 x 03 x 25000 = 7500N/m? ~. Net upward pressure, p = 32373 — 7500 = 24873 N/m? Weight of wall perm run = 0,26x3x1x25000 = 19500 N/m Weight of roof slab, transferred to each wall, per m run = 0.2 x (2 + 0.26) x 1 x 25000 = 11300 N Weight of earth of projection = 17000 x 3 x 1x 0.5 = (51000) x 1 x 0.5 = 25500 Nim «. Net unbalanced force/m run = 32373 (5.286 x 1) — 2.(19500 + 25500 +11300) = 58524 N +. Reaction on each wall = 58524/2 = 29262 N Pa = Kay' H + w H = 36620 N/m Py = 36620 x 31 = 54930 Nim Acting at (}+0.3)=1.3 m above the bottom of base slab. B.M. at the edge of cantilever portion = 24873. (05) 4. s4o39 x 1,3 - 5100005)" 2 . 2 = + 68143. N-m( causing tension at the bottom face ) BLM. at the centre of span ort a een LINE +29262) 426 51000 x 0.5 (S- 025) = 86874 + 71409 — 127932 — 61021.5= — 30670 N-m (causing tension at the top face ) da S13 x 1000 = 243 mm. Keep D = 300 mm so that using an effective cover of 50 mm, d =300-50=250 mm. _ 68143 x 1000 _ 2 As = 150 x 0874 x 250 ~ 7079 Spacing of 16 mm @ bars= 200) x 201 =97 mm. Provide 16 mm ® bars @ 90 mm at the bottom face. = 30670 x 1000 _ 2 For the top face, Aw = sey scqa7a x 750 7 9358 mm = eas = 1000x 113.1 _ +. Spacing of 12 mm @ bars oag8 = 120 mm ofc Distribution reinforcement in longitudinal direction =03- oa[ 335—108| = 0.243% 0.243 x 1000 x 300 0 +. Area of steel = = 729 mm* 1 Area of steel on each face = 22? = 364.5 mm? Se Beas = 1000 x 503 _ + Spacing of 8 mm @ bars = OS = 138 mm Hence provide 8 mm @ 130 m cic on each face. ‘Step 7, Details of reinforcement Shown in Fig. 5.10.Hid30 WZ AY NOTE rio ¢@ #0 16 $@100 wey SECTION 982, tee p2e@ ne i F I t F