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LAB 2

1. INTRODUCTION:

Phototransistor is a both switching and current amplification device which functions as a


light sensor. It actually produces the current when illuminated by the light and hence the reverse
current obtained flow out in the circuit. A photo coupler is also known as an optical isolator. It actually
transfers electrical signals from one isolated systems to another by using light. Another device used in
this lab was magnetic sensors; it is the sensor that detects the magnetic fields and even measuring it.
So in this lab the three sensors have been well used to meet the required demand as seen in the
following sections.

LAB 3

1. Introduction:

The Ultrasonic waves are electromagnetic waves that can propagate through a wide variety of
mediums such as liquid, solid and gaseous. It is primarily the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves
and the effects on the waves velocity caused by the density. The frequency range is between 16Hz to
20 KHz is generally defined as the audible frequency range beyond the normal hearing range of
humans.

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