Chapter Objectives

Understand how to measure the stress and strain

through experiments

Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials

to the stress-strain diagram.

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TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST

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READING QUIZ

1) The modulus of elasticity E is a measure of

the linear relationship between stress and
strain. The common unit is:

a) kN/mm2

b) MPa

c) GPa

d) All of them

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READING QUIZ (cont)

2) The Poissons ratio, v of common

engineering materials lies in the range:

a) 0v1

b) 0 v 0.5

c) -1 v 1

d) -0.5 v 0.5

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APPLICATIONS

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APPLICATIONS (cont)

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STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
Note the critical status for strength specification
proportional limit
elastic limit
yield stress
ultimate stress
fracture stress

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STRENGTH PARAMETERS
Modulus of elasticity (Hookes Law)

Modulus of Resistance

1 pl
2
1
ur pl pl
2 2 E

Modulus of Toughness
It measures the enter area
under the stress-strain diagram

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EXAMPLE 1
The stressstrain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used
for making aircraft parts is shown in Fig. 319. If a specimen
of this material is stressed to 600 MPa, determine the
permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load
is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before
and after the load application.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately
0.023 mm/mm.

The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,

450
E 75.0 GPa
0.006
From triangle CBD,

E
BD 600 106


75.0 109
CD CD
CD 0.008 mm/mm

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.

The permanent strain is

OC 0.023 0.008 0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)

Computing the modulus of resilience,

ur initial pl pl 4500.006 1.35 MJ/m3 (Ans)

1 1
2 2
ur final pl pl 6000.008 2.40 MJ/m3 (Ans)
1 1
2 2

Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N

m.

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POISSONs RATIO

lat
v
long

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EXAMPLE 2
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig.
322. If an axial force of P = 80kN is applied to the bar,
determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The
material behaves elastically.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
The normal stress in the bar is

P
z
80 103
16.0 106 Pa
A 0.10.05

From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa

z
z

16.0 106
6

Est 200 10 6
80 10 mm/mm

The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

z z Lz 80106 1.5 120m (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are

x y vst z 0.3280106 25.6 m/m

The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

x x Lx 25.6106 0.1 2.56m (Ans)

y y Ly 25.6106 0. 05 1.28m (Ans)

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SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Strength parameter G Shear modulus of elasticity or the
modules of rigidity
G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poissons
ratio v.

E
G
21 v

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EXAMPLE 3
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the
shear stress strain diagram is shown in Fig. 325a.
Determine the shear modulus G, the proportional limit, and
the ultimate shear stress. Also, determine the maximum
distance d that the top of a block of this material, shown in
Fig. 325b, could be displaced horizontally if the material
behaves elastically when acted upon by a shear force V.
What is the magnitude of V necessary to cause this
displacement?

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the
proportional limit is

pl 360 MPa (Ans)

This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the
ultimate stress is
u 504 MPa (Ans)

Since the angle is small, the top of

the will be displaced horizontally by

tan0.008 rad 0.008

d
d 0.4 mm
50 mm

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is

V V
avg ; 360 MPa V 2700 kN (Ans)
A 75100

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CONCEPT QUIZ

1) The head H is connected to the cylinder of a

compressor using six steel bolts. If the
clamping force in each bolt is 4000N,
determine the normal strain in the bolts.
Each bolt has a diameter of 5 mm. If y= 280
MPa and Est = 210GPa, what is the strain in
each bolt when the nut is unscrewed so that
the clamping force is released?

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CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

a) 0.970

b) 0.203

c) 0.970(10-3)

d) Insufficient information to
determine because the
stress is beyond yield point

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