Houthi takeover in Yemen

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Houthi takeover in Yemen
Part of the Yemeni Crisis
Date 21 September 2014 6 February 2015
(4 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Location Sana'a, Yemen
Result
Houthi and Saleh loyalists victory leading to civil war

Houthis and Saleh's loyalists take over the Yemeni government

Fall of Sana'a to Houthis and Saleh forces
Prime Minister Basindawa resigns
General al-Ahmar flees to Saudi Arabia[1]
Hamid al-Ahmar flees to Turkey[2]
Prime Minister Bahah resigns[3]
President Hadi resigns[4]
Houthis initialy announced Parliament's dissolution[5][6]
Belligerents
Houthis

Saleh Security forces

Republican Guard
Yemen Government of Yemen

Security Forces
Al-Islah militias
Commanders and leaders
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
Saleh Ali al-Sammad

Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi

Yemen Mohammed Basindawa
Yemen Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak
Yemen Khaled Bahah
Yemen Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
[show] v t e
Yemeni Crisis
Part of a series on the
Yemeni Crisis
(2011present)
Yemeni soldiers from the 1st Armoured Division.JPG
Main topics[show]
Background[show]
Yemen
v t e
The Houthi takeover in Yemen, also known as the September 21 Revolution (by
supporters),[7] or 201415 coup d'tat (by opponents),[8] was a gradual armed
takeover by the Houthis and supporters of former Yemeni President Ali Abdullah
Saleh that pushed the Yemeni government from power. It had origins in Houthi-led
protests that began the previous month,[9] and escalated when the Houthis stormed
the Yemeni capital Sana'a on 21 September 2014,[10] causing the resignation of
Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa, and later the resignation of President Abdrabbuh
Mansur Hadi and his ministers on 22 January 2015 after Houthi forces seized the
presidential palace, residence, and key military installations, and culminated in
the dissolution of parliament and the formation of a ruling council by Houthi
militants on 6 February 2015.[11]
The unrest began on 18 August 2014 as the Houthis, angered over a government-
implemented removal of fuel subsidies, called for mass protests.[12] On 21
September, as the Houthis took control of Sana'a, the Yemeni Army did not formally
intervene, other than troops affiliated with General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar and the
Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated Al-Islah Party.[13][14] After gaining control over
key government buildings in Sanaa, the Houthis and government signed a UN-brokered
deal on 21 September to form a "unity government".[15]

The unrest took a dramatic turn in January 2015, when Houthi fighters seized
control of the presidential palace and Hadi's residence in an effort to gain more
influence over the government and the drafting of a new constitution.[16][17] On 22
January, Hadi and his government resigned en masse rather than comply with the
Houthis' demands.[18] Three weeks later, the Houthis declared parliament to be
dissolved and installed a Revolutionary Committee as the interim authority,
although they agreed to keep the House of Representatives in place two weeks later
as part of a power-sharing agreement.[6][11] The Houthi-led interim authority has
been rejected by other internal opposition groups and has not been recognized
internationally.

In March 2015 the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen began with airstrikes and
a naval blockade with the stated goal of restoring Hadi government to power. The
United States and Great Britain both support a political solution in Yemen.[19] A
2017 UNICEF report stated that nearly half a million underage children in Yemen are
on the verge of starvation, and about seven million people are facing acute food
shortages.[20][21] 2016 UN, in Yemen, almost 7.5 million children need medical
care, and 370,000 children are on the verge of starvation. UNICEF About 10 thousand
children died in less than five years because of poor medical care.[22] BBC -
massively children die of hunger.[23] 2015 UN - 13 million people are
malnourished[24] 80% of the population is undernourished as a result of the war.
[25]

Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Events
2.1 2014: Fall of Sana'a
2.1.1 Houthis take the capital
2.1.2 Government under pressure
2.2 2015: Hadi resigns
2.2.1 Government forced from power
2.2.2 Power vacuum
2.2.3 Houthi constitutional declaration
3 Allegations of outside influence
3.1 Iran
3.2 Ali Abdullah Saleh
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Further information: Economy of Yemen
On July 30, 2014, the Yemeni government announced an increase in fuel prices as
part of reforms to subsidy programs, which aimed at unlocking foreign funding and
easing pressure on the budget. The lifting of subsidies came after pressure from
the International Monetary Fund, which conditioned its continued financial
assistance on these reforms.[26] The government raised the price of regular
gasoline to 200 Yemeni riyals per liter (93 US cents) from 125 riyals (58 US
cents). Diesel used for public transport and trucks rose to 195 riyals per liter
(91 US cents) from 100 riyals (46 US cents).[27]
Yemen has among the highest level of energy subsidies in the region. Given its low
per capita income and staggering fiscal deficit, the country cannot afford to
subsidize energy especially since the elite benefit the most from subsidized
prices, not the poor.[28] Fuel subsidies were benefiting powerful political allies
of Ali Abdullah Saleh who were smuggling subsidized oil to neighboring markets
where they would reap huge profits.[29] In 2013, fuel subsidies cost the Yemeni
government $3 billion, roughly 20 percent of state expenditure, according to a
Finance Ministry statement carried by Yemen's official news agency.[27]

All the same, fuel subsidies are among the few widely available social goods in
Yemen, they keep down the cost of transport, water, and food, while supporting
local industry.[30] The cash-strapped Yemeni government had been negotiating with
the International Monetary Fund for more than a year to secure a loan as a way to
access much needed financing. The loan program would require the removal of
subsidies, but the IMF recommended gradual price adjustments and an information and
communication campaign to prepare the public. Neither of these were done.[28] The
IMF and other international donors also emphasize the need to expand the social
safety net and cash transfer payments to those who would be most affected by the
price increases. The United States and other donors had even increased their
contributions to the Social Welfare Fund in the summer of 2014 in anticipation of
subsidy removal. The Yemeni government ignored the advice.[28]

The transitional government, brokered by the Gulf Cooperation Council, established

in November 2011, was split equally between Salehs General People's Congress Party
and conservative Sunni Al-Islah Party, Yemen's main Islamist party that was a key
presence in the regime that protesters tried to overthrow in 2011.[31][32][33]

Instead of reshaping the political order to bring in new political voices, address
corruption, and introduce responsive and accountable governance, partisan interests
have largely paralyzed the transitional government led by Mohammed Basindawa,
perpetuating the elite dominated politics of Sana'a and its tribal allies. The
Yemeni government lacked any coordinated economic planning, with key ministers
hailing from competing political parties lack any incentive to work toward a
unifying vision for the country.[28]

The decision to lift fuel subsidies gave the Houthi movement, with its own axe to
grind, the populist issue they needed to enter Sana'a and seize power.[34] They
managed to capitalize on palpable frustration among diverse segments of the
population and fears of an al-Islah dominated government.[28]

Events[edit]
Government 3 times, Yemen 1990 2012.
2014: Fall of Sana'a[edit]
Houthis take the capital[edit]
Main article: Battle of Sana'a (2014)
On 18 September, Houthi rebels clashed with Al-Islah militiamen in Sana'a,[35] and
by 21 September, they advanced deep into the city, capturing the government
headquarters.

On 21 September, as the Houthis took control of Sana'a, the Yemeni Army did not
formally intervene as the moral guidance division of the armed forces declared its
"support for the people's revolution".[36] The troops that did fight the Houthis in
an unsuccessful attempt to stop their advance were affiliated with General Ali
Mohsen al-Ahmar and the conservative Sunni Al-Islah Party.[13][14]

Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa resigned accusing segments of the military and
government of supporting the revolt and condemned Hadi.[37] After gaining control
over key government buildings in Sanaa, the Houthis and government signed a UN-
brokered deal on 21 September to form a "unity government".[15] The Houthis, along
with several other Yemeni political groups, signed a deal entitled the Peace and
Partnership Agreement which provided for the formation of a new unity government.
[38]

By 22 September, at least 340 people had been killed in fighting in Sana'a.[39]

Fighting continued even after the signing of the power-sharing agreement.[40]

Government under pressure[edit]

Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak, the chief of staff to President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, was
initially named as Basindawa's successor on 7 October, but he declined the post
under pressure from the Houthis.[41] The fighting left dead another 123 fighters on
both sides.[42]

On 9 October, a suicide bomb tore through Tahrir Square just before a major rally
was scheduled to start. The attack killed 47 people and wounded 75, mostly
supporters of the Houthis. Government officials believe the attack was perpetrated
by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, a rival of both the Yemeni government and the
Houthis.[43]

Khaled Bahah was named prime minister by Hadi on 13 October with the agreement of
the Houthis.[44]

On 7 November, the United Nations Security Council placed sanctions on former

president Ali Abdullah Saleh and two Houthi commanders, Abdullah Yahya al Hakim and
Abd al-Khaliq al-Huthi, for obstructing the Yemeni political process.[45] Saleh's
political party, the General People's Congress, stripped Hadi of his party
positions in response, accusing him of instigating the sanctions.[46]

The new government called for by the Peace and Partnership Agreement was sworn in
on 9 November. However, the Houthis and the General People's Congress refused to
participate in the new government.[46]

The Houthis continued to flex their muscle in December, blocking General Hussein
Khairan from entering his office after Hadi appointed him army chief over their
objections and accusing the president of "corruption".[47] They also reportedly
abducted activist Shadi Khasrouf in Sana'a, amid demonstrations in the city
demanding their withdrawal.[48] Bahah warned he and his government could resign
over Houthi interference with state institutions, which also included the eviction
of top state oil company officials from their offices, the prevention of Al
Hudaydah's port director from entering his office, and the firing of four
provincial governors.[49]

2015: Hadi resigns[edit]

President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who resigned on 22 January 2015.

Government forced from power[edit]
On 18 January 2015, the Houthis abducted Ahmad Awad Bin Mubarak, the president's
chief of staff, in a dispute over a proposed new constitution for the country.[50]
The group rejected the draft of the constitution, which was made public the same
day and proposed to split Yemen up into six federal regions while imposing
presidential term limits, creating a bicameral legislature, and banning political
parties based on religious or ethnic affiliation.[51] Instead, they expressed a
desire for Yemen to be partitioned into two federal regions, one in the north and
the other in the south.[52]

On 19 January, Houthi gunmen surrounded the prime minister's residence in Sana'a.

Fierce clashes between the rebels and the Presidential Guard erupted earlier in the
day in which at least eight people were killed before a truce was agreed. A Houthi
activist, Hussain Albukhaiti, said the group had been "provoked" into Monday's
fighting after two of their positions were attacked.[53] The Houthis also seized
Yemen TV and the Saba News Agency headquarters. They accused Hadi of reneging on
his promises regarding the draft constitution and arming al Qaeda, while government
officials described the Houthi actions as a "move toward a coup".[52]

On 20 January, forces loyal to the Houthis attacked the president's residence and
swept into the presidential palace. President Hadi was inside the residence as it
came under "heavy shelling" for a half-hour, but he was unharmed and protected by
guards, according to Information Minister Nadia Al-Sakkaf. Presidential guards
surrendered the residence after being assured that Hadi could safely evacuate. Two
guards were reportedly killed in the assault. The rebels roamed the streets of
Sana'a on foot and in pickup trucks mounted with anti-aircraft guns, manned
checkpoints across the city and near the prime minister's residence and beefed up
their presence around other key building, including intelligence headquarters. The
U.N. Security Council called an emergency meeting about the unfolding events.
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed concern over the
"deteriorating situation" in Yemen and urged all sides to cease hostilities.[54]
[55] Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, leader of the Houthi movement, gave a lengthy speech on
Yemeni television demanding that Hadi move more quickly to implement political
changes demanded by the Houthis, as well as threatening an armed attack on Ma'rib,
a restive town in central Yemen.[56][57] The next day, Houthi guards took control
of Hadi's residence, although a Houthi official claimed the president was free to
come and go as he wished. Yemeni military sources said the Houthis also seized the
military aviation college located close to Hadi's home, and the main missile base
in Sana'a without a fight.[58]

Local officials in the southern Yemeni port city of Aden responded to the Houthi
takeover of the presidential palace and residence by closing its airport, seaport,
and land crossings. The city's local security committee called the Houthis' moves
an "aggressive coup against the president personally and the political process as a
whole".[58]

On 21 January, a ceasefire between the Houthis and the government forces was agreed
after fighting around the presidential palace, which left nine dead and 67 injured
and prompted Prime Minister Khaled Bahah to go into hiding after he was allegedly
shot at while exiting a meeting with Hadi and the Houthis.[59] The ceasefire met a
series of rebel demands, including the expansion of Houthi representation in
parliament and state institutions. In return, the rebels said they would pull back
from their positions and free the president's chief of staff.[60] However, the
ceasefire was short-lived.

On 22 January, Hadi and Bahah tendered their resignations, saying circumstances in

Yemen had been altered by the Houthi advance into the capital in September 2014;
Bahah declared he resigned to "avoid being dragged into an abyss of unconstructive
policies based on no law".[3] While senior Houthi officials reportedly welcomed
Hadi's resignation,[61] a statement from the Houthi leadership said the country's
parliament would have to approve it in order for it to become effective.[62]

The banner of the Houthis, with the slogan (in Arabic) "God is Great, Death to
America, Death to Israel, Curse on the Jews, Victory to Islam".
Commenting on the meaning of the slogan, Ali al Bukhayti, the former spokesperson
and official media face of the Houthis said: "We do not really want death to
anyone. The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments."[63]
Power vacuum[edit]
In the wake of the resignations, security officials in Aden and other southern
cities reportedly declared they would no longer accept orders from Sana'a, with
some reports indicating they would seek an independent south.[64]
Thousands demonstrated in Aden, Al Hudaydah, Ibb and Taiz, among other cities,
against the Houthi coup on 23 January, with protesters in Aden hoisting the flag of
South Yemen over Aden International Airport and several government buildings. A
prominent Houthi figure resigned from the movement, saying on Facebook he would
prefer to serve as a mediator now that the Houthis had become "the official
authority" in Yemen. But tens of thousands demonstrated in Sana'a in support of the
Houthis, converging on the airport road. They raised green flags and banners
proclaiming their slogan "Death to America, death to Israel, a curse on the Jews
and victory to Islam".[65][66]

Reuters reported on 25 January that several leaders of the Southern Movement had
announced the south's secession, although none spoke for the entire region.[67]
Also, a special parliamentary session scheduled for lawmakers to consider whether
to accept or reject Hadi's resignation was cancelled. Houthi militiamen also
reportedly broke up a protest near Sana'a University, beating and detaining several
journalists in the process.[68]

Bin Mubarak was reportedly released by the Houthis on 27 January. He was handed
over to local tribes in the Shabwa Governorate, according to a representative of
the group.[69] On the same day in a televised speech Houthi leader Abdul Malik Al
Houthi called for a meeting in Sana'a on 30 January between political factions and
tribal leaders to try to end political uncertainty.[70] Most factions boycotted the
meeting, with only Ali Abdullah Saleh's GPC joining the discussions. Al Houthi
reportedly proposed a six-member "transitional presidential council" with equal
representation from the north and the south, but Al Jazeera said the Southern
Movement refused to participate in the talks and hundreds protested in Aden against
the proposal. The Southern Movement also announced it would pull out of United
Nationsmediated talks on a power-sharing deal, calling them "pointless".[71]

Toward the end of January, several U.S.-based media outlets reported that the U.S.
government had begun reaching out to the Houthis in an effort to establish a
working relationship with the group, despite its official anti-American position.
[72][73]

On 1 February, the last day of the "national conference" convened in Sana'a by the
Houthis, the group issued an ultimatum to Yemen's political factions warning that
if they did not "reach a solution to the current political crisis", then the Houthi
"revolutionary leadership" would assume formal authority over the state.[74][75]
The Houthis also reportedly acquired 10 warplanes and ammunition, which they stored
at their base in Sa'dah.[74]

Houthi constitutional declaration[edit]

After about a week of negotiations between the Houthis and other Yemeni political
factions, a Houthi representative announced on television from the Republican
Palace in Sana'a that as of 6 February, the group was taking control of the
country. The statement declared the House of Representatives dissolved and said a
"presidential council" would be formed to lead Yemen for two years, while
"revolutionary committees" would be put in charge of forming a new, 551-member
parliament.[5][76] Defence Minister Mahmoud al-Subaihi was placed in charge of a
Supreme Security Committee,[77] while Mohammed Ali al-Houthi became acting
president as the head of the Revolutionary Committee.[78] The UN refused to
acknowledge the announcement. Mohammed al-Sabri of the opposition Joint Meeting
Parties predicted the Houthi "coup" would lead to Yemen's international isolation.
[79] The Gulf Co-operation Council also condemned the coup, and the United States
rejected the declaration. There were protests in Aden, Ta'izz, and other major
cities, as well as the capital, on 7 February.[80]

In an interview with The New York Times in Sana'a, senior Houthi official Saleh Ali
al-Sammad rejected the characterisation of his group's armed takeover as a coup. He
said the Houthis were ready to work with both other political factions in Yemen and
other countries, including the United States.[81]

Allegations of outside influence[edit]

Iran[edit]
"In April 2015, National Security Council spokeswoman Bernadette Meehan remarked
that It remains our assessment that Iran does not exert command and control over
the Houthis in Yemen".[82][83][84]

Gulf Arab states have accused Iran of backing the Houthis financially and
militarily, though Iran has denied this, and they are themselves backers of
President Hadi.[85]

The Houthis are from Yemen's large Shia minority, and Sunni opponents of the
militant group have long accused them of close ties to Iran, the largest Shia-led
state in the Middle East and a traditional rival of Saudi Arabia, Yemen's largest
neighbor and ally.[86][87] The rise of Houthi power in Sana'a was interpreted by
many analysts as a boon to Iranian influence in the region.[86][88][89] Speaking to
Al Arabiya after the Houthi announcement that parliament would be dissolved and a
set of ruling councils formed to govern Yemen, one opposition politician compared
the takeover to the Iranian Revolution and called it "an extension of the Iranian
project".[90]

Reuters quoted an unnamed "senior Iranian official" in December 2014 as saying that
the Iranian Quds Force had a "few hundred" military personnel in Yemen training
Houthi fighters.[91]

White House spokesman Josh Earnest said in January 2015 it was unclear whether Iran
was "exerting command and control" over the Houthis, although he described the U.S.
government as "concerned" about the reported ties between them.[92] The following
month, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said Iran "contributed" to the Houthi
takeover and the collapse of the Yemeni government.[93]

Ali Abdullah Saleh[edit]

Ali Abdullah Saleh, Yemen's longtime president who was ousted after a 2011
revolution.
Yemen's former president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, has retained significant influence in
the country's politics since resigning. Numerous media reports have suggested a
link between Saleh and the rising power of the Houthis, with Al Jazeera even
claiming to have received a leaked tape of a phone conversation between Saleh and a
Houthi leader coordinating tactics in October 2014, after the fall of Sana'a.[94]
[95] The London-based online news portal Middle East Eye, citing an unnamed "source
close to the president", alleged that Saleh and his son Ahmed, Yemen's ambassador
to the United Arab Emirates, received as much as $1 billion from the UAE to
distribute to the Houthis in their campaign against Hadi's government.[96] A UN
report in February 2015 concluded that Saleh "provided direct support" to the
Houthis during their takeover of the capital, ordering his supporters not to impede
their fighters and directing his son, former military commander Ahmed Ali Saleh, to
assist them in some capacity.[97]

Saleh's party, the General People's Congress, joined the Houthis in boycotting the
"unity government" to which Hadi agreed under pressure after the Houthi seizure of
the government headquarters. The withdrawal from the mediated political process
drew swift sanctions against Saleh and Houthi leaders from both the United States
and the United Nations in early November.[98][99]

The GPC initially objected to the Houthis' "constitutional declaration" on 6

February 2015. However, the party announced ten days later that it withdrew its
objection.[100]

Aftermath[edit]
Main article: Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen
In the wake of the Houthi takeover, several Western and Asian countries closed
their embassies in Sana'a. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution
deploring the group's seizure of power, and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and
the Gulf Co-operation Council openly called for the reinstatement of Abdrabbuh
Mansur Hadi as president.[101][102][103]

UN envoy Jamal Benomar mediated talks between the Houthis and other major factions
in Yemen after the "constitutional declaration". He announced a tentative agreement
on 20 February that includes the continuation of the House of Representatives and
the formation of a "people's transitional council" that would represent
southerners, women, youth, and other minority groups.[6] However, the next day,
Hadi managed to leave his residence in Sana'a and travel to Aden, on the southern
coast, where he declared he was still president under the Yemeni constitution and
condemned the coup.[104]

See also[edit]
Power vacuum
Terrorism in Yemen#US air attacks
Yemeni Revolution
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
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External links[edit]
Demystifying Yemen's Conflict (Midwest Diplomacy)
Timeline: Yemen (BBC)
YEMEN: The conflict in Saada Governorate analysis, IRIN, 24 July 2008
[show] v t e
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Yemen articles
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Coups, self-coups, and attempted coups since 1991
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PostCold War conflicts in Asia
Categories: 2010s coups d'tat and coup attempts2014 in Yemen2015 in Yemen21st-
century revolutionsRebellions in YemenArab Winter in YemenBattles involving
YemenConflicts in 2014Conflicts in 2015HouthisSana'aShiaSunni sectarian
violenceWars involving YemenYemeni Crisis (2011present)
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