Boundaries between the continents of Earth

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Color-coded map of continents:

Americas
North America
South America
Afro-Eurasia
Africa
Eurasia
Asia
Europe
Antarctica
Australia/Australasia/Oceania

Map of island countries: these states are not located on any continent-sized
landmass, but they are usually grouped geographically with a neighbouring continent

A map of transcontinental countries, countries that control territory in more than

one continent.
Contiguous transcontinental countries.
Non-contiguous transcontinental countries.
Countries that could be considered transcontinental depending on definitions and
claim legality.
The boundaries between the continents of Earth are generally a matter of
geographical convention. Several slightly different conventions are in use. The
number of continents is most commonly considered seven but may range as low as four
when the Americas and Afro-Eurasia are each considered a single continent.
According to the definition of a continent in the strict sense, an island cannot be
part of any continent, but by convention and in practice most major islands are
associated with a continent.

There are three overland boundaries subject to definition:

between Europe and Asia (dividing Eurasia): along the Turkish Straits, the Caucasus
and the Urals (historically also north of the Caucasus, along the KumaManych
Depression or along the Don River)
between Asia and Africa (dividing Afro-Eurasia into Africa and Eurasia): at the
Isthmus of Suez
between North America and South America (dividing the Americas): the Isthmus of
Panama
While the isthmus between Asia and Africa and that between North and South America
are today navigable, via the Suez and Panama canals, respectively, diversions and
canals of human origin generally are not accepted on their own accord as continent-
defining boundaries; the Suez Canal happens to traverse the isthmus between the
Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, dividing Asia and Africa. The remaining boundaries
concern the association of islands and archipelagos with specific continents,
notably:

the delineation of Southeast Asia from Australasia

the delineation between Africa, Europe and Asia in the Mediterranean Sea
the delineation between Asia and Europe in the Arctic Ocean
the delineation between Europe and North America in the Atlantic Ocean
the delineation between North and South America in the Caribbean Sea
the delineation of Asia from North America in the North Pacific Ocean
Contents [hide]
1 Europe and Africa
2 Europe and Asia
2.1 History
2.2 Modern definition
2.3 Islands
3 Europe and North America
3.1 Islands
4 Africa and Asia
5 North and South America
5.1 Mainland
5.2 Islands
6 Asia and North America
7 The Americas and Oceania
8 Asia and Oceania
9 Antarctica
10 See also
11 References
Europe and Africa[edit]

The Mediterranean Sea

The Atlantic Ocean around the boundary

The European and African mainlands are non-contiguous, and the delineation between
these continents is thus merely a question of which islands are to be associated
with which continent. At its nearest point, Morocco and the European portion of
Spain are separated by only 13 kilometres (8.1 miles).

The Portuguese Atlantic island possession of the Azores is 1,368 km (850 mi) from
Europe and 1,507 km (936 mi) from Africa, and is usually grouped with Europe if
grouped with any continent. By contrast, the Canary and Madeira islands off the
Atlantic coast of Morocco are much closer to, and usually grouped with, Africa (the
Canary Islands are only 100 km (62 mi) from the African coast at their closest
point, while Madeira is 520 km (320 mi) from Africa and 1,000 km (620 mi) from
Europe).[1]

The Mediterranean island nation of Malta is approximately 81 km (50 mi) from the
coast of Sicily in Europe - much closer than the 288 km (179 mi) distance to the
closest African coast. The nearby Italian island of Lampedusa is 207 km (129 mi)
from Sicily while just 127 km (79 mi) from the African coast; similarly,
Pantelleria is 100 km (62 mi) from Sicily and just 71 km (44 mi) from the African
coast. All of these Mediterranean islands are actually located on the African
plate, and may be considered part of the continent of Africa.[2][3] However, for
political and historical reasons, maps generally display them as part of Europe.

Europe and Asia[edit]

The boundary between Europe and Asia is unusual among continental boundaries
because of its largely mountain-and-river-based characteristics north and east of
the Black Sea. The reason is historical, the division of Europe and Asia going back
to the early Greek geographers. In the modern sense of the term "continent",
Eurasia is more readily identifiable as a "continent", and Europe has occasionally
been described as a subcontinent of Eurasia.[4]

History[edit]

Conventions used for the boundary between Europe and Asia during the 18th and 19th
centuries. The red line shows the most common modern convention, in use since c.?
1850 (see below).
Europe
Asia
historically placed in either continent
The threefold division of the Old World into Europe, Asia and Africa has been in
use since the 6th century BC, due to Greek geographers such as Anaximander and
Hecataeus.

Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River (the
modern Rioni) in the Caucasus (from its mouth by Poti on the Black Sea coast,
through the Surami Pass and along the Kura River to the Caspian Sea), a convention
still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BC.[5] As geographic knowledge of
the Greeks increased during the Hellenistic period,[6] this archaic convention was
revised, and the boundary between Europe and Asia was now considered to be the
Tanais (the modern Don River). This is the convention used by Roman era authors
such as Posidonius,[7] Strabo[8] and Ptolemy.[9]

Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century, the traditional division of
the landmass of Eurasia into two continents, Europe and Asia, followed Ptolemy,
with the boundary following the Turkish Straits, the Black Sea, the Kerch Strait,
the Sea of Azov and the Don (ancient Tanais). But maps produced during the 16th to
18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend
at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the
VolgaDon Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient
geographers.

Philip Johan von Strahlenberg in 1725 was the first to depart from the classical
Don boundary by drawing the line along the Volga, following the Volga north until
the Samara Bend, along Obshchy Syrt (the drainage divide between Volga and Ural)
and then north along Ural Mountains.[10][11] The mapmakers continued to differ on
the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. The 1745
atlas published by the Russian Academy of Sciences has the boundary follow the Don
beyond Kalach as far as Serafimovich before cutting north towards Arkhangelsk,
while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as John Cary followed
Strahlenberg's prescription. To the south, the KumaManych Depression was
identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist, Peter Simon Pallas, as a valley that,
once upon a time, connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,[11][12] and
subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents.

By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don,
the VolgaDon Canal and the Volga, the other following the KumaManych Depression
to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don
altogether, following the Greater Caucasus watershed to the Caspian. The question
was still treated as a "controversy" in geographical literature of the 1860s, with
Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the "best possible",
citing support from various "modern geographers".[13]

In Russia and the Soviet Union, the boundary along the KumaManych Depression was
the most commonly used as early as 1906.[14] In 1958, the Soviet Geographical
Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn
in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Sea, along the eastern foot of
Ural Mountains, then following the Ural River until the Mugodzhar Hills, and then
the Emba River; and KumaManych Depression,[15] thus placing the Caucasus entirely
in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe.[16] However, most geographers in the
Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest[17] and this became the
standard convention in the latter 20th century, although the KumaManych boundary
remained in use in some 20th-century maps.

Maps
Map Description
Anaximander world map-en.svg Map of the world according to Anaximander (6th
century BC). Only the parts of Europe, Asia and Africa directly adjacent to the
Mediterranean and the Black Sea are known. The Phasis River of the Caucasus is
imagined as separating Europe from Asia, while the Nile separates Asia from Africa
(Libya).
CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-Tartaria-2508.jpg In this 1570 map of Asia (Asiae
Nova Descriptio), the Tanais is used as continental boundary. Moscovia is
represented as "transcontinental", having an Asiatic and a European part (labelled
Europae pars).
Iran e Bozorg2.jpg This 1719 map of "ancient Asia" (Asia Vetus) divides
Sarmatia into Sarmatia Europea and Sarmatia Asiatica. The continental boundary is
drawn along the Tanais (Don), the Volga and the Northern Dvina.
Muscovy1715.jpg Herman Moll (c. 1715) draws the boundary along the Don, the
Volga, cutting across land from Samara to the Tobol River, following the lower
Irtysh and finally the Ob River, placing Novaya Zemlya in Europe.
1730 C. Homann Map of Asia - Geographicus - Asiae-homann-1730.jpg A German map
of 1730 by Johann Christoph Homann has a similar boundary to the one shown by Moll,
but following the full length of the Samara bend and then cutting across to the
Irtysh directly, placing the Tobol and Tobolsk in Asia.
Asia Map 1745 (rus).jpg The "Academy Atlas" of the Russian Empire, published by The
Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1745, draws the boundary along the Don, but
then west of the Volga to Arkhangelsk
Cedid Atlas (World) 1803.jpg 1803 Cedid Atlas (Ottoman Empire), draws the boundary
along the Don, Volga and River Kama and then cuts northwards to Khaypudyr Bay.
Novaya Zemlya is in Europe.
1806 Cary Map of Asia, Polynesia, and Australia - Geographicus - Asia-cary-1806.jpg
1806 map of Asia by John Cary, boundary along the Don and then the Volga
until Samara, and north of Perm following the Urals, placing Novaya Zemlya in Asia.
1827 Finley Map of Asia and Australia - Geographicus - Asia-finley-1827.jpg 1827
map by Anthony Finley, showing the boundary as running along the Don, the Volga,
passing between Perm and Ufa, and running north over land to the Sea of Kara,
placing Novaya Zemlya in Europe.
1861 Johnson Map of Asia - Geographicus - Asia-johnson-1861.jpg

1861 map by A. J. Johnson, illustrating the modern convention, Caucasus crest, Ural
River, Urals.
1914 map of Asia.jpg 1914 map showing the boundary along the Manych River,
placing Stavropol Krai in Asia
Miles clark voyage.jpg Miles Clark in his 1992 "circumnavigation of Europe"
followed the White Sea Baltic Canal until Lake Onega and the VolgaBaltic
Waterway to the Rybinsk Reservoir before joining the classical boundary along the
Volga and Don rivers.[18][19]
Modern definition[edit]

Transcontinental states, European territory

Transcontinental states, Asian territory
The modern border between Asia and Europe remains a historical and cultural
construct, defined only by convention. The modern border follows the Aegean Sea,
the Dardanelles-Sea of Marmara-Bosphorus (together known as the Turkish Straits),
the Black Sea, along the watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the northwestern
portion of the Caspian Sea and along the Ural River and Ural Mountains to the Kara
Sea, as mapped and listed in most atlases including that of the National Geographic
Society and as described in the World Factbook.[20][21] According to this
definition, Georgia and Azerbaijan both have most of their territory in Asia,
although each has small parts of their northern borderlands north of the Greater
Caucasus watershed and thus in Europe.[22]

Though most geographic sources assign the area south of the Caucasus Mountain crest
to Southwest or West Asia,[23] no definition is entirely satisfactory, with it
often becoming a matter of self-identification. Cultural influences in the area
originate from both Asia and Europe. While geographers rarely define continents
primarily politically, Georgia and to a lesser extent Armenia and Azerbaijan are
increasingly in the 21st century politically oriented towards Europe, but Armenia
has a great cultural diaspora to the south, and Azerbaijan shares a cultural
affinity with Iranian Azerbaijan as well as with the Turkic countries of Central
Asia.[24]

The Turkish city Istanbul lies in on both sides of the Bosporus (one of the Turkish
Straits), making it a transcontinental city. Russia and Turkey are transcontinental
countries with territory in both Europe and Asia by any definition except that of
Eurasia as a single continent. While Russia is historically a European country with
a history of imperial conquests in Asia, the situation for Turkey is inverse, as
that of an Asian country with imperial conquests in Europe. Kazakhstan is also a
transcontinental country by this definition, its West Kazakhstan and Atyrau
provinces extending on either side of the Ural River.[25]

Road sign on the continental border between Europe and Asia near Magnitogorsk, Ural
Mountains, Russia. It reads "Europe", above a crossed-out "Asia", as one enters
Europe and leaves Asia.
This Ural River delineation is the only segment not to follow a major mountain
range or wide water body, both of which often truly separate populations. However,
the Ural River is the most common division used by authorities,[20][25][26] is the
most prominent natural feature in the region, and is the "most satisfactory of
those (options) proposed"[27] which include the Emba River, a much smaller stream
cutting further into Central Asian Kazakhstan. The Ural River bridge in Orenburg is
even labeled with permanent monuments carved with the word "Europe" on one side,
"Asia" on the other.[28]

The KumaManych Depression (more precisely, the Manych River, the KumaManych Canal
and the Kuma River) remains cited less commonly as one possible natural boundary in
contemporary sources.[29] This definition peaked in prominence in the 1800s,
however it has declined in usage since then, as it places traditionally European
areas of Russia such as Stavropol, Krasnodar, and even areas just south of Rostov-
on-Don in Asia.

A lesser known definition for country grouping, is the definition used for
statistical purposes by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD):[30]

listed as part of Eastern Europe: Russian Federation

listed as part of Central Asia: Kazakhstan
listed as part of Western Asia: Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey
According to UNSD, the aforementioned "assignment of countries or areas to specific
groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption
regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories".[31]
Furthermore, the UNSD classification often differs from those of other United
Nations organizations. For instance, while UNSD includes Georgia and Cyprus in
Western Asia, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and UNESCO
include both countries in Europe.[32][33]

The Council of Europe includes the Eurasian countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Cyprus, Georgia, Russia and Turkey. It notes that "two Council of Europe member
States, Turkey and Russia, belong geographically to both Europe and Asia and are
therefore Eurasian. Strictly speaking, the three South Caucasus States, Armenia,
Azerbaijan and Georgia are located in Asia, yet their membership of political
Europe is no longer in doubt." [34]

Islands[edit]
Cyprus is an island of the Mediterranean located close to Asia Minor, so that it is
usually associated with Asia and/or the Middle East, as in the World Factbook and
the United Nations geoscheme, but the Republic of Cyprus was nevertheless admitted
to the Council of Europe in 1961 and joined the EU in 2004. The northern part of
the island functions as the unrecognized (except by Turkey) Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus.

The Greek North Aegean Islands and the Dodecanese lie on the coast of the Asian
part of Turkey (on the Asian continental shelf).

Europe and North America[edit]

Europe and North America are separated by the North Atlantic. In terms of
associating islands with either continent, the boundary is usually drawn between
Greenland and Iceland. The Norwegian islands of Jan Mayen and Svalbard in the
Arctic Ocean are usually associated with Europe. Iceland and the Azores are
protrusions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and are associated with and peopled from
Europe, even though they have areas on the North American Plate. (Definitions of
"continents" are a physical and cultural construct dating back centuries, long
before the advent or even knowledge of plate tectonics; thus, defining a
"continent" falls into the realm of physical and cultural geography, while
continental plate definitions fall under plate tectonics in the realm of geology.)

Islands[edit]
The geographical notion of a continent stands in opposition to islands and
archipelagos.[35] Nevertheless, there are some islands that are considered part of
Europe in a political sense. This most notably includes the British Isles (part of
the European continental shelf and during the Ice Age of the continent itself),
besides the islands of the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean which
are part of the territory of a country situated on the European mainland, and
usually also the island states of Iceland and Malta.

Russia's Vaygach Island and Novaya Zemlya extend northward from the northern end of
the Ural Mountains and are a continuation of that chain into the Arctic Ocean.
While Novaya Zemlya was variously grouped with Europe or with Asia in 19th-century
maps it is now usually grouped with Europe, the continental boundary considered to
join the Arctic Ocean along the southern shore of the Kara Sea. The Russian Arctic
archipelago of Franz Josef Land farther north is also associated with Europe.

Europe ends in the west at the Atlantic Ocean, although Iceland and the Azores
archipelago (in the Atlantic, between Europe and North America) are usually
considered European, as is the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean.
Greenland is geographically part of North America, but politically associated with
Europe as it is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, although it has extensive home rule
and EU law no longer applies there.

Africa and Asia[edit]

African part of Egypt

Asian part of Egypt
Rest of Asia
Rest of Africa
Historically, in Greco-Roman geography, Africa (Libya) was taken to begin in
Marmarica, at the Catabathmus Magnus, placing Egypt in Asia entirely. The idea of
Egypt being an "African" country seems to develop in around the mid-19th century;
[citation needed] the term Africa was classically reserved for what is now known as
the Maghreb, to the explicit exclusion of Egypt, but with the exploration of Africa
the shape of the African landmass (and Egypt's "natural" inclusion in that
landmass) became apparent. In 1806, William George Browne still titled his
travelogue Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria. Similarly, James Bruce in 1835
published Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia. On the other
hand, as early as 1670 John Ogilby under the title Africa published "an accurate
Description of the Regions of Egypt, Barbary, Libya, and Billedulgerid, the Land of
Negroes, Guinea, Athiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent Islands, either
in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Southern, or Oriental Seas, belonging thereunto".

The usual line taken to divide Africa from Asia today is at the Isthmus of Suez,
the narrowest gap between the Mediterranean and Gulf of Suez, the route today
followed by the Suez Canal. This makes the Sinai Peninsula geographically Asian,
and Egypt a transcontinental country.

Less than 2% of Egyptian population live in the Sinai, and hence Egypt even though
technically transcontinental is usually considered an African country, as well as
an Arab country. But when discussing the geopolitical region of the Middle East and
North Africa, Egypt is usually grouped with the Western Asian countries as part of
the Middle East, while Egypt's western neighbor Libya is grouped with the remaining
North African countries as the Maghreb. However, they are both members of the Arab
League as well as the African Union.

The Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros are island nations in the Indian Ocean
associated with Africa. The island of Socotra may be considered African as it lies
on this continent's shelf, but is part of Yemen, an Asian country.

North and South America[edit]

Panama with the Panama Canal.

Further information: Americas and Central America
Mainland[edit]
The border between North America and South America is at some point on the Isthmus
of Panama. The most common demarcation in atlases and other sources follows the
Darin Mountains watershed divide along the Colombia-Panama border where the
isthmus meets the South American continent. Virtually all atlases list Panama as a
state falling entirely within North America and/or Central America.[36]

Islands[edit]
Often most of the Caribbean islands are considered part of North America, but
Aruba, Bonaire, Curaao and Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of
South America. On the other hand, the Venezuelan Isla Aves and the Colombian San
Andrs and Providencia lie on the North American shelf.

Asia and North America[edit]

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The Bering Strait and Bering Sea separate the landmasses of Asia and North America,
as well as forming the international boundary between Russia and the United States.
This national and continental boundary separates the Diomede Islands in the Bering
Strait, with Big Diomede in Russia and Little Diomede in the US. The Aleutian
Islands are an island chain extending westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward
Russia's Komandorski Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula. Most of them are always
associated with North America, except for the westernmost Near Islands group, which
is on Asia's continental shelf beyond the North Aleutians Basin and on rare
occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow the U.S. state of
Alaska to be considered a transcontinental state.

St. Lawrence Island in the northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be
associated with either continent but is almost always considered part of North
America, as with the Rat Islands in the Aleutian chain. At their nearest points,
Alaska and Russia are separated by only 4 kilometres (2.5 miles).

The Americas and Oceania[edit]

The Galpagos Islands and Malpelo Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean are
possessions of Ecuador and Colombia, respectively, and associated with South
America. The uninhabited French possession of Clipperton Island 1,000 kilometres
(600 miles) off the Mexican coast is associated with North America.

Easter Island, a territory of Chile, is considered to be in Oceania, though

politically it is associated with South America.

The United States of America controls numerous territories in Oceania, including

the state of Hawaii and the territories of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and
American Samoa.

Asia and Oceania[edit]

Wallace, Lydekker and Weber Lines, the principals on Melanesia

The Malay Archipelago is sometimes divided between Asia and Australasia, usually
along the anthropologic Melanesian line or Weber's Line. Indonesia controls the
western half of New Guinea, geographically part of Australasia. The eastern half of
the island is part of Papua New Guinea which is considered to be part of the
Oceania. Indonesia is commonly referred to as one of the Southeast Asian countries.
East Timor, an independent state that was formerly a territory of Indonesia, which
is geographically part of Asia, is classified by the United Nations as part of the
"South-Eastern Asia" block. It is expected to join the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations,[37] having been involved as an ASEAN Regional Forum member since
independence, and has participated in the Southeast Asian Games since 2003.
Occasionally, all of the Malay Archipelago is included in Oceania, although this is
extremely rare, especially as most of the archipelago lies on the Asian continental
shelf.

The Commonwealth of Australia includes island possessions in Oceania and islands

closer to Indonesia than the Australian mainland.

Antarctica[edit]
Antarctica along with its outlying islands have no permanent population. All land
claims south of 60S latitude are held in abeyance by the Antarctic Treaty System.

The South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are closer to Antarctica than to
any other continent. However, they are politically associated with the inhabited
Falkland Islands which are closer to South America. Furthermore, Argentina, a South
American country, maintains its irredentist claims on the islands. The continental
shelf boundary separates the two island groups.

The Prince Edward Islands are located between Africa and Antarctica, and are the
territory of South Africa, an African country. The Australian Macquarie Island and
the New Zealand Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, and Campbell Islands, are all
located between the Oceanian countries of Australia and New Zealand and Antarctica.

Australia's Heard Island and McDonald Islands and the French Kerguelen Islands are
located on the Kerguelen Plateau, on the Antarctic continental plate. The French
Crozet Islands, le Amsterdam, le Saint-Paul, and the Norwegian Bouvet Island are
also located on the Antarctic continental plate, and are not often associated with
other continents.

See also[edit]
icon Geography portal
List of countries bordering on two or more oceans
List of transcontinental countries
List of former transcontinental countries
The empire on which the sun never sets
Tricontinental Chile
Pluricontinentalism
List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent
Continental divide
Borders of the oceans
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dated 7 July 2006 at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 March 2013.
Retrieved 2015-02-12.
Jump up ^ See continent on Wiktionary. "from Latin continent-, continens
'continuous mass of land, mainland'" (http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/continent?show=1&t=1301917145 merriam-webster.com])
Jump up ^ "National Geographic Education". National Geographic Society. Retrieved
2011-05-12.
National Geographic Atlas (list). National Geographic Society. 2010. p. 4.
Webster's New Geographical Dictionary (list and map). Merriam-Webster Inc. 1984.
pp. 856, 859.
"Americas" Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49), United Nations
Statistics Division
"North America" Archived 3 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Atlas of Canada
North America Atlas National Geographic
Jump up ^ "East Timor ASEAN bid". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 July 2006.
[hide] v t e
Continents of the world

Africa (orthographic projection).svg

Africa

Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg

Antarctica

Asia (orthographic projection).svg

Asia

Australia-New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg

Australia

Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg

Europe

Location North America.svg

North America

South America (orthographic projection).svg

South America

Afro-Eurasia (orthographic projection).svg

Afro-Eurasia

Americas (orthographic projection).svg

America

Eurasia (orthographic projection).svg

Eurasia

Oceania (orthographic projection).svg

Oceania

Former supercontinents
Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur
Vaalbara
Historical continents
Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton
Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East
Antarctica India

Submerged continents
Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia
Possible future supercontinents
Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea
Mythical and hypothesised continents
Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis
See also Regions of the world Continental fragment
Wikipedia book Book Category Category
Categories: Continents
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