Wyoming

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This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Wyoming (disambiguation).
State of Wyoming
Flag of Wyoming State seal of Wyoming
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Equality State (official);
Cowboy State; Big Wyoming[1]
Motto(s): Equal Rights
Map of the United States with Wyoming highlighted
Official language English
Demonym Wyomingite
Capital
(and largest city) Cheyenne
Largest metro Cheyenne Metro Area
Area Ranked 10th
Total 97,914[1] sq mi
(253,600 km2)
Width 372.8 miles (600 km)
Length 280 miles (452 km)
% water 0.7
Latitude 41N to 45N
Longitude 1043'W to 1113'W
Population Ranked 50th
Total 585,501 (2016 est.)[2]
Density 5.97/sq mi (2.31/km2)
Ranked 49th
Median household income $60,925[3] (15th)
Elevation
Highest point Gannett Peak[4][5][6]
13,809 ft (4209.1 m)
Mean 6,700 ft (2040 m)
Lowest point Belle Fourche River at South Dakota border[5][6]
3,101 ft (945 m)
Before statehood Wyoming Territory
Admission to Union July 10, 1890 (44th)
Governor Matt Mead (R)
Secretary of State Ed Murray (R)
Legislature Wyoming Legislature
Upper house Senate
Lower house House of Representatives
U.S. Senators Mike Enzi (R)
John Barrasso (R)
U.S. House delegation Liz Cheney (R) (list)
Time zone Mountain: UTC -7/-6
ISO 3166 US-WY
Abbreviations WY, Wyo.
Website wyoming.gov
[show]Wyoming state symbols
Wyoming /wa?'o?m??/ (About this sound listen) is a state in the mountain region of
the western United States. The state is the 10th largest by area, the least
populous and the second least densely populated state in the country. Wyoming is
bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the
south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. The state
population was estimated at 586,107 in 2015, which is less than 31 of the most
populous U.S. cities including neighboring Denver.[7] Cheyenne is the state capital
and the most populous city, with population estimated at 63,335 in 2015.[8]
The western two-thirds of the state is covered mostly by the mountain ranges and
rangelands of the Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high
elevation prairie called the High Plains. Almost half of the land in Wyoming is
owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth by area and fifth by
proportion of a state's land owned by the federal government.[9] Federal lands
include two national parksGrand Teton and Yellowstonetwo national recreation
areas, two national monuments, several national forests, historic sites, fish
hatcheries, and wildlife refuges.

Original inhabitants of the region include the Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone.
Southwestern Wyoming was in the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it
was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the MexicanAmerican War. The
region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress in
1865 to provide a "temporary government for the territory of Wyoming". The name was
used earlier for the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, and is derived from the Munsee
word xw:wam?nk, meaning "at the big river flat".[10][11]

The main drivers of Wyoming's economy are mineral extractionmostly coal, oil,
natural gas, and tronaand tourism. Agricultural commodities include livestock
(beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. The climate is semi-
arid and continental, drier and windier than the rest of the U.S., with greater
temperature extremes.

Wyoming has been a politically conservative state since the 1950s with the
Republican Party candidate winning every presidential election except 1964.[12]

Contents [hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Location and size
1.2 Mountain ranges
1.3 Islands
1.4 Public lands
2 Climate
3 History
4 Demographics
4.1 Population
4.2 Birth data
4.3 Languages
4.4 Religion
5 Economy
5.1 Mineral and energy production
5.2 Taxes
6 Transportation
7 Wind River Indian Reservation
8 State law and government
8.1 Judicial system
8.2 Politics
9 Voter registration
9.1 Voter Registration by County
10 Counties
11 Cities and towns
12 Metropolitan areas
13 Education
13.1 Higher education
14 Sports
15 State symbols
16 See also
17 References
18 External links
Geography[edit]
Location and size[edit]
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's
borders are lines of latitude, 41N and 45N, and longitude, 1043'W and 1113'W
(27 W and 34 W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a
latitude-longitude quadrangle.[13] Wyoming is one of only three states (along with
Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal
lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying
inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true
latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (0.8 km) in some spots,
especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel.[14] Wyoming is
bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the
south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the
tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,814 square
miles (253,340 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the
south border it is 276 miles (444 km);[15] and from the east to the west border is
365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.

Mountain ranges[edit]
The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau
broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett
Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet (4,207 m), to the Belle
Fourche River valley in the state's northeast corner, at 3,125 feet (952 m). In the
northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River, and the Teton
ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the
Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy, and Sierra Madre
ranges.

The Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of the
Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west
central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in
excess of 13,000 ft (4,000 m) tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in
the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat
isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains.

The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 miles (80 km), part of which is
included in Grand Teton National Park. The park includes the Grand Teton, the
second highest peak in the state.

The Continental Divide spans north-south across the central portion of the state.
Rivers east of the divide drain into the Missouri River Basin and eventually the
Gulf of Mexico. They are the North Platte, Wind, Big Horn and the Yellowstone
rivers. The Snake River in northwest Wyoming eventually drains into the Columbia
River and the Pacific Ocean, as does the Green River through the Colorado River
Basin.

The Continental Divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area
known as the Great Divide Basin where the waters that flow or precipitate into this
area remain there and cannot flow to any ocean. Instead, because of the overall
aridity of Wyoming, water in the Great Divide Basin simply sinks into the soil or
evaporates.

Several rivers begin in or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River,
Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River.

Islands[edit]
Main article: List of islands of Wyoming
Wyoming has 32 named islands, the majority of which are located in Jackson Lake and
Yellowstone Lake within Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the
state. The Green River in the southwest also contains a number of islands.

Public lands[edit]

Wyoming terrain map

More than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading
Wyoming to rank sixth in the United States in total acres and fifth in percentage
of a state's land owned by the federal government.[9] This amounts to about
30,099,430 acres (121,808.1 km2) owned and managed by the United States government.
The state government owns an additional 6% of all Wyoming lands, or another
3,864,800 acres (15,640 km2).[9]

The vast majority of this government land is administered by the Bureau of Land
Management and U.S. Forest Service in numerous national forests, a national
grassland, and a number of vast swathes of public land, in addition to the Francis
E. Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne.

National Park Service sites map

In addition, Wyoming contains areas managed by the National Park Service and other
agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, including:

National parks

Grand Teton National Park

Yellowstone National Park first designated national park in the world[16]
Memorial parkway

John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway between Yellowstone and Grand Teton
National Parks
National recreation areas

Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area

Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area (managed by the Forest Service as part of
Ashley National Forest)
National monuments

Devils Tower National Monument first national monument in the U.S.[16]

Fossil Butte National Monument
National historic trails, landmarks and sites

California National Historic Trail

Fort Laramie National Historic Site
Independence Rock National Historic Landmark
Medicine Wheel/Medicine Mountain National Historic Landmark
Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming
Oregon National Historic Trail
Pony Express National Historic Trail
National fish hatcheries

Jackson National Fish Hatchery

Saratoga National Fish Hatchery
National wildlife refuges

National Elk Refuge

Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

Yellowstone National Park

Devils Tower National Monument

Thunder Basin National Grassland

Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

Panoramic view of the Teton Range looking west from Jackson Hole, Grand Teton
National Park
Climate[edit]

Kppen climate types of Wyoming

Further information: Climate change in Wyoming

Wyoming state welcome sign on Interstate 80 in Uinta County (at the Utah border)

Autumn in the Bighorn Mountains

Wyoming's climate is generally semi-arid and continental (Kppen climate
classification BSk), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United
States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of
the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging
between 85 and 95 F (29 and 35 C) in most of the state. With increasing
elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above 9,000 feet
(2,700 m) averaging around 70 F (21 C). Summer nights throughout the state are
characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the
5060 F (1016 C) range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation
tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are
variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild
periods, with Chinook winds providing unusually warm temperatures in some
locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving less than 10
inches (250 mm) of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower
areas in the Big Horn Basin averaging 58 inches (130200 mm) (making the area
nearly a true desert). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains
typically average around 1012 inches (250300 mm), making the climate there semi-
arid. Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation, 20 inches (510
mm) or more, much of it as snow, sometimes 200 inches (510 cm) or more annually.
The state's highest recorded temperature is 114 F (46 C) at Basin on July 12,
1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is -66 F (-54 C) at Riverside on
February 9, 1933.

The number of thunderstorm days vary across the state with the southeastern plains
of the state having the most days of thunderstorm activity. Thunderstorm activity
in the state is highest during the late spring and early summer. The southeastern
corner of the state is the most vulnerable part of the state to tornado activity.
Moving away from that point and westwards, the incidence of tornadoes drops
dramatically with the west part of the state showing little vulnerability.
Tornadoes, where they occur, tend to be small and brief, unlike some of those that
occur a little farther east.

[hide]Casper climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average

rainfall.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average max. temperature F (C) 32
(0) 37
(3) 45
(7) 56
(13) 66
(19) 78
(26) 87
(31) 85
(29) 74
(23) 60
(16) 44
(7) 34
(1) 58
(14)
Average min. temperature
F (C) 12
(-11) 16
(-9) 21
(-6) 28
(-2) 37
(3) 46
(8) 54
(12) 51
(11) 41
(5) 32
(0) 21
(-6) 14
(-10) 31
(-1)
Average rainfall
inches (mm) 0.6
(15.2) 0.6
(15.2) 1.0
(25.4) 1.6
(40.6) 2.1
(53.3) 1.5
(38.1) 1.3
(33.0) 0.7
(17.8) 0.9
(22.9) 1.0
(25.4) 0.8
(20.3) 0.7
(17.8) 12.8
(325.1)
Source:[17]
[hide]Jackson climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average
rainfall.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average max. temperature F (C) 24
(-4) 28
(-2) 37
(3) 47
(8) 58
(14) 68
(20) 78
(26) 77
(25) 67
(19) 54
(12) 37
(3) 24
(-4) 49
(9)
Average min. temperature
F (C) -1
(-18) 2
(-17) 10
(-12) 21
(-6) 30
(-1) 36
(2) 41
(5) 38
(3) 31
(-1) 22
(-6) 14
(-10) 0
(-18) 20
(-7)
Average rainfall
inches (mm) 2.6
(66.0) 1.9
(48.3) 1.6
(40.6) 1.4
(35.6) 1.9
(48.3) 1.8
(45.7) 1.3
(33.0) 1.3
(33.0) 1.5
(38.1) 1.3
(33.0) 2.3
(58.4) 2.5
(63.5) 21.4
(543.6)
Source:[18]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Wyoming

The first Fort Laramie as it looked before 1840 (painting from memory by Alfred
Jacob Miller)
Several Native American groups originally inhabited the region now known as
Wyoming. The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were but a few of the original
inhabitants encountered when white explorers first entered the region. What is now
southwestern Wyoming became a part of the Spanish Empire and later Mexican
territory of Alta California, until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at
the end of the MexicanAmerican War. French-Canadian trappers from Qubec and
Montral went into the state in the late 18th century, leaving French toponyms such
as Tton and La Ramie. John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition,
itself guided by French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau and his young Shoshone wife,
Sacagawea, first described the region in 1807. At the time, his reports of the
Yellowstone area were considered to be fictional.[19] Robert Stuart and a party of
five men returning from Astoria discovered South Pass in 1812. The Oregon Trail
later followed that route. In 1850, Jim Bridger located what is now known as
Bridger Pass, which the Union Pacific Railroad used in 1868as did Interstate 80,
90 years later. Bridger also explored Yellowstone and filed reports on the region
that, like those of Colter, were largely regarded as tall tales at the time.

The region had acquired the name Wyoming by 1865, when Representative James
Mitchell Ashley of Ohio introduced a bill to Congress to provide a "temporary
government for the territory of Wyoming". The territory was named after the Wyoming
Valley in Pennsylvania, made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas
Campbell, based on the Battle of Wyoming in the American Revolutionary War. The
name ultimately derives from the Munsee word xw:wam?nk, meaning "at the big river
flat".[10][11]
A backcounty road in the Sierra Madre Range of southeastern Wyoming near Bridger
Peak
After the Union Pacific Railroad had reached the town of Cheyenne in 1867, the
region's population began to grow steadily, and the federal government established
the Wyoming Territory on July 25, 1868.[20] Unlike mineral-rich Colorado, Wyoming
lacked significant deposits of gold and silver, as well as Colorado's subsequent
population boom. However, South Pass City did experience a short-lived boom after
the Carissa Mine began producing gold in 1867.[21] Furthermore, copper was mined in
some areas between the Sierra Madre Mountains and the Snowy Range near Grand
Encampment.[22]

Once government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by

Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true.
This led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which became the world's
first national park in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within
the far northwestern borders of Wyoming.

On December 10, 1869, territorial Governor John Allen Campbell extended the right
to vote to women, making Wyoming the first territory and then United States state
to grant suffrage to women. In addition, Wyoming was also a pioneer in welcoming
women into politics. Women first served on juries in Wyoming (Laramie in 1870);
Wyoming had the first female court bailiff (Mary Atkinson, Laramie, in 1870); and
the first female justice of the peace in the country (Esther Hobart Morris, South
Pass City, in 1870). Also, in 1924, Wyoming became the first state to elect a
female governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross, who took office in January 1925.[23] Due to
its civil-rights history, one of Wyoming's state nicknames is "The Equality State",
and the official state motto is "Equal Rights".[1]

Wyoming's constitution included women's suffrage and a pioneering article on water

rights.[24] Congress admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10,
1890.[1]

Wyoming was the location of the Johnson County War of 1892, which erupted between
competing groups of cattle ranchers. The passage of the federal Homestead Act led
to an influx of small ranchers. A range war broke out when either or both of the
groups chose violent conflict over commercial competition in the use of the public
land.

Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop. %
1870 9,118
1880 20,789 128.0%
1890 62,555 200.9%
1900 92,531 47.9%
1910 145,965 57.7%
1920 194,402 33.2%
1930 225,565 16.0%
1940 250,742 11.2%
1950 290,529 15.9%
1960 330,066 13.6%
1970 332,416 0.7%
1980 469,557 41.3%
1990 453,588 -3.4%
2000 493,782 8.9%
2010 563,626 14.1%
Est. 2016 585,501 3.9%
Sources: 19102010[25][26][27]
2015 Estimate[7]
Population[edit]

Wyoming population density map the largest population centers are Cheyenne in the
southeast and Casper in the east central section.
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wyoming was
585,501[28] on July 1, 2016, which is an increase since the 2010 United States
Census.[7] The center of population of Wyoming is located in Natrona County.[29]
[30]

In 2014, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of
the population was 92.7% white (82.9 non-Hispanic white), 2.7% American Indian and
Alaska Native, 1.6% Black or African American, 1.0% Asian American, and 0.1% Native
Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.[31]

According to the 2010 census, the racial composition of the population was 90.7%
white, 0.8% black or African American, 2.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8%
Asian American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 2.2% from two or
more races, and 3.0% from some other race. Ethnically, 8.9% of the total population
was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race) and 91.1% Non-Hispanic,
with non-Hispanic whites constituting the largest non-Hispanic group at 85.9%.[32]

As of 2015, Wyoming had an estimated population of 586,107, which was an increase

of 1,954, or 0.29%, from the prior year and an increase of 22,481, or 3.99%, since
the 2010 census. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 12,165
people (that is 33,704 births minus 21,539 deaths) and an increase from net
migration of 4,035 people into the state. Immigration resulted in a net increase of
2,264 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 1,771
people. In 2004, the foreign-born population was 11,000 (2.2%). In 2005, total
births in Wyoming numbered 7,231 (birth rate of 14.04 per thousand).[33] Sparsely
populated, Wyoming is the least populous state of the United States. Wyoming has
the second-lowest population density, behind Alaska. It is one of only two states
with a smaller population than the nation's capital, Washington, D.C. (the other
state is Vermont).

According to the 2000 census, the largest ancestry groups in Wyoming are: German
(26.0%), English (16.0%), Irish (13.3%), Norwegian (4.3%), and Swedish (3.5%).[34]

Birth data[edit]
Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their
ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Race 2013[35] 2014[36] 2015[37]
White: 7,090 (92.7%) 7,178 (93.2%) 7,217 (92.9%)
> Non-Hispanic White 6,136 (80.3%) 6,258 (81.3%) 6,196 (79.8%)
Native 305 (4.0%) 294 (3.8%) 294 (3.8%)
Asian 124 (1.6%) 108 (1.4%) 135 (1.7%)
Black 125 (1.6%) 116 (1.5%) 119 (1.5%)
Hispanic (of any race) 926 (12.1%) 895 (11.6%) 963 (12.4%)
Total Wyoming 7,644 (100%) 7,696 (100%) 7,765 (100%)
Languages[edit]
In 2010, 93.39% (474,343) of Wyomingites over the age of 5 spoke English as their
primary language. 4.47% (22,722) spoke Spanish, 0.35% (1,771) spoke German, and
0.28% (1,434) spoke French. Other common non-English languages included Algonquian
(0.18%), Russian (0.10%), Tagalog, and Greek (both 0.09%).[38]

In 2007, the American Community Survey reported that 6.2% (30,419) of Wyoming's
population over five years old spoke a language other than English at home. Of
those, 68.1% were able to speak English very well, 16.0% spoke English well, 10.9%
did not speak English well, and 5.0% did not speak English at all.[39]

Religion[edit]
According to a 2013 Gallup Poll, the religious affiliations of the people of
Wyoming were: 49% Protestants, 18% Catholics, 9% Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and
less than 1% Jewish.[40]

A 2010 ARDA report recognized as the largest denominations in Wyoming the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) with 62,804 (11%), the Catholic Church
with 61,222 (10.8%) and the Southern Baptist Convention with 15,812 adherents
(2.8%). The same report counted 59,247 Evangelical Protestants (10.5%), 36,539
Mainline Protestants (6.5%), 785 Eastern Orthodox Christians; 281 Black
Protestants, as well as 65,000 adhering to other traditions and 340,552 not
claiming any tradition.[41]

Religion in Wyoming (2014)[42]

Religion Percent
Protestant
?
43%
None
?
26%
Catholic
?
14%
Mormon
?
9%
Jehovah's Witness
?
3%
Other Christian
?
1%
Buddhist
?
1%
Other
?
3%
Economy[edit]
See also: Wyoming locations by per capita income

Wind farm in Uinta County

According to the 2012 United States Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Wyoming's
gross state product was $38.4 billion.[43] As of 2014 the population was growing
slightly with the most growth in tourist-oriented areas such as Teton County. Boom
conditions in neighboring states such as North Dakota were drawing energy workers
away. About half of Wyoming's counties showed population losses.[44] The state
makes active efforts through Wyoming Grown, an internet-based recruitment program,
to find jobs for young people educated in Wyoming who have emigrated but may wish
to return.[45]

As of November 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 4.0%.[46] The composition of
Wyoming's economy differs significantly from that of other states with most
activity in tourism, agriculture, and energy extraction; and little in anything
else.[45]

The mineral extraction industry and travel and tourism sector are the main drivers
behind Wyoming's economy. The federal government owns about 50% of its landmass,
while 6% is controlled by the state. Total taxable values of mining production in
Wyoming for 2001 was over $6.7 billion. The tourism industry accounts for over $2
billion in revenue for the state.

In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and
monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National
Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock
and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the
world's first national park, receives three million visitors.

Historically, agriculture has been an important component of Wyoming's economy. Its

overall importance to the performance of Wyoming's economy has waned. However,
agriculture is still an essential part of Wyoming's culture and lifestyle. The main
agricultural commodities produced in Wyoming include livestock (beef), hay, sugar
beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. More than 91% of land in Wyoming is
classified as rural.

Mineral and energy production[edit]

A Wyoming coal mine

Wyoming's mineral commodities include coal, natural gas, coalbed methane, crude
oil, uranium, and trona.

Coal: Wyoming produced 395.5 million short tons (358.8 million metric tons) of coal
in 2004, greater than any other state.[47] Wyoming possesses a reserve of 68.7
billion tons (62.3 billion metric tons) of coal. Major coal areas include the
Powder River Basin and the Green River Basin
Coalbed methane (CBM): The boom for CBM began in the mid-1990s. CBM is
characterized as methane gas that is extracted from Wyoming's coal bed seams. It is
another means of natural gas production. There has been substantial CBM production
in the Powder River Basin. In 2002, the CBM production yield was 327.5 billion
cubic feet (9.3 km3).
Crude oil: Wyoming produced 53,400,000 barrels (8,490,000 m3) of crude oil in 2007.
The state ranked fifth nationwide in oil production in 2007.[48] Petroleum is most
often used as a motor fuel, but it is also utilized in the manufacture of plastics,
paints, and synthetic rubber.
Diamonds: The Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine, located in Colorado less than 1,000 feet
(300 m) from the Wyoming border, produced gem quality diamonds for several years.
The Wyoming craton, which hosts the kimberlite volcanic pipes that were mined,
underlies most of Wyoming.
Natural gas: Wyoming produced 1.77 trillion cubic feet (50.0 billion m3) of natural
gas in 2016. The state ranked 6th nationwide for natural gas production in 2016.
[49] The major markets for natural gas include industrial, commercial, and domestic
heating.

A drilling rig drills for natural gas just west of the Wind River Range in the
Wyoming Rockies.
Trona: Wyoming possesses the world's largest known reserve of trona,[50] a mineral
used for manufacturing glass, paper, soaps, baking soda, water softeners, and
pharmaceuticals. In 2008, Wyoming produced 46 million short tons (41.7 million
metric tons) of trona, 25% of the world's production.[50]
Wind power: Because of Wyoming's geography and high-altitude, the potential for
wind power in Wyoming is one of the highest of any state in the US. The Chokecherry
and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project is the largest commercial wind generation
facility under development in North America.[51] Carbon County is home to the
largest proposed wind farm in the US. However, construction plans have been halted
because of proposed new taxes on wind power energy production.[52]
Uranium: Although uranium mining in Wyoming is much less active than it was in
previous decades, recent increases in the price of uranium have generated new
interest in uranium prospecting and mining.
Taxes[edit]
Unlike most other states, Wyoming does not levy an individual or corporate income
tax. In addition, Wyoming does not assess any tax on retirement income earned and
received from another state. Wyoming has a state sales tax of 4%. Counties have the
option of collecting an additional 1% tax for general revenue and a 1% tax for
specific purposes, if approved by voters. Food for human consumption is not subject
to sales tax.[53] There also is a county lodging tax that varies from 2% to 5%. The
state collects a use tax of 5% on items purchased elsewhere and brought into
Wyoming. All property tax is based on the assessed value of the property and
Wyoming's Department of Revenue's Ad Valorem Tax Division supports, trains, and
guides local government agencies in the uniform assessment, valuation and taxation
of locally assessed property. "Assessed value" means taxable value; "taxable value"
means a percent of the fair market value of property in a particular class.
Statutes limit property tax increases. For county revenue, the property tax rate
cannot exceed 12 mills (or 1.2%) of assessed value. For cities and towns, the rate
is limited to 8 mills (0.8%). With very few exceptions, state law limits the
property tax rate for all governmental purposes.

Personal property held for personal use is tax-exempt. Inventory if held for
resale, pollution control equipment, cash, accounts receivable, stocks and bonds
are also exempt. Other exemptions include property used for religious, educational,
charitable, fraternal, benevolent and government purposes and improvements for
handicapped access. Mine lands, underground mining equipment, and oil and gas
extraction equipment are exempt from property tax but companies must pay a gross
products tax on minerals and a severance tax on mineral production.[54][55]

Wyoming does not collect inheritance taxes. There is limited estate tax related to
federal estate tax collection.

In 2008, the Tax Foundation ranked Wyoming as having the single most "business
friendly" tax climate of all 50 states.[56] Wyoming state and local governments in
fiscal year 2007 collected $2.242 billion in taxes, levies, and royalties from the
oil and gas industry. The state's mineral industry, including oil, gas, trona, and
coal provided $1.3 billion in property taxes from 2006 mineral production.[48]
Wyoming receives more federal tax dollars per capita in aid than any other state
except Alaska. The federal aid per capita in Wyoming is more than double the United
States average.[57]

As of 2016, Wyoming does not require the beneficial owners of LLCs to be disclosed
in the filing, which creates an opportunity for a tax haven, according to Clark
Stith of Clark Stith & Associates in Rock Springs, Wyoming, a former Republican
candidate for Wyoming secretary of state.[58]

Transportation[edit]

Map of Wyoming - PDF

The largest airport in Wyoming is Jackson Hole Airport, with over 500 employees.
[59] Three interstate highways and thirteen United States highways pass through
Wyoming. In addition, the state is served by the Wyoming state highway system.

Interstate 25 enters the state south of Cheyenne and runs north, intersecting
Interstate 80 immediately west of Cheyenne. It passes through Casper and ends at
Interstate 90 near Buffalo. Interstate 80 crosses the Utah border west of Evanston
and runs east through the southern third of the state, passing through Cheyenne
before entering Nebraska near Pine Bluffs. Interstate 90 comes into Wyoming near
Parkman and cuts through the northeastern part of the state. It serves Gillette and
enters South Dakota east of Sundance.

U.S. Routes 14, 16, and the eastern section of U.S. 20 all have their western
terminus at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park and pass through
Cody. U.S. 14 travels eastward before joining I-90 at Gillette. U.S. 14 then
follows I-90 to the South Dakota border. U.S. 16 and 20 split off of U.S. 14 at
Greybull and U.S. 16 turns east at Worland while U.S. 20 continues south Shoshoni.
U.S. Route 287 carries traffic from Fort Collins, Colorado into Laramie, Wyoming
through a pass between the Laramie Mountains and the Medicine Bow Mountains, merges
with US 30 and I-80 until it reaches Rawlins, where it continues north, passing
Lander. Outside of Moran, U.S. 287 is part of a large interchange with U.S.
Highways 26, 191, and 89, before continuing north to the southern entrance of
Yellowstone. U.S. 287 continues north of Yellowstone, but the two sections are
separated by the national park.

Other U.S. highways that pass through the state are United States Highways are 18,
26, 30, 85, 87, 89, 189, 191, 212, and 287.

Wyoming is one of only two states (the other being South Dakota) in the 48
contiguous states not served by Amtrak.[60]

See also: List of Wyoming railroads, List of airports in Wyoming, and State
highways in Wyoming
Wind River Indian Reservation[edit]
Main article: Wind River Indian Reservation

Wind River Canyon

The Wind River Indian Reservation is shared by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern
Arapaho tribes of Native Americans in the central western portion of the state near
Lander. The reservation is home to 2,500 Eastern Shoshone and 5,000 Northern
Arapaho.[61]

Chief Washakie established the reservation in 1868[62] as the result of

negotiations with the federal government in the Fort Bridger Treaty.[63] However,
the Northern Arapaho were forced onto the Shoshone reservation in 1876 by the
federal government after the government failed to provide a promised separate
reservation.[63]

Today the Wind River Indian Reservation is jointly owned, with each tribe having a
50% interest in the land, water, and other natural resources.[64] The reservation
is a sovereign, self-governed land with two independent governing bodies: the
Eastern Shoshone Tribe and the Northern Arapaho Tribe. Until 2014, the Shoshone
Business Council and Northern Arapaho Business Council met jointly as the Joint
Business Council to decide matters that affect both tribes.[62] Six elected council
members from each tribe served on the joint council.

State law and government[edit]

Wyoming State Capitol building, Cheyenne

Wyoming's Constitution established three branches of government: the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches.

The Wyoming State Legislature comprises a House of Representatives with 60 members

and a Senate with 30 members.

The executive branch is headed by the governor and includes a secretary of state,
auditor, treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Wyoming does not have
a lieutenant governor. Instead the secretary of state stands first in the line of
succession.

Wyoming's sparse population warrants it only a single at-large seat in the U.S.
House of Representatives, and hence only three votes in the Electoral College.

Wyoming is an alcoholic beverage control state.

Judicial system[edit]
Wyoming's highest court is the Supreme Court of Wyoming, with five justices
presiding over appeals from the state's lower courts. Wyoming is unusual in that it
does not have an intermediate appellate court, like most states. This is largely
attributable to the state's population and correspondingly lower caseload. Appeals
from the state district courts go directly to the Wyoming Supreme Court. Wyoming
also has state circuit courts (formerly county courts), of limited jurisdiction,
which handle certain types of cases, such as civil claims with lower dollar
amounts, misdemeanor criminal offenses, and felony arraignments. Circuit court
judges also commonly hear small claims cases as well.

Before 1972, Wyoming judges were selected by popular vote on a nonpartisan ballot.
This earlier system was criticized by the state bar who called for the adoption of
the Missouri Plan, a system designed to balance judiciary independence with
judiciary accountability. In 1972, an amendment to Article 5 of the Wyoming
Constitution, which incorporated a modified version of the plan, was adopted by the
voters. Since the adoption of the amendment, all state court judges in Wyoming are
nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the Governor. They
are then subject to a retention vote by the electorate one year after appointment.
[65]

Politics[edit]
Presidential elections results[66]
Year Republicans Democrats
2016 68.17% 174,419 21.88% 55,973
2012 68.64% 170,962 27.82% 69,286
2008 64.78% 164,958 32.54% 82,868
2004 68.86% 167,629 29.07% 70,776
2000 67.76% 147,947 27.70% 60,481
1996 49.81% 105,388 36.84% 77,934
1992 39.70% 79,347 34.10% 68,160
1988 60.53% 106,867 38.01% 67,113
1984 70.51% 133,241 28.24% 53,370
1980 62.64% 110,700 27.97% 49,427
1976 59.30% 92,717 39.81% 62,239
1972 69.01% 100,464 30.47% 44,358
1968 55.76% 70,927 35.51% 45,173
1964 43.44% 61,998 56.56% 80,718
1960 55.01% 77,451 44.99% 63,331
Wyoming's political history defies easy classification. The state was the first to
grant women the right to vote and to elect a woman governor.[67] On December 10,
1869, John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of the Wyoming Territory, approved
the first law in United States history explicitly granting women the right to vote.
This day was later commemorated as Wyoming Day.[67] On November 5, 1889, voters
approved the first constitution in the world granting full voting rights to women.
[68]

While the state elected notable Democrats to federal office in the 1960s and 1970s,
politics have become decidedly more conservative since the 1980s as the Republican
Party came to dominate the state's congressional delegation. Today, Wyoming is
represented in Washington by its two Senators, Mike Enzi and John Barrasso, and its
one member of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman Liz Cheney. All three are
Republicans. The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964, one
of only eight times since statehood. At present, there is only one relatively
reliably Democratic county; affluent Teton and one swing county; college county
Albany. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won his second-largest
victory, with 69% of the vote. Former Vice President Dick Cheney is a Wyoming
resident and represented the state in Congress from 1979 to 1989.

Republicans are no less dominant at the state level. They have held a majority in
the state senate continuously since 1936 and in the state house since 1964.
However, Democrats held the governorship for all but eight years between 1975 and
2011. Uniquely, Wyoming elected Democrat Nellie Tayloe Ross as the first woman in
United States history to serve as state governor. She served from 1925 to 1927,
winning a special election after her husband, William Bradford Ross, unexpectedly
died a little more than a year into his term.[69]

Further information: Political party strength in Wyoming

Voter registration[edit]
Voter Info is As of May 1, 2017[70]

Party Registered Voters Percentage

Republican 176,355 67.18%
Democratic 47,108 17.94%
No party affiliation 35,745 13.62%
Libertarian Party 2,386 0.91%
Constitution Party 793 0.30%
Other 137 0.05%
Total Voters 262,524 100.00%
Voter Registration by County[edit]
Republicans have a majority of registered votes in all but 2 counties: Albany and
Teton, where they have a plurality of registered voters.

Republican Democratic NPA Libertarian Constitution Others Margin

Total
County Voters % Voters % Voters % Voters %
Voters % Voters % Voters % Voters
Albany 7,862 45.38% 5,541 31.98% 3,585 20.69% 298 1.72% 39
0.23% 1 0.00% 2,321 13.40% 17,326
Big Horn 4,597 82.84% 451 8.13% 432 7.79% 29 0.52% 40 0.72% 0
0.00% 4,146 74.71% 5,549
Campbell 15,458 82.90% 1,073 5.75% 1,851 9.93% 186 1.00% 51 0.27%
27 0.14% 14,385 77.15% 18,646
Carbon 4,118 62.36% 1,336 20.23% 1,064 16.11% 72 1.09% 13
0.20% 1 0.02% 2,782 42.13% 6,604
Converse 5,499 81.45% 565 8.37% 630 9.33% 30 0.44% 24 0.36% 3
0.04% 4,934 73.08% 6,751
Crook 3,394 86.38% 227 5.78% 270 6.87% 18 0.46% 20 0.51% 0 0.00%
3,167 80.60% 3,929
Fremont 11,546 66.16% 3,516 20.15% 2,187 12.53% 148 0.85%
51 0.29% 3 0.02% 8,030 46.01% 17,451
Goshen 4,472 74.45% 867 14.43% 614 10.22% 36 0.60% 18
0.30% 0 0.00% 3,605 60.02% 6,007
Hot Springs 2,095 78.41% 311 11.64% 244 9.13% 14 0.52% 8 0.30%
0 0.00% 1,784 66.77% 2,672
Johnson 3,857 84.07% 319 6.95% 376 8.20% 23 0.50% 13 0.28% 0
0.00% 3,538 77.12% 4,588
Laramie 25,325 60.35% 9,728 23.18% 6,421 15.30% 347 0.83%
99 0.24% 45 0.11% 15,597 37.17% 41,965
Lincoln 6,957 76.01% 874 9.55% 1,217 13.30% 75 0.82% 27 0.29%
 3 0.03% 6,083 66.46% 9,153
Natrona 22,800 67.23% 5,630 16.60% 4,973 14.66% 363 1.07%
145 0.43% 0 0.00% 17,170 50.63% 33,911
Niobrara 1,199 88.81% 73 5.41% 71 5.26% 4 0.30% 3 0.22% 0
0.00% 1,126 83.40% 1,350
Park 12,133 77.82% 1,495 9.59% 1,808 11.60% 109 0.70% 46 0.03%
1 0.01% 10,638 68.23% 15,592
Platte 3,384 72.62% 707 15.17% 492 10.56% 45 0.97% 32
0.69% 0 0.00% 2,677 57.45% 4,660
Sheridan 10,593 70.76% 2,300 15.36% 1,891 12.63% 125 0.83%
27 0.18% 35 0.23% 8,293 55.40% 14,971
Sublette 3,717 82.25% 393 8.70% 381 8.43% 24 0.53% 6 0.13% 1
0.02% 3,324 73.55% 4,519
Sweetwater 9,804 56.22% 4,894 28.06% 2,485 14.25% 198 1.14% 56
0.32% 2 0.01% 4,910 28.16% 17,439
Teton 5,102 38.90% 4,841 36.91% 3,048 23.24% 111 0.85% 11 0.08%
4 0.03% 261 1.99% 13,117
Uinta 6,273 71.94% 1,264 14.50% 1,050 12.04% 83 0.95% 40 0.46%
10 0.11% 5,009 57.44% 8,720
Washakie 3,158 79.47% 435 10.95% 342 8.61% 27 0.68% 12 0.30%
0 0.00% 2,723 68.52% 3,974
Weston 3,015 83.06% 268 7.38% 313 8.62% 21 0.58% 12 0.33% 1
0.03% 2,837 75.68% 3,630
State Total 176,355 67.18% 47,108 17.94% 35,745 13.62%
2,386 0.91% 793 0.30% 137 0.05% 129,247 49.24% 262,524
Counties[edit]
Further information: List of counties in Wyoming
The state of Wyoming has 23 counties.

An enlargeable map of the 23 counties of Wyoming

The 23 counties of the state of Wyoming[71]
Rank County Population Rank County Population
1 Laramie 94,483 13 Converse 14,008
2 Natrona 78,621 14 Goshen 13,636
3 Campbell 47,874 15 Big Horn 11,794
4 Sweetwater 45,267 16 Sublette 10,368
5 Fremont 41,110 17 Platte 8,756
6 Albany 37,276 18 Johnson 8,615
7 Sheridan 29,596 19 Washakie 8,464
8 Park 28,702 20 Crook 7,155
9 Teton 21,675 21 Weston 7,082
10 Uinta 21,025 22 Hot Springs 4,822
11 Lincoln 17,961 23 Niobrara 2,456
12 Carbon 15,666 Wyoming Total 576,412
Wyoming license plates contain a number on the left that indicates the county where
the vehicle is registered, ranked by an earlier census.[27] Specifically, the
numbers are representative of the property values of the counties in 1930.[72] The
county license plate numbers are as follows:

License
Plate
Prefix County License
Plate
Prefix County License
Plate
Prefix County
1 Natrona 9 Big Horn 17 Campbell
2 Laramie 10 Fremont 18 Crook
3 Sheridan 11 Park 19 Uinta
4 Sweetwater 12 Lincoln 20 Washakie
5 Albany 13 Converse 21 Weston
6 Carbon 14 Niobrara 22 Teton
7 Goshen 15 Hot Springs 23 Sublette
8 Platte 16 Johnson
Cities and towns[edit]

City of Casper, Wyoming

The State of Wyoming has 99 incorporated municipalities.

Most Populous Wyoming Cities and Towns[73]

Rank City County Population
1 Cheyenne Laramie 60,096
2 Casper Natrona 55,988
3 Laramie Albany 31,312
4 Gillette Campbell 29,389
5 Rock Springs Sweetwater 23,229
6 Sheridan Sheridan 17,517
7 Green River Sweetwater 12,622
8 Evanston Uinta 12,282
9 Riverton Fremont 10,867
10 Jackson Teton 9,710
11 Cody Park 9,653
12 Rawlins Carbon 9,203
13 Lander Fremont 7,571
14 Torrington Goshen 6,690
15 Powell Park 6,314
In 2005, 50.6% of Wyomingites lived in one of the 13 most populous Wyoming
municipalities.

Metropolitan areas[edit]
The United States Census Bureau has defined two Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(MSA) and seven Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MiSA) for the State of Wyoming. In
2008, 30.4% of Wyomingites lived in either of the Metropolitan Statistical Areas,
and 73% lived in either a Metropolitan Statistical Area or a Micropolitan
Statistical Area.

Cheyenne
Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas[74]
Census Area County Population
Cheyenne Laramie County, Wyoming 95,809
Casper Natrona County, Wyoming 80,973
Gillette Campbell County, Wyoming 48,176
Rock Springs Sweetwater County, Wyoming 45,237
Jackson Teton County, Wyoming 32,543
Teton County, Idaho 10,275
Total 42,818
Riverton Fremont County, Wyoming 40,998
Laramie Albany County, Wyoming 37,422
Sheridan Sheridan County, Wyoming 29,824
Evanston Uinta County, Wyoming 21,066
Education[edit]
Main article: List of high schools in Wyoming
Public education is directed by the state superintendent of public instruction, an
elected state official. Educational policies are set by the State Board of
Education, a nine-member board appointed by the governor. The constitution
prohibits the state from establishing curriculum and textbook selections; these are
the prerogatives of local school boards. The Wyoming School for the Deaf was the
only in-state school dedicated to supporting deaf students in Wyoming, but it
closed in the summer of 2000.[75]

Higher education[edit]

The Rocky Mountain Herbarium at the University of Wyoming

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Wyoming
Wyoming has one public four-year institution, the University of Wyoming in Laramie
and one private four-year college, Wyoming Catholic College, in Lander, Wyoming. In
addition, there are seven two-year community colleges spread throughout the state.

Before the passing of a new law in 2006, Wyoming had hosted unaccredited
institutions, many of them suspected diploma mills.[76] The 2006 law is forcing
unaccredited institutions to make one of three choices: move out of Wyoming, close
down, or apply for accreditation. The Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization
predicts that in a few years the problem of diploma mills in Wyoming might be
resolved.[77]

Sports[edit]
Due to its sparse population, the state of Wyoming lacks any major professional
sports teams. Some of the most popular sports teams in the state are the University
of Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls teams particularly football and basketball, which
play in the Mountain West Conference. Their stadiums in Laramie are at about 7,200
feet (2,200 m) above sea level, the highest in NCAA Division I. High school sports
are governed by the Wyoming High School Activities Association, which sponsors 12
sports.

Rodeo is popular in Wyoming, and Casper has hosted the College National Finals
Rodeo since 2001.

State symbols[edit]

State flower of Wyoming: Indian paintbrush

Main article: List of Wyoming state symbols
List of all Wyoming state symbols:[1]

State bird: western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

State coin: Sacagawea dollar
State dinosaur: Triceratops
State emblem: Bucking Horse and Rider
State fish: cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)
State flag: Flag of the State of Wyoming
State flower: Wyoming Indian paintbrush (Castilleja linariifolia)
State fossil: Knightia
State gemstone: Wyoming nephrite jade
State grass: western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii)
State insect: Sheridan's green hairstreak butterfly (Callophrys sheridanii)
State mammal: American bison (Bison bison)
State motto: Equal Rights
State nicknames: Equality State; Cowboy State; Big Wyoming
State reptile: horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre)
State seal: Great Seal of the State of Wyoming
State song: "Wyoming" by Charles E. Winter & George E. Knapp
State sport: rodeo
State tree: plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii)
See also[edit]
flag Wyoming portal
Outline of Wyoming organized list of topics about Wyoming
Index of Wyoming-related articles
List of people from Wyoming
List of mountain ranges in Wyoming
List of trails in Wyoming
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Jump up ^ "Today in History". The Library of Congress. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Teva J. Scheer (2005). Governor lady: the life and times of Nellie Tayloe
Ross. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-8262-1626-9.
Jump up ^ "Statewide Summary : Wyoming Voter Registration" (PDF).
Soswy.state.wy.us. January 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties of Wyoming:
April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States
Census Bureau, Population Division. April 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TetonAT.com - Interesting Wyoming License Plate Fact". Tetonat.com.
Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Table 4: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in
Wyoming, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (CSV). 2008
Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 20, 2006.
Retrieved January 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Annual Estimates of
the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013". 2013 Population Estimates.
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 26,
2014.
Jump up ^ Watt, Meghan (October 1, 2007). "Deaf alumni saddened by school's fate".
Casper Star-Tribune. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
Jump up ^ Alleged "diploma mills" flocking to Wyoming, by Mead Gruver, The Seattle
Times, February 9, 2005
Jump up ^ Unaccredited Colleges Archived July 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.,
Potential problems with degree suppliers located in these states Wyoming, Oregon
State Office of Degree Authorization
External links[edit]
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State of Wyoming government official website
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Preceded by
Idaho List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on July 10, 1890 (44th) Succeeded by
Utah
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WorldCat Identities VIAF: 155923263 LCCN: n79022108 ISNI: 0000 0004 0424 3755 GND:
4067130-6 SELIBR: 162696 SUDOC: 176154604 NDL: 00629502 BNE: XX5083025
Categories: Wyoming1890 establishments in the United StatesStates and territories
established in 1890States of the United StatesWestern United States
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