List of Matlab commands ind = sub2ind(matrSize,

rowSub, colSub)
ind2sub Subscripts from linear index
General Purpose [I,J] = ind2sub(siz,IND)
numel Number of elements in array or
Operators and Special Characters subscripted array expression
+ ,-,*, .*, ^, .^, / , .\, ./, : , ( ), [ ], ., , ,,; , %, ', = n = numel(A)
Managing a Session
clc Clears Command window
clear Removes variables from Special Matrices
memory eye Creates an identity matrix.
Special Variables and Constants ones Creates an array of ones.
ans Most recent answer zeros Creates an array of zeros.
eps Accuracy of floating-point diag Diagonal matrices
precision Matrix Arithmetic
i,j The imaginary unit 1 cross Computes cross products.
C = cross(A,B)
pi The number
C = cross(A,B,dim)
Input/Output Commands dot Computes dot products.
disp Displays contents of an array C = dot(A,B)
or string C = dot(A,B,dim)
Solving Linear Equations
Vector, Matrices and Arrays det Computes determinant of an array.
inv Computes inverse of a matrix.
Array Commands pinv Computes pseudoinverse of a matrix.
find Finds indices of nonzero elements. Solve linear equations in the least-
ind = find(X) squares sense.
ind = find(X,k) rank Computes rank of a matrix.
[row,col] = find(X) trace Sum of diagonal elements
length Computers number of elements. norm Vector and matrix norms.
numberOfElements =
length(array) Plotting Commands
linspace Creates regularly spaced vector.
y = linspace(a,b)
Basic xy Plotting Commands
y = linspace(a,b,n)
axis Sets axis limits.
logspace Creates log spaced vector.
axis([xmin xmax ymin
y = logspace(a,b)
ymax])
y = logspace(a,b,n)
grid Displays gridlines.
max Returns largest element.
plot Generates xy plot.
C = max(A)
plot(Y)
[C,I] = max(A)
plot(X1,Y1,...,Xn,Yn)
min Returns smallest element.
title Puts text at top of plot.
reshape Change size
xlabel Adds text label to x-axis.
B = reshape(A,m,n)
ylabel Adds text label to y-axis.
repmat Replicate and tile array
B = repmat(A,m,n) figure Opens a new figure window.
Hold on/off Freezes/unfreezes current plot.
size Computes array size
d = size(X) text Places string in figure
[m,n] = size(X) Specialized Plot Commands
bar bar chart.
sort Sorts each column.
bar(Y)
B = sort(A)
bar(x,Y)
B = sort(A,dim)
[B,IX] = sort(A) polar polar plot.
polar(theta,rho)
sum Sums each column.
B = sum(A) hist Create and plot histogram
B = sum(A,dim) hist(data)
hist(data,nbins)
sub2ind Convert subscripts to linear indices
 hist(data,xcenters) find Finds indices of nonzero elements
Color Symbol Line logical Convert numeric values to logical
y yellow . point - solid M-Files
m magenta o circle : dotted function Creates a function M-file.
c cyan x x-mark -. dash dotted global Define global variables
r red + plus -- dashed Timing
g green * star cputime CPU time in seconds.
b blue d diamond clock Current date and time
w white v triangle (down) tic, toc Start, stop a stopwatch timer.
k black ^ triangle (up)
Mathematical Functions
Three-Dimensional Plots
contour Creates contour plot Exponential and Logarithms
mesh mesh surface plot Exp, log, ln, log10, sqrt
plot3 lines and points
surf shaded mesh surface plot Trigonometric
surfc surf with contour plot underneath cos, cot, csc, sec, sin, tan
meshgrid Creates rectangular grid Inverse trig
zlabel Adds text label to z-axis acos , acot, acsc, asec, asin, atan
Complex Functions
Programming abs Absolute value; |x|.
angle Angle of a complex number x.
Logical and Relation Operators conj Complex conjugate of x.
== , ~=, <, <=, >, >=, &, |, ~, xor imag Imaginary part
Flow Control real Real part
break Terminates execution of a loop Statistical Functions
error Display error messages mean Average
error('msgString') M = mean(A)
for for var = drange M = mean(A,dim)
statements median median.
end std standard deviation
if if expression var variance
statements Random Numbers
elseif expression rand uniformly distributed random
statements numbers between 0 and 1.
else r = rand(n)
statements r = rand(m,n)
end randn normally distributed random
return Return to the invoking function numbers
switch comparing with case expressions r = randn(n)
switch switch_expression r = randn(m,n)
case case_expression Numeric Functions
statements ceil Round up
case case_expression floor Round down
statements round Round to nearest integer
: sign Signum
otherwise rem Remainder after division
statements mod Modulus after division
end
warning Display a warning message.
while while expression Numerical Methods
statements
end Polynomial
Logical Functions eig eigenvalues of a matrix.
any True if any elements are nonzero d = eig(A)
all True if all elements are nonzero [V,D] = eig(A)
poly Computes polynomial from roots Operations on Lists, sets, Stering, etc
roots Computes polynomial roots. {} Define a set.
r = roots(c) Set:={}
Root Finding and Minimization "" Define a string.
fminbnd Find minimum of single-variable S1:=""
function on fixed interval . Concatenate
x = fminbnd(fun,x1,x2) $ Such that.
fminsearch Find minimum of unconstrained set:={f(i) $ i=a..b}
multivariable map Apply function to set/sequence/list.
x = fminsearch(fun,x0) Map(set,f)
fzero Finds zero of single-variable [] Define a list
function. List:=[a,b,]
x = fzero(fun,x0) sort Sort a list.
Numerical Integration sort(list)
quad Numerical integration with adaptive select Select from a list/set/sequence
Simpsons rule. Select(list,boolFunc)
q = quad(fun,a,b)
trapz Numerical integration with the
trapezoidal rule. Programming Basics
Z = trapz(Y)
Z = trapz(Y,dim) Flow control
Numerical Differentiation switch Switch statement
diff the difference between adjacent case x
elements of match1 do
Y = diff(X) statements1
Y = diff(X,n) of match2 do
Y = diff(X,n,dim) statements2
...
otherwise
otherstatements
end_case
List of muPad commands case x
of match1 do
General Purpose statements1
of match2 do
:= Assign variables statements2
; Statement sequences ...
delete Delete the value of an identifier end_case
delete x1, x2, for For loop
reset Re-initialize a session for i from start to stop do
/% %/ comment body
Special Values end_for
TRUE Boolean constant TRUE
FALSE Boolean constant FALSE for i from start to stop
UNKNOWN Boolean constant UNKNOWN step stepwidth do
infinity Real positive infinity body
end_for
Common Operations
.. Range operator
_for(i, start, stop,
nops Number of operands
stepwidth, body)
op Operands of an object
for i from start downto stop
op(object, [i1, i2, ])
do
domtype Data type of an object
body
prog::exprtree Visualize an expression as tree end_for
Print Print command
 for i from start downto stop B, <mode>, <method>,
step stepwidth do options)
body numeric:: Solve a system of linear equations
end_for linsolve numeric::linsolve(eqs,
if If-statement (conditional branch in a <vars>, options)
program) numeric:: Numerical solution of equations (the
if condition1 solve float attribute of solve). Find all roots.
then casetrue1 numeric::solve(eqs,
elif condition2 then <vars>, options)
casetrue2 Properties and Assumptions
elif condition3 then is Check a mathematical property of an expression
casetrue3 is(cond)
... is(ex, set)
else casefalse Simplification
end_if factorou Factor out a given expression
while "while" loop t factorout(x, f, <list>)
while condition do simplify Simplify an expression
body Simplify(f)
end_while expand Expand an expression
return Exit a procedure expand(f, options)
proc Define a procedure subs Substitute into an object
proc(x1,x2,...) subs(f, old = new)
begin
body Calculus
end_proc D Differential operator for functions
D(f)
diff Differentiate an expression or a
Mathematics polynomial
diff(f)
-> Define a function/procedure inline diff(f, x)
( x1, x2, ) -> body diff(f, x1, x2, )
--> Turn an expression into a procedure. diff(f, x $ 3)
f:=x^2: g:=x-->f int Definite and indefinite integrals
@ Compose functions int(f, x)
f @ g @ ... int(f, x = a .. b,
Symbolic Solvers options)
linsolve Solve a system of linear equations numeric:: Numerical integration ( Quadrature )
linsolve(eqs, vars, quadratur numeric::quadrature(f(x),
options) e x = a .. b)
RootOf Set of roots of a polynomial taylor Compute a Taylor series expansion
RootOf(f, x) taylor(f, x = x0,
solve Solve equations and inequalities <order>)
solve(eq, x, options) sum Definite and indefinite summation
solve(eq, x = a .. b, sum(f, i)
options) sum(f, i = a .. b)
Numeric Solvers numeric:: Numerical approximation of sums
numeric:: Search for a numerical root of a system sum (the Float attribute of Sum )
fsolve of equations numeric::sum(f(x), x = a
numeric::fsolve(eq, x, .. b)
options) numeric::sum(f(x), x in
numeric::fsolve(eq, x = {x1, x2, })
a, options) limit Compute a limit
numeric::fsolve(eq, x = limit(f, x = x0, <Left |
a .. b, options) Right | Real>,
numeric:: Least squares solution of linear <Intervals>)
leastSquares equations
numeric::leastSquares(A,
 nullspace
Linear Algebra linalg::orthog Orthogonalization of vectors
array Create an array linalg::rank Rank of a matrix
array(m1 .. n1, <m2 .. n2, >) numeric::rank Numerical estimate of the rank
array(m1 .. n1, <m2 .. n2, >, of a matrix
index1 = entry1, index2 = linalg:: Eigenvalues
entry2, ) eigenvalues
array(m1 .. n1, <m2 .. n2, >, linalg:: Eigenvectors
List) eigenvectors
array(<m1 .. n1, m2 .. n2, >, numeric:: Numerical eigenvalues
ListOfLists) eigenvalues
matrix Create a matrix or a vector numeric:: Numerical eigenvalues
matrix(Array) eigenvectors
matrix(List)
matrix(ListOfRows) Polynomial Algebra
matrix(m, n) poly Create a polynomial
matrix(m, n, Array) poly(f, <[x1, x2, ]>,
matrix(m, n, List) <ring>)
matrix(m, n, ListOfRows) divide Divide polynomials
matrix(m, n, [(i1, j1) = divide(p, q
value1, (i2, j2) = value2, ]) coeff Coefficients of a polynomial
matrix(m, n, f) coeff(p, <x>, n)
matrix(m, n, List, Diagonal) degree Degree of a polynomial
Dom:: Constructor degree(p)
<ring> Constructor:=Dom::IntegerMod(7) degree(p, x)
linalg Generate a random matrix numeric:: Numerical roots of a univariate
:: linalg::randomMatrix(m, n, polyroots polynomial
random <R>, <bound>) numeric::polyroots(eqs)
Matrix numeric:: Numerical search for a real root of a
realroot real univariate function
Matrix Operations and Transformations poly Create a polynomial
linalg::addCol Add a colums poly(f, <[x1, x2, ]>,
linalg::addRow Add a row <ring>)
linalg::col Extract columns of a matrix divide Divide polynomials
linalg::delCol Delete matrix columns divide(p, q
linalg::delRow Delete matrix rows coeff Coefficients of a polynomial
linalg::row Extract rows of a matrix coeff(p, <x>, n)
inverse Inverse of a matrix degree Degree of a polynomial
transpose Transpose of a matrix degree(p)
linalg:: Moore-Penrose inverse of a degree(p, x)
pseudoInverse matrix numeric:: Numerical roots of a univariate
numeric:: Numerical inverse of a matrix polyroots polynomial
inverse numeric::polyroots(eqs)
norm norm of a matrix or vector numeric:: Numerical search for a real root of a
linalg:: Normalize a vector realroot real univariate function
normalize
det Determinant
numeric::det Numerical determinant
linalg::angle Angle between two vectors
linalg::ncols Number of columns
linalg::nrows Number of rows
linalg:: Square root of a matrix
sqrtMatrix
linalg::tr Trace
linalg::matdim Dimension of a matrix
linalg:: Basis for the null space
Mathematical functions Set Operations
Complex Numbers contains Test if an entry exists in a container
abs, arg, Re, Im contains(s, object)
Exponents and Logarithms in Membership
exp, ln, log, log10, log2, ^, sqrt x in set
Trigonometric Functions intersect Intersection of sets and/or intervals
arcsin, arccos, arctan, arccsc, set1 intersect set2
arcsec, arccot, sin, cos, tan, csc, minus Difference of sets and/or intervals
sec, cot set1 minus set2
Numbers and Precision union Union of sets and/or intervals
float Convert to a floating-point number set1 union set2
Operations on Numbers
ceil Rounding up to the next integer Graphics
floor Rounding down to the next integer plot Display graphical objects on the
conjugate Complex conjugation screen
max Maximum of numbers plot(object)
min Minimum of numbers plot(sin(x));
round Rounding to the nearest integer plot(sin(x)/x,x=-1..1);
plot([2*cos(t),sin(t)],t=
Random Numbers 0..2*PI)
frandom Generate random floating-point numbers Parametric representation
frandom() plot([2*cos(t),sin(t)],t=
frandom(seed) 0..2*PI);
random plot:: Plot a list of points.
Generate random integer numbers
random(n1 .. n2) PointList plot(plot::PointList2d([[
random(n) 2d 1,1],[2,2],[3,3]]));
die := random(1..6): plot:: Plot a list of points connected by a
die() $ i = 1..20 Polygon2d line.
stats:: Generate a random number generator for plot(plot::Polygon2d([[1,
normal 1],[2,4],[3,3]]));
normal deviates
Random stats::normalRandom(m, v, plot:: 3D version of
<Seed = s>) PointList plot::PointList2d
stats:: Generate a random number generator for 2d plot(plot::PointList3d([[
uniform uniformly continuous deviates 1,1,1], [1,2,2],
Random stats::uniformRandom(a, b, [1,3,2]])
<Seed = s>) plot:: 3D version of
Polygon2d plot::Polygon2d
plot(plot::Polygon3d([[1,
Discrete Mathematics 1,1],[2,4,2],[3,3,1]]));
gcd Greatest common divisor of plotfunc3 Plot a 3D function
polynomials d plotfunc3d(1/(x^2 + y^2),
gcd(p, q) plot(,#3 x = -1..1, y = -1..1):
fact, ! Factorial function D)
div Integer part of a quotient plot:: Plot implicit functions
m div n Implicit2 plot(plot::Implicit2d(x^3
mod Modulo operator d +x+2=y^2,x=-5..5,y=-
x mod m plot:: 5..5));
bool Boolean evaluation Implicit3 plot(plot::Implicit3d(x^2
bool(b) d +y^2+z^2=1,x=-2..2,y=-
isprime 2..2,z=-2..2));
plot:: Polar representation
Polar plot(plot::Polar([r(t),t]
,t=0..2*PI))