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INSNA Conference Papers https://cgi.sfu.ca/%7Einsna/confpapers/papersdetail.
php
Rosmawati Ab Raub
Authors: ros@tmrnd.com.my
TM Research & Development Sdn Bhd, FRAT Cluster, Selangor, Malaysia
Title: Social network analysis in analyzing potential collaborators
Since the tragic events of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, social network analysis has
increasingly been used to study terrorist networks. Terrorism, together with such crimes as drug trafficking,
armed robberies and fraud is called organized crime. Crime or criminal activities usually work in group which
needs more than two people to communicate and to perform their secret plan. Traditionally, crime investigators
or intelligent officer used investigation tools that are widely available in the market to provide graphical
Abstract:
representation of the data network in order to facilitate and speed up their investigation. This paper proposes the
combination of social network analysis strength which focuses on ego-centric network method and important
criteria for potential collaborators in identifying potential collaborators in telecommunication data set. Effectively
combining multiple sources of data can lead intelligent officer to discover patterns in order to help them be more
proactive in their investigations.
Session: Mathematical Models
Keywords: egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
1 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

INSNA Conference Papers https://cgi.sfu.ca/%7Einsna/confpapers/papersdetail.php
Einat Achituv-Du-nour
daeinat@yahoo.com
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Sociology, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
Authors: Yuval Kalish
Amalya Oliver
Title: Maximizing Opportunities – Interorganizational Learning in a Biotechnology Consortium
Biotechnology related discoveries and products are known to be based on interorganizational learning processes
(Liebeskind et al. 1996, Oliver 2001, 2004, Powell et al. 1996, 1998, 2004). Moreover, much of the learning
exchanges are embedded in inter-institutional relations – between university and industry scientists (Oliver and
Liebeskind, 1998; Liebeskind and Oliver, 1998; Zucker and Darby, 1998). Since the scientific work in the
biotechnology industry is based on high level of reliance on basic science discoveries, there is a high level of
dependency between the two institutional actors – universities and industry, while much of the interorganizational
learning exchanges are inter-institutional. Our project focuses on a national funded five years long biotechnology
Abstract: consortium in Israel. The consortium included scientists from 11 firms and 16 university teams who had various
learning interactions and projects.
Science-based consortiums offer a pool of opportunities for learning, coupled with a need to hold information
from possible competitors. Our study questioned whether there is a distinct leading pattern of interorganizational
learning in the various co-existing networks. We use theories of closure and structural holes to hypothesize abou
the different structures that emerge in different learning networks. Analysis using Exponential Random Graph
models supports the predictions.
Session: Knowledge Networks
Keywords: access to knowledge , inter-organizational learning
Accepted: Yes
2 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Robert Ackland
robert.ackland@anu.edu.au
The Australian National University, Research School of Social Sciences, Coombs Building, #9, Canberra, ACT
0200, Australia
Authors: Timothy Phillips
The Australian National University, Research School of Social Sciences, Coombs Building, #9, Canberra, ACT
0200, Australia
Amanda Spink
Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Information Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
Title: Adaptive Sampling of Hyperlink Networks: An Application to Research on Social Inclusion in Australia
Digital networks such as the World Wide Web (WWW) can enable socially-excluded groups to connect with other
groups and with the mainstream, thus promoting participation and giving them “voice”. However it is an empirical
question as to whether the voices of the socially excluded are being heard on the Web – who are they talking to,
and who is listening? In this paper we present new research into social inclusion in Australia using hyperlink data
from a large-scale crawl of the .au domain (comprising approximately 10 million web pages). We use adaptive
Abstract:
sampling (e.g. Thompson and Seber, 1996) to identify online networks of websites representing socially-excluded
groups (e.g. Aborigines, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities) and then analyse the structure and
composition of these networks to provide insights into the role of digital networks in promoting social inclusion.
Thompson, S.K and G. A. F. Seber. (1996). Adaptive Sampling. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
Session: Sampling methods
Keywords: sampling , web , social inclusion , snowballing
Accepted: Yes
3 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Silke Adam
adamsilk@uni-hohenheim.de
Authors:
University of Hohenheim Institut of Communication Science / Media Politics (540E) Dept. of Social Sciences
Fruwirthstr. 47 70599 Stuttgart Germany
Title: Symbolic networks – a connection of content and network analysis for studying mass media debates
The goal of this paper is to show how public debates within the mass media can be analysed as networks, which
are characterised by the portrayed actors and their communicative interactions. Such networks are media
constructed and thus represent the symbolic dimension of political or societal disputes. To study such symbolic
networks it is proposed to systematically connect quantitative, relational content with empirical network analysis.
Such a combination allows to understand debates not only as treasure troves of isolated actors and frames, but
reveals how actors interact with each other showing not only actors’ visibility, but also the interaction structure
Abstract:
and coalition formation. Such a combination also allows comparing the voices of different speakers, also called
frame-sponsors, present in mass media debates. Linking these frame-sponsors to the frames they put on the
agenda reveals the roles different actors play in the competition for audience’s attention and support. How a
combination of content and network analysis can show the visibility, the interaction structure, the coalition
formation and actors’ roles within the mass media is illustrated by analysing the debate on Eastern enlargement
of the European Union in German and French newspapers.
Session: Collecting Network Data
Keywords: content analysis , discourse , framing , public space , symbolic networks , mass media
Accepted: Yes
4 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

jimi adams
adams.644@sociology.osu.edu
Authors:
University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, 239 McNeil Building, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA
19104, USA
Title: Where's the Beef? Reframing Religious Organizations' Discordant HIV-Related Messages
Researchers studying intra-organizational information flow frequently address questions of efficiency and
structure of formal and informal networks. In an examination of within-denomination HIV-related messages in
rural Malawi, I find considerable differences in the content and presentation at the local-congregational level as
Abstract: compared to the national-denominational level. This initially appears to be evidence of poor efficiency, and lack o
internal agreement within denominational networks. However, by refocusing the question from what organizations
say to where messages are said (and constructed), a picture of message concordance arises that more directly
matches the relevant local-network patterns.
Session: Qualitative Network Research: Methodological and Theoretical Issues
Keywords: organizations , religion , information flow , hiv/aids
Accepted: Yes
5 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Larissa Adler-Lomnitz
Authors: larissa@servidor.unam.mx
National University of Mexico
Title: Political Culture and Social Networks a Comparative Study
The aim of this study is to test a theoretical model propose by the author for analyzing and understanding
Chilean and Mexican political cultures by means and examination of history and anthropological field research.
This model combines structural analysis based on social networks (horizontal and vertical) with the description of
the symbol system that provides them with feedback. It is the grammar of power and how it is express. We find
that Chilean society is horizontal structure in social classes within which are found informal social networks that
Abstract:
may for ideological reasons become formalized in political parties, composed in turn of different networks arising
out of friendship, within generational cohorts, and groups based on regional origin, family neighborhood, school
and other shared interests. At the same time in Mexico we find a power system composed of vertical networks
led by a strong leader which controls them and which has given rise in the twentieth century to a dominating party
(PRI) based on vertically organized system controlled at the top by the president of the republic.
Session: Political Networks
construction hierarchy , non.hierarchical networks , political networks , social network , political culture , chile
Keywords:
and mexico , leadership and networks , horizontal/vertical networks
Accepted: Yes
6 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Filip Agneessens
filip.agneessens@ugent.be
Authors: Ghent University, Department of Sociology, Gent, Belgium
Rafael Wittek
University of Groningen/ICS Department of Sociology, Groningen, The Netherlands
Title: Personal Characteristics, Interpersonal Relations and Conflict Management Strategies in Organizations
Organizational research has paid considerable attention to the way employees react to situations of conflict with
colleagues. However, the majority of existing research has assumed that the choice of response is primarily
dependent on the characteristics of the source of the strategy. In order to get a more complete idea about the
strategies used by actors, this paper uses a social network analysis approach to considers how the combination
of both direct and indirect strategies – which involve third parties, not directly connected to the conflict situation –
are combined to respond to a situation of conflict. Based on a cluster analysis of 8 relational conflict items
between employees of a company (bilateral arguing, bilateral negiotiation, complain to others, complain to
superior, vertical blame, retaliation, avoidance and resignation), 4 empirical types of conflict management
Abstract: strategies are distinguished: 1) a direct conflict approach focusing on negotiation, 2) a retaliation strategy
involving indirect control approaches and direct avoidance, 3) a strategy of allowing, focusing on resignation, and
4) a strategy of forcing that involves complaining to others and arguing to the source. Subsequently, a dyadic
independence p2-model is used to consider how the characteristics of the source, the target, as well as the
situational context help explain the use of a particular conflict management strategy. The results show that both
individual characteristics of the source and the target in a conflict situation (such as age, informal power, and
dependence in the group as a whole), the difference between the source and the target on these characteristics,
as well as the specific relation between both actors (on advice and trust) help explain the choice of conflict
management strategy.
Session: Intra-Organizational Networks
Keywords: conflict , organizations , p2 , advice , trust , power , dependence
Accepted: Yes
7 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Claudia Aguilar
claudia.aguilar@uab.es
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Antropologia, Facultat de Lletres-Edifici B, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193,
Authors: Spain
Pau Vives
Universitat de Barcelona Geografia Humana Facultat de Geografia i Història C/ Montalegre, 6-8. 08001
Barcelona, Spain
Title: Identification through personal networks: beyond ethnicist discourse in BiH
The research we are developing in Bosnia and Hercegovina arises from a dissatisfaction with the terms used in
anthropology and other social sciences when talking about how people organize themselves and organize others
in social groups.
In Bosnia and Hercegovina the official or hegemonic discourse divide the Bosnian people between Serbian,
Croatian and Bosnjak or Muslims and make them situate themselves almost in an obligatory way in one of these
three categories regenerated in a war context. But in a urban society like for example Sarajevo, these simple,
Abstract:
imposed and old identitary distinctions appear to be unclear and do not allow us to comprehend social
complexity.
We believe that individual identification is relational. That means that it is a process in continuous re-elaboration
through social relationships. That is why we consider interesting the study of structure, composition and change
in personal networks because they can offer us much information about people’s everyday reality where the
collective identifications are continuously in negotiation.
Session: Networks and Identifications
Keywords: personal networks , identification , bosnia and hercegovina
Accepted: Yes
8 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mito Akiyoshi
Authors: mito.akiyoshi@gmail.com
Senshu University, Humanities, 2-42-23-310 Akebono, Tachikawa, Tokyo 1900012, Japan
Title: Family or Friends? : Sources of Support and Companionship in the U.S. and Japan
The present study attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the concept and reality of social capital by
exploring the prevalent types of social relations and support systems in two different societies, namely, the
United States and Japan. In the 2000s the concept of social capital, as most notably investigated by Robert
Putnam in his analysis of American community is getting incorporated into the vocabulary of Japanese policy
community. According to Putnam, social capital provides a solution to problems that fall under the rubric of
“collective action problems,” “the prisoner’s dilemma,” “the free-rider problem,” and “the tragedy of the
commons.” However, little is known about the cross-cultural similarities and differences in social capital creation
Abstract: and maintenance. Using cross-cultural survey data, the present study found that the two societies differ in the
make-up of dominant types of social relations. Some of the key findings are as follows. First, coresidence with
adult family members other than one’s spouse or partner is more frequent in Japan than in the United States.
Second, the Japanese are more likely to turn to their relatives both for companionship and for social support.
Finally, beyond family networks, memberships in various types of associations are explained by both ascriptive
and achieved characteristics in the United States whereas ascriptive characteristics are more dominant in Japan.
By way of conclusion, these findings suggest that social relations and support networks among Americans are
more elective than those among the Japanese, which are characterized by the importance of ascriptive identities
Session: Social Capital
Keywords: social support , social capital , family networks , friendship networks , social relationships
Accepted: Yes
9 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Angelos Alexopoulos
Authors: angelos.alexopoulos@dcu.ie
Dublin City University Business School Dublin Ireland
Title: An Integrative Approach to the Role of Social Capital in Interpersonal Knowledge Transfer
Recent research highlights the prominence of social relationships for energising knowledge flows within work
organisations. Yet, there is a lack of understanding of how the structural, relational and cognitive facets of social
capital (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998) inherent in those relationships interact with each other in an information and
advice seeking context. This study constructs and tests a model for investigating the configurational impact of
individual-level social capital on effective knowledge transfer. Using standard egocentric network techniques,
data on 270 knowledge exchange dyads were collected from employees within divisions of three Irish
knowledge-intensive organisations. The results of hierarchical multiple regression provide strong support for the
Abstract: proposed model. First, it was found that the positive effect of tie strength on knowledge transfer was mediated by
cognitive social capital as this is expressed in shared language and common values and goals. Second, the
effect of cognitive social capital on knowledge transfer was, in turn, mediated by relational social capital
expressed in reliance-based trust and disclosure-based trust. Third, while both types of trust appeared central to
the transfer of mainly codified knowledge, disclosure-trust emerged particularly important for the effective transfer
of non-codified knowledge. The study advances prior research (e.g. Levin & Cross, 2004) by offering a
multidimensional view of the interconnections between distinct features of social capital utilised for effective
transfer of knowledge at the dyadic level of analysis.
Keywords: social capital , knowledge transfer , egocentric network , knowledge exchange dyads , trust
Accepted: Yes
10 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sara Nuzhat Amin

sara.amin@mail.mcgill.ca
Authors: McGill University, Sociology, Apt 103, 410 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, Quebec H2L 1J6, Canada
Tanya Trussler
McGill University, Sociology, Apt 103, 410 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, Quebec H2L 1J6, Canada
A positional analysis of violent Islamic political extremism: mapping the connective structures of terrorist
Title:
networks
Recent political events have increased interest in the way in which terrorist groups are structured and terrorists
are created. Using the MPIT Terrorist Knowledge Database and Michael Sageman’s ethnographic material on
Al-Quaeda terrorist networks, this paper employs a network perspective to examine two facets of violent political
extremism among Islamic groups from 1972-2005. First, we map the connective structure of all leaders and
members of Islamic organizations who have been identified as linked to terrorist activity over the last 33 years.
Abstract:
Second, we ask how do these connective structures or networks change over time, specifically, whether terrorist
networks remain diffuse/decentralized or do they tend to become hierarchical? Finally, we use a positional
analysis to examine the significance of centrality for individuals to commit acts of terrorism vs. play leadership
and organizational roles. For instance, we examine whether those who are most connected are the ones most
likely to commit acts of terror, or those who lie at the periphery of the Islamic terrorist network.
Session: Criminals, Gangs, Terrorists, and Networks
affiliation networks , associational membership , differential association , embeddedness , horizontal/vertical
Keywords:
networks , hierarchy , network change , terrorist networks
Accepted: Yes
11 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

George Anghelcev
angh0002@umn.edu
University of Minnesota, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, 330 Murphy Hall, 206 Church At. SE,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Itai Himelboim
Authors:
Julie Jones
Network Analysis as a Marketing Tool: Using Network Parameters to Identify. Brand Zealots in Online Consumer
Title:
Environments.
In recent years, interpersonal communication networks have begun to replace advertising as the primary channel
of persuasion about products and brands. This declining interest in advertising is generally attributed to
increased clutter, reduced consumption of traditional media and spread of technologies (such as TiVO) which
enable consumers to avoid exposure to ads. Consequently, businesses have begun to use interpersonal
networks of influence for disseminating information about their products and brands. To achieve best results,
marketers need to identify market opinion leaders, or marketing leaders. Brand Zealots (currently 4% of total US
consumers) are specialized opinion leaders for whom opinion leading activities related to their favorite brands are
center-stage in interpersonal communication (Eighmey et al, 2005). They engage in advocacy on behalf of their
favorite brands and, once identified, can amplify a brand’s message by disseminating it in the social networks in
which they are engaged.
Abstract:
The strategic use of marketing leaders is hindered by the high cost and duration needed to reach and identify
them in the marketplace. The availability of online communication logs and networks, allows marketers to
overcome these obstacles.
This paper suggests a conceptual and methodological framework, to identify marketing leaders, namely brand
zealots, in online brand communities such as discussion groups, forums and blogs. These online platforms take
the form of networks, via interpersonal interactions and exchange of hyperlinks. We advance that, based on
measures of centrality and prestige, coupled with computerized content analysis, one can identify brand zealots
in online environments, at low costs, in order to further use them as central pieces of marketing promotional
strategies.
Session: Networks, Economics, and Markets
Keywords: internet , online discussion boards , advice
Accepted: Yes
12 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gilda Antonelli
antonelli@unimol.it
Authors: University of Molise, Department of Management, Via De Sanctis, Polifunzionale II, Campobasso 86100, Italy
Raffaele Corrado
University of Bologna, Department of Management, Via Capo di Lucca 34, Bologna 40126, Italy
Title: Strategies for Legitimating a Broker. The Interplay of Social Capital and Organizational Role.
This work is about the co-evolution of intra-organizational networks and organizational structures, in the context
of the introduction of an innovation. Network studies concerned with social capital in organizational settings
focused on the brokerage role of actors that connect otherwise disconnected sets of network actors. These
studies document the consequences of the broker network position, but do not analyze the mechanisms through
which this position is acquired vis a vis the other actors in the network. Our aim is assessing the mechanisms
through which the broker legitimizes himself in his own role.
Our hypotheses can be summarized as follows: an actor acquires a brokerage role as a consequence of his
informal network position and relational capabilities, partially mediated by his formal role in the organization. We
Abstract:
analyze the dynamics of a network created for the implementation of a technological innovation with important
organizational implications. Our analysis combines ethnographic participant observation with the formal analysis
of network evolution, based on Tom Snijders’ SIENA models.
The analyzed networks include about 40 individuals and 4 types of tie, observed through sociometric
questionnaires at 3 time points that correspond to distinct phases of the implementation of the innovation.
Questionnaires were complemented by direct observation and interviewing of the actors. The empirical context of
this research is a small Italian university with about 10,000 students, 2,550 employees and approximately 500
teaching staff members.
Keywords: intraorganizational networks , functioning of social capital , innovation
Accepted: Yes
13 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Belinda Aparicio Diaz

belinda.aparicio.diaz@oeaw.ac.at
Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Thomas Fent
Authors: Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Alexia Prskawetz
Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Laura Bernardi
Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
Title: Transition to parenthood: The role of social interactions and endogenous networks
This paper investigates how the decision of having an additional child is being influenced by an individuals peer
group. We show via agent based simulations how social interaction creates interdependencies in the individual
transition to parenthood and its timing. We build a one-sex model, and provide agents with four different
characteristics. Based on theses characteristics agents endogenously form their network. Network members then
Abstract:
may influence the agents' transition to higher parity levels. The agents compare the share of agents with a higher
parity than their own within their peer group with the same share on the aggregate level. Our numerical
simulations indicate that accounting for social interactions is important to explain the shift of first birth
probabilities in Austria over the period 1984 to 1994.
Session: Social Networks and Behavioral Change
agent based modelling , fertility , social learning , social networks , peer networks , perceived social
Keywords:
networks , kinship network , transition to partenthood
Accepted: Undetermined
14 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sinan Aral
sinana@mit.edu
Authors: NYU / MIT, Information Systems, 44 West 4th Street Room 8-81, New York, NY 10012, USA
Marshall Van Alstyne
BU / MIT Information Systems, Boston, MA, USA
Network Structure & Information Advantage: Structural Determinants of Access to Novel Information and their
Title:
Performance Implications
We examine relationships between social network structure, information structure, and individual performance.
Specifically, we investigate which network structures influence access to diverse and novel information, and
whether these relationships explain performance in information intensive work. We build and validate an
analytical model of information diversity, develop hypotheses linking two key aspects of network structure - size
and diversity - to the distribution of novel information among actors, and test our theory using empirical evidence
from a ten month panel of email communication patterns, message content and performance among employees
of a medium sized executive recruiting firm. Our results indicate that: (1) the total amount of novel information
and the diversity of information flowing to actors are increasing in their network size and network diversity.
Abstract:
However, (2) the marginal increase in information diversity is decreasing in actors’ network size, a result
explained in part because (3) network diversity is increasing in network size, but with diminishing marginal
returns. (4) Network diversity contributes to performance even when controlling for the positive performance
effects of access to novel information, suggesting additional benefits to network diversity beyond those conferred
through information advantage. Surprisingly, (5) traditional demographic and human capital variables have little
effect on access to diverse information, highlighting the importance of network structure for information
advantage. The methods and tools developed are replicable and can be readily applied to other settings in which
email is widely used and available, opening a new frontier for the analysis of networks and information content.
content analysis , information benefits , information content , information diversity , knowledge transfer ,
Keywords:
structural holes , productivity , information work
Accepted: Yes
15 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Rodrigo Araya
Authors: raraya@gmail.com
Research group Egoredes - Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona www.egoredes.net
Multitudes and networks: approach to the study of collective action from the perspective of social networks.
Title:
Belgrade 2000 case study
The paper focuses on the role of personal networks in demonstrations against the repressive regime of Slobodan
Milosevic in October 2000.
The central aim of the paper is to analyse past demonstrations and new patterns of collective action from the
Social Networks perspective. The basic assumption is that collective action can be classified in three ideal types
of networks: centralized, decentralized and distributed. This paper proposes that the new patterns of collective
action are related with distributed networks, which are recent phenomena in society mainly because of
communication technologies development.
Distributed networks are a special configuration of ties where theoretically any node can be connected with any
other, without filters, intermediation or manipulation.
This paper proposes that distributed networks are an emergent pattern in collective action which becomes
possible only in critical situations, such as natural catastrophes, extreme political crisis, among others.
In day to day life social networks are conditioned by several social rules. In critical situations people feel free to
Abstract:
use all communication channels to spread information and recruit wills for the collective action.
In terms of personal networks (micro level), we have observed two situations. Firstly, people put their personal
networks (as a resource) for the benefit of collective objectives, e.g. to help victims in natural catastrophe, to fight
against a dictatorship. Secondly, people might use latent contacts (acquaintances, weak ties, sleepy
relationships) which in normal situations are inactive. In brief, there is more disposition to extend the personal
network through new ties (temporarily or permanently) or activating latent contacts.
In Belgrade demonstrations, like in East Germany’s October 1989 (Opp and Gern, 1993), personal networks
were the most important contexts for mobilizing citizens, more than mass media, political parties or any other
formal organization.
The empirical approach considers two main research techniques: ethnographic observation and personal
networks. The ethnographic observation has been combined with short life stories (centred in the nineties). On
the other hand, 50 personal networks of people involved in demonstrations have been analyzed. This research is
still in progress.
Session: Qualitative Network Studies I
Keywords: collective action , personal networks
Accepted: Yes
16 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Charles Armstrong
Authors: charles@trampolinesystems.com
Trampoline Systems Ltd, London, UK
Title: Harnessing Social Networks for Emergent Team Formation in the Enterprise
Traditional communities are extremely efficient at clustering relevant people around discussions, decisions and
tasks of importance to the collective. These processes operate with negligible formal structure and no top-down
management.
In contrast large business organisations require explicit management inputs to signal the need for a team,
identify the people who should be on it then monitor its progress. This formal mechanism appears to be
significantly less efficient at engaging the available intelligence and expertise than the informal process found in a
Abstract:
traditional community.
In this session Charles Armstrong examines how social networks enable efficient cluster-formation in a traditiona
community. He goes on to outline how technologies such as Trampoline's SONAR platform maps collaboration
networks in the enterprise by mining data from installed information systems. Finally Charles proposes how this
intelligence can be harnessed to enable emergent team formation in the enterprise and assign resources more
efficiently.
Session: Business Networks
Keywords: emergent structure , data mining
Accepted: Yes
17 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Claus Atzenbeck
atzenbeck@cs.aaue.dk
Authors: Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Software and Media Technology, Esbjerg, DENMARK
Petra Deger
University of Regensburg, Institute of Sociology, Regensburg, GERMANY
Title: Representation of social networks from an actor's point of view
Analyses of social networks usually focus on objective representations. However, mostly they are based on a
simple graph-based model which only represents connections between people, but ignores most or even all of
their contexts, such as the kind of relationship. We aim to extend this model by investigating how actors perceive
and represent their own networks. From an ethnomethodological point of view, we survey social order from an
actor's perspective. This is called egological network. Qualitative experiments and interviews provide data which
allows us to draw conclusions about people's perception of such networks. They also let us discover which
information actors ignore or use for representing their own social connections. Our findings so far let us assume
that the actor's point of view on social networks is more complex than simple links could represent conveniently.
We understand our approach as an analogy to developments in computer science, especially hypertext. Simply
Abstract: spoken, hypertexts are informational units (nodes) connected through links. However, these relations are explicit
and strict, similar to graph-based social networks. In order to provide a less explicit way of structuring,
researchers developed spatial hypertext. Following a cards-on-table metaphor, associations are represented by
visual cues, distance, or alignment of information snippets on a space. This applies to user's visual recognition
and supports the emergence of structure over time. Spatial structures allow humans to express and understand
complex multilayered facts and subtle differences often more easily than with node--link structures or generic
graphs.
We aim to improve egological social networks by applying findings from hypertext and structure domain research
We approach this goal in an interdisciplinary fashion and expect helpful synergistic effects from our collaboration
of social and computer scientists.
Session: Visualization
actor agency , ethnomethodology , egocentric network , experiment , hypertext , spatial structure ,
Keywords:
visualization , interdisciplinary approach
Accepted: Yes
18 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Anna-Liisa Aunio
Authors: annaliisa.aunio@gmail.com
McGill University Department of Sociology Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Title: Climate Action Networks for Change: Mobilizing Coalitions and Networks in National and International Politics
This study explores the relationship between networks and coalitions in national and international venues through
an empirical examination of the Climate Action Network (CAN) in Canada and the United States. CAN is an
international sustained coalition composed of environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) that
campaign to reduce human-induced climate change in local, national, regional, and international contexts. CAN
members have a mandate to coordinate their activities on climate change through the coalition, but most
members do so only occasionally. I ask: when do members of CAN work through CAN and, alternatively, when
Abstract:
do they work through other networks in their campaigns on the issue of climate change? Through an analysis of
affiliation networks on climate change policy in both Canada and the U.S. from 2001-2005, I test several
hypotheses that may account for variation in network activity, including location, issue orientation, and network
centrality. By explaining variation in network activity through CAN, social movement and network scholars can
gain a purchase on what distinguishes a sustained coalition from advocacy network, the circumstances in which
they become active, and what consequences it has for collective action.
Session: Policy Networks on Climate Change
Keywords: coalitions , activism , environmental networks
Accepted: Yes
19 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christine Avenarius
Authors: avenariusc@ecu.edu
East Carolina University, Department of Anthropology, 1401 E. 5th Street, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
Title: To Bribe Or Not To Bribe: Social Networks and Attitudes Towards Corruption In Rural China
Corruption is one of the most critical issues facing contemporary China, influencing not only the distribution of
wealth and opportunity but also the legitimacy of government. Contrary to expectations economic liberalization
starting in the early 1980s has not reduced corruption but rather amplified its frequency and scope. Despite
efforts by the Chinese government to establish the rule of law and construct a new legal system, the rule of
relationships continues to influence the daily reality of Chinese citizens. Although Chinese people today can take
their disputes to a formal mediator or a judge at court, few take advantage of this opportunity. In fact, the analysis
of narratives about perceptions of justice and fairness collected from urban and rural residents in Hebei province
Abstract: revealed that most informants believe that to win a case at court they have to channel gifts to the presiding judge
The inevitability of gift giving to accomplish goals divides citizens into two primary types of social actors: those
who refrain from further involvement and those willing to make the necessary payments. Money is not all that
matters, however. Structural positions in personal and whole community networks effect the decision to risk
going to court. This paper combines findings from a social network study of 184 households in Li Village with 56
in-depth interviews with heads of households regarding their attitudes towards justice and corruption. It
demonstrates that relationships to people outside a rural community are the main predictor of willingness to get
involved in corrupt practices.
Session: Social Support
actor agency , civil society , community structure , conflict , data collection , farming community , inequality ,
Keywords:
social capital
Accepted: Yes
20 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Javier Augusto Avila Molero

mboudour@upatras.gr
Authors:
Ph.D Candidate, Group Egoredes, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
<JavierAugusto.Avila@campus.uab.cat>
Title: Personal networks and acculturation: The case of Argentineans in Barcelona
The international migration process implies a radical change in structure and composition of immigrant's persona
networks. Once the immigrants arrive to the new society they have to adapt their personal networks to the new
situation, frequently rebuilding both a new core of strong ties and a new periphery of weak ties. Our first
hypothesis is that this process results in one of four types of personal networks: a) transnational, b) segregated,
Abstract:
c) assimilated and d) cosmopolitan. Each one of these has a particular structure and composition. The second
hypothesis is that there is a relation between the level of heterogeneity of the immigrant personal network and
the kind of process of acculturation developed. This paper is based on 40 structured interviews with Argentinean
migrants in Barcelona collected in 2006 using egonet and its visualization capabilities.
Session: Personal Network Methods
Keywords: personal networks , immigrants , acculturation
Accepted: Yes
21 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Istvan Back
i.back@rug.nl
Authors: University of Groningen, Department of Sociology/ICS, Grote Rozenstraat 31, Groningen 9712 TG, Netherlands
Andreas Flache
University of Groningen, Department of Sociology/ICS, Grote Rozenstraat 31, Groningen 9712 TG, Netherlands
Title: Commitment and Networking under Uncertainty
A wealth of anthropological evidence suggests that people protect themselves against future risks and
uncertainty by increasing their network of partners who can be called upon in times of need. On the other hand,
comparison of various markets reveal a negative association between the number of partners and uncertainty, as
do laboratory experiments with controlled exchange. In the current work we propose an explanation for this
Abstract: paradox by separating different types of uncertainties. In particular, while social uncertainty concerns the
trustworthiness of a potential partner, resource uncertainty concerns the partner’s resources. We argue that
although both social and resource uncertainty have the potential to increase commitment on their own, they
interact and can even cancel out each other's effect. We present laboratory experiments, as well as on-line
experiments that give empirical support to our hypotheses.
Session: Networks and Trust
egocentric networks , exchange networks , experiments , game theory , network strategy , relationship
Keywords:
formation , trust , uncertainty
Accepted: Yes
22 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wendi Backler
backler.wendi@bcg.com
Authors:
The Boston Consulting Group, Strategy Practice, 5343 Cliffridge Avenue, North Vancouver, BC V7R 3V5,
Canada
Network Competitive Advantage: How A Network Perspective Can Point the Way To Winning Strategies in
Title:
Business
Business performance today depends on increasingly complex and often informal networks of interactions and
relationships. These networks exist within the company (e.g. knowledge networks of “go-to people”) and extend
well beyond its legal boundaries (e.g. supply chain participants, customers, influencers, regulators, etc.). Much
work has been done to understand and ‘improve’ existing networks within and between organizations and within
and between the people that comprise them, resulting in stronger organizations, and more and better
collaboration. But evidence is starting to emerge that the real power of networks in a business context comes
from how they position a company to ‘win’ against its competitors.
This paper presents a preliminary conceptual framework about how networks can convey advantage from a
business strategy perspective. Evidence is emerging from a variety of perspectives, including academic
research, case studies and BCG’s own experience in the ‘client lab,’ to support the notion that companies can
gain sustainable competitive advantage from networks in three main ways:
Abstract:
-- Positional advantage - Organizations that ‘bridge’ multiple networks have been shown to have both a
performance advantage and creativity and learning advantage. ‘Hubs’ have the ability to exercise power and
influence over the network, and control or accelerate flows of information.
-- Structural advantage - Patterns of connections impact the efficiency, effectiveness and acuity of information
flows within and between organizations. It is well documented that certain network topologies are better at some
things than others. Businesses in any given industry are actually ‘networks competing against networks’, and
therefore a network perspective can help both explain and predict advantage.
-- Adaptability advantage - How links form and reform can optimize organizational flexibility to respond to a crisis
or a rapidly changing external environment. The dynamics of interactions between individuals, teams and
departments can vary dramatically between organizations, as can the strength and nature of ties.
Examples of each of the above are provided in the context of innovation networks and influence networks.
business networks , network competitive advantage , power in networks , influence , positional advantage ,
Keywords:
structural advantage , adaptability advantage
Accepted: Yes
23 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Chris Baerveldt
c.baerveldt@fss.uu.nl
Utrecht University, Pedagogiek, PO Box 80.140, Utrecht 3508 TC, Netherlands
Bonne Zijlstra
Authors: University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Muriël De Wolf
Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
Ronan Van Rossem Marijtje van Duijn
Ronan: Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Marijtje: Universty of Groningen,The Netherlands
Title: Ethnic boundaries in Belgian and Dutch student’s networks.
Ethnic boundaries were tested in students’ networks in 34 Belgian and 19 Dutch high schools. Each network
consisted of a school cohort in an intermediate level of education (track). While students from the native majority
predominantly had friendships within their own ethnic category, minority students often had more inter-ethnic
than intra-ethnic friendships. However, a multilevel p2 model for analyzing the networks showed that this was
caused mainly by the quantitative dominance of native students in the networks. Native students were much less
Abstract:
inclined to choose for inter-ethnic friendships than minority students. We found ethnic boundaries to be stronger
in the Dutch networks than in the Belgian networks. Although this may be partly due to methodological reasons, it
is still surprising that the boundaries in the Belgian networks were not stronger. The Dutch data stem from the
pre-9/11 days when the Netherlands were still known for its tolerant climate; while the Belgian data stem from
2005 when one out of every 4-5 Belgians voted for an ethnocentric party.
Keywords: ethnic identity , adolescence , social networks , segregation , friendship networks
Accepted: Yes
24 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Delia Baldassarri
Authors: db2237@columbia.edu
Columbia University, Sociology, 435 West 119th Street apt. 9J, New York, NY 10027, USA
Title: Associative Patterns and Political Polarization in the US (1972-2004)
I relate trends in associational participation to dynamics of political polarization. I use GSS (1972-2004) data on
organizational involvement to focus on individuals' patterns of multiple affiliations across different type of
associations. I relate associational types on the basis of their shared members and trace the evolution of the
inter-organizational network over time. Similarly, I trace the level of intra-organizational and inter-organizational
heterogeneity on the basis of the socio-economic characteristics and political attitudes of their members.
The analysis confirms the decline in associational life, but it also suggests that the decline in civic engagement
Abstract: may not have had any consequence on the overall level of social integration. In general, if patterns of affiliation
show increasing socio-economic homophily and ideological alignment, then we would conclude that Americans
are experiencing increasingly overlapping social spheres, and thus that the civil society as a whole is on a
divisive path. In contrast, if there are instances of growing associational heterogeneity and ideological
de-alignment, than we would conclude that Americans are embedded in increasingly cross-cutting social
spheres, fostering a more integrated civil society. Preliminary results suggest that the civil society is not
becoming increasingly divided, although there is not sufficient support (yet) for the latter hypothesis.
Session: N/A
Keywords: affiliation networks , civil society
Accepted: Yes
25 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Artur Baldauf
baldauf@imu.unibe.ch
Authors: University of Bern, Dep. of Management, Engehaldenstrasse 4, Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
Olaf Rank
University of Bern, Dep. of Management, Engehaldenstrasse 4, Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
Title: Organizational Antecedents and Performance Consequences for Network Embeddedness in Sales
The study analyzes the effects of managerial supervising activities on the embeddedness of salespeople into
cooperative relationships. Specifically, behavior and outcome control as well as perceived organizational support
are examined as antecedents of salespeople’s willingness to exchange business-related information and
know-how. Moreover, the effects of network embeddedness on the performance of salespeople are studied. Data
has been gathered from 288 salespeople working for nine sales units in five companies. The companies had
different industry backgrounds (electronic parts and components, energy supply, postal services, banking, and
insurance) and were based in Germany and Switzerland. The size of the sales units varied substantially ranging
Abstract: from 13 employees for the smallest unit to 81 in the largest. The results reveal that behavior control is negatively
related to network embeddedness whereas positive effects can be stated for outcome control and perceived
organizational support. Moreover, significant interaction effects can be found between the two forms of
managerial control and perceived organizational support. Finally, it can be shown that higher levels of network
embeddedness are clearly associated with increased job performance. A key implication of the study is that
salespeople’s embeddedness into collaborative networks is of central importance in the context of supervision
and performance. Network embeddedness fully mediates the effects of behavior and outcome control on job
performance and partially mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and performance.
Keywords: business networks , effectiveness , embeddedness , intraorganizational networks
Accepted: Yes
26 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Prasad Balkundi
balkundi@buffalo.edu
SUNY Buffalo, Organization and Human Resources, 274 Jacobs Mgt Ctr, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Judd Michael
Authors:
Sustainable Wood-based Enterprises 211 New Forest Resources Building Penn State University University Park,
PA 16802-4703 USA
Zoe Barsness
Milgard School of Business University of Washington, Tacoma 1900 Commerce Street USA Tacoma, WA 98402
Title: The leadership Paradox: How leadership network structures predict turnover intentions among team members
How does leadership change group dynamics and individual team
members’ commitment to their teams? This study seeks to answer this
question by testing for the association between leadership network
structures, team conflict and intentions to quit the team. Based on the
data collected from 236 employees working in 20 teams in a manufacturing
organization we tested for cross-level mediation using Random
Coefficient Modeling. Teams with central formal leaders (measured in
Abstract:
terms of in-degree centrality in the advice network) experienced lower
levels of team conflict and members had lower intentions of quitting
their team. In contrast, betweeness centralization among subordinates
(i.e., the presence of informal leaders among subordinates) was
associated with elevated levels of team conflict and higher turnover
intentions. Team conflict partially mediated the effects of leadership
network structure on turnover intentions.
Keywords: leadership and networks , centrality , informal networks , teams , turnover
Accepted: Yes
27 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Paul Bance
Paul.Bance@eui.eu
Authors:
University of Nottingham - School of Politics - Centre for the Study of Global and Social Justice - Nottingham,
UK.
Title: Social Movements and Virtual Networks: Researching the Possible Contribution of Hyperlink Network Analysis
Social movement scholarship has increasingly emphasized the network nature of its object of research in recent
years. Once recognized the significance of the concept of network in the study of social movements, a major
methodological issue faced by researchers is the systematic collection and coding of data that will permit
subsequent analyses. This paper examines the hypothesis that established methods of investigation may be
complemented by the use of new techniques that focus on virtual networks to understand the structure and
dynamics of movements. The rationale for this argument rests on the following idea: any component of a social
movement has also a digital existence today (e-mail, web site, etc); then, if there is a social movement, and thus
Abstract:
a network, these virtual realities must be interconnected; therefore, exploring the cyberspace should permit to
produce an additional picture of the movement. Computer-assisted collection, coding and visualization of data
relative to the hyperlink structure of two case studies – the European movement against migrant discrimination
and the UK anarchist movement – are performed to test the validity and reliability of this research approach, i.e.,
virtual network analysis applied to social movement studies. This method shows good results for the two
movements under consideration. Visual illustrations (hyperlink maps) are included to conclude and discuss the
promises and drawbacks of such an approach.
Session: Collective Actions and Social Movements
Keywords: activism , data collection , internet/hyperlink networks , social movements , visualization , virtual network
Accepted: Yes
28 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Emma Barnes
Authors: emma.barnes@nuim.ie
Department of Sociology, National Univeristy of Ireland Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
Title: The two fold nature of social supports
The focus of this paper is the two fold nature of the sources of support and the impact on mental well-being.
Social supports can have both positive and negative consequences. The paper will explore the experience and
the impact of these relationships on one's well-being and mental health. The analysis is drawn from a selection of
Abstract: in-depth interviews and network analysis from the first round of interviews with young adults aged 18 to 30 years.
The study consists of two waves of interviews which are six months apart. The research draws upon two groups
of young adults. Those with mild depression who have sought treatment and those with no mental health
problems.
Keywords: depression , negative ties , social support , positive ties
Accepted: Yes
29 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Roy Barnes
Authors: rcbarnes@umflint.edu
University of Michigan-Flint, Department of Sociology, 303 East Kearsley Street, Flint, MI 48502-1952, USA
Title: The Organizational Mosaic of U.S. Corporate Directors
This paper describes the changing network structures among organizations that are formed by interlocking
directors of major corporations in the United States between 1962 and 1995. The analyses begin by describing
the networks based on corporate ties alone. However, because corporate directors are also members of such
Abstract:
organizations as non-profit foundations, cultural organizations, university boards of trustees and social clubs, the
research explores how such additional social affiliations alter the network characteristics among these
organizations over the second half of the Twentieth Century.
Session: Politics and Interlocking Directorships
Keywords: inter-organizational , interlocking directors
Accepted: Yes
30 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

George Barnett
Authors: gbarnett@buffalo.edu
SUNY@Buffalo, Communication, Department of Communication, SUNY @Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Title: An Examination of the Changes in the International Telecommunications Network after September 11, 2001
This paper describes changing pattern in the international telephone network using data from the International
Telecommunication Union’s World Telecommunication Indicators Database. It describes how certain countries’
incoming and outgoing international telephone traffic (in-degree and out-degree centrality) changed since 1980
paying particular attention to the period around 2001. The results indicate that there was a alteration in the
Abstract:
ongoing rate of change in the international telecommunication network around the time of the September 11,
2001. While the terrorist attack and reactions to those events offers one explanation for these changes,
alternatives are suggested that involve the diffusion of international telephony and voice communication over the
Internet (VoIP).
Session: International Networks
Keywords: globalization , world systems
Accepted: Yes
31 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Vladimir Batagelj
Authors: vladimir.batagelj@fmf.uni-lj.si
University of Ljubljana, FMF, Matematika, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
Title: Viszards Session
Viszards sessions started at Sunbelt XXII with
different analyses and visualizations of the media
coverage of the September 11 terrorist attacks.
At the following Sunbelts we continued with:
XXIII: 'The Summer Joker' network; XXIV: the
players market of the football World Championship
2002; XXV: KEDS (The Kansas Event Data System);
and XXVI: IMDB (The Internet Movie Database)
networks.
With this year's session we are continuing this

Abstract:
tradition. Rather than a series of contributions on
related subjects, this session features a single,
joint presentation by all contributors. Our aim is
to demonstrate the richness and power of network
analysis, in particular when supported by
visualization. We therefore present a
multi-perspective analysis of a single data set,
utilizing a broad range of visualization methods.
This year we will analyze Wikipedia networks -

http://www.wikipedia.org/ .
Session: Viszards session
Keywords: methodology , network structure , visualization , citation network , wikipedia
Accepted: Yes
32 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Vladimir Batagelj
vladimir.batagelj@fmf.uni-lj.si
University of Ljubljana, FMF, Matematika, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
Authors: Patrick Doreian
University of Pittsburgh Department of sociology Pittsburgh, USA
Anuška Ferligoj
University of Ljubljana Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva pl. 5 Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
Title: Three Dimensional Blockmodeling
This paper presents an effort to apply blockmodeling to
three dimensional network structures. Such data arise
naturally in many situations. The approaches to blockmodeling
such structures that we propose and develop are fourfold:
indirect methods, coupled direct and indirect methods,
graph theoretical methods, and full generalized blockmodeling.
A formalization of the three dimensional blockmodeling problem

Abstract: is presented together with a formal statement of the methods
for solving this problem. The software support for indirect
(structural equivalence) and direct (generalized blockmodeling)
approach was developed.
These methods are applied to a variety of real three dimensional

network data sets. Three dimensional displays (in kinimage
format) of the obtained partitions are used to present
the results.
Session: Blockmodeling and clustering of networks
blockmodeling , clustering , network structure , social network analysis tools , visualization , three dimensional
Keywords:
networks , algorithm
Accepted: Yes
33 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dominik Batorski
db@uw.edu.pl
Authors: Warsaw University, Insitute of Sociology, Karowa 18, Warsaw 00-324, Poland
Pawel Kucharski
Warsaw University, Insitute of Sociology, Warsaw, Poland
Title: The diffusion of innovations in large social networks
Most studies regarding complex social networks concentrate on the structural properties and the evolution of the
network itself. Relatively little research has been done on the social processes that are taking place through
interpersonal relations and communication. Yet processes like the spread of information, ideas and norms are
crucial within societal dynamics. This research is dedicated to explaining how one such process, namely the
diffusion of innovations, occurs in large-scale social networks. Often a contagious process, here, one’s decision
to adopt the given innovation depends on the behavior and opinions of the immediate others.
Within this research we investigate how different global properties of networks (i.e. short paths, scale free degree
distribution) can affect the diffusion process. We also focus on the mechanism responsible for adoption of the
Abstract:
innovation on the local level – personal network properties and personal network exposure (i.e. the degree an
individual is exposed to an innovation through his/her personal network). Additionally we compare relational
(cohesion) and structural (structural equivalence) network diffusion models.
In our analysis we use the networks of relations among almost 6 million users of Gadu-Gadu and almost 1 million
users of Grono.net – the most popular instant messenger and social networking website in Poland. Both Grono
and Gadu-Gadu periodically implement new features such as voice calling into their own services, which we
categorize as innovations, and then explain the diffusion of their usage. The anonymized whole network data
were provided by the owners of Gadu-Gadu and Grono.
Session: Network Dynamics
contagion , diffusion , dynamics on networks , innovation , internet , network processes , social influence ,
Keywords:
small world
Accepted: Yes
34 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Martina Battisti
m.battisti@massey.ac.nz
Massey University Department of Human Resource Management 11222 Private Bag Palmerston North, New
Authors: Zealand
Christof Netzer
Leopold-Franzens-Universitaet Innsbruck Institut fuer Kommunikation im Berufsleben und Psychotherapie
Schoepfstrasse 3 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
“Cooperation is important for us, but sometimes it is like playing with fire.” A qualitative analysis of the
Title: development and management of social capital in technology orientated start-ups within an academic business
incubator.
In recent years academic business incubators have been increasingly recognized as important for transferring
academic expertise to private business. In this paper we focus on the process of social capital development and
the practices entrepreneurs use to manage their social capital. Firstly, we explore the dynamic development of
social capital of start-ups and the areas of tension the entrepreneurs are facing. Furthermore, we analyse the
role an academic business incubator plays in this development. Using a qualitative social network approach we
present results from case studies of an Austrian academic business incubator and its technology oriented
start-ups. In general, results offer support for the existing view that start-ups possessing a rich network regarding
social capital have been far more successful in view of number of employees and sales. We argue that in the
Abstract:
start-up process social capital cannot be seen as static. Social capital changes in different stages of the start-up,
depending on the resources currently needed. The success of the entrepreneur depends on their ability to
identify the changing business needs and to quickly adjust their social networks to the resources required. Due to
the persistence forces of social capital, entrepreneurs are facing problems on the relational and cognitive
dimensions, such as the conflict between academia and business, and cooperation and competition. Moreover,
results suggest that a principal role of the academic business incubator is in providing credibility and reputation
for entrepreneurs – especially young ones. Finally we discuss these results with regard to the management of
social capital for entrepreneurs and academic business incubators.
Keywords: social capital , qualitative network , entrepreneurship , business networks , inter-organizational
Accepted: Yes
35 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Johannes M. Bauer
volker.schneider@uni-konstanz.de
Quello Center for Telecommunications Management and Law 409 Communication Arts and Sciences Michigan
Authors: State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
Volker Schneider
University of constance, Politics and management, Universitaet Konstanz, Box D 81, Konstanz,
Baden-Württemberg 78457, Germany
The Complexity of Associational Systems: Networks of Cooperation and Competition among Business
Title:
Associations in the U.S. Information and Communication Technology sector.
In political science, industrial economics and political sociology interest groups and associations are often seen
as pure lobbying mechanisms or pressure groups that illegitimately inject private interest into processes of public
policy making. Such perspectives often suggest that societies would be better off without private interest
interference. However, on the other hand, there are theories like “neo-corporatism” or “private interest
governance” which point to the important contributions of interest associations in the governance of modern
societies. Such theories derive the capacity for public governance functions from certain structural characteristics
of associational interest representation in policy processes (e.g. hierarchical set-up, monopolisation of interest
domains).
Both perspectives are overly simplistic: Whereas the first is based on functional simplicity, underestimating the
multi-functionality of associations, the second is based on structural simplicity, exaggerating simple orders and
uni-dimensional structures (e.g. juxtaposing cooperation or competition). Compared to the pluralist thesis and the
corporatist antithesis, this paper portrays a new synthesis based on complexity theory. In this perspective
associations are involved in lobbying and in self-regulation. They interact in partially competitive but also
Abstract: cooperative relationships.
The paper applies this perspective to national trade associations in the information and communication
technology (ICT) sector of the United States. Analysis is based on data of a focal set (N=19) of business
associations which have been identified by an expert panel based on influence reputation. The paper describes
and analyses how these organizations perceive challenges of competition, convergence, and globalization (three
important developments affecting the ICT industries), and how they cope with environmental pressures. A major
focus is how the various trade associations compete and cooperate with each other and how they exchange
information and other resources. Through network analysis of data on contact relations, information exchange,
interest similarity, overlapping membership, and domain competition we are able to identify collective actors and
key associations playing an important role in the horizontal coordination and regulation of this heterogeneous
sector. In a further step the paper also analyses influence and lobbying strategies with regard to specific resource
allocation profiles and the targeting of major policy makers at the domestic level of the USA as well as
international organizations such as WTO, WPO, EU and OECD playing an important role in the international
regulation and standardization of this industry.
Session: Policy Networks and Governance
associations , collective action , economic networks , interest representation , self-regulation , coordination ,
Keywords:
governance , policy network
Accepted: Yes
36 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Hélène Bayard Çan

hbayardcan@cu.edu.tr
Authors:
Çukurova University, Department of French Language Teaching, Adana, Turkey Paris X Nanterre University,
Department of Ethnology, Paris, France
Title: A Neighbor Network in Urban Turkey
Neighbor relationships occupy a fundamental place in Turkish daily sociability and represent both strong and
weak ties. However, they have been little studied and have never been approached by the way of social network
analysis.
This paper studies the structural characteristics of a urban neighbor network in South Turkey (Adana) by
exploring the connections inhabitants develop within neighbor community. I try to analyze in which way the
studied neighbor network is related to gender but also age, occupation and presence of relatives within the
Abstract:
neighbor network. My research is based on ethnographic field observations as well as on 40 interviews
conducted with inhabitants of 4 apartment buildings which permitted to know who neighbored with whom and
how. The results of this qualitative data led to a 102 nodes valued network analyzed with Ucinet and Netdraw.
The results of the research show that family ties play an important role to constitute the neighbor network and
enlarge it. Furthermore, housewives entertain the most neighbor relationships, while men or working women tend
to have more superficial neighbor relationships and with a minor number of neighbors.
Session: Neighborhood Communities
Keywords: neighborhood community , turkey , social network , ucinet , qualitative research
Accepted: Yes
37 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mariano Belinky
mariano.belinky@insead.edu
Authors: Dept. Llenguatges i Sistemes Informàtics Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
Bruce Kogut
Professor of Strategy Insead Business School Fontainebleau, France
Title: Comparing boards and ownership affiliation networks over time and across countries
Board of directors have received considerable attention in the social networks literature. Following recent work on
board and ownership affiliation networks, they have become widely used as test cases for several social
networks features. Since these networks present different sizes and degree distributions across countries and
temporal cross sections, we face the issue of how to analyze and compare them. One of the features featured in
these comparisons is the networks' degree distribution, which tends to be arbitrary. However, recent approaches
in the literature use classic distributions to generate base cases from which to compare across networks.
Moreover, the common approach is to concentrate on the one-mode projection instead of the full bipartite
representation.
Abstract:
In the present work we summarize different methodologies used in the literature to compare board networks over
time and across geographical boundaries. We take five different countries, estimate their network statistics, and
compare their boards of directors
interlocking. This analysis provides a comparative analysis of the "small-worldness" of these networks. We also
look at their homophily, also known as assortativity, and community structure to understand better the underlying
rules that might explain the differences among these comparisons. Moreover, we look at a second group of
networks, based on ownership ties, and analyze their particular features as well as using them to supplement the
boards analysis.
Session: Inter-Organizational Networks
Keywords: affiliation networks , interlocking directors , standardization , network structure , network comparison
Accepted: Yes
38 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Elisa Bellotti
Authors: elisa.bellotti@unicatt.it
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Sociologia, via brunelleschi 4, Milano, Mi 20146, Italy
Title: Friendship Networks of Single Youths
The paper presents the results of research on friendship networks of single people. The research has been
undertaken using both social network analysis tools (egonetworks) and qualitative interviews, on a
non-representative sample of 23 heterosexual singles of Milan, Italy, aged between 25 and 35, half male and half
female. Single youths has been portrayed as a generation who decentres sexual and romantic relationships and
Abstract: refuses to commit: this paper demonstrates the need for new analytical concepts in order to describe the
contemporary transformations of intimacy. Friendship is a source of emotional, social, material and economic
support, that sometimes can offer a valid alternative to the traditional couple relationship. Four main structures of
friendship networks have been found: the small clique, the group, the core-periphery structure, and the
contextualised components.
Session: Qualitative Network Studies - II
Keywords: friendship networks , qualitative network
Accepted: Yes
39 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Corinne Bendersky
cbenders@anderson.ucla.edu
Authors: University of California, Los Angeles, Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Neha Shah
UCLA Anderson, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Title: Mobility and stability in status: Implications for individual outcomes
Status-- social evaluations associated with influence and resource acquisition across individuals-- has drawn
significant attention in the organizational literature. The great majority of scholars who study status consider
implications of a stable hierarchy. Much of this research suggests those who hold high levels of status in
networks achieve better workplace outcomes, such as higher performance evaluations, than those with low
levels of status. Yet an individual’s level of status may fluctuate over time, and researchers rarely consider
outcomes associated with changes in status. Thus, this paper examines outcomes associated with status
mobility, gaining and losing status, compared to status stability, maintaining high or low status, over time. In a
Abstract: longitudinal study of 108 MBA students who were organized in study groups for a 10-week class quarter, we
consider how individual performance and satisfaction vary across individuals who gain, lose, and maintain
different levels of status and influence, measured as changes in indegree centrality. We also control for individua
traits (i.e. age, race, gender, work experience) that have been shown to affect status perceptions. Additionally,
we consider implications associated with ego’s agreement or disagreement with alters’ perception of changing
status and influence. Preliminary results suggest status and influence mobility and stability affect performance
and satisfaction quite differently. Final results may include other dependent variables, such as group
performance and individual perceptions of group potency and cooperation.
Keywords: social influence , longitudinal
Accepted: Yes
40 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Laura Bernardi
bernardi@demogr.mpg.de
Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Independent Research Group Culture of Reproduction Rostock,
Authors: Germany
Clementine Rossier
Institut National des Etudes Démographiques, Paris, France
Title: Entry into parenthood, social influence and social cohesion
The paper presents a mixed-method research design to study the role of social interaction with peers and kin in
the transition to parenthood in Germany and France. We investigate in which way the different configuration of
young couples’ social networks affect fertility intentions and behavior. To detangle theses complex processes, we
collected semi-structured interviews with a purposeful quota sample of men and women of parity 0 and 1. The
originality of our data consists in the use of an adapted version of the hierarchical mapping procedure employed
successfully in social psychology as an open stimulus to assess what kind of relationships are relevant for fertility
decision-making. Respondents are invited to define their current social networks by completing a network chart
Abstract:
and a grid and commenting on their relationships with each network member mentioned in the chart. The network
chart represents a mixed method data collection tool which is conceived to gain information to be analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively. First, we produce a rich description of the process and the mechanisms of social
influence by a applying sistematic content analysis to the data produced by the chart and by the biographic
narrative questions. Second, we use the information of the chart in combination with that of a more classic
network grid and questionnaire, to asses whether social influence mechanisms vary in differently configured
networks.
Session: Mixed Methods: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
Keywords: social networks , mixed methods , fertility , social influence , social learning , family
Accepted: Yes
41 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Stefan Bernhard
stefan.bernhard@sowi.uni-bamberg.de
Authors:
Doctoral Program "Markets and Social Systems in Europe", University of Bamberg Otto-Friedrich Universität,
96047 Bamberg, Germany
Title: Semantic Lobbying in European Policy Fields – Networking in Social Inclusion Policy
Network analysis is surprisingly absent in scientific literature on „new modes of governance“ (Heritiér 2002) in
Europe. This contribution therefore aims at showing the theoretical and empirical potential of a network
perspective on European governance with regard to the so-called Open Method of Coordination in the area of
social inclusion policies. In the absence of “sanctioning power” (Scharpf 2000) civil society actors are expected to
contribute substantially to the coordination of national policies in these processes: they are supposed to control
Member States with respect to their policy aims and they are in the position to contribute expertise. It is argued
that civil society actors systematically use their strong position in new modes of governance by knotting a tight
network among one another and towards European Institutions. Against this background they pursue different
strategies of “semantic lobbying”, i.e. trying to influence the way policies are framed at the European level.
The argument has three parts: (1) Bourdieu’s theory of social field constitutes the starting point of analysis. In a
Abstract:
first step the theoretical potential of relating his understanding of capital, field and hegemonic struggles to
network analysis is developed along their respective understandings of “structures” and “capital”. (2) A second
step outlines the Open Method of Coordination as formally institutionalised structure of the European field of
social inclusion policy. The passage illustrates the expectations towards civil actors and highlights the networking
opportunities within the process. (3) Finally several strategies of semantic lobbying at EU level are identified
ideal-typically. Depending on their possession of different types of capital, i.e. cultural, economic, social and
political capital (Münch 2001), civil society actors follow different ways of achieving symbolic capital, i.e. the
capacity to define policy framing (Bourdieu 1983).
The investigation implements a stricktly “relational approach” (Emirbayer 1997) using a qualitative network
analysis of network maps polled in 20 expert interviews (Hollstein 2006; Kahn and Antonucci 1980).
Session: Civil Society Networks
Keywords: civil society , eu policy making , knowledge networks , policy network , social inclusion , qualitative research
Accepted: Yes
42 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kathryn Berzins
Authors: K.M.Berzins@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
University of Glasgow, Public Health and Health Policy, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8RZ, UK
Title: Social networks of people using mental health services compared to the general population
People using mental health services can experience exclusion across the whole of social and economic life,
figures from England and Wales in 2000 showed that people with a psychotic illness are three times more likely
to be separated or divorced than those without. They are also twice as likely to live alone (ONS, 2000).
The aim of this research was to explore this exclusion by focusing on the composition of the social networks and
perceived levels of social support reported by people using mental health services, in comparison with a general
population sample.
Interviews were carried out across Scotland with 200 people using mental health services and 1015 members of
Abstract: the general population.
The analysis compared the two groups with regard to composition of social networks and levels of social support.
It showed differences in perceived levels of social support and differences in both network size and composition.
It further compares the roles played by mental health professionals for people using mental health services that
are fulfilled by family and friends in the general population.
Office for National Statistics (2000) Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity Among Adults Living in Private Households.
London, Office for National Statistics.
Keywords: family , health care providers , social inclusion , social support , personal networks , friendship networks
Accepted: Yes
43 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Paula Bialska
bialski@gmail.com
Authors: Department of Sociology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Dominik Batorski
Department of Sociology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Title: Trust Networks: analyzing the structure and function of trust
The roots of trust and what enables trust to take place between individuals is generally difficult to calculate and
measure. Within this study, we make use of a specific online social hospitality network known as
Couchsurfing.com, which, because of it’s character, enables us to measure the emergence and function of trust
in a more explicit way. Essentially, trust is a necessary factor within such a network – where 156,000 users
create on-line profiles and ties with other users in order to travel to foreign places while residing in the private
home or “couch” of other members of the network. The network is based on a unique friend-link system which
shows the degree of trust between diads explicitly. By studying a network where trust plays such a crucial role,
Abstract:
we can more accurately identify the way trust emerges and functions between individuals.
This analysis is based on anonymized whole network data provided by the administrators of Couchsurfing.com.
Through this study, we distinguish if factors such as homophily, the duration of a relationship, and the number of
common friends create a higher level of trust. We also focus on the difference of trust levels between those
contacts created online versus those created offline, and if an individual’s frequency of outgoing high trust links
makes him/her more trustworthy in the eyes of others. Additionally, we compare which of the previous factors are
more important in the trust exchange.
Session: Networks and Trust
Keywords: trust , trust in networks , friendship networks , exchange networks , homophily , social relationship
Accepted: Yes
44 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yanjie Bian
bianx001@umn.edu
University of Minnesota, Dept of Sociology, Dept of Sociology, Univ of Minnesota, 267 19th Ave South,
Authors: Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Xianbi Huang
The University of Queensland, UQ Social Research Centre, Level 4, GPNorth 3 (Bldg. 39A), Brisbane,
Queensland 4072, Australia
Title: Favor, Matching, and Structural Holes: Network Effects on Wage Income in China
How do social networks matter for labor market outcomes? Recent critiques identify design deficiencies of
previous empirical studies that used probably misguided measures of tie strength and contact characteristics as
predictors of the network effect on wage income. Building on network theories and the research of transitional
China, in this paper we propose three causal mechanisms--favor, matching, and structural holes--by which
network contacts transmit information and influence that in turn result in higher wage income of Chinese workers
who used contacts to find jobs than those who did not. In a 1999 random sample of the general population of five
Chinese cities (N=4350), 59% of the respondents found their current or last jobs through social contacts who
Abstract: provided job information (32%) or more concrete favors (38%), or both (21%). The concrete favors include
delivering applications, face-to-face recommendations, setting up informal interviews, and the like, and they have
an immediate impact on a higher initial salary for favor-receiving workers. In addition, these favors and the
information transmitted both have a long-term, positive impact on wage income by ways of assigning the workers
into jobs that better match worker qualifications to the job requirements of skill training and work experience, and
into positions that give the occupants a greater diversity of organizational and market connections to earnings
opportunities. The significance of these network effects is discussed within the institutional context of China and
beyond.
Keywords: social capital , informal networks , economic networks
Accepted: Yes
45 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Claire Bidart
claire.bidart@univmed.fr
Authors: LEST-CNRS, Sociology, 35 Avenue Jules Ferry, Aix en Provence 13626, France
Johanne Charbonneau
INRS-Urbanisation, culture et société, 385, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, H2X 1E3, Québec, Canada
Title: The contextual name generator: a good tool for the study of sociability and socialization
The debate upon the relative validity, power, limits and relevance of the different name generators comes along
the development of the social network studies. The core questions are: what do they respectively refer to? What
are they supposed to construct, for what research question? Some procedures tend to choose a precise target
with a unique name generator that may synthesize a crucial point. Others prefer to use series of different name
generators, in order to gather names referred to diverse spheres of social life. In this case the various name
generators are often built with heterogeneous logics, and often remain uncompatible.
Is it possible to standardize a procedure enough to overcome these limits and keep the comparisons possible?
We discuss here some specificities and advantages of a new kind of integrated name generator, the “contextual”
name generator, which was developed in a longitudinal qualitative panel study that started in France in 1995 and
Abstract:
was also conducted in 2005 in three different projects in Quebec. This tool is not the juxtaposition of independent
name generators, as we are used to; it combines their respective advantages in a real integrated and systematic
procedure and allows going through a wide range of areas, scales, social conditions, qualities of ties, etc. This
name generator gives access to a great diversity of information that allows to combine sociability and
socialization questions. It thus seems to be a relevant tool, especially for sociologists.
To know more about these surveys:
http://www.lest.cnrs.fr/article.php3?id_article=375 (french) http://www.lest.cnrs.fr/article.php3?id_article=376
(english)
http://erta.educ.usherbrooke.ca/publication.htm
Session: Qualitative Network Research: Data Collection
Keywords: data collection , information diversity , methodology , personal networks , qualitative research , social contexts
Accepted: Yes
46 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Walter Bien
bien@dji.de
Authors: German Youth Institute, Nockerstrasse 2, Munich D-81541, Germany
Jan Marbach
German Youth Institute, Nockerstrasse 2, Munich D-81541, Germany
Family Networks over Time: Dynamic Interrelations between Family Development, Structural Composition and
Title:
Social Capital Output
The temporal dynamic of an ego-centered network, as measured at distinct points in time, can be depicted using
set-theoretical tools, like intersection, complement, union etc. This operation is premised on identifying members
of temporal separated networks of a constant Ego as identical or different. When applied to a large body of panel
data the procedure can turn out rather cumbersome, but it seems worthwhile to accomplish. There are two major
sets of questions possible to be answered using information about the stable core and varying subsets of a
personal network over time. First: Considering the network a dependent variable one may ask how and to what
extent respondents´ bygone life trajectory is responsible for the change observed. Is, e.g., the network´s
composition of stable and shifting building blocks related to changes of a respondent´s living arrangement or
concurrent influences as gender, age, education, moves of parity, occupation, residence etc.? A second set of
questions may be even more interesting: Employing network change now as an independent variable one may
ask how and to what extent the structural change of an ego-centered network is effecting its quality as Ego´s
resource, i.e. Ego´s social capital. For example, does a large stable network core strengthen "strong ties" in the
Abstract:
sense James S. Coleman delineated the social capital output of a personal network? On the other hand, do
"weak ties", as Mark Granovetter defined them, benefit from a network mainly consisting of alternating members
over time? Is an association, if any, mediated by attributes of Ego e.g. state of his or her family development? Or
properties of the network members e.g. who establish the core of the network , or who show up in its volatile
margins respectively?
In our presentation we will pick up some of these questions starting with the first block but focussing on the
second one, the relationship between structural change of personal networks and their social capital output. Our
data base is a panel ingredient of the German Family Survey. The panel study covers a 6 year interval starting
with a baseline survey in 1988 that captured more than 10,000 interviews of (then Western) Germans aged 18 to
55. A second surge of interviews was finished in 1994. Findings rest on 5000 panel interviews in the area of
former West Germany. Ego-centered network data were gathered by means of 12 name generators and 7 name
interpreters.
Keywords: dynamics on networks , family , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
47 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Stephen Bird
Authors: sbird@bu.edu
Boston University, Political Science, 33 Parkman Street, Dorchester, MA 02122, US
Title: Collaborative Social Networks: Collaboration, not Information Diffusion, in the Classroom
This paper investigates the relationship between social networks and grade performance for college students.
Quasi-experimental results in a large, first-year introductory course (n = 294 students) demonstrate a correlation
between collaborative academic social networks and grade performance. They further imply that weak ties have
substantive importance even in collaborative, interactive learning processes. While it is to be expected that socia
networks would have a positive net effect on grades, the impact of social networks on grades is substantial.
Second, this analysis illustrates the importance of collaboration (as opposed to information diffusion) on the
Abstract:
learning process. Third, while weak ties and structural holes theory have strong explanatory power for social
networks, collaborative interactions could be more strongly reinforced in situations where strength or intensity of
social interaction are higher but this is not the case. Instead, weak tie and structural hole theory continue to
demonstrate strong effects even when the interactions are collaborative rather diffusion oriented. Lastly, the
benefits of such networks are limited beyond certain levels of collaboration. The results bolster much of the
theoretical implications of the Communities of Practice and Social Learning literature.
centrality , collaboration , diffusion , experiments , individual performance , knowledge transfer , innovation ,
Keywords:
peer education
Accepted: Yes
48 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Martin Bliemel
Authors: mbliemel@sfu.ca
Simon Fraser University, Busines Admin, 515 West Hastings St., Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
Title: Relative Relational Embeddedness: Towards a Normal Integration of Resources and Relations
This paper develops a framework for analyzing an organization’s capacity to apply its competitive resources in a
network context. The framework is based on an integration of the internally oriented resource based view (RBV)
and the externally oriented social network (SN) perspective. The integration of these perspectives addresses the
paradox that while internal and external resources can be combined to complement each other to creave value to
those involved in the relationship, firms are limited in their ability to develop any combination of internal and
Abstract: external resources. The framework is based on considering relational embeddedness relative to the firm’s
available resources, coined relative relational embeddedness (RRE) here. Examples are given for four scenarios
in which firms balance two dimensions: firstly balancing internal and external resource development, and
secondly balancing strong and weak ties in the external network. In lieu of empirical data, an extension of a
related operationalization of structural embeddedness is provided with which scholars may put the framework to
the test.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: embeddedness , inter-organizational networks , business networks , egocentric networks , entrepreneurship
Accepted: Yes
49 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Annette Bobrik
annette.bobrik@sysedv.tu-berlin.de
Authors: Technical University Berlin, SYSEDV, Franklinstrasse 28/29, Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
Matthias Trier
Technical University Berlin, SYSEDV, Franklinstrasse 28/29, Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
Title: Visually tracing keyword diffusion in social networks
The dissemination of topics in social networks is of interest in the domains of viral marketing and topic trend
detection. In our contribution, we present an method which is combining algorithms from social network analysis,
dynamic animation of network evolvement, and longitudinal text mining to allow for a visual observation of how
(collections of) keywords, i.e. product names or issues, emerge and spread in virtual communication networks.
Using datasets of Enron and online discussion boards, we demonstrate how this approach can support the visual
observation of a collection of search terms in an evolving communication network. It allows insights into the origin
Abstract:
of a topic, i.e. whether it has first been adopted in a single locus or at multiple places. Further, it can be traced,
how it was disseminated through the actor’s network and where groups found each other over time. Although
such longitudinal keyword analysis in networks has limited potential to explain complex issues, we argue that
together with measuring actor activity and the number of keyword occurrences, this can help to generate quick
insights into topic trends and lifecycles in communication networks and thus is able to augment social network
analysis with a content oriented perspective.
Session: Communication Networks
Keywords: content analysis , visualization , network dynamics , network evolution , changes in networks
Accepted: Yes
50 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Örjan Bodin
orjan@system.ecology.su.se
Authors: Stockholm University Dept of Systems Ecology Stockholm, Sweden
Beatrice Crona
Stockholm University Dept of Systems Ecology Stockholm, Sweden
Management of natural resources at the community level – exploring the role of social capital and leadership in a
Title:
rural fishing community
Social capital and leadership are important factors affecting natural resource management. This study explores
aspects of social capital and leadership in a rural fishing community to seek explanations for why collective action
for resource regulation has not occurred despite declining fisheries.
Results show relatively high levels of social capital as quantified through social network analysis, but low
willingness to report rule-breaking. Furthermore, links to external agencies have previously been shown as
crucial for leaders to enable communities to make use of their social capital, and key individuals identified here
Abstract:
were shown to possessed links to several external agencies but only few links to financial institutions and
markets beyond the trade of fishing-gear. These findings, may, individually or in combination, explain lack of
common initiatives in the village to deal with the overexploitation of fisheries. However, additional hypotheses are
also put forth. Homogeniety among key persons may have lead to the low levels of problem internalization and
recognition of changing ecological conditions. Secondly, structural characteristics of the social network among
key individuals reveal one person to occupy a very central position. The ability of the community to collectively
organize is thus, for good or bad, largely dependent on one very central actor.
social capital , access to knowledge , centrality , informal networks , network structure , natural resource
Keywords:
management
Accepted: Yes
51 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Michal Bojanowski
Authors: m.j.bojanowski@fss.uu.nl
Utrecht University, ICS/Sociology, Heidelberglaan 2 (vanUnnikgebouw), Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands
Title: Co-evolution of networks and behavior under heterogeneity
Most of the existing theoretical contributions to understand mechanisms of co-evolution of networks and
individual behavior assume that actors are homogeneous. The consequences of relaxing this assumption are not
yet fully understood. Under which conditions will the differences between actors result in higher segregation
levels than in the homogeneous case? In this paper we study the interrelated dynamics of social networks and
behavior when actors' interests differ. As a framework for analysis we propose a baseline model in which actors
simultaneously choose their behavior and manage their personal relations with others. The population of actors is
composed of two types and interactions are modeled with asymmetric two-person games. The heterogeneity is
represented by three elements:
Abstract:
(1) the degree to which actors' interests behavioral options differ,
(2) the severance of "miscoordinating"
(3) complementary or substitutable character of relations with actors of the other type.
To address the posed problems and evaluate the role of the three above mentioned components we employ
analytical and computer simulation methods. First, we look at what kind of stable network architectures emerge if
actors actively try to improve their position by making behavioral and relational choices. Second, we investigate
the link between the level of divergence in the population in terms of types and behavior, and the level of network
segregation in the emerging networks.
Keywords: coevolution , network dynamics , conflict , simulation study
Accepted: Yes
52 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Phillip Bonacich
Authors: bonacich@soc.ucla.edu
University of California, Sociology, Department of Sociology, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
Title: A New Measure of Centrality
I propose a new family of measures of centrality that is based on network dynamics and that permits varying the
“depth” into the network to which it is responsive. The effects of patterns of influence or communication on
individuals could be expressed as a set of differential equations involving individual characteristics (status,
information) x, change in these characteristics x’, the adjacency matrix A, and time, t.
x’(t) = Ax(t).
Abstract:
The solution to this set of equations is:
x(t) = exp(At)x(0)
The matrix exp(At) shows the time-dependent influence of individuals, where they first influence those near
themselves, and then, as time increases, those more and more remote in the network.
Session: Formal Methods and Statistical Models
Keywords: social network , centrality
Accepted: Yes
53 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Matthew Bond
Authors: m.bond@kent.ac.uk
University of Kent SSPSSR Cornwallis Building Canterbury Kent CT2 7NF
Title: Social networks and corporate political action: the case of Business for Sterling
In this paper I study the socio-economic correlates of the decision of British businessmen to join Business for
Sterling. I study the 3992 directors of the 500 largest corporations in Britain in 97-8. I find that social networks
Abstract: created through clubs and interlocking directorates are associated with the decision to join along with being
extremely wealthy. This paper shows how social network measures can be used to operationalise many concepts
in elite research.
Keywords: interlocking directors , collective action , cultural communities
Accepted: Yes
54 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Johannes Boshuizen
J.Boshuizen@utwente.nl
Authors: University of Twente, School of Management and Governance, Enschede, The Netherlands
Anne Van der Veen
University of Twente, School of Management and Governance, Enschede, The Netherlands
Title: Interfirm networks and the success of regional clusters
Regional clusters have attracted increasing interest from researchers, governments and consultants during the
last years. One reason for the popularity of the cluster concept is the success of famous regions such as Silicon
Valley. The central idea is that interactions among firms in a cluster generate crucial benefits for firms and are
necessary for the success of a cluster. Governments all over the world try to stimulate the development of their
own clusters, for example by supporting cooperation between firms. Given these efforts, it is surprising that the
amount of empirical research on interactions within clusters is limited.
According to recent theories, interactions within a cluster give firms several local advantages. Firms can rely on a
Abstract:
diverse local knowledge pool and can exchange information of all kind. Informal relations are seen as important
means to establish these exchanges. Easy face-to-face contact and trust keep transaction costs low. We argue
that social network methods and theory provide a promising approach to research various types relations within a
cluster.
The objective of our research is to map the network among firms using multiple sources of data. This paper
draws on data on membership of business associations. We present preliminary results of the analysis of the
affiliation network among high tech firms in the Dutch region of Twente.
Keywords: affiliation networks , inter-organizational , regional clusters , innovation , embeddedness
Accepted: Yes
55 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Moses Boudourides
mboudour@upatras.gr
Authors:
University of Patras, Mathematics, 265 00 Rio-Patras, use-->Meilihou 58, 264 42 Patras, Greece, Patras,
Peloponnese-Achaia 264 42, Greece
Title: The Relational Ontology of Social Network Theories
An always important philosophical investigation concerns the question “What are Beings?” that Heidegger
regarded as the refrain of Western metaphysics. Social network theories favor a relational approach in answering
this question. In the social network context, the traditional philosophical ontology of individuality (Kant, Nietzsche,
Pierce etc.) shifts towards an ontology of relational processes that operates as a duality between the micro and
the macro-level, i.e., towards something which amounts to a structural relational ontology of individuation.
However, there are more philosophical answers to the question o individuation. Our purpose is to examine here
the work of two contemporary French philosophers and to discuss how such philosophical ontological
perspectives could possibly extend the scope of social network theories. The first one is Gilbert Simondon, who
Abstract: had advanced a project to know the individual through processes of individuation rather than the other way
around. His theory of individuation, starting from a ‘pre-individual’ stage and passing through ‘transduction’ in a
‘meta-stable’ environment, was an import influence to the thought of Gilles Deleuze. The second philosopher we
are discussing here is Alain Badiou, who has tried to reconcile a notion of the subject within a relational ontology
throughout a number of propositions in one of his major works entitled ‘Being and Event.’ Badiou’s philosophy is
based on the axioms of set theory that he essentially identifies with the language of all ontological investigations.
Furthermore, in his recently published second volume of ‘Being and Event’ (Livre IV des Logiques des mondes),
Alain Badiou explicitly discusses relationships, as a meaningful way to frame an ontological discussion around
the question of the existence of structural patterns.
Session: Ontology and Philosophy of Networks
Keywords: philosophy , ontology , structural approach , relational approach
Accepted: Yes
56 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mohamed Boukhris
mohamed.boukhris@lu.unisi.ch
University of Lugano faculty of Economics Switzerland mohamed.boukhris@lu.unisi.ch
Authors: Alessandro Lomi
University of lugano faculty of Economics Switzerland lomia@lu.unisi.ch
lei Wang
University of Lugano faculty of Economics Switzerland lei.wang@lu.unisi.ch
Network structures, behavior and performance: preliminary results from a longitudinal study of mergers and
Title:
acquisitions in the international electricity industry
As deregulation of key industries continues to gain momentum around the world, the electricity sector is rapidly
changing from a series of local government controlled monopolies to a competitive global industry through waves
of mergers and acquisitions. This large-scale economic change is brought about mainly by the erosion of
boundaries around established corporate actors, conventionally defined industries and – in the longer term –
countries.
In this paper, we present preliminary results of a longitudinal study of the network dynamics of mergers and
acquisitions in the international electricity industry during the period 1994-2003. The nodes in our networks are
Abstract: represented by individual countries and the edges by foreign investment flows among countries induced by
acquisition activities among companies. We are interested in understanding the local relational building blocks of
global industry structure and how network-based processes at the same time affect and are affected by relevant
variables such as price and production capacity. We explore these issues by specifying actor-oriented models
developed for the longitudinal statistical analysis of social networks.
We focus on mergers and acquisitions in the international electricity industry because this industry provides an
almost ideal illustration of how dyadic network ties induce global network structures that enable and constrain the
behavior of business firms, industries and national economies across multiple levels of analysis
Session: N/A
Keywords: network dynamics , coevolution , merger and acquisitions
Accepted: Yes
57 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jeffrey Broadbent
Authors: broad001@umn.edu
University of Minnesota, Department of Sociology, 909 SSB, 267 19th Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Building on a Rock: Modifying the Labor Policy Network Survey Instrument to Address Global Climate Change
Title:
Politics, Cognitive Fields and Institutional Effects
The Compon (Comparing Climate Change Policy Networks) project builds on the solid design of the survey
instrument used for the Comparing Policy Networks (CPN) study of the labor politics domain in the US, Germany
and Japan (Knoke, Pappi, Broadbent and Tsujinaka 1996). However, the Compon project is studying a different
domain, climate change, in an era of increasing globalization, with a focus on the impacts of scientific knowledge
from the IPCC (and other sources) on national policy counter-measures. This requires an expanded set of
theoretical frames, including different relational networks and new ways of capturing the flow and acceptance of
Abstract: more narrowly specified types of beliefs about climate change. In addition, the range of cases will expand from
the leading industrial societies to a wider array of societal types, including China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan,
Canada, the US, Brazil, Peru, England, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Greece and Russia, and
possibly other cases as well. These expanded foci require an enhancement of the CPN design to operationalize
these new perspectives. The paper will examine the new requirements and make suggestions as to what specific
new questions and other design features are needed in the common survey instrument to maximize the collection
of usable data on these new questions and issue.
policy network , political networks , environmental networks , climate change policy , environmental
Keywords:
performance , inter-organizational networks , international networks , kyoto protocol
Accepted: Yes
58 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nathaniel Bulkley
Authors: nbulkley@uiuc.edu
University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign, NCSA, 20 Parsley, Savoy, IL 61874, USA
Title: Using Electronic Trace Data in Social Network Research: Issues and Opportunities
Social network studies increasingly incorporate trace data from media such as email, instant messaging, cell
phones and Web sites. Direct measurement offers opportunities to study social networks on a larger scale, at a
finer level of granularity, and in ways that address concerns over informant inaccuracy in surveys. However, after
obtaining electronic data, researchers face the challenge of interpreting traces subjects left for reasons that are
often unclear under conditions that are at best partially understood.
In this presentation, we draw principles for analyzing electronic trace data from general theories of measurement
as they have been applied to non reactive measures. We illustrate the application to social network analysis with
examples from our ongoing research, which relates measures of email activity to individual performance in the
context of executive recruiting.
Abstract:
Topics include: conceptualizing, defining and validating measures; constructing analyses to differentiate between
correlates of direct measures; and the importance of planning secondary data collection to facilitate subsequent
testing of plausible competing hypotheses. We will also discuss implications of direct measurement for
interpretation and future development of existing social network theory.
Electronic data sources and computational techniques for analysis represent new instruments for conducting
social network analysis. Scientific breakthroughs often involve new instruments, methodologies for making sense
of observations enabled by these instruments and the creative refinement of theory to incorporate new results.
Adopting this historical perspective, we see general theories of social science measurement offering a useful
vantage point for pursing research that capitalizes on capabilities of these new instruments.
Session: Network Evaluation
methodology , e-mail database , method triangulation , nonreactive measures , performance measurement ,
Keywords:
inductive theory-building
Accepted: Yes
59 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Marlene Burkhardt
Authors: burkhardt@juniata.edu
Juniata College, IT & CS, 1700 Moore Street, Huntingdon, PA 16652, USA
Title: Longitudinal analysis of technology social networks and cell phone attitudes survey data
Longitudinal research was conducted to assess the relationship between cell phone attitudes and technology
social networks. A cell phone attitudes survey was administered to sports teams within a small liberal arts college
and network data was collected on cell phone directory, text messaging, and instant messaging partners within
the sports team. The data was collected at two points in time, approximately one year apart. As hypothesized,
findings indicate that the cell phone directory network and text messaging network are positively related to
similarity in beliefs that cell phones are helpful in daily life, easy to use, increase productivity, and are worth the
money. Several findings were observed to be significant at both points in time. The Time 1 cell phone network
Abstract: was significantly related to the Time 2 similarity in productivity attitudes lending some support for the hypothesis
that our beliefs regarding productivity are influenced by those who we list in our cell directories. The Time 1
instant messaging network was related to the Time 2 ease of use and helpful similarity directories. This implies
that we are influenced by those with whom we instant message. Cross-lagged correlational analyses indicate that
the Time 2 cell phone directory network data (in comparison to Time 1 data) is a better predictor of Time 1 helpfu
and worth it matrices, building some support for the belief that we talk to others who are similar to ourselves.
Supplementary analyses found Facebook network data to be a very poor predictor of social influence. Research
findings have relevant implications for marketing opportunities.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: social influence , social network
Accepted: Yes
60 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Vincent Buskens
v.buskens@fss.uu.nl
Authors: Utrecht University, Sociology, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands
Rense Corten
Utrecht University, Sociology, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands
Title: Co-evolution of conventions and Networks: An Experimental Study
This paper presents an experimental study on the emergence of conventions in dynamic
networks. Conventions are modeled as coordination games in which actors can choose both
their behavior and their interaction partners. First, we address the question how the
extent to which a single convention (rather than several) can be reached depends on the
initial structure of the network. Secondly, we study how efficiency of resulting
conventions (the extent to which Pareto-optimal conventions are chosen) depend on this
initial structure. Third, we study the effects of the availability of information on
behavior of others on the emergence of conventions. Predictions come from a
game-theoretic model in which actors play coordination games on a dynamic network. In
order to derive accurate predictions for the experiment, we simulate our experimental
Abstract:
conditions in a computer simulation analysis of this model. The simulation results
predict that 1) the higher the density of the initial network, the more likely it is that
the network will converge to one convention, 2) the higher the density of the initial
network, the more the efficiency in the initial network will determine the efficiency of
stable states and 3), results suggest, somewhat counterintuitively, that less information
leads to a higher likelihood that a single convention will be reached. These hypotheses
are tested in controlled, computer-guided experiments in which groups of eight actors play
coordination games while also choosing their interaction partners. We analyze both
macro-level outcomes and individual behavior. The results provide mixed support for the
hypotheses.
actor-driven modeling , game theory , homophily , coevolution , coordination , network dynamics ,
Keywords:
experiments , simulation
Accepted: Yes
61 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Carter Butts
buttsc@uci.edu
Authors:
University of California, Irvine, Department of Sociology, Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, Irvine,
CA 92697, USA
Title: Network Inference from Unstructured Sources
Prior work by Romney, Weller, and Batchelder (1986), Batchelder and Romney (1988), and Butts (2003) has
provided a number of models for inferring network structure from the reports of multiple, unreliable informants. An
underlying assumption of these models is that informants are explicitly probed for the relationships on which they
report, as with roster-based instruments such as Krackhardt's (1987) Cognitive Social Structure. When informant
information is obtained from unstructured sources such as personal testimony or organizational documents,
Abstract:
however, such probes are obviously impossible. Here, I demonstrate an extension of existing network inference
methods to the analysis of data from unstructured sources, incorporating model-based corrections for
non-ignorable sampling of edge reports. Applications of this approach to the analysis of police reports from
responders to the World Trade Center disaster and to interorganizational networks in the Hurricane Katrina
response are shown; implications for network inference from name generator data are also discussed.
Keywords: network inference , statistical models , informant accuracy , unstructured data
Accepted: Yes
62 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Romina Cachia
Authors:
rcachia@gmail.com
Title: Social computing: Of users, networks and co-production
Inherent characteristics of online interaction are redefining the role of audiences, from passive participants in a
mediated process, to active agents catalysing basic aspects of mediated communication. The significance of this
evolution lies in the fact that online users are not only proactive, but have evolved into a collective networked
force. Participation in Online Social Networks sites (OSNs), such as MySpace, Flickr and Friendster is one facet
of this evolution.
In recent years, OSNs have gained unprecedented popularity, mainly through innovative provision of online
interactive platforms which enable free exchange of multi-modal content in a self-organised environment.
Building on existing work on collective action, this work attempts to illustrate the underlying factors determining
the transitory role of the users in social computing networks, so as to try and extract what prompts users to
Abstract:
produce, create and share content for free in online environments.
For many years, technology research overlooked the role of the user as a significant variable in studying
technology. This study proposes a triangulation of ego-centric network analysis and online in-depth interviews.
Extrapolating publicly available variables on OSNs, social networks of users' collaboration are explored to identify
usage trajectories according to the following variables: posting of content, text exchange, subsequent posting of
more content and changing affiliation amongst users' contacts along a temporal boundary. Flick, a photo sharing
application is used as a case study.
This study is a work-in-progress, as part of a doctoral programme

Session: On-Line Communities
Keywords: collective action , mixed methods , social networks , social computing
Accepted: Yes
63 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dragos Calitoiu
dcalitoi@scs.carleton.ca
School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada and Health Policy Research Division, Health
Authors: Canada
Zachary Jacobson
Health Policy Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Title: Dynamic Social Networks (dynamic weighted graphs) and the corresponding entropy-like measures
Current analyses do not provide measures of how people join, expand and leave social networks. However it is
clear that social networks are dynamic structures and their activities depend on time; actors move into networks
and out again and relations among the actors evolve. Network processes are series of events that create,
sustain, and dissolve social structure. To understand social networks more fully, we must study their dynamics
and evolution, introducing time and time-varying edges and network topologies in addition to traditional
descriptions of network structure.
A network’s evolution and temporal dynamic seem intuitively likely to modify the classical measures involved in
social network analysis [SNA]. Any cross-sectional description of a network, at any particular time, can only
describe a network state, not a process. A network event implies two discrete times and a description [perhaps
incomplete] of the state at those times. A process implies one or more events.
We propose entropy-like measures that can vary across time among network edges, and can provide a global
descriptor of the dynamic relations operating within a social network. We show preliminary results for the study of
social networks and draw inferences in the health domain.
Abstract:
Methodology: We add dynamic edge-weighting to classical network analyses:
A social network is weighted if each edge has an associated weight, w. If the weighting wij of the edge between
node i and j also varies as a function of time, wij(t), we say that the social network is dynamic. We adapt this
approach to classical measures for describing static social networks: degree centrality, closeness centrality, and
betweenness centrality.
The entropy of a network may be computed from the distribution of instantaneous edge weightings, E = S
P(X)log2P(X). The information content, or reduction of uncertainty in knowing the edge weights then is of course,
H = – E. Again, if E evolves in time as E =E(t), then the information capacity of the network must also change
with time.
Example: We show results in treatment and prevention of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases [STD’s]
and other infectious agents. We further apply the treatment to information communication. Clearly, there are
other important applications where this treatment will provide a richer description of network content and activity.
Keywords: dynamics on networks , entropy-like measures
Accepted: Yes
64 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Penelope Canan
Authors: pcanan@mail.ucf.edu
University of Central Florida
Title: The Correspondence Between Policy and Implementation Networks
When policy "talks," implementation may not follow as the necessary actors may not be able to walk that talk.
Careful attendance to processes that support implementation by the right sectoral actors to accomplish
efficacious changes in performance--new instituional practices--is necessary. Lessons from the most successfully
Abstract:
implemented global environmental treaty in history, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
Stratospheric Ozone Layer, go beyond policy talk to policy tools that supported actual protection critical to
planetary survival
corporate social capital , collaboration , innovation , inter-organizational networks , interviews as data ,
Keywords:
network processes , relationship formation , individual performance
65 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Geoffrey Canright
geoffrey.canright@telenor.com
Authors: Telenor R&D, B6d, Snarøyveien 30, Fornebu 1331, Norway
Kenth Engø-Monsen
Telenor R&D, B6d, Snarøyveien 30, Fornebu 1331, Norway
Title: Epidemic spreading of electronic viruses on directed graphs
Spreading of electronic viruses, among computers and mobile phones, typically depends on address/phone
number lists. The network formed by these lists is not symmetric: the fact that A has B’s address does not ensure
that B has A’s address. Thus the underlying network on which such spreading takes place is directed: the links
are in general one-way. We present an extension of our “topographic” analysis for spreading on undirected
graphs, to the case of directed graphs. We find that some ideas from Web link analysis lead us to a concrete
Abstract:
prediction: that the epidemic coverage (after long time) changes qualitatively when the rate of infections from
“outside” the network exceeds a threshold rate. Specifically, for low rate of infections from outside, with high
probability, only the giant component and its out-components are infected; while for above-threshold infection
rate from outside, the whole graph is likely infected. Our theory gives an estimate of this threshold rate. Finally,
we present some limited tests of this theory using simulations on directed graphs.
Session: Infectious Diseases and Social Networks
Keywords: dynamics on networks , graph theory , model-based simulation
Accepted: Yes
66 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Julian Cardenas
eljulian@yahoo.es
Authors: University of Barcelona, Sociology, Av. Diagonal 690 Barcelona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
Josep A. Rodríguez
University of Barcelona, Sociology, Av. Diagonal 690 Barcelona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
Title: Expandind and conquering networks
In this paper we analyze and compare several takeover bids, seen as strategies used by networks of
corporations (what we will call mega-network corporations) to enlarge their social capital and power. Given the
Abstract: relevance of these mega-network corporations, takeover bids often fuel economic struggles and political actions.
Therefore, to understand the success of such takeover bids we need to look into network indicators as much as
into the struggle and political intervention. We analyze these takeover bids within global interlocking directorates.
economic networks , interlocking directors , international networks , merger and acquisitions , business
Keywords:
networks
Accepted: Yes
67 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

William Carroll
Authors: wcarroll@uvic.ca
University of Victoria, Sociology Department, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P5, Canada
Title: Tracking the transnational capitalist class: the view from on high
This paper presents preliminary findings from a study of transitions in the global corporate elite between 1996
and 2005. It explores the extent to which and ways in which the network of interlocking directorates among the
world's largest corporations has been recomposed in recent years, as a function of structural developments such
Abstract:
as the rise of new centres of accumulation on the semi-periphery and the continuing economic integration of
Europe. On the basis of this view from on high, the paper discusses recent tendencies in transnational capitalist
class formation and their implications for global political economy.
Session: Politics and Interlocking Directorates
Keywords: business networks , governance , globalization , interlocking directors
Accepted: Yes
68 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tiziana Casciaro
tcasciaro@hbs.edu
Authors: Harvard Business School Boston, USA
Miguel Sousa Lobo
Duke University Fuqua School of Business Durham, USA
Title: Interpersonal affect and task interaction: An analysis of causality
Does structure cause emotions, or do emotions cause structure? Psychologists and sociologists alike agree that
failures and successes in task interaction elicit affective reactions toward an interaction partner. What is less
clear is the extent to which the reverse is true: do affective reactions shape the choice of task partners? Is
interpersonal affect a bona fide determinant of task networks, or simply a by-product of them? Using data from a
Abstract:
longitudinal network study of a luxury goods retail company, we find that interpersonal affect predicts task
interaction consistently more strongly than task interaction predicts affect. Such manifestations of affective
primacy in the formation of work networks point to the relevance of affect in structural theories of organizational
behavior.
Keywords: emotions , intraorganizational networks , network dynamics , network structure
Accepted: Yes
69 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Susan Cassels
scassels@u.washington.edu
Authors: University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, Seattle, WA USA
Steven Goodreau
University of Washington, Department of Anthropology, Seattle, WA USA
Title: Using Exponential Random Graph Modeling to Assess the Population-Level Impact of the Acute Stage of HIV
Virological research as well as modeling work suggest that the fraction of new HIV infections attributable to
source partners in the acute stage of infection may be high. Nevertheless, no study documenting the role of
recent infections on HIV transmission in a population has been conducted. Our paper uses a form of dynamic
exponential random graph modeling along with a stochastic simulation model of HIV transmission dynamics to
estimate the proportion of new infections attributable to recently infected source partners. Behavioral data are
taken from a study of sexual behavior in thirty communities across Zimbabwe, collected in 2003. The ERG
Abstract: models which we fit include momentary degree distributions, relational types (marital vs. non-marital) and
relationship duration, each of which is important for understanding transmission dynamics. The model is
implemented in a version of statnet – an R package for network estimation and simulation. Initial results suggest
that around 25% of new HIV infections are attributable to recent infections in the source partner; although this
effect may vary depending on the stage of the epidemic. Findings may be used to assess the implications for the
potential effectiveness of CTL vaccines and other interventions for reducing HIV transmission at the population
level.
Keywords: hiv , simulation , egocentric network
Accepted: Yes
70 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Damon Centola
Authors: dcentola@rwj.harvard.edu
Institute for Quantitative Social Science Harvard University 1730 Cambridge St., S408 Cambridge, MA 02138
Title: Complex Contagions and Social Health
The theory of complex contagions argues that social networks that facilitate the spread of disease and
information may not be ideal for the spread of social behaviors. When adoption of a new behavior requires social
reinforcement, either to increase the behavior’s legitimacy (such as with a new norm), or to increase its credibility
(e.g., when adopting a new technology), multiple social contacts may be required before the behavior will be
adopted. The greater the risk of social exclusion, embarrassment, or personal cost associated with adopting the
behavior, the higher the “thresholds” for adoption are likely to be. Researchers have formally shown that unlike
disease and information, which only require a single contact to spread from person to person, “complex
Abstract:
contagions”, which require multiple sources of confirmation before adoption, may not benefit from the long ties
that give small worlds networks their increased reachability. Rather, “bigger worlds” networks, with greater local
clustering may actually be better suited to spread these behaviors. While these formal results have important
implications for a variety of public health applications (e.g., the diffusion of condom use, following-up on “at-risk”
screening, HIV prevention behavior), they still await empirical confirmation. We present an experimental design
to test the theory of complex contagions by studying the diffusion of health behavior in an empirical social
network.
Session: social networks and health
Keywords: network structure , dynamics on networks , collective action , informal norms , small world
Accepted: Yes
71 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Maryse Chappin
Authors: m.chappin@geo.uu.nl
Universiteit Utrecht Department of Innovation and Environmental Sciences Utrecht The Netherlands
A dynamic perspective on the relation of successfulness of a collective knowledge generation project and its
Title:
network of participants
In this paper we address the relation of project outcomes of collective knowledge generation and network
configuration. We see collective knowledge generation as a learning process. During this learning process actors
originating from different organizations, are cooperating. This cooperation entails, among other things, the
exchange of information and knowledge among partners. The successfulness of the exchange is depending on
the structure of the network (e.g. closeness of actors) as well as on characteristics of participating actors (e.g.
level of commitment to the project). The question we ask is: In what way are learning processes and network
configuration of participants related over time?
Abstract: In this paper we have made a longitudinal database of the evolution of networks and learning processes. We
have developed this database out of archival data for a collective knowledge generation project of the Centre of
Competence Paper and Board, which consisted of four sub-programs. The nodes (the participants) are valued
with attribute data, such as presence during meetings, budget received from project or type of organization.
We expect to identify barriers and stimuli in terms of network configurations, which may explain why learning is
successful or not. Learning may, for instance, be hampered by frequently changing networks or expanding
networks due to a changing team composition. Whereas, the presence of brokers between the different
sub-projects, may contribute to a fruitful learning process.
inter-organizational learning , network dynamics , social networks , structure of collaboration , knowledge
Keywords:
networks
Accepted: Yes
72 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Chavalarias
David.Chavalarias@polytechnique.edu
Ecole Polytechnique, CREA, Paris, France
Authors:
Jean-Philippe Cointet
Ecole Polytechnique, CREA & TSV (Social and Political Transformations related to Life Sciences and Life
Forms), INRA.
Title: Bottom-up scientific field detection for dynamical and hierarchical science mapping, methodology and case study
Modern acceptation of paradigm has been provided by T. Kuhn as "an entire constellation of beliefs, values and
techniques, and so on, shared by the members of a given community". He contended that, a paradigm enables a
group of scientists to focus its efforts on a well- defined range of problems. These paradigms are reflected at the
level of scientific production by paradigmatic fields, i.e. set of articles where there is a consensus concerning de
definition of important concepts and identification of problems and techniques needed to solve them. This
suggests that paradigmatic fields found in public sphere of knowledge production provide a direct insight into the
very structure of science and researchers communities: there is a deep correlation between the social community
structure and the conceptual community structure. A reconstruction of these paradigmatic fields is nowadays
Abstract:
possible. Massive collections of scientific publications are now available on-line thanks to multiple public
platforms. These databases usually cover large-scale scientific production over several decades and for a broad
range of thematic areas. The aim of this paper is to present tools for automatic bottom-up identification of
paradigmatic fields linked with scientific communities' structures from an article database. We define an
asymmetric paradigmatic proximity between concepts which provides hierarchical structure and test our methods
on a case study. The strength of our approach is that is does not require other information than the one already
available in most existing database to reconstruct the multi-scale structure of paradigmatic fields reflecting the
one of scientific communities.
Session: word networks or semantic networks
access to knowledge , paradigmatic evolution , publication analysis , construction hierarchy , history of
Keywords:
science , knowledge networks , kuhn , network evolution
Accepted: Yes
73 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

I-Chien Chen
cic@gate.sinica.edu.tw
Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica
Authors: Chyi-In Wu
Ming-Yi Chang
A Best Friend Is Equal to A “Good” Friend? The Mutual Influence between Adolescent's Depressive Symptoms
Title:
and their Best friend's
Like other human relations, the friendship networks of adolescents are also always under dynamic transition.
Relations need to be established and maintained and, from the perspective of relation network, relations are
always under the processes of disrupting, changing, re-shaping and re-adapting. For adolescents, their
behavioral development is heavily influenced by their peer’s ideas and opinions and vice versa. Under the pattern
of interaction and within their own friendship network, adolescents exchange value, ideas, behavioral patterns,
emotions, and even attitudes. Thus, the stability of friendship network, just like best friend, should serve as a
critical basis of adolescent attitude and behavioral development.
According to this, the purpose of this study is to explore the influence of adolescents’ best friend and
adolescent’s mental and behavioral development. We focus our main concern on the mutual influence between
the development of adolescent depressive symptoms and their best friend’s. We argue that the best friend may
be not always equal to a “good” friend.
Abstract: In this study, we intend to pin down the data analyses on the parallel interaction between adolescent and his/her
best friends (across three wave’s observations). Further, using the Latent Growth Curve Model (LGC), we intend
to show the developing trajectories of both adolescent and his/her stable best friend to investigate the effect of
stable friendship on individual’s mental health.
The primary findings are, first, adolescents tend to make friends similar to themselves, i.e., happy kid looks for
cheerful kids to be friends and unhappy kids tend to be friend with kids with sad mood. However, there is no
significant evidence to show that there is any association between the change path of adolescent’s depressive
symptom and their best friend’s. Nonetheless, the further analysis of model comparison between adolescent who
have mutually recognized best friend and those who has not, indicated that the mutual influence of the
adolescent's depressive symptoms is accord with his mutually recognized best friend’s. These findings reflect
that for adolescent, a friend is a friend, but under some certain circumstances, a friend can become a
“meaningful” friend.
Session: Adolescent Friendship Networks
Keywords: adolescence , depression , friendship networks , reciprocity , longitudinal
Accepted: Yes
74 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Pauline Cheong
Authors: pcheong@buffalo.edu
University at Buffalo, Department of Communication, Buffalo, New York, USA
Missions on the Web, at home and abroad: (Re)examining Church life and the transnational connections of
Title:
Chinese Protestant Churches in Toronto
Social research has recently spotlighted how the Internet is facilitating changes in the social networks, norms,
and practices of community. In the wake of 9/11 and other unrests in several world cities, questions concerning
religious culture have come to the forefront of international attention and government intervention. This paper
discusses and examines the ways in which church life and transnational religious connections are built among
Chinese migrants by analyzing religious networks in two areas; organizational mission outreaches and
interpersonal discipleship.
Using network-mapping softwar-e, this paper performs an analysis of the websites of Chinese Protestant
churches in Toronto in order to investigate their missional relations and religious educational connections to othe
religious organizations in Toronto and abroad with other overseas Chinese communities, particularly in Asia. This
Abstract: quantitative analysis is supplemented by findings from focus group interviews held with Chinese Christians in
Toronto, which examines the ways and extent in which church leaders and laity are utilizing the Internet for
spiritual purposes.
Findings highlight how some religious organizations are increasingly utilizing web spaces to advance their
missions and enlarge ‘the body of Christ’. Hyperlink analysis provides understanding of the growth of
transnational religious communications; in this case among Chinese Christians who strategically construct
religious networks and circumvent censorship in ways sensitive to the info-political geographies and online
regulation of their host context, China. Interview data further address the significance and drawbacks of these
online connections for the building of ‘jia’, church family life for new migrant Chinese in contemporary society.
(248 Words)
social relationships , globalization , religious culture , civil society , cultural communities , ethnic identity ,
Keywords:
internet/hyperlink networks , migration networks
Accepted: Yes
75 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Chin-Shan Chi
cschi@pu.edu.tw
Authors: Youth & Child Welfare Department, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Ray-May Hsung
Department of Sociology, Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Title: The collaborative networks among long-term care organizations in Taipei city
This study attempts to analyze how the collaborative networks among small private long-term care organizations
are created under strong market competition and high uncertainty of this organizational field or industry. We are
also concerned about the factors on the creation of different types of collaborative networks. Furthermore, we
plan to explore the functions of these collaborative networks on the organizational effectiveness. The data are
from a survey of the long-term care organizations in Taipei in 2005. There were 187 long-term care organizations
in Taipei city, and we successfully complete 186 cases. There were 225 pairs of collaborative ties between
long-term care organizations. We found that the state evaluation pushed the density of collaborative networks
Abstract:
increased among these long-term care organizations. The density of imitation and learning networks is the
highest, the second highest is that of resident referral networks, and the third highest density is that of
collaborative purchase networks. On the dyadic level, the centrality of ego and alter is highly correlated. This
result implies that the long-term care organizations with high degree of centrality tend to cooperate with each
other. This might be explained by the status signal and homophily principles. On the individual level, the
organizations with high degree of centrality in the collaborative networks tend to has high organizational
effectiveness.
Keywords: centrality , effectiveness , homophily , inter-organizational networks , network structure , status transitions
Accepted: Yes
76 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Arul Chib
chib@usc.edu
University of Southern California, Annenberg School of Communications. Los Angeles, California.
Authors: Aram Sinnreich
University of Southern California, Annenberg School of Communications. Los Angeles, California.
Jesse Gilbert
California Institute for the Arts, Los Angeles, California.
Title: Modeling Information Equality: A Real-World Networks Simulation
In this study, we build and test the second version of a stochastic, agent-based model of information diffusion,
called dFusion. The first version, presented at Sunbelt 2005, used three separate real-world data sets to
demonstrate a relationship between social and/or media latency and the information equality of a given network.
We define information equality as the extent to which members of a social network gain access to salient
information at relatively equivalent speeds, while latency refers to limitations in this diffusion process stemming
from characteristics of the social structure or media infrastructure. By focusing on differential, rather than
absolute, speed of access to information, we hope to create an evaluative framework for information technology
investment that accurately predicts the effects of such interventions on social equality.
dFusion version 2.0 incorporates recent developments regarding the optimal structure of real-world social
Abstract:
networks. We attempted to integrate rival perspectives on social network structure into a single, supportable
social network algorithm. This meant using a preferential attachment process, bounded by nodal aging and a cap
on nodal degree. Simulations run with dFusion 2.0 suggest that, while a diffusion model for scale-free networks
can be created, the resultant structure leads to almost instantaneous diffusion under a variety of situations. A
comparative network analysis of the two versions found differing network properties that may influence the
diffusion process.
These findings may have implications for the debate about the relevant social structure of real-world networks.
Examining whether simulated processes external to the social network replicate real-world processes may lead to
a better understanding of the validity of the underlying network structure.
Session: Simulation
Keywords: actor-driven modeling , model-based simulation , personal networks , scale-free network , simulation study
Accepted: Yes
77 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Catherine C H Chiu
Authors: catherine.chiu@cityu.edu.hk
City University of Hong Kong Department of Asian and International Studies Hong Kong China
Trust in Out-groups in Hong Kong: An Exploration of the Relationship between Structural, Action and Cultural
Title:
Dimensions of Social Capital
Social capital is a multi-dimensional concept. It has a structural, an action and a cultural dimension. Some
scholars combine two or three of these dimensions to construct a social capital index while others simply use
associational membership as a proxy for both the structural and cultural dimensions. In this paper, I disentangle
the three dimensions and explore their relationship. Using associational membership, voluntary services and trus
to represent the afore-mentioned three dimensions respectively, I show how variations in associational
membership and voluntary services influence trust in two out-groups in Hong Kong. The two out-groups are new
Abstract: immigrants from Mainland China and domestic workers from Southeast Asia. Discrimination against these two
out-groups is one of the major social problems in Hong Kong. The social capital school has proposed that
voluntary associations make their members more trusting. It is argued that membership of voluntary associations
not only creates in-group trust but also tends to be generalized to the society as a whole. Information on whether
or not associational membership influences attitudes such as tolerance for or trust in out-groups is scant. This
paper fills this gap. Data for analysis come from two surveys conducted among employed and non-employed
people in Hong Kong.
Keywords: social capital , trust , associational membership , voluntary services , out-groups
Accepted: Yes
78 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dimitrios Christopoulos
Authors: dc.christopoulos@uwe.ac.uk
UWE-Bristol, Politics, UWE-Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, Avon BS16 1QY, UK
Title: Peer Esteem Snowballing: Sampling in surveys of experts
A consistent problem with key informant, elite and expert interviewing is the representativeness of sample
populations. Since studies that employ such techniques depend on a small number of respondents, they are
often classed as qualitative. The possibility of going beyond these classic approaches arises by employing
methods developed to explore hidden populations in network analysis. These would qualify as descriptive
Abstract: quantitative techniques since we cannot provide a robust measure of reliability. It is the case however,
particularly in the investigation of small populations of expert opinion, that we can be confident of surveying a
sizable proportion of that population. A case study of such a survey employing Peer Esteem Snowballing (PEST)
is offered in demonstration. The treatment of responses for outliers and determining the robustness of specific
questions is the subject of an appendix.
Keywords: snowballing , expert surveys , methodology , network surveys , informant surveys , method triangulation
Accepted: Yes
79 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sotiris Chtouris
htouris@aegean.gr
Authors: University of the Aegean
Anastasia Zissi
University of the Aegean
Title: Social networks and the concept of social capital: Theoretical and methodological issues
Over the last decade, the concept of social capital has been widely linked with issues of economic, social and
health development. Despite its popularity, a number of considerations are raised concerning its theoretical,
methodological and ideological clarity. This paper aims at promoting the theoretical understanding of the social
Abstract: capital concept by reviewing the evidence on the linking with the theory of networks. Both contemporary
sociological perspective and social community psychology approach are used as operational frameworks. The
theoretical implications on the methodological development of indicators of social capital are discussed together
with the ‘dark side’ at an ideological level.
Keywords: community of practice , family , social capital , social support , social networks
Accepted: Yes
80 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Vincent Chua
Authors: vincent.chua@utoronto.ca
University of Toronto, Department of Sociology, 725, Spadina Ave, Toronto, ON M5S 2J4, Canada
Title: The conditional effects of social networks on job earnings in highly meritocratic Singapore
While personal contacts may often be a useful means to labour market success, their positive effects need not
apply to all labour market situations in general. This paper investigates the role of social networks in a type of
labour market which places great emphases on educational qualifications and meritocratic recruitment,
Singapore. Using job seeking data from a representative sample of some 902 Singaporeans, I address the
question, “under what conditions” will “who you know” matter more or less relative to “what you know” and “for
whom”? My data suggests that personal contacts are not a commonly used resource among highly-educated job
seekers, especially for placements into public sector jobs. On the other hand, lower-educated job seekers are
Abstract: more likely to use personal contacts, but I argue that the effectiveness of their contact use is limited since they
hardly gain access to high-status contacts. This paper argues that even if cross-class contacts are useful for
lower-educated individuals, the overarching pattern of status homophily makes such boundary spanning ties
rarely available. The paradox is that while high-status social networks may be beneficial for lower-educated
groups, segregative patterns which are probably the by-product of talent selection and early streaming in schools
prevent these groups from experiencing new arenas of change and resources. Finally, the relative unimportance
of job seeking ties for highly educated individuals is explained in terms of Singapore being a ‘coordinated labour
economy’ whereby education and training systems are tightly coupled with the labour market.
Keywords: contact use , social capital , meritocracy
Accepted: Yes
81 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Louise Clark
louise.clark@imperial.ac.uk
Authors:
Imperial College London, Centre for Environmental Policy, Edificio Hermanos Gonzales Depto 3 Piso 4, Calle Dr
Luis Uria de la Oliva #2661, La Paz, Bolivia
Title: Understanding Information and Innovation in Rural Bolivia: How can Social Network Analysis help?
Social Network Analysis (SNA) can help researchers and development practitioners to understand the complex
network of inter-institutional relationships implicit in the rural sector by providing tools with which to visualise
information flows and identify key actors influencing innovation amongst smallholder farmers. This paper
presents key methodological steps to using SNA as a diagnostic tool, with advice on designing surveys, cleaning
databases and creating network maps based upon experience of field work in Bolivia.
Surveys should be short and simple with clear questions and easily codified answers that define the qualitative
values that differentiate social groups as well as the relationships that exist between them. Data is codified in
excel spreadsheets and input directly to Netdraw, to make the methodology more easily accessible to Southern
Abstract:
development practitioners. These network maps create an x-ray of inter-institutional relationships in a given area
while partial maps show information flows related to specific topics or between certain social groups, helping to
identify general tendencies. Examples of 1-mode maps demonstrate the complexity of information flows in
agricultural supply chains while 2-mode networks show the relationship between actors and innovations.
Maps are discussed with the actors identified who draw their own conclusions, despite having no previous
experience of SNA. This approach can help researchers gain trust with a mechanism to return the data collected
to the subjects of the investigation, while enabling one to speak with openness and authority on the delicate
subject of inter-institutional relationships.
information content , innovation , intraorganizational networks , network surveys , supply chain ,
Keywords:
visualization , access to knowledge
Accepted: Yes
82 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

cointet@shs.polytechnique.fr
CREA, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France & TSV, INRA, Ivry sur Seine, France
Authors: Carla Taramasco
CREA, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
Camille Roth
Dept of Sociology, Univ of Surrey, UK & CREA, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, France
Title: Socially-mediated concept diffusion in a scientific community
Knowledge diffusion is now widely assumed to be socially mediated, while it is unclear to what extent some
particular type of social interactions may indeed account for the propagation of a given concept or, put differently,
in which manner a concept may diffuse through a given kind of social network. To this end, we aim here at
empirically measuring concepts transmission through collaborations in a scientific community. The collaboration
network is appraised as a diffusion tree on which concept transmission occurs. More precisely, we observe
concept propagation along temporal series of collaborations and focus on authors who start using a given
Abstract: concept. We measure the likeliness for an author to have started using the concept owing to a collaboration with
at least one other author who previously used this concept. We compare this likeliness to the expected likeliness
under a null hypothesis where such collaboration occurs randomly. In other words, we measure the extent to
which this adoption may be driven by social factors, where "social" means in our case "exclusively
collaboration-based". The empirical study is based on a scientific collaboration network extracted from a
database including all publications concerning a precise, well-bounded field, the study of the "zebrafish" among
embryologists over the last twenty years.
Keywords: social influence , scientists , paper co-atuhorship network , epidemiology , dynamics on networks , diffusion
Accepted: Yes
83 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jordi Colomer Matutanos

jordikolomer@gmail.com
Facultat de Informatica de Barcelona Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Mariano Belinky
Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Informàtics Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
Bruce Kogut
Title: Visualizing Network Dynamics
In this paper, we present a novel technique to visualize datasets containing spatial and temporal network flow
information. We work with investment transactions between venture capital firms and start-up companies in the
US during a 45-year period. The visualizations show investment sources and targets geographically and over
time. The visualization permits an intuitive analysis of the geographic growth of the venture capital market and
suggests that contrary to static statistical analysis, local regions developed in response to across regional
investment flows. Our aim is to discover relevant feaures in the evolutionary dynamics of the networks, which
Abstract: tend to be hard to spot using traditional analytical techniques.
We implement and extend several network visualization layouts adding the ability to highlight both spatial and
temporal regions which show strong activity; we call this 'hot spots analysis'. We then use a cartogram approach
to overlap and correlate secondary economic information which can be easily contrasted to the network-related
phenomena. With this approach our visualization is able to help domain researchers answer questions regarding
the relationship between network dynamics and economic factors. With this mixed approach, we can use our
visualization tool to focus on particular features which are then analyzed using classic methods.
visualization , venture capital , affiliation networks , business networks , network evolution , networks across
Keywords:
time
Accepted: Yes
84 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Noshir Contractor
hankgreenjr@hotmail.com
Science of Networks in Communities Research Group, National Center for Supercomputing Applications,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1205 West Clark Street, Room 1008, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Harold D. Green Jr., York Yao
Authors: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1205 West Clark Street, Room 1008, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Andy Don, Chunke Su
Steven Harper, Nat Bulkley, Alex Yahja
Title: CI-KNOW: Advancing the Theorizing and Implementation of Multidimensional Network Recommender System
As communication and collaboration technologies become more pervasive in the emerging cyberinfrastructure,
there is a growing interest in leveraging these technologies to develop more effective and efficient referral
systems that provide members of the community with recommendations for appropriate resources (people,
documents, datasets, analytic tools, algorithms, etc.). In response to needs expressed by science and
engineering communities using cyberinfrastructure, the Science of Networks in Communities (SONIC) research
group at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) has been developing a network-based
recommendation system called CI-KNOW (CyberInfrastructure Knowledge Networks On the Web). We
conceptualize knowledge networks as intrinsically multi-dimensional, created from the interactions and
interconnections among the scientists, documents, data, analytic tools, sensors, etc.).
While there has been considerable efforts to develop recommender systems over the past decade, CI-KNOW
addresses three limitations of existing tools: First, in making a recommendation, CI-KNOW takes into account the
attributes of the resource being recommended as well as the network ties connecting that resource to the person
requesting the recommendation. Second, the algorithms used to make these recommendations take into account
Abstract:
computational advances in data mining as well as insights based on social motivations for information retrieval as
outlined in the multi-theoretical multilevel (MTML) model. Third, the data used to make these recommendations
are harvested from (i) individuals’ digital traces from the Web and bibliographic data sources, (ii) individuals’
actions, interactions and transactions within the cyberinfrastructure portal, and (iii) user-generated content on the
cyberinfrastructure portal such as tagging and social-bookmarking of resources using Web 2.0 technologies.
In our presentation we demonstrate the key theoretical and technological aspects of the CI-KNOW system. We
outline the theoretical mechanisms that are encoded into the network recommendation algorithms. We
demonstrate the use of interactive network maps that enable users to identify recommendations of resources
(people, documents, tools, data, etc.) and explore connections within the knowledge network. The development
of tools such as CI-KNOW provides an unprecedented opportunity for researchers to theorize and empirically
test the dynamics of large scale knowledge networks. It also creates opportunities for collaboration between
social network theorists and computer scientists to develop algorithms that make theoretically grounded
recommendation based on the structure and dynamics of the community’s network.
access to knowledge , collaboration , data mining , information content , interdisciplinarity , knowledge
Keywords:
networks , multi-level networks , mtml model
Accepted: Yes
85 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sarah Cope
Authors: Sarah.Cope@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk
Home Office, London, UK
Using Social Network Analysis to Study the Behaviour of an Organised Crime Group and its Response to Police
Title:
Interventions
The UK’s Home Office has responsibility for cutting crime, especially violent and drug related crime. To do this
effectively it requires robust evidence about the behaviour of organised crime groups involved in the supply of
drugs and how these groups react to police interventions. Recently the Home Office conducted a study to
determine whether SNA can be used to provide this evidence. An organised crime group involved in the supply o
drugs in an area of the UK was studied retrospectively. The data used in the study were taken from police
Abstract: intelligence reports spanning a 3 year period. The analysis showed that SNA was able to provide useful
evidence, such as: the group were operating in a hierarchical structure; the position a network member held in
the hierarchy was influenced by their role in the network; the structure of the social network was different to the
task network; how the structure of the network changed in response to police interventions; and that the group
were still able to operate even after the arrest and subsequent incarceration of the group leader. This paper will
discuss how these results and others were derived.
Keywords: organized crime networks
Accepted: Yes
86 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Rense Corten
r.corten@fss.uu.nl
Authors: Michal Bojanowski
Bastian Westbrock
Utrecht School of Economics Utrecht University Janskerkhof 12 3512 BL Utrecht The Netherlands
Title: The Dynamics of the Global Network of Inter-Firm Alliances
This paper studies the dynamics of the network of inter-firm R&D alliances on an
international and cross-industry scale, over the period 1990 - 2002. Previous research has
shown that the number of collaborative relations between firms has substantially
increased. A drawback of many of those studies is however that they focus only on the
firms that participate in at least one alliance, thereby neglecting changes in the total
number of firms. We re-examine empirical regularities from previous studies on R&D
alliance networks from an explicit network analysis perspective by complementing data on
established alliances with data on firm populations. We study the network evolution in
terms of overall density as well as regional and sectoral segregation using an extended
Abstract: version of Freeman's segregation index. Moreover, we investigate the development of
governance modes for R&D partnerships.
In the first place we find that, controlled for the changes in the firm population, the
network of R&D alliances is very sparse and becomes even less dense over time. Second,
segregation by nation is decreasing, indicating globalization. Third, segregation by
industry is consistently higher than segregation by nation, but shows no clear temporal
pattern. Fourth, the share of joint ventures among R&D alliances is decreasing in favor of
more flexible governance modes, suggesting an increase in trust. Finally, neglecting
changes in population sizes introduces significant biases to segregation analyzes but does
not seem to influence general descriptive statistics.
economic networks , globalization , inter-organizational , methodology , network dynamics , network
Keywords:
evolution , regional clusters , segregation
Accepted: Yes
87 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Rochelle Cote
rcote@chass.utoronto.ca
Authors: University of Toronto, Dept. of Sociology, 725 Spadina Ave., Toronto, ON M5S 2J4, Canada
Bonnie Erickson
University of Toronto, Dept. of Sociology, 725 Spadina Ave., Toronto, ON M5S 2J4, Canada
Title: Diverse Ties, Diverse Effects: Looking to Networks to Help Explain Tolerance towards Ethnic Minorities
What is the role of social networks in generating positive orientation towards minorities? Past work includes
debates concerning both which network variables encourage tolerance, and how network variables connect with
other sources of tolerance. These debates have been inconclusive
because earlier research did not include all of the necessary variables in the same data set. We report results for
the first survey to be so inclusive, the 2004 Canadian federal election survey. Our measure of tolerance is a
highly reliable scale of positive attitudes towards ethnic and racial minorities and immigrants. We find strength in
Abstract: weak ties: tolerance is not related to the racial diversity of friends, but does increase with the variety of middle
class contacts and decrease with the variety of working class contacts (measured through a position generator).
Different kinds of sources of tolerance have independent effects, contrary to some earlier arguments that network
effects may be spurious with respect to important individual attributes such as education and occupational
prestige, and that the effects of attributes and voluntary association participation may work primarily through their
impacts on networks. The pattern of results is consistent with both the contact hypothesis and the competition
hypothesis.
Session: N/A
Keywords: social networks , ethnic minorities , tolerance , canada
Accepted: Yes
88 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sarah Cotterill
Authors: busshc@leeds.ac.uk
University of Leeds England
Title: Using Social Network Analysis and qualitative research in case studies of public sector partnerships.
An increased role for electronic government is a central plank of the UK government’s modernisation agenda,
with the aim of improving local government efficiency and increasing its accessibility and responsiveness to local
citizens. This research examines the network of relationships between individuals and organisations involved in
sub-regional e-government partnerships in the UK. These partnerships variously involve officers from different
departments within a number of local authorities, councillors and other public organisations such as police, fire
and health services. The research explores how local authorities and their partners work together to implement
electronic government, identifying the issues, challenges and successes.The policy contribution will evolve from
Abstract: an increased understanding of the social networks underpinning complex service innovation.
This paper focuses on the methodology adopted during the study: a systematic literature review and comparative
case studies of three sub-regional e-government partnerships using a combination of social network analysis and
qualitative interviews. Network data was collected from participants using a short questionnaire to ascertain who
they dealt with in relation to e-government. This data was analysed using Ucinet. The social network data was
then used during qualitative interviews and workshops to generate discussions on why the network looks the way
it does and learn more about the meaning behind the surface of the relationships. This approach has helped
create a richer picture of e-government partnerships than could be found from social network analysis alone.
Keywords: social networks , mixed methods , local government , governance , partnership
Accepted: Yes
89 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Bruce Cronin
Authors: b.cronin@greenwich.ac.uk
University of Greenwich, Business School, Park Row, Greenwich, London, UK SE10 9LS, UK
Title: The Decline of the New Zealand Business Roundtable
New Zealand’s experiment with radical neoliberalism in the 1980s was closely associated with the establishment
of the country’s most vociferous lobby group, the New Zealand Business Roundtable. From its origins as a
reaction by Auckland manufacturers to a surge of industrial action in the mid 1970s to the conscious imitation of
its US namesake and formalisation from 1985, the group’s claims to speak for New Zealand’s biggest businesses
have been widely accepted. Yet a closer examination of the place of this lobby group in the nexus of power
relations among large New Zealand firms raises major questions about the role of this group in the country’s
politics and the neoliberal policies it championed.
Abstract:
This paper traces the evolution of the New Zealand Business Roundtable in terms of the network of social
connections forged by interlocking directorships from its origins in the 1970s, through its political ascendancy in
the 1980s and its decline thereafter. It is argued that the group represented a particular section of the business
community, the financial sector, rather than business, or even big business, in general. It is further argued that
the lobby gained its influence from the relative power of the finance sector in business in the 1980s, more than
any autonomous activity, and that the lobby’s influence declined with the marginalisation of this sector in the
1980s.
Keywords: political networks , interlocking directors , social capital , informal networks , policy network
Accepted: Yes
90 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Juan Cruz
jdcruzg@unal.edu.co
Authors: Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
Fabio González
Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
Title: A Social Network Based Model for e-Mail Information Visualization
This paper presents a model for visualizing the information contained in a set of personal e-mails. E-mail
messages have a large amount of information; such information, in general, is not always visible to its owners.
For instance, e-mail users are usually aware of their contacts, but they are not necessarily aware of the
relationships between them. This information becomes explicit when a contact network is built based on the
information found in the header of a set of e-mails. In the same way, the set of topics, which reflect the interests
of the user and her/his contacts, could be made explicit by a topic map. This topic map is built based on the
keywords found in the e-mail subject, body and attachments.
The paper proposes an approach for visualizing the contact network and the topic map in an integrated image.
First, the topics or categories are identified by applying a clustering algorithm to a feature vectores extracted from
Abstract:
the e-mail, body, subject and attachments; second, the contact network is built based on the from, to, cc and bcc
fields of the e-mails in the set; third, the contact network is visualized as a social network, using a new layout
algorithm, and the network topics categorization information. The layout algorithm is based on an egocentric
configuration of the network: the main user is drawn at the center of the network, the contacts are drawn in
different concentric circles around the central node depending on the degree of separation from the main user.
Topics are displayed as "clouds'' surrounding some group of nodes. Those clouds may overlap since different
people may handle intersecting sets of topics.
The model was implemented in Java, and was tested using the Enron data set.
Keywords: information visualization , egocentric network , graph layout
Accepted: Yes
91 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Alexandra Curley
Authors: acurley22@gmail.com
Northeastern University, Center for Urban and Regional Policy, Boston, MA, USA
Title: Dispersing the poor: Relocation effects on social networks
This paper reports the results of an ethnographic study that followed residents from a Boston HOPE VI
redevelopment site throughout the relocation period. Findings focus on the effects of relocation on residents’
social networks—an important indicator of social capital. The goal of the study was to examine the dynamic
changes in low-income peoples’ social networks as they relocate to different types of communities. The research
examined the effects of HOPE VI relocation on residents’ social networks and found that residents had ties to
Abstract: people who provided social support and social leverage, as well as people who were draining. Overall, relocation
had a negative impact on participants’ supportive social ties; a positive impact by reducing draining ties; and no
impact on improving access to social leverage through bridging ties or the formation of new ties. Some women in
the study experienced a combination of positive and negative changes in their social networks. The findings
suggest that relocation effects on social networks can vary from person to person, and are not uniform the way
some theoretical perspectives and policymakers might expect.
qualitative research , changes in networks , exchange networks , functioning of social capital , friendship
Keywords:
networks , job seeking , negative ties , neighborhood community
Accepted: Yes
92 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Peter Dahlin
Authors: peter.dahlin@mdh.se
Malardalen university, School of Business, PO-Box 883, Vasteras S-72123, Sweden
Title: Joining the Forces of SNA and the European Business Network Perspective
Since the late 1970ies research has been made on business networks as a way to approach companies’
interaction and acknowledge the mutuality in the business-to-business setting. This interaction contains
exchange of various kinds, and behavioural aspects such as trust and commitment are used to describe what
constitutes these long-term business relationships. The influence from sociology is thus evident. The business
relationships affect each other, and this connectedness is what makes up the reason to describe a set of
business relationships as a business network. Studying business networks empirically is hard. Qualitative case
studies with focus on the parts, i.e. the actor and relationship, dominate. A lack of quantitative studies and focus
on structural aspects of the business networks have been noted, which opens up for making use of methods and
measures from the vast field of SNA. If using the methods, measures and reasoning with caution, in respect to
the differences, there are great opportunities for taking the business network concept further by learning from the
field of social network analysis.
This paper describes how SNA can be applied to business networks, and issues that must be handled. Previous
Abstract:
attempts to borrow methods and reasoning from sociology have ended unsuccessfully due to the inexpedience of
transferring some assumptions. For example, a person is able to have relationships with every other, whereas a
company can only do business with companies supplying or demanding their resources. Furthermore,
delimitation issues are described and studies of change examplifies a topic which could benefit from a structural
approach.
The paper describes an actual set of data in which SNA is applied on business networks, and the discussed
issues are described from the actual data set. The data has been collected from newspaper articles and
describes mergers and acquisitions among Swedish IT-related companies during 1994-2003, holding more than
3000 companies, over 1300 M&As and over 3100 relationships.
Increased understanding of the structural mechanisms of business networks could take the business network
field further. By approaching business networks as structures, and reaching the characteristics and mechanisms
of it, SNA could make the business network concept more than just a metaphor!
Keywords: business networks , dynamics on networks , inter-organizational , network structure
Accepted: Yes
93 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

James Danowski
jimd@uic.edu
Authors:
University of Illinois at Chicago, Communication, MC 132, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607,
USA
Title: A Comparison of Software for Automated Network Analysis of Text
Since network analysis of text, based on coding word cooccurrences, was introduced (Danowski, 1982; 1986;
1988) several software packages for automated statistical analysis of text have been reported in the literature:
WORDLINK (Danowski, 1986; 1988; 1993a; 1993b, 2007), CATPAC (Woeflel, et al., 1992), VBPRO (Miller,
1997), CRAWDAD (Corman, 2002), AUTOMAP (Diesner & Carley, 2004, and LEXIMANCER (Smith &
Humphreys, 2006). Each of these packages enables some form of network analysis of text, either through built-in
routines or by formatting word cooccurrence data for input to standard network analysis packages such as
NEGOPY, UCINET, and PAJEK.
While most of these network content analysis programs have a somewhat similar approach to identifying word
Abstract:
cooccurrences, the programs have different pre-processes, post-processes, graphics, input file limits, data
processing capacities, and data import/export features. To date, none of the programs except WORDLINK and
CATPAK have been compared using the same textual corpora, which lead CATPAK to adopt the WORDLINK
algorithm for identifying word cooccurrences.
This paper reports on a comparison of the six word cooccurrence-based packages using a large textual corpora
consisting of the full text of all email exchanged in an organization over an 18-month period. The relative
advantages and disadvantages of the software packages are discussed based on the empirical results.
Recommendations are made for the most effective applications of the packages in analyzing text networks.
automated text network analysi , word networks , semantic networks , network-based content analysis ,
Keywords:
network analysis of text
Accepted: Yes
94 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Galina Daraganova
gda@unimelb.edu.au
University of Melbourne, School of Behavioural Science, Department of Psychology, Victoria, Australia
Pip Pattison
Authors: University of Melbourne, School of Behavioural Science, Department of Psychology, Victoria, Australia
Garry Robins
Peng Wang
Title: Social influence models
Social influence models
Galina Daraganova, Pip Pattison,
Garry Robins, Peng Wang
University of Melbourne,
School of Behavioural Science,
Department of Psychology,
Victoria, Australia
Abstract: In this paper we review a general class of models for location-dependent interactive social processes originally
developed by Robins et al (2001). Here we present an extension of the social influence model based on
non-Markovian neighbourhood assumptions. The model expresses interdependent actor attributes as a function
of exogenous relational variables, other exogenous attribute variables, and spatial location. Model parameters
reflect a variety of different influence effects, and we discuss the theoretical basis of each of these effects.
The application of the model is discussed in the context of a study designed to examine the potential role of
social networks and individual level factors in understanding persistent patterns of spatial clustering in
unemployment in Australia.
Session: N/A
Keywords: social influence , social network , network structure , attributes
Accepted: Yes
95 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dietrich Darr
dietrich.darr@forst.tu-dresden.de
Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of International Forestry and Forest Products, Pienner Str. 7, D-01737
Authors: Tharandt, Germany
Jürgen Pretzsch
Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of International Forestry and Forest Products, Pienner Str. 7, D-01737
Tharandt, Germany
The influence of structural and functional network properties on the spread of agroforestry innovations within
Title:
farmers groups – Evidence from Eastern Africa
Novel ideas and farming practices spread, and often enough even evolve, through interpersonal interaction and
communication in rural communities. Hence, facilitating cooperation and exchange among farmers becomes a
core objective of most extension interventions. Formal and informal farmers groups can play an active role to
promote the diffusion of knowledge and technologies and thus to improve the efficiency and efficacy of the
technology extension efforts.
This paper explores structural and functional group-level and ego network-level characteristics of formal and
informal farmers groups to explain the spread of agroforestry innovations and tree management related
knowledge among the group members. Specifically, it was hypothesised that at the group network level group
activity, composition and cohesiveness facilitate the spread of the technologies among group members; and
Abstract:
household centrality and prestige are positively related to household-level innovativeness. The technology
adoption behaviour of individual farm households serves to operationalize the diffusion variable.
Four full sample surveys of approximately 200 households each have been conducted in two districts of Kenya
and Ethiopia, respectively. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, expert interviews,
group discussions and rankings, as well as observation. Data was analysed employing sociometric and statistical
software packages.
The research results clearly support the main hypotheses. Recommendations refer to the improvement of formal
and informal farmers groups in order to facilitate the agroforestry extension work.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: diffusion , forestry , farmers groups
Accepted: Yes
96 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Surja Datta
Authors: surja.datta@gmail.com
University of the West of England, School of Strategy and International Business, Bristol, UK
Title: It's a Small World: Social Identity and Trust in Offshore Outsourcing
This paper argues that social ties that are made on a substrate of social identities are a source of the initial trust
that is required for procuring services from geographically dispersed regions. The study is based on affiliation
networks of the founder entrepreneur of 40 successful outsourcing firms based in India. The study finds that a
significant number of these entrepreneurs had major North America affiliations prior to setting up their firms in
India, a fact that assumes significance in a context in which over 60% of offshore outsourcing transactions takes
place out of North America. Integrating social network with transaction cost economics also provides a better
Abstract: conceptual framework to explain the growth of offshore outsourcing that has traditionally been explained in terms
of labour cost arbitrage. Looking at offshore outsourcing as transactions that are embedded in social ties can
explain why such transactions have been limited only to certain geographic regions. In the presence of very few
technological barriers, the question to be asked is not why such growth, though exponential, has been witnessed
but rather why the growth has not even been higher. Conceptualising social ties as a resource that fosters initial
trust building amongst network partners leads to the suggestion that there are inherent limitations to growth of
such transactions.
Keywords: cognitive networks , social identity , inter-organizational , social capital , trust
Accepted: Yes
97 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

George Davis
gbd@cs.cmu.edu
Authors:
Carnegie Mellon University, CASOS Lab / COS Program / School of Computer Science, 244 39th St., Pittsburgh,
PA 15201, USA
Title: Networks from Paths: A Relational Perspective on Geospatial Traces
Network analysis is the study of structure in simultaneously existing relationships. However, these relationships
can often be directly observed only through a series of short lived and mutually exclusive interactions over time.
As an example, this talk examines two datasets which track the sequential movements of merchant vessels from
one port to another within a region. We present several methods for extracting network data from these
Abstract:
sequential observations, ranging from simple algebraic methods to probabilistic graphical models which combine
a variety of evidence to infer possible relations influencing movement patterns. We explore the advantages and
disadvantages of each technique, and briefly discuss the reverse problem: generation of sequential behaviors
from networks.
Session: Methods and Statistics
Keywords: spatial structure , 2-mode , bipartite networks , statistical models
Accepted: Yes
98 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kristin Davis
k.davis@cgiar.org
International Food Policy Research Institute PO Box 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251.11.645-8812 (From
the US dial 1-650-833-6696 x 2506) Fax: +251.11.646-2927
Authors:
David Spielman
International Food Policy Research Institute PO Box 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Martha Negash
International Food Policy Research Institute PO Box 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Title: Links to innovation: an analysis of ethiopian smallholder networks
This paper describes how social networks contribute to the ability of Ethiopian smallholders to innovate, that is, to
make use of new or existing knowledge and technology in their decisions about agricultural production. Social
network and institutional ranking analyses are used to illustrate how networks contribute to smallholder
innovation, based on data gathered from participatory rural appraisals and supplemented by household-level
survey data, document analysis, and key informant interviews.
Abstract:
Findings demonstrate important differences between smallholders in a given community and between
communities, including network size, and sources of knowledge/information, inputs/materials, credit/finance, and
market linkages/price information. We conclude that public sector services play an important role in enabling
smallholder innovation, and that alternative service providers are of less importance. Given the persistence of
rural poverty combined with a drive toward greater smallholder commercialization, these findings suggest the
need for further diversification in the role of both market and non-market actors to foster greater innovation.
Keywords: access to knowledge , methodology , social capital
Accepted: Yes
99 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ainhoa de Federico
federico@univ-lille1.fr
Authors:
Maître de Conférences, Institut de Sociologie et d'Anthropologie, Université de Lille 1, IFRESI, 2 rue des
Canonniers, 59000 Lille, France.
Title: Cross-national friendships and European identifications
Macro belongings to abstract "imagined communities" (Anderson 1983), such as nations, are grounded on the
generalized inductive transfer, encouraged by institutions of the interpersonal experience of trust and solidarity.
Trust and solidarity are first learned in the interactions taking place sphere of kinship, then in friendship that goes
beyond primary family solidarity into more abstract solidarity in universalistic societies (Eisenstadt 1956).
The national social contract is founded on the ideal model of friendship solidarity. The ideal fraternity announced
by the nation serves to hide and justify , the power and instrumentality that the order of the nation-state exerts
(Eisenstadt 1984). Meanwhile, friendship sustains the social contract while it is relegated to the private sphere
due to its subversive potential (Paine 1969).
Abstract:
What happens then with cross-national friendships? The paradoxical figure of the "foreign friend" introduces
tensions between the foundations of abstract solidarity and the experience of interpersonal solidarity.
According to the institutional logic of national states a cross-national friend should be considered as a foreigner,
but to the logic of friendship and interpersonal trust and solidarity, a friend almost by definition could not be
considered either stranger nor foreign. Much less if the belonging of this cross-national alter is guaranteed by his
embeddedness in a network of trustworthy relations.
Using hierarchical regression analysis we examine the effects of macro (institutional and ideological) and meso
(dyadic friendship and trust guaranteed by the network) factors on the categorization of cross-national friends in a
sample of 218 European exchange students.
Keywords: cross-national friendship , identification , friendship networks , european identity
Accepted: Yes
100 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tjip De Jong
tdejong@kessels-smit.nl
Authors:
University of Twente, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, tdejong@kessels-smit.nl, Enschede, Overijssel 3581CD,
The Netherlands
Title: Social capital, social networks and knowledge productivity
This paper presents a theoretical framework on the relation between social capital, social networks and
knowledge productivity within organizations. In our knowledge economy, the competitive advantage of
organisations relies on the capability to adapt to the changing environment by the continuous generation and
application of new knowledge (Harrison & Kessels, 2004). This specific capability is described as knowledge
productivity. In this paper and the related study the construct of knowledge is described as a social process of
interaction between organizational members. If we consider organizational knowledge as a ‘social process of
knowing’ (Huemer, Von Krog & Roos, 1998. p.140), social capital and the supportive theories offer a conceptual
Abstract:
framework for study and understanding this process. This perspective provides argumentation that the
composition and relation between social capital and social networks affects the organizational ability to become
knowledge productive. This paper will theoretically conceptualise that knowledge productivity can be described
as a continuous learning process. Henceforth, this paper elaborates on the notion that these learning processes
can only take place in a social environment in which the structural and relational perspective of social networks
play a facilitating role. This paper explores the dynamics of these powerful learning processes within social
networks that take place in a rich landscape of social capital.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: intellectual capital , social capital , access to knowledge , innovation
Accepted: Yes
101 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Maurits De Klepper
mc.de.klepper@fsw.vu.nl
VU University Amsterdam, Public Administration & Organization Science, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam,
Noord-Holland 1081HV, Netherlands
Gerhard Van de Bunt
Authors:
VU University Amsterdam, Social Science Research Methodology, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam,
Peter Groenewegen
VU University Amsterdam, Public Administration & Organization Science, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam,
Title: The dynamics of intra-organizational advice networks
This paper addresses the question of how advice networks evolve over time within organizations. A range of
papers argue (Ibarra, 1992; Casciaro & Lobo, 2005; Nebus, 2006) that individuals initiate and maintain work
relationships such as advice because of affective and instrumental motives. Empirical studies investigated these
motives simultaneously using exogenous attributes such as gender similarity and skill complementarity (e.g.
Hinds et al., 2000). Few studies, however, examined these two motives together with (endogenous) network
mechanisms - such as the tendency to establish reciprocal and transitive relationships - despite that in
intra-organizational network studies these mechanisms have been shown to be relevant (e.g. Van de Bunt,
1999).
Abstract:
In our paper we combine affective and instrumental motives with these network-mechanisms to test a more
comprehensive model. Specifically, we aim at an examination of advice-asking by looking at the temporal
opportunity structure within the organization, task dependencies between co-workers, similarity in work values,
friendship between co-workers, complementarily in task skills and network effects like reciprocity and subgroup
formation.
We present the results of a three-wave longitudinal network study that took place at a Dutch hospital department.
The data are analyzed using a simulation-based statistical inference method for the evolution of social networks,
called SIENA.
Keywords: network dynamics , intraorganizational networks , informal networks , actor-driven modeling
Accepted: Yes
102 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wouter De Nooy
deNooy@fhk.eur.nl
Authors:
Erasmus University Rotterdam, History & Culture Dept. (L2-12), P.O. Box 1738, Rotterdam NL 3000 DR, The
Netherlands
Title: Matthew landscapes. Segmentation and concentration in reward systems visualized.
In his seminal paper on reward systems in science, Robert K. Merton introduced the Matthew Effect (Science
159 (1968) 5, 56-63), viz., the tendency of rewards to accumulate. Merton showed that the awarding of a Nobel
Prize to scientists increased the probability of receiving other types of rewards, such as research grants.
Merton’s reward system contains a set of rewards, a set of potential beneficiaries, and a set of awards linking
elements from these two sets, which can be conceptualized as an affiliation or 2-mode network. The Matthew
Effect can be formulated as a hypothesis on the dynamics of this network, predicting an increasing concentration
of awards among beneficiaries.
Casting a reward system in the mould of a 2-mode network, our attention is drawn to the similarities and
Abstract: differences among rewards. As in the example of the Nobel Prize, rewards vary with respect to their social
prestige. Organizations may try to increase the prestige of their rewards by selecting the same beneficiaries as
more prestigious rewards. However, rewards are sometimes targeted at different types of beneficiaries or reach a
particular segment due to the selection procedure. Segmentation among rewards will decrease the concentration
of awards, weakening the Matthew Effect.
This paper presents a visualization approach showing both concentration and segmentation. It positions rewards
and their beneficiaries in a plane showing segmentation, adding the value of awards as heights expressing
concentration. This yields a landscape, which evolves over time. The approach will be applied to the system of
rewards for visual artists in The Netherlands, 1984-2005.
2-mode , 3-dimensional visualisation , network dynamics , network landscapes , networks across time ,
Keywords:
visualization , reward systems
Accepted: Yes
103 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Rich DeJordy
Authors: dejordy@bc.edu
Boston College Organization Studies Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA
Title: Introduction to E-Net, a software package for the analysis of ego networks
This paper presents E-NET, a software package designed specifically for the analysis of ego networks. The
program facilitates the analysis, visualization, and comparison of ego-network data, including the calculation of a
number of standard ego network metrics. Specific capabilities include summarizing the demographic composition
of the network (e.g., % women alters, average income of alters, etc.), summarizing the heterogeneity of the
Abstract: network (Blau’s heterogeneity index, standard deviations, etc.), measuring levels of homophily (similarity of ego
to alters on attributes), measures of structural holes and brokerage, and generating relational crosstabs (e.g.,
how many ties occur between people of different religions, or how ties connect members of different political
parties to members of different religions). A comparison of E-NET with more traditional network analysis tools
(e.g., UCINET/PAJEK) for these analyses is also presented.
Session: egocentric network
Keywords: egocentric networks , social network analysis tools , methodology
Accepted: Yes
104 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Dekker
Authors: david.dekker@gmail.com
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Econometrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Title: Ordinate or Subordinate to Social Norms: Role Stress in different Simmelian Broker Roles
In complex organizations people experience many different and changing expectations. In organizational
behavior theory the concept of roles stress expresses the psychological consequence of facing multiple sets of
social expectations. Krackhardt (1999) shows that brokerage of Simmelian ties makes people more prone to
experience role stress. Simmelian ties are ties embedded in cliques, which develop their own set of expectations
The argument is that a broker of Simmelian ties inherently has to cope with different sets of expectations, which
lead to role stress. This implicitly assumes that a Simmelian broker holds a solitaire position and is always
subordinate to the different sets of expectations she bridges. In fact, Simmelian brokers need not be solitaire and
neither be subordinate to different sets of social norms. In case of two structural equivalent Simmelian brokers a
Abstract:
partner exists that faces the same sets of expectations. Hence, a possible ally exists that may help to coordinate
responses to different demands, as well as develop expectations in a mutual beneficial direction. In case of three
structural equivalent Simmelian brokers a clique of Simmelian brokers exists that all have incentive to develop a
dominant set of stable expectations among them on how to manage sets of expectations in the different cliques
of which they are all members. In this paper we empirically study the social influence structural equivalent
Simmelian brokers have on each other and the amount of role stress they experience. Data are collected in three
different complex organizations. Results suggest that a distinction between ordinate and subordinate Simmelian
brokers enhances development of theories on Simmelian ties.
Keywords: attitudes , belief systems , brokerage , coordination , dependence , framing , trust , role stress
Accepted: Yes
105 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mario Diani
Authors: mario.diani@unitn.it
University of Trento, Faculty of Sociology, Via Verdi 26, Trento 38100, Italy
Title: Weak ties vs. strong ties in civil society networks: interactions or social relations?
In the first part of this paper I review available concepts of civil society and suggest how looking at the weak vs.
strong ties distinction may illuminate some important aspects of the dynamics behind interorganizational
networks and citizens’ organizing. I discuss in particular two different versions of strong ties, one based on
frequency of interaction, the other, on the content of ties - in particular, the embeddedness of alliance ties in the
Abstract:
bods created by overlapping memberships. The second section introduces the British study, based in Glasgow
and Bristol, which provides empirical grounding to this approach. Finally, I show how different versions of strong
ties generate different structures of civil society, one highly centralized, the other, closer to a polycentric,
decentralized model.
Keywords: associations , civil society , inter-organizational , political networks
Accepted: Yes
106 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jana Diesner
jdiesner@andrew.cmu.edu
Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science Institute for Software Research Center for
Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) Pittsburgh, PA USA
Authors: Kathleen Carley
Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science Institute for Software Research Center for
Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) Pittsburgh, PA USA
Harald Katzmair
FAS.research Network Analysis for Business & Enterprise San Francisco, CA USA
The morphology of a breakdown: How the semantics and mechanics of communication networks from an
Title:
organization in crises relate
Previous research suggests that the patterns of intra-organizational communication change during crises.
Additionally, network-analytic studies indicate that during organizational crises interpersonal communication
becomes intensified, diversified, and tends to by-pass formal chains or hierarchies of communication more
strongly. However, the connection between the semantics and the morphology of communication networks from
organizations in crises is not well understood yet.
In our project we investigate this possible relationship by studying e-mail networks. The data set we use is the
Enron email corpus. Our research is based on the assumption that communication networks are the place where
organizational culture and identity are created through discourse and the circulation of stories. We furthermore
Abstract: assume that the semantic and structural mechanism of this process change during crises. More precisely, for the
times of crises we hypothesize that
a) The network segmentation and cohesion of network clusters increase, because people engage in strategic
alliances and small groups with trusted others.
b) The interpersonal usage of antonyms increases, because antonyms are one way or indicator for establishing
and distinguishing identity.
c) The semantic entropy of communication networks decreases, because the discourse drifts towards polarized
ends of themes and issues.
In our presentation we report on our findings with respect to these hypotheses.
Keywords: semantic networks , organizational crisis
Accepted: Yes
107 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jan Kornelis Dijkstra

jan.dijkstra@rug.nl
Authors:
University of Groningen / ICS Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology Grote
Rozenstraat 31 9712 TG Groningen The Netherlands Phone: +31-50-3636208 Fax: +31-50-3636226
Title: Being Liked or Disliked:A Dual Perspective on Acceptance, and Rejection of Popular Adolescents by their Peers
A central feature of adolescent’ peer groups is the relative ranking of members on the dimension of popularity.
Almost every peer group contains a limited number of adolescents with a popular status. Despite that popular
adolescents seem highly attractive for affiliation, they are not automatically liked (i.e., accepted), but also disliked
(i.e., rejected) by their peers (LaFontana & Cillessen, 2002).
However, findings from previous research are based on the aggregated scores for the whole sample.
Consequently, explanations for acceptance and rejection of popular adolescents by their peers only pertain to the
aggregated level. These studies do not explicitly test for the effects of characteristics and behaviors of popular
adolescents on their relations with peers on the dyadic level. Hence, it does not help us to explain why the same
popular adolescents are liked by some peers, and disliked by others.
The present study was undertaken to examine on the dyadic level under what conditions adolescents are more
likely to accept, or reject their popular peers. To this end, we address the effects of antisocial and positive
Abstract:
characteristics of both popular adolescents and peers by means of the p2-model, especially suited to analyze
relationships on the dyadic level (Van Duijn, Snijders, & Zijlstra, 2006). Data stem from about 50 networks in
school classes.
Word Count: 229 (without references)
LaFontana & Cillessen, LaFontana, K. A. & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2002). Children's perceptions of popular and
unpopular peers: A multimethod assessment. Developmental Psychology, 38, 635-647.
Van Duijn, M.A.J., Snijders, T.A.B., & Zijlstra, B.J.H. (2004). P2: a random effects model with covariates for
directed graphs. Statistica Neerlandica, 58, 234-254.
Keywords: adolescence , centrality , multi-level networks , social relationship , affiliation networks , peer networks
Accepted: Yes
108 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Marya Doerfel
Authors: mdoerfel@scils.rutgers.edu
Rutgers University, Dept. of Communication, SCILS, 4 Huntington St., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Title: Reconnecting and Rebuilding Organizations and their Social Networks Following Disaster
Hurricane Katrina caused wide-spread disaster on every level of civil society in New Orleans and its surrounding
areas. Physical destruction deleted whole neighborhoods, technological destruction cut phone contact and other
communications throughout the city, and social destruction broke apart the ties that bind. Although much is
understood about social networking and its ancillary benefits, in general, the specific case of New Orleans’
situation provides a unique opportunity to extend an understanding of the social processes associated with
building – and now, in New Orleans case, rebuilding – civil society. Unique to rebuilding the social capital is that
former trusted partners are not necessarily back, and for those who have returned, social, financial, and
informational resources vary greatly. This study extends social capital and social support theories to the context
of returning and rebuilding by organizational and business leaders following a natural disaster. The focus is on
Abstract:
the organization-level aspects of embeddedness and scope and diversity of networks in understanding stories of
return. Accounts about how leaders got their businesses and organizations back up and running while
simultaneously reconnecting and rebuilding their social networks show the advantages gained from a
combination of human, financial, and social capital. Since December 2005 (following the regional devastation
caused by Hurricane Katrina), field research and in depth interviews with over 50 organizational and business
leaders/owners have been conducted. Follow up interviews and new participants continue to be added with
ongoing field research trips to New Orleans.
*Funding for this study was provided by National Science Foundation grant # 0554959.
corporate social capital , disaster response , inter-organizational networks , interviews as data ,
Keywords:
organizations , qualitative network
Accepted: Yes
109 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Bethany Dohleman
bwotal@cyrus.psych.uiuc.edu
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Quantitative Psychology Champaign, IL, USA
Harold D. Green, Jr.
Science of Networks in Communities (SONIC), National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of
Authors: Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Dmitri Williams
Department of Speech Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Noshir Contractor
Department of Speech Communication & Science of Networks in Communities (SONIC), National Center for
Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Title: Putting Some ‘WoW’ into Modeling Longitudinal Networks
This study models the co-evolution of communication networks and perceived expertise among members of a
Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game called World of Warcraft (WoW). Specifically, this study tested
multi-theoretical multilevel hypotheses about what motivates an individual to create expertise-seeking advice ties
from other players within their virtual communities, called guilds. Previous research found that, consistent with
Transactive Memory theory, guild members are marginally (although significantly) more likely to go for advice to
those who they perceive has expertise on a certain topic. However, based on their assessment of the advice they
received, members might recalibrate their perceptions of others’ expertise. Thus the members’ advice networks
co-evolve with the perceived expertise of other members.
In this study, building on our earlier findings, we focus specific attention on the dynamics of this co-evolution. We
used SIENA to test hypotheses about how co-evolutionary dynamics vary for WoW communities that have
multi-modal means of communication (audio and text) versus uni-modal means of communication (text only).
Further, we test hypotheses about how the co-evolutionary dynamics are themselves time-dependent – changing
Abstract:
more immediately after introducing new communication technologies than compared to later in the timeline.
Nine guilds received a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) headset, allowing them to communicate with each
other using audio and text means. Changes in network structure and guild member attributes in these treatment
groups are compared with changes in seven guilds who served as controls, relying only on text means.
Results reveal that mechanisms associated with the co-evolution of network structure and perceived expertise
levels varied between treatment and control guilds. For example, experts in guilds who use VoIP are more likely
to identify and approach other experts for advice, supporting theories of homophily and suggesting that the
primary driver of guild formation is bonding. Other advanced modeling techniques reveal that, for guilds that use
VoIP, rates of communication are larger in the initial time interval than in other time intervals. Similar patterns are
not found in control guilds. This study compares the patterns of network evolution for control and treatment guilds
and demonstrates new statistical tools for investigating how communication strategies change over time.
access to knowledge , actor-driven modeling , dynamics on networks , network evolution , siena , statistical
Keywords:
models
Accepted: Yes
110 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Silvia Dominguez
s.dominguez@neu.edu
Authors: Department of Sociology Northeastern University 350 Huntington Ave Holmes 525 Boston, MA 02115
Isidro Maya Jariego
Departamento de Psicología Social Universidad de Sevilla Campus de Ramón y Cajal 41.005-SEVILLA (Spain)
Title: The Other Side of Acculturation: are immigrants integrated in the personal networks of host individuals?
Abstract. There has been a vast amount of research on the changes experienced by immigrants, but little is
known about the changes experienced by host individuals. This article focuses on the role of host individuals in
the networks of relations between immigrant populations and the communities from the dominant culture, as well
as the changes experienced by host individuals because of the continuous contact with immigrants. This
research applied a network approach to the study of the acculturation of host individuals. Two independent
studies were carried out: a systematic analysis of the personal networks of Argentinean (n = 67), Ecuadorian (n =
59), Italian (n = 37) and German (n = 37) residents in Seville and Cadiz (Spain) (Study 1); and an ethnographic
Abstract: study with human service workers for Latin American immigrant USA (Study 2). With two different strategies, the
role of host individuals in personal networks of foreigners in the United States and Spain was analyzed. The
results show that host individuals tend to have less centrality than compatriots, showing an overall secondary role
in the personal networks of immigrants. The lowest average centrality was observed in recent and temporal
migrants, whereas the highest corresponded to the individuals with more time of residence in Spain. The
personal networks of human service providers in USA vary in ethnic composition and in their structural
properties, and therefore shape different type of integrative bridges for immigrants.
Session Organized by Silvia Dominguez & Betina Hollstein
Keywords: acculturation , immigrants , personal networks , centrality , mixed methods , host individuals
Accepted: Yes
111 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Patrick Doreian
Authors: pitpat@pitt.edu
University of Pittsburgh, Sociology, Department of Sociology 2602 WWPH, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
Title: Routes to and From the English Premier League
The movement of football (soccer) players between countries to ply their trade is an enduring phenomenon that
has lasted for over a century. These movements generate networks between clubs and countries that can be
studied in a variety of ways within different designs. The usual design considers teams representing their
countries in the World Cup Final and note where these players play their club football. Such data are two mode
network data and provide snapshots every four years of the links between countries. Such images obscure a
more complicated network of player moves between countries and clubs. Another framework is to look at
aggregate moves between the FIFA sanctioned regions to establish an overall image of the structure of
international football. Yet another complementary framework is to study all of the players for a single prominent
Abstract:
league over an extended period of time. Using the English Premier League (EPL) as such a football destination,
data have been assembled for the entire careers of players for two seasons (1992-3 and 2006-7) with a view to
examining the distribution of routes that players make to and from the EPL. These routes vary greatly in their
length (ranging from 0 to 28 moves at the latest count) taking the forms of paths, walks and treks between clubs
and through countries. These routes are located in a very complicated network for the clubs involved and a less
complex network for the nations through which these players move. Algorithms for identifying shortest and
longest paths are of little value in studying the movement of players in these networks. Some of the mechanisms
that generate these routes are discussed.
Keywords: social geography , trade , world systems
Accepted: Yes
112 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Joss Douthwaite
jossdouthwaite@jerseymail.co.uk
Authors:
Health and Social Services, Bienvenue,, La Charriere du Bourg,, Grouville, Jersey JE3 9UN, Channel Islands,
UK
Evaluating cross functional teams: comparing managerial expectations and team members’ perceptions through
Title:
use of SNA
How can government departments work together to solve complex problems? One approach is to set up a cross
functional team with members drawn from the various departments. However, these teams frequently experience
problems pooling their knowledge and skills and also in acting as brokers between the rest of the team and the
departments to which they belong.
The literature suggests these problems could be due to inflexible organisational structures (e.g. home
departments are too rigid) or competing professional and social identities. This study uses SNA to map out the
relational ties between professionals from several government departments and agencies who participated in a
Abstract: cross functional Youth Action Team on the island of Jersey, UK. The team deals with children identified as 'at risk
of offending' or who are already involved with the youth justice system. The purpose of the SNA was to identify a)
the commissioning managers’ expectations for the cross-functional team network (i.e. ‘ideal network’); b) team
members’ perceived ties between themselves 12 months after the team was set up (i.e. ‘actual network’); and c)
team members’ perceived ties between them and their home departments (i.e. team members' ‘ego networks’).
Results show that the relationships between team members and their home departments affects both the level of
integration within the team and the individual team members' ability to liaise between their home departments
and the rest of the team.
Keywords: interdisciplinarity , intraorganizational networks , social capital , brokerage
Accepted: Yes
113 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lydia Drumright
ldrumrig@ucsd.edu
University of California, San Diego Department of Family and Preventive Medicine Division of International
Health & Cross-Cultural Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
Susan Little
Authors: University of California, San Diego Department of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
Douglas Richman
University of California, San Diego Department of Pathology La Jolla, CA, USA Veterans Affairs Healthcare
System, San Diego, CA, USA
Simon Frost
University of California, San Diego Department of Pathology La Jolla, CA, USA
Using Social Network Methods to Analyze Phylogenetic Clustering of HIV among Recently-Infected MSM in San
Title:
Diego, California
Background: Molecular analysis of HIV transmission clusters can help elucidate risk factors for transmission at
the network level. Applying social network analysis approaches, we examined correlates of transmission clusters
among men who have sex with men (MSM) with recent HIV infection.
Methods: 285 MSM with recent HIV infection were recruited between June 1996 and 2006. Sequences of the
HIV-1 pol gene were compared to determine clustering, defined as less than 1% nucleotide divergence between
two individual’s viruses. Exponential random graph models were fitted to the cluster matrix to determine factors
associated with clustering between individuals.
Results: The mean sequence divergence between individuals was 5.6%; 90 individuals (32%) belonged to a
Abstract: transmission cluster. There was no significant change in clustering over time (odds ratio (OR)=1.02, p=0.15).
Individuals sampled further apart in time were less likely to cluster (OR=0.6/yr, p<0.01). Individuals were less
likely to cluster together if they were discordant by age (OR=0.96/yr, P<0.01) and more likely to cluster if they
had drug resistant virus (OR=3.0, p<0.01). There was a trend for individuals with acute infection to cluster
(OR=1.5, p=0.08).
Conclusions: Previous studies have considered correlates of belonging to a cluster, rather than belonging to the
same cluster. We overcame this potential ecological fallacy by treating a pair of individuals with similar HIV
strains as the outcome. Our results suggest that that there may be sub-epidemics with higher levels of drug
resistant virus; and that people with acute infection are more likely to transmit HIV to others.
hiv , clustering , epidemiology , ergm (p*) , sexual contacts , sexually transmitted infection , men who have
Keywords:
sex with men , hiv drug resistance
Accepted: Yes
114 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andrea Edgar
Authors: andrea.edgar@usma.edu
USMA, West Point, NY
Title: Network Visualization for Analysis of Terrorist Organizations
Abstract
Against conventional thinking, even the strictest organizations are not merely hierarchal systems. Many times
other connections exist that result in a more dynamic, complex, and intricate social network. Understanding how
people are interconnected through various channels can provide a great deal of information as to how a specific
network functions and operates. The advantage that a social network diagram has is that it can provide a
graphical representation of where key actors are located and what their role in the network is.
As Social Network Analysis is a growing science, little research has been conducted on how organizational
members interpret graphical representations of their own networks. Applying Chris Wickens’ Model (1988) and
Signal Detection Theory, this experiment focuses on the user's ability to correctly interpret and identify the "key
actors" in a social network diagram. Participants were evaluated on four different graphs which varied four
features of graphs: node size, edge weight, edge count, and distance from the center. Our research found that
Abstract:
inexperienced users identified key leaders based more on line thickness than node size. Therefore there is a
higher correlation between edge thickness and selection of key leaders on a graph than with any of the other
three aforementioned graph features.
Building on that previous research and experimentation, new graphic representations are being built and tested.
Applying Social Network Analysis to the analysis and identification of possible suppliers and detonators of
terrorist organizations is the context in which this experiment was conducted.
Using Gestalt, Tufte, and graphic design principles, five factors were identified as being possible contributors to
either inhibiting or facilitating graph readability: node size, node color, line color, line thickness, and contrast. By
varying one, or a combination of these factors, a participant’s ability to correctly interpret the data on the graph
varies. This research shows the effect that changing aspects of the graphic representation can have on
interpretation of the data.
Keywords: data representation , experiment , terrorist networks
Accepted: Yes
115 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christofer Edling
Authors: christofer.edling@sociology.su.se
Stockholm University, Dept of Sociology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
Title: Local elites networks in Sweden
We study the patterns of formal and informal interpersonal affiliations connecting different categories of local
decision makers empirically, on the basis of theories grounded in the classics of elite studies, as well as in
contemporary network analysis. We sample five Swedish municipalities, and for each of these we collect detailed
ego-network data from approximately 30 persons and Complete” network data for a 100-node network.
The findings reported in this paper are the results of a pilot study conducted in a municipality located in the region
of Stockholm, in late spring 2006. The three main objectives of this limited study have been to (1) empirically
explore the methodological feasibility of network data-collection in a Swedish local elite setting, to (2) draw upon
these experiences in further fine-tuning our data-collection instruments and to (3) examine the observed network
Abstract:
structures for a preliminary discussion of substantial results. The study draws on interviews conducted with a
sample of seventeen local business leaders, politicians and the administrative leadership of the municipality at
hand. Two types of professional and private social networks have been studied: (a) the self reported, ego-based
networks of the interviewees and (b) the total networks of the interviewed elites. Results confirm the feasibility of
social network data-collection in Swedish local elite settings, and provide us with important insights regarding, for
instance, the optimal size of the sample population, and the design of the data-collection instruments. The
empirical results demonstrate systematic subdivisions within the studied elite, according to both their individual
characteristics and collective interests.
Keywords: local elites
Accepted: Yes
116 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kate Ehrlich
katee@us.ibm.com
Authors: IBM, Research, 1 Rogers St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
Inga Carboni
Boston College Carroll School of Management Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
Building better teams by building better leadership: The role of instrumental and affective ties in the networks of
Title:
successful team leaders
Teams are a fundamental unit for organizing work in most enterprises. But as teams take on the appearance of
loose networks, reflecting the multiplicity of relationships and responsibilities within and without a single unit, the
role of the leader may need to be re-thought. Recent research on leadership has highlighted the importance of
building intra-organizational instrumental and affective relationships. Team leaders in particular are encouraged
to facilitate relationship-building among team members. However, little is known about how different types of
Abstract:
leader-member networks impact team performance. We studied leadership in 20 sales teams; 10 teams who had
high growth and 10 that were struggling by looking at their role across 8 networks half of which represented
affective ties and half of which represented instrumental ties. The leaders of the high performing teams differed
significantly from their counterparts in their role within the affective as well as their role in the instrumental
networks. There was no difference in personal performance.
Session: Leadership Networks
Keywords: business networks , leadership and networks , inter-organizational , coordination
Accepted: Yes
117 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kenth Engø-Monsen
kenth.engo-monsen@telenor.com
Authors: Geoffrey Canright
Valencia Remple
University of British Columbia, BC Centre for Disease Control Epidemiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Title: Topographic spreading analysis applied to a Vancouver sex workers’ network
We report on an application of the “topographic” analysis of spreading on networks to the empirically obtained
network of female sex workers (FSW) and their customers in Vancouver, Canada. The topographic analysis uses
eigenvector centrality (EVC) to define regions (subnetworks) in which spreading is fast and fairly predictable in its
progression, and has been well supported by simulations. This is however the first application to a sexual
network—furthermore, one for which the “starting” (currently) infected nodes are known. The data source is from
a network study conducted with indoor FSW in Vancouver, Canada. Interviews were conducted with 49 FSW
Abstract:
from seven indoor sex establishments. The interviews elicited proxy data on up to 10 of each of the respondents’
sex partners (first order partners), and proxy data on any known partners of their partners (for example, wives,
girlfriends, or other FSW). The resultant network was a fully connected component of 553 nodes with 2996 edges
(1% density). We will give the predictions, obtained from the analysis, for spreading of HIV—and (if time permits)
other STDs under varying assumptions. Also, we will use the analysis to propose specific preventive measures,
and their likelihood for retarding the spread of the infection.
Session: Sex, Drugs, and Social Networks
Keywords: canada , commercial sex workers , hiv , model-based simulation , sexually transmitted infection
Accepted: Yes
118 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Eliza Eranus
eliza.eranus@uni-corvinus.hu
Authors: Corvinus University of Budapest, Sociology, Valyog utca 5 szam 3 emelet 11 ajtó, Budapest 1032, Hungary
László Letenyei
Corvinus University of Budapest Sociology
Title: Telehouse or private house?
The spread of personal computers and internet connections across households cannot be considered as a
typical diffusion of innovations process in Hungary contrary to western economies. The reason for this is that
these processes are highly influenced by governmental programs. One of the most important of these is
“telehouse” (later e-Hungary access point) program, which developed a network of public internet access points
across the contry, including the small villages.
This paper questions if “telehouse” program is the most effective way of increasing digital literacy. We compared
the “telehouse” program with placing personal computers and internet access to private households for certain
Abstract: period. To answer this question we made an experimental research in a Hungarian small village. We analyzed
the spread of computer and internet-knowledge from the point of view of relations and social network.
The results show that if people has personal computers and internet-connection placed at their home, the
diffusion of computer and internet-knowledge in their ego-network is more efficient compared to the case, when
they use the computers at the public access points. Our results show that that people tend to share their
computer and internet knowledge to their strong ties like their family and their best friends. This means that the
method of implementing computers and internet-connections in households gives an opportunity to decrease the
relatively high Hungarian indices of digital divide by the social connections between people.
Session: Public-Private network interaction
Keywords: experiment , personal networks , social capital
Accepted: Yes
119 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Bonnie Erickson
ericson@chass.utoronto.ca
Authors: University of Toronto, Sociology, 725 Spadina Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J4, Canada
Rochelle Cote
University of Toronto, Sociology, 725 Spadina Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J4, Canada
Title: Varieties of Social Capital and Their Sources
One of the most important sources of social capital is the variety of people in a person’s entire social network,
including weak as well as strong ties. However, there are several kinds of variety, known to have different
consequences. This paper distinguishes five kinds of variety: (1) the number of different occupations in which the
focal person knows anyone, (2) the number of middle class occupations in which the person knows anyone, (3)
Abstract: the number of working class occupations in which the person knows anyone, (4), the number of occupations in
which the person knows a man, and (5) the number of occupations in which the person knows a woman. We
show both some common patterns and some variations in how these different kinds of social capital are related
to age, gender, education, work and family roles, voluntary association participation, and area of residence, using
the 2004 Canadian federal election survey.
Keywords: canada , personal networks , social capital , inequality , gender
Accepted: Yes
120 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Emily Erikson
Authors: erikson@soc.umass.edu
University of Massachusetts, Sociology, Sociology Dept/SADRI, 240 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Title: Integration of Economic Systems: Interaction between Networks
Market expansion has been abstractly conceived as the expansion of one system, for example, the expansion of
capitalism from northern Europe across the world. In fact, market expansion is almost inevitably the integration of
two or more economic systems: the integration of the multiple economic systems into one European Union, the
opening of China to U.S. businesses, or the articulation between barter and cash economies on Lake Titicaca. I
consider the structural effects of different patterns of integration. Trade networks often have a core-periphery
structure. This implies six coarse categories of integration. For example, core actors may establish links with
Abstract: another system as in imperialist expansion; semi-peripheral actors may initiate trade; marginal figures may link
different trade networks, as was common in pre-modern commerce; or actors may link across types. I first
consider static models of integration by class of actor and the effect on network characteristics tied to the
distribution of goods and information within the network. I then move to a dynamic model of interaction, where
actors update their interaction preferences based on changes in the network structure created by previous actor’s
decisions. Finally, I build in additional complexity by considering how a constant flow of goods across the network
is affected by the emergent structures and is channeled into different distributions of resource allocation.
Keywords: trade , economic networks , dynamics on networks , globalization , world systems
Accepted: Yes
121 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Henrik Ernstson
henrik@ecology.su.se
Stockholm University, Departement of Systems Ecology, Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Sverker Sörlin
Royal Institute of Technology, Division for History of Science and Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Thomas Elmqvist
Stockholm University, Departement of Systems Ecology, Stockholm, Sweden
The role of social network structure in informal protection of green areas and urban ecosystem services in
Title:
Stockholm
Exploitation of green areas often reduces the capacity of urban ecosystems to produce local ecosystem services
(reduction of air pollution, noise reduction and recreational space). In Stockholm, a social movement has
succesfully protected a biodiversity rich central park of great size (27 km2) and forced management to operate
on a more fitting ecological scale. A social network analysis, based on a questionnaire to 60 organisations,
revealed a core-periphery structure where core members are cultural and nature protection groups with many
contacts to authorities, and where periphery members instead tend to be user organisations with many days in
the park (e.g. sports, boating and gardening groups). The structure integrates information from within and outside
Abstract:
the movement to core members, giving them a brokerage position which has enabled them to develop effective
methods for political action and to control the agenda of the movement. Periphery members secure legitimacy for
the political project as well as acting as sensors for what is happening on the ground. However, there are traces
of division; especially allotment gardens have formed their own component suggesting an ideological cleavage
between heavy use of the park and admiring it for its aesthetic values. The case points out structural network
factors to why social movements can shift power and transform governance systems and thus play an essential
role in bringing forward improved ways of managing urban green areas.
Session: Acivist Networks and Global Movements
Keywords: brokerage , governance , urban green areas , social movements , core-periphery structure
Accepted: Yes
122 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Martin Everett
m.everett@wmin.ac.uk
Authors: University of East London London UK
Steve Borgatti
Boston College Organization Studies Chestnut Hill USA
Title: Induced Centrality
A graph invariant is a number derived from a graph that does not change if the nodes are re-labelled. A simple
example would be the number of nodes or the number of edges. In some circumstances we can use a graph
invariant to derive a centrality measure by determining to what extent each individual node contributes to the
overall graph invariant. We call this induced centrality. One method would be to delete the node and see how the
Abstract: graph invariant changes and use this as measure of centrality. Hence we first compute the invariant on the
original graph to obtain a value say K, we would recompute the invariant on the graph with a vertex x removed to
obtain the value P. The induced centrality of x is simply K-P. As an example take the graph invariant as the total
number of edges then the induced centrality turns out to be the familiar degree centrality. In this paper we
investigate the class of induced centrality measures.
Keywords: centrality
Accepted: Yes
123 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nikos Fakiolas
Authors: nfakio@ekke.gr
Greek National Center for Social Research Athens Greece
Title: Social networks in the Greek health-care system
Social capital consists of actual or potential resources that inhere within social networks or groups for personal
benefit (R. Carpiano, 2005). Several research efforts have been made to understand how community factors
impact health and well being. Some authors argue that social capital adds more to the physical and psychosocial
balance of the people than health manpower itself (R. Rose, 2000), since social networks reflect social
inequalities which influence health and the access to health services (J. Lomas, 1998). A considerable amount of
social capital is connected to lower premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, but not from cancer (A.
Abstract:
Kimberly, , et.al., 2003). On the other hand, it is important to explore the characteristics of the people who seek
additional help from their social networks.
Part of a research project on health (sample aged 40 years and over) of the National Center for Social Research
addresses these questions. It provides several data, which connect social capital with the state of health of
specific social groups of the Greek population. Support to the people who need additional help is mainly offered
by individuals, relatives or professionals and rarely by organizations or other social institutions' officials.
Keywords: health care providers , social capital , social capital and health
Accepted: Yes
124 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tanja Falkowski
Authors:
falkowski@iti.cs.uni-magdeburg.de
Title: Discovering Communities in Environments with Fluctuating Members
Communities are highly dynamic social networks whose structure changes over time. We observe communities
where members leave while new ones join and the community is still there even if all of its original members have
left. However, a community is typically defined at each point by its current members and the evolution is analyzed
by observing changes in their interaction behavior. Thus, if the membership of a community changes it is no
longer recognized as the same community.
To capture this phenomenon, we propose to define a community as a persistent structure in a graph of
interactions among fluctuating members. We find these communities by detecting the structural breaks between
them. Our method for community detection in changing environments involves three steps: At first we partition
Abstract: the time axis and cluster the interaction graph to find community instances of densely connected individuals. In
the second step we build a graph of similar community instances and apply a clustering to detect groups of
similar instances. In the third step we detect structural breaks that indicate periods when communities are
separated.
We evaluate our approach using data from an online community of international students. This community
exhibits, due to the fact that many students leave/join before or after semester breaks, a large amount of
fluctuating members and thus several structural breaks along the time axis. We show that we are able to detect
these significant changes that are caused by a high fluctuating membership and/or a highly changing interaction
behavior.
changes in networks , community structure , communication graphs , dynamics on networks , network
Keywords:
evolution , visualization , subgroup identification , longitudinal
Accepted: Yes
125 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yiwei Fang
suyan2006@gmail.com
The School of Management, Xian Jiaotong University, No.28 Xianning West Road, Xian City,710049, Shaanxi
Authors: Province, China
Yang Zhang
Department of Industrial Engineering, The School of Management, Xian Jiaotong University, No.28 Xianning
West Road, Xian City,710049, Shaanxi Province, China
Title: Formation of Social Networks with Heterogeneous Actors
This paper studies a strategic network formation problem in the settings of heterogeneous actors. By cost-benefit
analysis, we reveal the features of efficient networks and stable networks, which arise when rational actors make
decisions to trade off the costs of forming links against the potential benefits from doing so. A distinct result
derived from analytical reasoning is that the actor with the lowest intrinsic utility plays a central role in static
equilibriums. Motivated by this finding, we propose an index called "utility attribute" to measure the degree to
Abstract: which the intrinsic value of the observed actor is lower or higher than that of the average level. Through a
simulation-based approach, we examine how utility attribute affects the efficiency and stability of network
formation. In the context of organizations, our findings in both analytical reasoning and simulation probe into two
issues below. (1) Why does a subordinate, rather than a superior, often play a significant role in informal
organizations? (2) To what degree a superior is rich in his capacity and resources can help the organization to
perform as its best?
Keywords: network evolution , network structure , social network , economic networks , heterogeneity
Accepted: Yes
126 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dimitri Fazito
fazito@cedeplar.ufmg.br
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Centre of Development and Regional Planning, Rua Alvaro Alvim 126Bairro
Authors: Alto Caicara, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30775, Brazil
Weber Soares
Federal University of Minas Gerais Department of Geography and Urban Planning
The qualitative network research applied to the international migration phenomenon: the case of irregular
Title:
Brazilian emigration to US
Social scientists have associated the causality chain of migration with the existence of social networks. However,
such association is only metaphorically apprehended. We discuss briefly some methodological possibilities of the
Social Network Analysis applied to the study of migration (Network of Flows Model; Full Migration Network
Model; Actor Network Model). Then we present a sensitive proposal application of qualitative network
methodology for the study of social networks in the migration process.
We applied Chris McCarty´s (2002) Personal Network model to the study of a typical case of international
emigration of Brazilians to US. In this qualitative research we interviewed 50 international returned migrants
residents in the Governador Valadares city (the Brazilian city with the largest proportion of families with
Abstract: international emigrants to US). Then, we reconstituted their personal networks looking for structural patterns (a
sort of typical topology) that might configure the international migration. We aimed the identification of the
complex brokerage system of mobster migration organizations resposible for the irregular flows to US and
particularity of such international migration system.
We present in detail the combination of qualitative techniques (daily ethnography and in-depth interviews) for the
production of "map networks" used in the displacement process. Such "symbolic maps" should represent the
structural pattern of displacements embedded not only in the physical but mainly in the social space of national
societies. At the end, we raise some issues on the validity of the application of qualitative network research for
the explanation of causality chain in the migration phenomenon.
Keywords: intermediaries , migration networks , mental maps , personal network methods , qualitative network
Accepted: Yes
127 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Scott Feld
sfeld@purdue.edu
Authors:
Purdue University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907
USA
Title: Rediscovering the Infrastructure of the Small World
In their original consideration of the Small World Phenomenon, Poole and Kochen speculated that severe
clustering could lead there to be great network distances between actors in different clusters that are far removed
from one another. Consequently, they were surprised by the results of their own thought experiments that
showed relatively short network paths even between farflung members of society. Milgram surprised many others
by empirically showing that people could actually find short paths through social networks that would connect
apparently farflung members of society. Other social scientists following them (e.g. Bernard and Killworth, Lin)
investigated the nature of those short paths, and what those paths suggested about the underlying network
structure that supported them.
Yet, their discoveries about the systematic nature of the short paths and the organization of the underlying
networks have been largely lost in recent rediscovery of the small world phenomenon. Watts proposed that
“random shortcuts” could make the connections underlying short paths, but there is no evidence that there really
are ties that approximate the properties of random shortcuts. Barabasi proposed that “sociometric superstars”
could make the connections underlying the short paths, but the Barabasi model also seems to assume
“randomness” among the connections of superstars to others.
Abstract:
This paper revisits sociological discoveries about the systematic (non-random) organization of large scale
societal networks that underly short societal paths traversing those networks. Specifically, we suggest that
societal networks can often be described in terms of a core and periphery (c.f. Borgatti and Everett) such that a
short path between any starter individual and any target individual can be constructed from three parts, 1)a short
path from the starter to some member of the core, 2)a short path from that core person to a second core person
closer to the target, and 3)a short path from that second core person to the target individual. Thus, we suggest
that it is often useful to decompose a large scale societal network into a core and periphery such that: a) Every
member of the core is connected to every other member of the core by a short network path; and b) Every
member of the periphery is connected to some member of the core by a short network path. It follows that every
member of society is connected to every other member of society by no more than two short paths from the
periphery to the core and one short path across the core.
We consider theoretical reasons to expect such a societal core-periphery structure, methods for finding the core
and periphery within a network, and further implications of
this type of core-periphery structure for such things as predictability of diffusion, network stability over time, and
robustness of measurability over missing data.
Session: Small World Research
Keywords: social geography , network structure , core-periphery , small world , horizontal/vertical networks
Accepted: Yes
128 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Thomas Fent
Authors: thomas.fent@oeaw.ac.at
Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Institute of Demography, Vienna, Austria
Title: On the Emergence, Stability, and Replacement of Social Norms in a Dynamic Network
How individual behaviour is determined or at least influenced by social norms is one of the classic questions of
social theory. We consider a norm as a rule guiding individual decisions concerning rituals, beliefs, traditions, and
routines. Whenever coordinated behaviour is enforced without the help of an authority, this may be due to social
norms. The individual being in the situation of taking a decision at the micro level is guided by social norms
imposed at the macro level. The set of all individual decisions in a society generates the macro level behaviour of
the system which may strengthen or weaken the existing social norms. Thus, the long run development of social
norms is the result of collective dynamics within a social network.
We use an agent based simulation model to investigate the emergence, stability, and replacement of social
Abstract:
norms within a population of artificial agents. A social network connecting the agents serves to communicate the
social norms and the actual behaviour among the agent population. The agents in the network possess two types
of links connecting them with their ingroup and with their outgroup, respectively. Agents have the desire to be
associated and accepted by the members of their ingroup and they want to be different from the members of
their outgroup. Consequently, they derive a utility from adhering to the social norm of their ingroup and from
deviating from the social norm of their outgroup. Agents may adopt their behaviour according to the norms given
by their ingroup and outgroup and they may replace members of their ingroup and outgroup. Thus, our model
explains under what conditions social norms prevail within a subgroup of the society or even become global
norms being respected within the whole population.
Keywords: network dynamics , social networks , social norms , agent based modelling
Accepted: Yes
129 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Paulo Figueiredo
paulo.figueiredo@gmail.com
Authors:
Romana Xerez
Miguel Mira da Silva
The Impact of Computer Based Communication on the Emerging of a Social Structure: the Analyses of two Case
Title:
Studies in Organizations
How does computer based communication contribute to networking in
organizations? We propose to analyze the influence of this network on
problem solving in organizations. A Pre-Internet analyses based on physical
contact, often around the coffee machine, is becoming less and less
important. Distance do not matter and many organizations are now spreading
globally, using outsourcing and offshoring, and taking advantage of Internet
technologies to "virtualize" the office. Many co-workers meet every day on
Skype but never saw each other. Many others work from home. Some companies
don't even have a physical office. Our data compares two different case
Abstract:
studies in organizations. We used software to extract data automatically
from the mail server, telephone exchange and messaging server. This data was
stored on a relational database according to SNA. Reports were produced
using the standard database reporting and analysis tools. We propose to
analyse how workers exchange information with co-workers, friends, relatives
and significant other using emails, telephone calls and messaging chats.
This paper describes the emerging of a Social Structure and we expect this
analysis will detect problems and come up with solutions to help the
organization exchange information quicker and better.
Keywords: social networks , structure of collaboration , intraorganizational networks
Accepted: Yes
130 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Karen Fisher
fisher@u.washington.edu
Authors: The Information School of the University of Washington Box 352840, Seattle, WA USA 98195-2840
Tammara Turner
Community Technologies Group Microsoft Research Redmond, WA USA
Title: Qualitative Network Research: Methodological and Theoretical issues.
Women in the United States spend 4-7 trillion dollars annually and make 80% of household consumer decisions.
Scant research, however, has examined women’s role as family shopper. This study explored the importance of
women’s social networks in their role as shopper for non-grocery items. Using Fisher’s information grounds
theory (informal information flow in social settings), interviews were conducted with fifteen women ages 18
Abstract: through 70 for two hours followed by one hour of participant observation as they shopped in a large urban mall.
This talk addresses: (1) issues with over-reliance on a single protocol for identifying network data, (2) the need
for including informal and formal social settings as an alter focal point, and (3) why traditional hard social network
metrics are un-needed when using a qualitative perspective with deeper interest in understanding the intrinsic
nature and meaning of relationships, and (4) ways of bolstering "trustworthiness" (in Lincoln and Guba's terms).
Keywords: methodology , qualitative network , qualitative research
Accepted: Yes
131 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andreas Flache
a.flache@rug.nl
Authors: University of Groningen, Department of Sociology, Groningen, The Netherlands
Michael Mäs
University of Groningen, Department of Sociology, Groningen, The Netherlands
The later, the better? Modeling effects of relationship timing on social cohesion in demographically diverse
Title:
teams.
Lau and Murnighan’s faultline theory argues that strong demographic faultlines in work teams may undermine
team cohesion. The theory implies that if demographic differences between group members are correlated
across various dimensions, the group is likely to fall apart into segregated subnetworks separated by strong
opinion differences. Our paper proposes a rigorous formal and computational reconstruction of the theory.
We integrate four elementary mechanisms of social interaction, homophily, heterophobia, social influence and
rejection into a computational representation of the dynamics of both actors’ opinions and their social relations.
Computational experiments demonstrate that that stronger demographic faultlines elicit more network
segregation aligned with more opinion polarization, consistently with faultline theory.
Abstract:
We then study effects of “relationship timing” (Moody 2002). While Moody has proposed that relationship timing
may greatly affect diffusion dynamics, we show that it may also help to temper the negative effects of strong
demographic faultlines in work teams. Computational analyses reveal that negative effects of strong faultlines
critically depend on who is when brought in contact with whom in the process of social interactions in the group.
More specifically, we demonstrate that faultlines have hardly negative effects when groups are initially split into
demographically homogeneous subgroups that are merged only when a local consensus has developed in each
subgroup. Contrary to other prominent theories of intergroup relations (e.g. contact theory) this suggests that
more intergroup contact may deteriorate intergroup relations under certain conditions.
actor-driven modeling , model-based simulation , network dynamics , simulation study , relationship timing ,
Keywords:
demographic faultline , teams
Accepted: Yes
132 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nikos Fokas
Authors: fokasz@ludens.elte.hu
Eotvos Lorand University, Department of Social Relations, Budapest, Hungary
Title: Political clientelisme as scale free network, Electoral behaviour in Epire
In my paper I would like present an application of scale free networks in the field of political sociology. From the
researches of Statis Damianakos we know that in Epire the influence of deputies who have a widespread politica
clientelist network forms a particular shape. As he noticed some candidates was able to obtain more than 80 per
cent of votes in their natives’ villages and from there their influence decrease gradually and concentrically.
However a strict distance dependence - supposed by Damianacos - can't be verified. In contrast I observed that
there is a relation between a number of villages and a level of influence, and we can easily conclude that in some
case the electoral results present a special structure. This result is very important because the above mentioned
Abstract:
dependence is the same which were observed in the cases of scale free networks between the scaling factor and
the number of pieces.
Since the interpersonal relationship of clientelism has obviously hierarchical character we can easily support that
the votes of Averof as well as these of Fontzos have a self-similar character. It is very important that this shape
of votes connect only to politicians who have a widespread political clientelist network. An other candidate
Derdemezis for example who without this traditional clientelisme had in this period also a great political influence
didn't present this structure
Session: Small World Research
Keywords: political networks , scale-free network , small world
Accepted: Yes
133 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Janna Fortuin
Authors: jfortuin@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
Leiden University Department of educational and child studies Leiden, the Netherlands
Title: Selection and influence of high school social network members: do goals matter?
Whenever the development of social networks of high school students is studied, it is apparent that dynamics of
behaviour are closely related to the dynamics of the networks. Certain characteristics of students might make
them more attractive to others (selection effects), but concurrently, the students might chance certain
characteristics because of their peers (influence effects). Both selection and influence effects have been
demonstrated in high school samples with regard to for instance alcohol consumption or music taste. Within
educational studies, there has been an emphasis on more educational characteristics such as goal directed
behaviour, and coordination of students’ goals and goals enforced (or encouraged) by the school. It is unclear
Abstract:
what, if any, role peer networks play in this goal endorsement and what role goals play in the development of
these networks. In this project, we combine both educational theories and social network studies to study both
goals and network development. A first analysis is presented of six (8th grade) classes in one Dutch high school.
Measurements of both goal endorsement and networks (in the form of students liking each other) within
classrooms were taken during three waves across one school year. Using SIENA, we model both the influence
the network has on goal endorsement of individual students and the selection processes that occur during this
school year.
adolescence , dynamics on networks , friendship networks , network coevolution , peer networks , selection
Keywords:
effects , siena , educational goals
Accepted: Yes
134 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Pacey Foster
Authors: pfoster@aptima.com
Aptima, Inc, 12 Gill Street, Suite 1400, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
Title: Beat research: Citation networks in sample-based music production
In rap music, producers routinely sample segments of other songs to construct new compositions. As producers
select from musical back catalogs for raw materials, they generate networks of citations between new and older
works. While reference and citation is common in many artistic forms, the widespread commercial reuse of
copywritten material was an early indication of the transformative impact that digital technology has had on
creative industries ever since. Long before music downloading, sample-based music production pushed the
boundaries of legality and generated much discussion about the political, legal and artistic implications of digital
music production. Despite the fact that these practices generated extensive network data on the relationships
Abstract:
between sampled songs and the songs that reference them, formal network research methods have not been
applied to understanding sample-based music production. Using a collaboratively generated data base of rap
music samples, I present the results of an exploratory study that shows how sample-based production generates
networks of citations with surprising non-random characteristics. In particular, the status rankings provided by
citations to original works are not well explained by traditional variables like mass market popularity. By exploring
the networks of citations among songs via samples, we can gain a deeper understanding of the social practices
underlying this important art form.
Session: Networks in Cultural Industries
Keywords: cultural industries , community of practice , citation network
Accepted: Yes
135 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Stephanie Fox
sjfox@sfu.ca
Authors: Simon Fraser Univerdsity, School of Communcations, Vancouver, Canada
Julia Wilson
Simon Fraser Univerdsity, School of Communcations, Vancouver, Canada
Title: Why Aren’t They Stealing My Ride? A Social Network Analysis Examination of Bait Cars
Auto theft in Vancouver, Canada has been on a steady decline since 2004, the year the province’s police force
and its partners inaugurated the bait car program, whose success includes a 25% reduction in auto theft since its
inception. In the program, bait cars, equipped with surveillance technology, GPS positioning transmitters, and
remote controlled disablers, are placed strategically in areas known for auto theft, effectively serving as bait for
would-be car thieves. Another major component of the program is a province-wide awareness-raising campaign
that runs across multiple media platforms. The RCMP, Canada’s federal law enforcement agency, credits the bai
car program with deterring “entry level youth” from stealing vehicles, while those caught by the program are the
most wanted car thieves of organized car theft networks in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The RCMP
Abstract:
believes these networks are behind a massive increase in the number of exported stolen cars over the last
decade, and that they are linked to other organized crime networks across Canada and internationally,
particularly in the developing world where limited supply of vehicles drives demand for organized auto theft.
This study examines the structure of these networks in the Vancouver area and the various relations between the
individuals involved. It relies on data gathered from police records and from interviews with police and
government officials as well as businesses associated with the automobile industry. Its shows the effect of the
bait car program on the structure and nature of these organized crime networks.
Key words: Bait cars, organized crime networks, auto theft
Keywords: organized crime networks , criminal networks
Accepted: Yes
136 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Markus Franke
franke@iism.uni-karlsruhe.de
Institute of Information Systems and Management Universität Karlsruhe (TH) 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
Authors: Bettina Hoser
Jan Schröder
Title: Enlarging personal networks through transitive clustering
A phenomenon in social networks is the transitive closure, i.e. the question whether for
instance a friend of a friend can also be (or become more easily) a friend of mine. We study the
prediction of such closures - or parts thereof - without the need for parameter estimation. Our
results are based on an analysis of the EIES data set that contains the state of a researcher
network at two distinct points in time. For the analysis, we use the restricted random walk
cluster algorithm to detect related pairs of persons that share no relationship at the beginning.
Abstract: The algorithm scales well for large data sets and generates a hierarchy of overlapping clusters;
this allows asymmetrical inclusions of persons in each other's clusters, depending on the
direction of the original relation. The relations found in the clusters are evaluated against the
newly established relations contained in the data set's second part, where the share of relations
found correctly by the algorithm is used as precision measure. A good precision of about 86% is
achievable, but only for a small part of the data set. When using larger clusters, more relations
are found - at the expense of the results' quality.
clustering , network change , network dynamics , network evolution , networks across time , personal
Keywords:
networks
Accepted: Yes
137 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andreas Frei
andreas.frei@ivt.baug.eth.ch
Authors: Institut for Transport Planning and Systems (IVT), HIL F 36.2, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
Timo Ohnmacht
Department of Sociology, University of Basle, Petersgraben 27, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.
Title: Social Geography and Job Mobility: Whose Private Life causes more Work?
Economies of scale, economies of scope and infrastructures like highways or airports provide us the possibility
for an economical growth, which leads to bigger markets. But bigger markets cause also bigger professional
activity spaces, which changes the requirements and needs of the society toward an ego and vice versa. These
requirements are highly linked to social networks, especially to their geographical dispersion.
This paper addresses the size and the structure of egocentric social networks focusing on how the geography of
social networks depends on events in the mobility biography and on sociodemographic factors. We investigate
the influence of the events during the life course, such as change of job, relocation and school career on the size
Abstract: of egocentric network. The experimental goal was to visualize the egocentric network geography and calculated
a measure for each case in the dataset. Within the given activity space, as a result of the individuals mobility
biography, the interest is also directed toward the organisation of social networks in terms of physical travel and
meetings through ICT technologies. The network geography figure for each dataset represents the “social activity
space” of an actor and is the dependent variable in multivariate data analysis. Therefore, the question to be
asked is whether the fulfilling of mobility chances and requirements during the course of life (e.g. job seeking)
induces geographically far-flung networks. The evidence shows that young and highly educated male actors with
frequent relocations are confronted with dispersed network geography.
Session: Egocentric networks and job seeking
Keywords: job seeking , inter-individual , social capital , social geography , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
138 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Thomas N. Friemel
th.friemel@ipmz.unizh.ch
Authors:
University of Zurich, Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research, Andreasstrasse 15, Zuerich, ZH
8050, Switzerland
Title: The network structure of the knowledge gap
The knowledge gap hypothesis is an intensively discussed topic in mass communication science. It assumes that
the information gap between well and poorly informed people widens when additional information is provided.
This holds true for political information as well as other topics which are important for individuals and the society
as a whole. Traditionally the empirical testing of the hypothesis focuses on factual knowledge. This study uses
another approach by analysing cognitive associative networks. Data were collected using a representative panel
survey with three waves (N=1’068). Subject of the survey was a national referendum about a new foreigner and
Abstract:
refugee law in Switzerland which took place in September 2006. Respondents were asked for three spontaneous
associations on the subject of foreigners. These three items are treated as complete triads. To analyze “the
network structures of the knowledge gap” these individual cognitive networks were aggregated to bigger
networks by combining them according to various criteria’s (SES, pros and cons etc.). This presentation
discusses which structural characteristics these cognitive associative networks have, how they differ with regard
to different social groups and how they changed during the referendum campaign.
Session: Cognitive associative networks
access to knowledge , associations , belief systems , changes in networks , cognitive networks , immigrants ,
Keywords:
mental maps
Accepted: Yes
139 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Simon Frost
sdfrost@ucsd.edu
Authors:
University of California, San Diego, Pathology, UCSD Antiviral Research Center, 150 W Washington St, San
Diego, CA 92103, USA
Title: Modeling respondent-driven sampling of social networks using stochastic context-free grammars
Respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a kind of chain-referral sampling, is becoming an increasingly popular
approach of sampling 'hidden' populations, such as injection drug users and men who have sex with men. RDS
involves giving study participants a small number of coupons to give to other potential participants who are their
friends or acquaintances, and employs a 'dual-incentive' system, where individuals receive compensation for
recruiting others, in order to sustain the recruitment process. As a side-effect, RDS provides information on
mixing between different populations and, by asking individuals about their relationship to the person that
recruited them, the extent of overlap between social and sexual networks. Current analytical techniques treat the
Abstract: recruitment process as a Markov chain, which is inappropriate as individuals may recruit more than one
individual. We show how stochastic context-free grammars (SCFGs) can be used to model the tree-like
recruitment process, which allows us to test for non-random mixing between subpopulations (e.g.
infected/uninfected), for independence of characteristics between recruitees of a given recruiter, and for
differences in patterns of mixing between different populations in a likelihood-based framework. We also
demonstrate how simulations of SCFGs can be used to design strategies to target specific subpopulations,
through offering increased compensation for recruiting these subpopulations and/or more coupons to individuals
in the subpopulation.
Keywords: social network analysis tools , respondent driven sampling
Accepted: Yes
140 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jan A. Fuhse
Authors: jan.fuhse@sowi.uni-stuttgart.de
University of Stuttgart Institute for Social Sciences, Unit IV Stuttgart Germany
Title: The Culture of Social Networks
The presentation discusses networks as socio-cultural structures, with special emphasis on the cultural side. As
conceived by Weber, Schütz, and Luhmann, all social structures are inherently cultural in that they are based on
meaning. Following authors from von Wiese and Elias to Fine and White, networks are configurations of social
relationships interwoven with symbolic material.
Based on these various theoretical strands, the following propositions are advanced:
1. Social relationships are dynamic structures of reciprocal (but not necessarily symmetric) expectations between
alter and ego. Through their transactions, alter and ego construct an idiosyncratic ‘relationship culture’
comprising symbols, narratives, and relational identities.
2. Culture is intersubjective and thus rooted in social networks (rather than merely subjective).
Abstract: 3. Categories are inscribed in the culture of social networks.
4. Actual transactions are the result of this cultural pattering of networks.
5. The distinction between cultural and structural properties of a network is analytical rather than substantial.
6. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are necessary to analyze the the interplay between the cultural and
the structural levels of social networks. Qualitative network research is able to deal more thoroughly with the leve
of meaning.
7. Important topics for research include: Investigating the micro-processes of relationship formation, of network
strategies and dynamics, the coupling of social relationships in a network, the cultural imprint on network
structures (for example through role categories or cultural blueprints for relationships and network structure), and
the intersubjective construction of identities in networks.
Keywords: identity , methodology , social network , network culture , social relationship
Accepted: Yes
141 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yoshi Fujiwara
yfujiwar@atr.jp
Authors:
NiCT / ATR, CIS Applied Network Science Lab, Hikaridai 2-2-2, Seika-chou, Souraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288,
Japan
Title: Large-scale structure of production network and chain of firms bankruptcies in Japan
Production network refers to a line of economic activities in which firms buy intermediate goods from upstream
firms, put added-values, and sell productions to downstream firms, or consumers in the end of the line. The
whole set of these processes of putting added-values in turn forms a giant network of production ranging from
upstream to downstream, down to consumers. Net sum of added values in production network is basically the ne
total production, that is, GDP. Although production network, its structure and temporal change, are crucial in
understanding macro-economic dynamics, little has been hitherto studied by real data. Here we study a
Abstract: nation-wide production network comprising one million firms and links among them in Japan. Also we point out
that each link is usually a creditor-debtor relationship. If a firm goes into financial insolvency state or bankruptcy,
then firms on its upstream can have secondary effect from the bankruptcy. By using the data of bankruptcies, we
show that such network effect for bankruptcy is by no means negligible. In fact, nearly 20% of total debt is due to
such effect. Moreover, the link effect dominates, in probability, other causes for bankruptcy, such as poor
performance in business, for larger debt when bankrupted. We argue that the effect due to bankruptcy chain is
considerable in its ripple effect due to the heavy-tailed degree distribution.
Keywords: business networks , contagion , economic networks , productivity , scale-free network , trade
Accepted: Yes
142 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Crystal Fulton
Authors: crystal.fulton@ucd.ie
UCD School of Information & Library Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Title: Leisure, Learning, and Linking: The Social World of Irish Lacemakers
This paper explores the social world of older adults involved in the hobby of lacemaking and the connections they
develop within and beyond this community. In Ireland, the government has recently identified older adults as an
information poor group at risk for social exclusion (Information Society Policy Unit, Department of the Taoiseach,
2002). The Library Council of Ireland's Joining Forces report (2000), a landmark study of Irish culture and the
future of Irish libraries in meeting the needs of the public, and Ireland’s National Economic Social Forum
(www.nesf.ie), have similarly prioritized development of social inclusion for older adults.
Irish lacemaking, once a common and important means of economic support in Ireland, is now promoted and
practised in lace guilds as a leisure activity. Lacemaking may be characterized as serious leisure, that is an
amateur or voluntary activity in which the hobby forms a central life interest, with participants actively acquiring
Abstract: and expressing special skills, knowledge and experience (Stebbins, 1996; 1997). Information skills development
and information exchange are key features of lacemaking, with a variety of information and technical skills
needed to navigate the complex maze of resources which support this hobby. Lacemakers are frequently older
women, who are often retired and have time to devote themselves to hobbies.
A group of Irish lacemakers were observed as they interacted at lacemaking events hosted by their lacemaking
guild. From this group, twenty participated in interviews about their lacemaking, social connections within and
beyond their guild, and the role of lacemaking in their lives. By examining social connections in the lacemaking
community, we can learn about the various links lacemakers form with one another and how these links support
their information seeking behaviour. This analysis may help us understand the processes of learning and civic
involvement and inclusion through the hobby of lacemaking.
Session: Networks of Public Engagement and New Forms of Participation
leisure , inter-individual , social capital , information seeking behaviour , social worlds , older adults , social
Keywords:
inclusion
Accepted: Yes
143 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Simone Gabbriellini
Authors: simone.gabbriellini@sp.unipi.it
University of Pisa, Department of Social Sciences, Pisa, Italy
Title: Networks and Games: a MMORPG guild analysis.
The basic hypothesis of the research is that virtual communities produces “real” relational ties, and game
communities are a privilegiate place to observe this process: in fact, people often access a game’s community
just because they like to play to that game; after, they play the game and they access a guild, meeting people.
The anecdotal evidence is clear: people prefer to switch game and continue to play with “friends” rather than play
the old loved game with unknown people.
So I say that MMORPG communities, or better guild communities, migrate from a game to another. I want to
investigate the way this happens. Using Social Network Analysis to analyze the information flows, but also using
agent based computer simulation to reproduce (and understand) the migration mechanisms.
Abstract:
This time I will use the online forum, in which they discuss their own opinons about the game and their personal
life, to understand how the structure of that network is made up and who are the people that play a central or
strategical role in the community.
I have longitudinal data (more or less 3 years), so I can see the evolution of the relationships in the community in
that period.
My aim is to reconstruct the relationship between people using the messages they had exchanged in the forum; I
will then analyze the dinamic of the network using Social Network Analysis to understand the evolution of its
structure.
Session: virtual communities network
Keywords: internet/hyperlink networks , mmorpg network
Accepted: Yes
144 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Cristina Gagliardi
c.gagliardi@inrca.it
I.N.R.C.A.Italian National Institute of Research on Aging, Research Department, Ancona, Italy
Anna Vespa
Authors: I.N.R.C.A.Italian National Institute of Research on Aging, Department of Neurology, Ancona, Italy
Roberta Papa
I.N.R.C.A.Italian National Institute of Research on Aging, Research Department, Ancona, Italy
Simonetta Rossini
Oncologist, Associated Hospital Umberto I-GM Lancisi-G Salesi, Ancona, Italy
Title: Social support networks of women suffering from early stage breast cancer
The aim of this study was to investigate the areas of depression, anxiety and social support using the structural
model of the social network. By comparing the networks of two samples of women, healthy and with early stage
breast cancer, it is possible to identify differences in their relationships, in the shape of the networks themselves
Abstract:
and the correlation with the levels of depression and anxiety. The results showed that the levels of anxiety and
depression were higher in women with breast cancer and that the variables of social network and social support
differently correlate with depression and anxiety in the two groups.
Keywords: social network , social support , breast cancer , anxiety , depression
Accepted: Yes
145 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Cristobal Garcia
Authors: crisgh@mit.edu
MIT Comparative Media Studies,Cambridge,MA,US Columbia's Network Architecture Lab, NYC, US
Title: Mapping and Visualizing Organizational Electronic Networks in a Large European Accounting Firm
This paper consists on the analysis and visualization of organizational email networks of one hundred and fifty
(150) partners from all practices (A, B, C and D) in a large accounting firm of around 2,000 people distributed in
six (6) cities across a small European territory over a period of three months, i.e., from February to April of 2005.
We introduce and use TeCFlow, a Java-based software that analyzes and visualizes social network data from
email archives by building movies of them, illustrating their change across time, and by providing communication
frequency, number of emails among nodes, network position and role as well as measures of density and
centrality (degree and betweeness).
We found evidence that partners from practice A communicate more across linguistic boundaries than members
of practice B, C, and D do, that the type of practice/department matters more than the location (city) in terms of
Abstract:
information flows, and that C partners are more dispersed across the network. C partners exchange more emails
with B partners than with A partners. Overall, this organization’s network has both low betweeness and degree
centrality, and we observe a decreasing density towards the end of each month analyzed. We provide tentative
hypothesis for this behavior and network change. We also found that partners receive more emails than they
send out. However, there are clearly different individual patterns of email communication, and thus partners
(nodes) that might be considered “influentials, brokers, or gatekeepers” according to their centrality/peripherality
and position within the network. Finally, we summarize the findings and we discuss the overall characteristics of
this organization’s network ecology and its recurrent patterns as well as some privacy implications, and
guidelines for further work.
changes in networks , business networks , central actor characteistics , collaboration , core-periphery ,
Keywords:
organizations
Accepted: Yes
146 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Livia Garcia
Authors: lgarcia@uma.es
University of Malaga (Spain)
Title: Networks and Identifications: the diffusion of a European identity through personal networks
In the study we have carried out the assumption taken is that the identification with the European Union can be
considered an innovation. Unfortunately, the network data that have been collected (Málaga, Spain, 2004)
pertain to only one moment in time, and consequently it is not possible to carry out this analysis. It is possible,
nevertheless, to study how at a particular moment in time European identity is distributed in a certain social
group.
The general objectives of this research can be reduced to two:
1) To study the importance of the individual’s personal network in the development of an attitude towards the EU
and in the configuration of an identification with the Union and a feeling of European identity.
2) To study, within the personal network, the process of interpersonal influence, detecting whether there is a
Abstract:
leadership of opinion on Union issues and analysing the characteristics of the leader.
The general hypotheses of the study are:
(i) A person’s attitude towards the European Union and identification with it tends to be strengthened or
weakened within their personal network.
(ii) The people who are most familiar with the Union and have more information about it exert a greater influence
than the rest of the members of the network to which a particular subject belongs.
(iii) The people who first identify with the Union occupy central positions in the social structure, and this
identification is gradually diffused towards more peripheral positions.
Keywords: identity , diffusion , core-periphery
Accepted: Yes
147 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kaberi Gayen
ka.gayen@napier.ac.uk
Napier University, School of Accounting, Economics and Statistics, 219 Colinton Road, Edinburgh, Mid Lothian
EH14 1DJ, UK
Tarun Kanti Gayen
Authors:
Executive Director, Society for Communitu-health Rehabilitation Education and Awareness (CREA),Dhaka-1207,
Bangladesh
Robert Raeside
EH14 1DJ, UK
Title: Understanding Network Norms of Heroin Users in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
What binds and endures small heroin user groups have been explored in this paper. Data were collected mainly
using a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews of around 20 small groups [n=150] in central Dhaka,
where the HIV prevalence rate among the drug users, especially injecting drug user [IDU], is highest in
Bangladesh. Analysing social network data along with socio-economic and demographic data it was found that
an enduring network norm which is supported by physical settings of drug using that keeps ‘drug use ritual’ of
Abstract:
heroin smoking uninterrupted, is the main reason of using heroin in groups. Besides, central actors’
characteristics, mutual benefits like cost sharing, getting the access to substance even at the withdrawal phase
due to lack of money, helping each other when law enforcement agencies intervene, geographical proximity of
living arrangements of the users, and socioeconomic similarity were found to be important binding factors for
these small heroin user groups.
Keywords: drug use , central actor characteistics , social networks
Accepted: Yes
148 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Patrick Gerland
patrick.gerland@gmail.com
United Nations, DESA/Population Division, New York, USA
Authors:
Susan Watkins
University of California-Los Angeles, California Center for Population Research, Los Angeles and University of
Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, Philadelphia - USA
Daily Conversation Logs and Diaries in Rural Malawi: New Insights about Topics and Patterns of Social
Title:
Interactions
This paper uses non-traditional data collected in rural Malawi to examine the characteristics of social networks in
which villagers talk with friends, relatives and neighbors about AIDS.
Demographers have long known that such informal conversations provide information on topics such as family
planning methods and on diseases, including AIDS. Analyses of longitudinal survey data collected in rural sites
by the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project (MDICP) has shown that these networks influence
attitudes and behavior related to contraceptive use as well as to AIDS. In addition, information on the content of
conversations in these networks is available from standard semi-structured interviews as well as from unusual
ethnographic data.
What neither the survey nor the qualitative data permit, however, is situating informal conversations about AIDS
Abstract: in a wider context. We thus collected new data to address three questions: (1) Is AIDS a major topic of
conversation in a high HIV-prevalence setting where deaths from AIDS are frequent, or are topics, such as food,
income or malaria more frequent? (2) What is the range of topics that are informally but publicly discussed—for
example, do people talk frankly about sexual practices or disapprovingly about people with AIDS? (3) Does the
topic of conversation seem to depend on who is present—e.g. does it change as new people enter the
conversation or others depart?
The paper relies on new data collected in the summer of 2005, using a systematic sampling approach designed
to reduce participant selection bias. Informal topics of conversation and patterns of discussion are collected
through key informants using several new innovative ways (e.g., daily conversation logs, contact diaries and
systematic time sampling).
Keywords: personal network methods , personal networks , affiliation networks , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
149 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Elisabeth Gidengil
Authors: elisabeth.gidengil@mcgill.ca
Department of Political Science McGill University Montreal, Canada
Title: Network Diversity and Views about Gay Marriage
Network diversity is often seen as fostering tolerance. However, a recent study by Rochelle Côté and Bonnie
Erickson on the impact of network diversity on attitudes toward ethnic minorities and immigrants found that the
type of diversity is a critical factor: diverse networks only encourage tolerant attitudes if they connect people to
the kinds of people who are likely to be more tolerant. The proposed paper builds on this research by examining
the impact of different types of network diversity on attitudes toward gay marriage. Drawing on the literature on
the gender gap in attitudes towards gays and lesbians, I argue that weak ties with middle- and upper-middle
Abstract:
class women are the most likely to be associated with favorable attitudes towards gay marriage and alternative
lifestyles more generally among men and women alike. The data are taken from the 2000 Canadian Election
Study, a nationwide survey of eligible voters aged 18 and up conducted in connection with the 2000 Canadian
election (www.ces-eec.umontreal.ca/ces.html). The measures of network diversity are derived from a variant of
the position generator originally developed by Lin and Dumin. Respondents were asked whether they knew a
man, a woman, or both, in 15 different occupations ranging from low to high occupational prestige.
Keywords: attitudes , gay marriage , network diversity
Accepted: Yes
150 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Elisa Giuliani
Authors: giulel@ec.unipi.it
DEA, University of Pisa, Italy SPRU, Sussex University, UK
Firm knowledge base, local embeddedness and external openness:Drivers of innovative performance in wine
Title:
clusters
On the stream of a long-standing tradition of study in economic geography and regional economics, organisation
theorists and management scholars have in recent times demonstrated an increased interest for industrial
clusters and the innovative performance of their firms (e.g. Porter, 1990; Pouder and St. John, 1996; Bell, 2005;
Tallman et al., 2005; Romanelli and Khessina, 2005). The paper explores the factors that affect the innovative
performance of firms in wine clusters. The analysis is based on a combination of social network analysis and
econometrics. It estimates the effects of four key explanatory variables: firm knowledge base, local
embeddedness, the degree to which a firm bridges structural holes and external openness on the firm innovative
Abstract: performance, using both linear and non linear regression models – General Additive Models (GAM) (Wood,
2000) are used in this second case. The paper makes several contributions. First, it confirms existing studies
about the importance of firms’ knowledge base for innovation. Second, it shows that, in industrial clusters, highly
embedded firms are more likely to be innovative than firms not so positioned. Third, the paper shows that the
search for informational ‘diversity’ by bridging structural holes reduces the chances of being innovative. In
contrast, the search of diverse knowledge outside the boundaries of the cluster is positively related to the
innovative performance of cluster firms. More importantly, this study suggests that firms innovate more through
the absorption of extra-cluster knowledge, than through the embeddedness in local networks.
access to knowledge , embeddedness , information diversity , innovation , inter-organizational , knowledge
Keywords:
transfer , structural holes
Accepted: Yes
151 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Peter Gloor
pgloor@mit.edu
Authors: MIT, CCI, 3 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
Renaud Richardet
Title: Coolhunting on the Web and in the Blogosphere
This paper introduces a new Web and Blog mining approach, which we call “Web Coolhunting”. We make use of
the fact that the Web has become a mirror of the real world, breaking latest news through active participation of
millions of volunteers on Web sites such as Wikipedia, and political blogs such as dailykos and instapundit.
TeCFlow, a dynamic social network analysis tool, measures popularity and influence of brands and stars over
time by looking at their “social embedding” on the Web. Our approach builds a network map with the linking
structure of a list of Web sites returned by a Google query. Combining multiple datasets, each containing the
linking structure of the Web sites collected through querying Google for the name of a search term (the “star”)
permits to find the most central star in a group of stars by comparing the betweenness scores of the different
stars. By combining the link maps returned by different searches, we can compare different stars, identifying the
Abstract:
ones with the highest betweenness values. These are the most linked, or “talked about” search terms in a given
Web or Blog context.
The same combined query and subsequent evaluation by betweenness also permits to find the most relevant
Web sites discussing related topics. These Web sites also double up as “kingmakers.” For example, pages on
the New York Times, and Wikipedia come up as most relevant without necessarily containing the search terms.
In addition, our dynamic betweenness–based algorithm is much harder to spam that e.g. Google’s page rank,
which is essentially degree-based. We have applied our system to the tracking over time of topics ranging from
political candidates and political issues to music bands and Oscar nominations.
Session: Social Networking Tools
content analysis , data representation , dynamics on networks , internet/hyperlink networks , methodology ,
Keywords:
visualization
Accepted: Yes
152 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ertug Gokhan
gokhan.ertug@insead.edu
INSEAD Asia Campus 1 Ayer Rajah Avenue Singapore 138676
Authors: Martin Gargiulo
INSEAD Asia Campus 1 Ayer Rajah Avenue Singapore 138676
Charles Galunic
INSEAD Europe Campus Boulevard de Constance 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex France
Title: Ego network density and reputation: distinguishing local and global effects
This paper explores the moderating effect of network density on reputation. Past research suggests that both
positive and negative reputation should be amplified in denser networks. The probability that information on an
actor’s behavior will reach other actors in the network increases with the density of ties among those actors. The
existing literature, however, has focused on the density of the global network, overlooking the effects that the
local network surrounding an actor (i.e., her ego-network) might have on the diffusion of the actor's reputation.
Consistent with existing research, we argue that the density of an actor’s local network amplifies the reputation
Abstract:
effects of the actor’s behavior at the local level. Yet, local network density can actually mitigate the spread of that
same reputation in the global network. Because actors in a dense local network are less likely to have ties
beyond that local network, information on ego's behavior is less likely to be known to third parties beyond the
local network. Conversely, the behavior of actors with sparse ego networks is less likely to be known at the local
level, but more likely to spread at the global level. A study of a large sample of high-level employees in a global
investment bank provides support for our hypotheses
Keywords: reputation , structural holes , network theory
Accepted: Yes
153 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sandra Gonzalez-Bailon
sandra.gonzalezbailon@nuffield.ox.ac.uk
Authors:
Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Sociology, Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX11NF,
United Kingdom
Title: The Structure of the Political Domain: How International Organisations Build Visibility within and Beyond the Web
This paper challenges the view that the Web has democratised access to public opinion, allowing peripheral
organisations to spread a previously silenced voice. While it might be true that the Internet brought a decrease in
the costs associated with political organisation, visibility is still the capital of just a few, exhibiting a rich-get-richer
effect that is not independent from the positions that organisations hold offline. The analysis from which these
conclusions are drawn is based on the citation network that 1001 international organisations build on the Web
(on the .org domain). The assumption in using this data is that the patterns of connectivity between sites (or how
organisations link to other organisations) provide information about their affinity or partnerships and about their
Abstract:
relevance: a high citation is an indication of impact –yet not necessarily of intrinsic worth. Two sets of analyses
are presented: first, information is given on the overall structure of the network, and on the mechanisms that
underlie the formation of ties (considering a number of exogenous attributes like budget, staff and year of
foundation of the organisations); then, the centrality scores of the organisations are correlated with their traffic
ranks (number of individual visits to their sites) and with their media impact (number of times organisations have
been cited by the main international newspapers). The results show that the Web is not the democratic political
marketplace so often assumed to be. The methods used in this paper include OLS, QAP and ERGMs.
Session: Exponential Random Graphs
Keywords: civil society , inter-organizational , mass media , organizations , snowballing , web
Accepted: Yes
154 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nicholas Gould
ngould@glam.ac.uk
Authors:
University of Glamorgan, Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care, 15 High St, Llantrisant, Pontyclun, Wales
CF72 8BQ, UK
Title: Paradigmatic boundaries in the (social) science of (social) networks: the preliminaries of a Kuhnian investigation
This paper considers paradigmatic boundaries within the science of networks. In respect of the philosophy of
science, the paper has its roots in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, the concern of Lakatos with pseudoscience and,
more recently, Nancy Cartwright’s contribution describing the Dappled World of scientific endeavour. This core
orientation is substantiated by a comparison between the science of energy during the mid-nineteenth century
and our present day science of networks. The study is Kuhnian in two respects. First, it utilises Kuhn’s prime
concern with the necessity of informing philosophy of science debates by recording the historical context of
development. Historical methodology generates a medium in which, for example, the empiricist debate between
Abstract: Kelvin and Maxwell have a particular salience. The second Kuhnian influence takes the form of Kuhn’s work
specifically on the themes of Kelvin and measurement - “If you cannot measure, your knowledge is meager and
unsatisfactory.” The historical sketch captures the inherent messiness of scientific discovery that ultimately leads
to both intended and unintended consequences of a research programme. This sketch is then used to inform a
discussion of the ontological and methodological boundaries related to the investigation of small world
phenomena. The discussion indicates that what appears to be coherent research – as exemplified by the recent
collection of papers by Newman et al – actually disguises a healthy messiness, often revealed in SOCNET
postings. The paper concludes with a map of paradigmatic boundaries for network science.
Keywords: small world , empiricism , history of science , kuhn , realism
Accepted: Yes
155 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Rick Grannis
grannis@soc.ucla.edu
Authors:
University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Sociology, 264 Haines Hall, Box 951551, Los Angeles, CA
90095-1551, USA
Title: Three Degrees of Separation
Neighborhoods have been shown to have the potential for many important effects in the lives of their residents
but many do not actualize this potential. I explore the question of why some neighborhoods are able to form
effective communities while others fail to do so. Using four previously untapped surveys, I show that
neighborhoods must be sufficiently delimited to constrain most of the concatenated paths connecting their
Abstract:
residents, especially their households with children, to about three steps in length. While Milgram and others
have found evidence that about six degrees of separation connect many of us, I find that effective neighborhood
communities need most residents, especially those with children, to be connected by about three degrees of
separation.
Keywords: dynamics on networks , embeddedness , social geography
Accepted: Yes
156 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Harold D. Green, Jr.

hankgreenjr@hotmail.com
Authors:
Noshir Contractor
Departments of Speech Communication, Psychology, Coordinated Science Laboratory, & Graduate School of
Library & Information Science, Director, Science of Networks in Communities (SONIC), National Center for
Supercomputing Applications, 244 Lincoln Hall, 7
Creating Community: The Role of Arts and Cultural Organizations as Brokers and Catalysts for Increased Civic,
Title:
Social, Political, and Cultural Participation among Mexican Immigrants in Chicago
The Mexican Immigrant Assets study builds on recent research on the informal arts as a force for stimulating
civic activism (Wali, Severson and Longoni 2002), and as an important community-building mechanism within
immigrant communities (Moriarty, 2004). The MIA study investigated the roles that cultural, artistic and social
networking practices play in identity formation, community building and the general creative potential of Mexican
immigrants. Our research attempts to penetrate the ‘monolithic’ networks that support transnational communities
to investigate the impact of variation in network members and network structures affect our research themes
(Contractor, Wasserman, & Faust, 2006, Monge & Contractor, 2003).
In this talk, we report on multi-level analyses of the brokering roles played by Mexican-immigrant-serving
Abstract:
organizations in resource exchange networks. We used structural hole and brokerage role detection to
summarize the patterns of resource exchange in this inter-organizational network, finding that organizations often
act as liaisons between different types of organizations, creating pathways among social services, community
centers, arts institutions, businesses, mass media and other organizations important to facilitating access to the
social, political, cultural and economic life of the city for the Mexican immigrant community. Initial models
revealed that variables reflecting the project and funding portfolio of an organization are predictors of an
organization’s liaison activities. Further, multilevel models were used to investigate the effects of organizational
type, organizational demography and resource exchange relationship on the profile of brokerage roles for
respondent organizations.
Session: Ethnic Factors and Immigration
Keywords: immigrants , brokerage , social support , organizations , arts and cultural practices , cultural communities
Accepted: Yes
157 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jeffrey Grierson
j.grierson@latrobe.edu.au
Authors: La Trobe University, ARCSHS, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
Anthony Smith
La Trobe University, ARCSHS, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
Title: A social network analysis of gay men’s media consumption and organisational affiliations
This paper presents two-mode analyses of media consumption and organisational affiliation in a social network
study of gay men in Melbourne, Australia.
These analyses are drawn from the Victorian Networks Study (Vines), a social network study using an interviewe
administered survey instrument. The project recruited a sample of 213 individuals with a mean age of 37 years.
To assess organisational affiliation the survey asked if respondents were a member of 18 categories of
organisation These categories included gay or lesbian sporting groups, gay or lesbian volunteer organisations,
gay and lesbian religious groups, HIV/AIDS related groups etc. Participants were then invited to nominate up to
two specific organisations within each category. Over two thirds of participants were members of some sort of
Abstract:
formal organisation. Participants who joined organisations were highly likely to join more than one, with 44% of al
participants being members of two or more. To assess media consumption, 36 specific media outlets were listed
and participants asked to rate their consumption on a five point scale.
We present the two-mode analyses of these two domains. For organisational affiliation we assess the structure o
cross-group membership of organisations and examine the significant components that emerge. For media
consumption we assess the structural relationship in terms of both co-occurrence and strength of tie (as
measured by consumption rating). For each analysis we discuss how the findings were workshopped with HIV
prevention organisations and how the structural analysis was able to enhance health promotion practice.
Keywords: 2-mode , affiliation networks , community structure , hiv , peer networks
Accepted: Yes
158 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dave Griffiths
Authors: davegriffiths77@supanet.com
University of Manchester, Sociology, Flat 2, 70 Park Road West, Claughton, Wirral CH43 8SF, England
Title: The Outside Interests of the UK’s Cultural Agencies
This paper focuses on UK non-departmental public bodies and the range of organisations and institutions
represented by those individuals sitting in these public boardrooms. Biographical data has been collected on all
board members of the 44 executive agencies of the Department of Culture, Media and Sport. This data originates
from the organisation’s annual reports, registers of members’ interests and biographical directories. This
information details connections which are economic (interlocking directorships, employers and academic ties),
social (charity trusteeships, positions within non-profit organisations and memberships of professional bodies and
gentlemen’s clubs) or quango-related (advisory roles, former positions and agencies outside the department).
Abstract:
Social network analysis has been used to identify which organisations and types of connections carry the
greatest social capital within this network. Similarly the data has been analysed to understand how this social
capital is used by both the cultural agencies and the outside organisations. This study also uses blockmodeling to
examine whether there is evidence of these individuals forming an elite, and whether there is an ‘inner core’ of
agencies at the heart of this network. This study aims to understand the mutual influences and settings which
directors of cultural agencies share outside of the boardroom to help understand which interests are being
represented within them.
Keywords: interlocking directors , political networks , political culture , social capital
Accepted: Yes
159 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Francesca Grippa
francesca.grippa@ebms.unile.it
Authors: University of Lecce- Italy, eBusiness Management Section -S.S. ISUFI, via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
Peter Gloor
MIT Sloan Center for Collective Intelligence Cambridge (MA) USA
Title: Selective Memories Favor Influentials
Social scientists have long been interested in understanding what makes some respondents more accurate
observers of their own social networking behavior than others in recalling and reporting social network’s structure
(Bernard et al. 1984, Freeman et al, 1987, Casciaro, 1998).
This study contributes to social network research on interpersonal perception accuracy, by focusing on the
relationship between actors’ centrality and their ability to report accurately their own social interactions. We used
network measures like actors’ betweenness centrality and degree centrality to identify the most prominent
members.
This research was conducted within a graduate school of management that both educates students and
undertakes research projects. Through seven web surveys, we gathered data on the frequency of interaction
Abstract: among members connected through telephone, chat, and face-to-face conversations. We conducted focused
interviews with three senior managers to classify all network members according to three factors: trustworthiness
prestige, and contribution.
We applied an “internal measure of accuracy” by measuring the correlation between ego-perception and
alter-perception. We found that actors involved on the same interaction attributed different values to the same
interaction (Riji ≠ Rjij), which is referred to as a “non-reciprocity” type of misalignment (Krackhardt, 1987).
We found a positive correlation between actors’ centrality and their centrality as assessed by senior
management, and a negative correlation between actors’ centrality and their accuracy in recalling interactions.
These asymmetries suggest that underreporting social interactions may represent a third way of measuring the
importance of members and finding the most influential ones.
Keywords: centrality , inter-individual , intraorganizational networks , leadership and networks , network surveys
Accepted: Yes
160 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Piotr Gronek
gronek@novell.ftj.agh.edu.pl
AGH-UST Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Cracow, POLAND
Authors: Malgorzata Krawczyk
Antoni Dydejczyk
Title: Structure of a local e-mail network: students, staff and noise
We investigate the cluster structure of e-mail addresses at the Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer
Science, AGH-UST in Cracow. The input data is the number of messages, collected between September 2006
and January 2007 at our local server. This directed network is the basis for the weighted connectivity matrix and
the modularity index Q, as defined by M.E.J.Newman (PR E 70 (2004) 056131). Calculations of Q allow to
identify clusters of e-mail writers, the relative strength of correlations inside and between observed clusters. The
structure is obtained separately for students and staff. The results reveal small groups of continuously
Abstract: cooperating scientists, embedded in the structure of departments. Also, some hubs can be identified in the
network. These addresses are used for administrative purposes, to send advertisements and messages to the
staff and to students. During a recent reorganization, some departments were grouped in larger ones. Careful
analysis allows to capture links between departments in the old structure, which could be used to predict the
emerging new pattern. Investigating the network of students and staff together, we could trace communication
within the internal specializations. However, this structure is more noisy, and the network limited to students is
very sparse.
Session: Computer Networks as Social Networks
Keywords: e-mail database , clustering
Accepted: Yes
161 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Michel Grossetti
Authors: Michel.Grossetti@univ-tlse2.fr
CNRS, UTM 5 Allees A Machado, Toulouse, Cedex 31058, France
Title: Social relations and mediation resources in the creation of innovative companies.
The creation of a company is a complex process that involves many actors, and especially different levels of
action. In this process, the founder or founders, considered as individual actors, give rise to a collective actor, an
organization, by mobilizing resources and relying both on individuals and on existing organizations, sometimes in
a more global milieu or an established market. We used crossed interviews (minimum 2 per case) and the
analysis of web information for reconstructing the processes of creation of 50 innovative companies in the south
west of France (in Toulouse, in some towns one hour drive from Toulouse, plus some cases in Bordeaux and
Montpellier). These companies were selected for their innovative character, attested by the fact that they
received innovation subsidies or are housed in a nursery. They are located in the sectors of IT, biotechnologies,
chemistry, and mechanics. For each case, we wrote a summary of the story that we sent to the interviewed
persons who were asked to propose corrections.
In this communication, I will especially focus to situations of access to resources. Mobilization of a resource is a
sequence of actions in which one of the creators mobilizes or receives a resource he does not have. For
example, consultation with an attorney to draw up the articles of association is a sequence that involves one or
Abstract:
more creators, the attorney, and the advice he dispenses. The attorney may be a relation of one of the creators,
or a relation of a relation, in which case we consider that mobilization of the resource is achieved through social
relations, or he may have been selected from a directory, in which case we consider that this is a mediating
resource that allowed access to the resource. Hence, for example in case n. 107, the sentence (made
anonymous here) “The articles of association are drawn up voluntarily by an auditor whom [the creator] met while
dancing” makes it possible to code that the resource is a counsel, that it was obtained through mobilization of a
relation (by a relational chain of length 1), a relation established during leisure time. The data analysis is still
ongoing. For the first 40 companies we studied, the number of situations of resource mobilization averaged 15.3
per history (the minimum is 2 and the maximum 34).
The communication will present, for different stages of the creation process, results concerning the proportion of
resources mobilization by the way of social relations chains, the length of these chains, the kinds of relations
which are mobilized, the kinds of mediations resources that are used, the links between the kinds of resources
and the way founders access to them.
Keywords: economic networks , qualitative network , social capital , mediation resources , embeddedness
Accepted: Yes
162 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wojciech Gryc
wojciech@gmail.com
University of Toronto, Centre for Urban and Community Studies, Suite 400, 455 Spadina Ave. Toronto, ON
Authors: M5S2G8, Canada
Bernie Hogan
University of Toronto, Sociology, Department of Sociology, 725 Spadina Ave., Toronto, ON M5S2J4, Canada
Title: A new measure of social distance
Homophily is a prominent and consistent measure in social networks. It has been found so frequently in social
networks that McPherson and Smith-Lovin (2001) suggested it has 'law-like' properties. That said, measures of
homophily rarely take into account the overall connectivity of the graph. Common measures either consider the
expected proportions of people in separate groups, or count direct edges between individuals of like and unlike
type. This can lead to unsatisfactory conclusions about the make-up of a network. For example, a network
(visualized as a bowtie) where a central person is tied to two male-female couples would appear similar to a
network where an individual is tied to two male friends and two female friends, despite the fact that these
networks exhibit clearly differing organizing principles.
We seek to resolve this discrepancy (and other similar discrepancies) through the use of a novel measure of
Abstract:
'social distance' D. This measure compares the average closeness between different categories of individuals
within a mixing matrix. We believe this measure will be a fruitful way to assess whether individuals are clustered
together in subgraphs of like type or distributed throughout the entire network. We test the value of this measure
over a series of graphs, both random and empirical. We find that compared to similar measures, particularly Mark
Newman's measure of assortativity, ours is more stable across networks of varying density and takes into
account indirect ties. Additionally, our measure takes into account unconnected networks, which – for reasons we
outline in the paper – makes it a novel and useful measure for ego-centered networks.
We conclude our paper by illustrating how this measure can be used in the field. We give the example of social
distance between schoolchildren of different races and genders from the AddHealth dataset.
Session: Algorithms and Analytic Methods
Keywords: algorithm , homophily , methodology , assortativity , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
163 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christian Gulas
christian.gulas@fas.at
FAS.research GmbH, Vienna, Austria
Anna Schreuer
Authors: IFZ - Inter-University Research Centre for Technology, Work and Culture
Max Ruhri
Harald Katzmair
Title: The Gender of Basic Research. Comparing Knowledge Networks of Women and Men
The presentation describes the gender-specific patterns of knowledge networks in basic research. Knowledge
networks are operationalized as sets of sciences that co-occur within research projects funded by the Austrian
Science Fund (FWF) between 1992 and 2006. Sciences are classified according to the OECD-taxonomy of
scientific disciplines (4-digit codes).
Scientific disciplines that are linked through projects generate networks of knowledge production. The output of
knowledge produced by one scientific discipline constitutes an input for all the sciences it is connected with. The
output of those sciences then further constitutes an input for others, and so on. This produces emergent patterns
of knowledge production and exchange, autocatalytic sets and clusters, which are found to differ in the networks
Abstract: of women and men.
One important finding of the study is the gender difference with regards to brokering sciences. For both men and
women the network displays a grand divide between the natural sciences and the social sciences/humanities;
however it is bridged by different broker-sciences in the networks of women and men.
Furthermore, with regards to gender, the study found the network structures to bear greater resemblances in the
natural sciences and human medicine than in the social sciences or in humanities.
The research systematically analyzes the similarities and differences with various mathematical and visualization
techniques. One focus lies in the search of autocatalytic sets - highly dynamic network areas of cyclic exchange
between sciences of basic research.
Keywords: knowledge networks , knowledge production , innovation
Accepted: Yes
164 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ido Guy
Authors: ido@il.ibm.com
IBM, Research, University Campus, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
Title: SONAR - Social Networking Architecture
Social software is proliferating in the Web 2.0 era: from blogs and Wikis through recommender systems (such as
Amazon, eBay, IMDB) to social tagging (such as Del.icio.us) and personal networking systems (such as Orkut
and LinkedIn). Yet, social networks can also be derived by other means of collaboration, such as project
membership, document co- authorship, conference meetings etc.
SONAR is an API and a data format for sharing social-network data and aggregating it across applications to
show who is related to whom and how. Where possible, open standards such as Atom and JSON are used, and
service APIs follow the REST design pattern. Clients of SONAR could vary from expertise miners to
visualizations to user interface widgets. SONAR will answer questions like, "who does this person work with
Abstract: most?", "who has tagged this person?", "what are all the artifacts produced in division 22 this month", "who
should I cc on my email with subject 'SONAR design goals'?"
SONAR clients can use the SONAR API to access data from a single provider that implements the API.
However, the more compelling case is where an intermediate component, an aggregator, is used by clients, with
the very same SONAR API, to consolidate the data from different providers. This way, one can choose multiple
data providers and assign an appropriate weight to each of them.
We demonstrate the potential benefit of using the SONAR API over an extendible instant messaging and
collaboration client. Our extension uses eight different data providers to show valuable social network
information, such as related people, connection points, and people in common.
Keywords: access to knowledge , collaboration , data collection , standardization , social networking api
Accepted: Yes
165 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dirk Günther
dirk.guenther@usf.Uni-Osnabrueck.DE
Authors: Institute of Environmental Systems Research Barbarastr. 12 University of Osnabrück D-49069 Osnabrück
Jens Newig
Institute of Environmental Systems Research Barbarastr. 12 University of Osnabrück D-49069 Osnabrück
Title: Using Social Network Analysis to explain Social Learning in Policy Networks
In the face of apparent failures to govern complex societal problems by central state top-down oriented
policy-making, social or collective learning in network governance becomes an es-sential feature. Social learning
not only refers to cognitive changes in individuals within the network, serving as a structural framework, but is
moreover understood as a process in which individual changes in cognition lead to modifications in the collective
network structure.
Although SNA provides powerful tools for recognizing patterns in network structures, this area of research seems
up to now largely unconnected to the literature on social and collective learning. This paper aims to investigate
- network characteristics that foster social learning in policy networks and
- how social learning becomes manifest in changed network structures.
Abstract:
Arguably, certain network structures are more apt to foster collective learning than others. Partly, this depends on
the defition of social learning. When focussing on efficient informa-tion transfer, highly centralized networks
appear advantageous; network density and low cen-tralization become an essential features when true
deliberation is aimed at. Then again, net-work resilience (redundancy) may be important for long-term effective
social learning.
On the other hand, we expect network structures to change as social learning takes place. New relations are
established while others are dissolved; moreover, competencies, roles and tasks of network actors can be
expected to change and develop in the course of social learning. Thus, network structure can be conceived both
as independent and as dependent variable.
policy network , network structure , knowledge transfer , inter-organizational learning , civil society ,
Keywords:
governance , network dynamics , social learning
Accepted: Yes
166 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Steven Haas
steven.haas@asu.edu
School of Social and Family Dynamics Arizona State University Tempe, AZ
Authors: David Schaefer
Olga Kornienko
Title: A Friend in Need: Health and the Structure of Adolescent Social Networks
Researchers from the social and medical sciences have long investigated the protective role of social support
and the variety of resources derived from social networks in maintaining health. Such research tends to take the
existence of social networks, and the support they provide, as a fact of social life that is a priori exogenous to
health status. As such, scant research has examined the converse, how health may structure the creation and
maintenance of social relationships in the first place and almost none has used a social network perspective to
investigate how health may influence the structural properties of peer networks. This paper begins to fill this gap
by providing a theoretical and empirical elaboration of the ways in which health may shape various aspects of
Abstract: adolescent peer networks. We hypothesize that adolescents in poor health are likely to direct limited personal
resources to fostering social networks with structural properties that maximize the provision of social support.
Specifically, we hypothesize that the social networks of adolescents in poor health will be characterized by strong
ties within a smaller, higher-density, local network, rather than weaker ties in a larger, more diffuse network.
Ultimately, the resulting peer relationships reflect both the limitations imposed by their illness and the constraints
of normative adolescent network processes. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health we
provide an empirical assessment of the impact of various dimensions of health on the structure of adolescent
peer networks.
Keywords: egocentric networks , health , social networks , friendship networks
Accepted: Yes
167 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Roger Haeussling
Authors: r.haeussling@gmx.de
University Karlsruhe Germany
Title: Interactions, Interventions, Semantics, and Emotions: A Multi Level Network Approach
We would like to introduce a network theoretical and -analytical four-level concept for the indication of social
interactions. It assumes the following levels: the context of interactions, the network of the interlaced interactions
itself with its own dynamics and (positional) constellations. The interventions of the actors involved are subtly
distinguished from the interactions. They are seen as an attempt to get involved in the ongoing process with
one’s own personal contribution.
In doing so, an analytical distinction can be made between two interventional levels: the active, physical
interventions, e.g. a disclosure, or a certain way of acting and receptive interventions in form of interpreting a
situation, the ongoing interactions by indicating other actors and their contributions. The revelation of emotions
Abstract:
as the fourth level, which is necessary to transform a relation of dependency to a relationship, like a friendship, is
dealt with as a special form of intervention.
Every level has its own method of empirical registration. For the network level of interactions one can use for
example a quantitative network-analysis. For the two levels of interventions the qualitative analysis of networks
plays a very prominent role. This contribution plans to illustrate this analysis more closely. Here, an emphasis
has to be made on the fact that this analysis is the most qualified for triangulating its results with the results of the
qualitative network analysis and thus to amend the topographical sight of the network by an actor-based narrative
prospect on the network, in which the actors are embedded.
Keywords: methodology , interaction , multi-level networks , network theory , emotions , intervention
Accepted: Yes
168 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Valerie Haines
haines@ucalgary.ca
University of Calgary, Department of Sociology, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
Authors: John Beggs
Louisiana State University Department of Sociology Batton Rouge, USA
Jeanne Hurlbert
Louisiana State University Department of Sociology Batton Rouge, USA
Title: Neighborhood disadvantage,network social capiptal and depression
The focus of research on neighborhood effects has shifted from demonstrating that neighborhoods matter for the
health of individuals to identifying mechanisms that explain why they matter. We explore the role that network
social capital, understood as network structures and resources embedded in these structures, plays in mediating
the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and depression. We find that living in a disadvantaged
neighborhood increases depression, over and above the characteristics of residents. We also find that network
social capital mediates the association between neighborhood disadvantage and depression, and that this role
Abstract:
can be more fully understood only by considering both the structure and resource elements of network social
capital. Because residents’ perceptions of neighborhood disorder have been shown to mediate the association
between neighborhood disadvantage and depression, we examine whether perceived neighborhood disorder
accounts for the effects of network social capital on depression. Our finding that it does not highlights the
importance of paying close attention to characteristics of neighborhoods and characteristics of networks in
research on how neighborhood disadvantage affects health.
Keywords: health , neighbourhood and health , social capital and health
Accepted: Yes
169 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dan Halgin
dhalgin@gmail.com
Boston College, Organization Studies, Fulton Hall Room 430, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA
Authors: 02467-3808, USA
Steve Borgatti
Boston College, Organization Studies, Fulton Hall Room 430, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA
02467-3808, USA
Title: Thank You For Dissing Me: The Phenomenon of Status Flows
In this paper we analyze status contagion among actors in a cultural industry. We begin with a discussion of the
consequences of having relationships with high status actors, drawing upon social capital literature, affiliation
literature, and status attainment literature. We contend that putatively negative interactions with high status
actors can confer status to lower status actors much like positive interactions. Specifically, we analyze the
Abstract: phenomenon of “diss songs” among rappers in hip hop music. A diss song is a song in which the performing
rapper makes derogatory comments about another rapper. Diss songs are recorded and released on mixtape
albums and often receive radio play. We analyze 870 directed disses among 218 rappers over 20 points in time.
Findings suggest that being publicly “dissed” by a high status actor increases a rapper’s status and attracts
additional disses, creating a virtuous cycle of success.
Keywords: dynamics on networks , social capital , status flows , cultural industries , contagion , negative ties
Accepted: Yes
170 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mark Handcock
handcock@u.washington.edu
University of Washington, Department of Statistics, Box 354320, Seattle, WA 98195-4320, USA
Martina Morris
Authors: University of Washington, Department of Statistics, Box 354320, Seattle, WA 98195-4320, USA
David Hunter
Pennsylvania State University, Department of Statistics, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
Pavel Krivitsky
University of Washington, Department of Statistics, Box 354320, Seattle, WA 98195-4320, USA
Title: Using ERGM models for dynamic network simulations with vital dynamics
To simulate a dynamic network, it is necessary to address three issues: the structural regularities, the dynamics
of partnership formation and dissolution, and nodal vital dynamics (e.g. births and deaths). In this paper we
demonstrate a model-based approach for simulating dynamic networks with arbitrary vital dynamics and structure
specified by an ERGM. The model is implemented with a multi-step algorithm: (1) estimate the structural
parameters of an initial network conditional on population composition (as described in the talk by David Hunter)
Abstract: and use these to estimate the corresponding natural ERGM parameters; (2) dissolve partnerships using a
survival model, and apply vital dynamics to the nodes; (3) form new ties using a conditional ERGM with structural
parameters and updated population composition parameters. We show that using that this method produces a
network that is stationary in the structural parameters of interest. We apply the method to data on Ugandan
sexual networks, and show how the method can be used to simulate the spread of HIV through a dynamically
changing network.
Session: Friendship networks
Keywords: ergm , dynamics , egocentric data , simulation , infectious disease
Accepted: Yes
171 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Steven Harper
srharper@uiuc.edu
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign National Center for Supercomputer Applications Urbana, Illinois, USA
Carter Butts
Authors: University of California at Irvine Department of Sociology Irvine, California, USA
Ryan Acton
University of California at Irvine Department of Sociology Irvine, California, USA
Noshir Contractor
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Speech Communication Urbana, Illinois, USA
Mapping and Modeling multidimensional emergent multi-organizational networks (EMONs) in the aftermath of
Title:
Katrina
This study reports on a project that advances our understanding of interorganizational coordination in disaster
response by estimating and analyzing the emergent multi-organization networks (EMONs) involved in the
response to Hurricane Katrina. By being able to capture EMONs while they are being formed and evolving, it may
be possible to diagnose those networks for points of potential communication failure, and in turn adjust resource
allocation to prevent failure. Using novel computational methods (specifically text mining techniques), the
research captures, validates, and integrates data from web sites (specifically “situation reports”) to produce
estimates of inter-organizational interaction over time. Additionally, manual methods were used to estimate the
Abstract:
networks present and these results were compared with the automated computational methods. The networks
captured from this data mining are analyzed to determine their suitability as representative models of the EMONs
formed during the disaster. Further, these estimated networks were used to test multi-theoretical multilevel
(MTML) models to explain organization’s motivations to create, maintain, dissolve, and reconstitute the
inter-organizational links. The models were tested using exponential random graph modeling (ERGM)
techniques. Preliminary results using the automated coding methods are consistent with a MTML contextual
model of organizations mobilizing to create networks.
emergent structure , inter-organizational networks , network analysis of text , network evolution , emergency
Keywords:
response
Accepted: Yes
172 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andreas Harrer
harrer@collide.info
University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Computer Sciemce and Applied Cognitive Science, Duisburg,
Germany
Sam Zeini
Authors:
Germany
Sabrina Ziebarth
Germany
Title: Visualization of the Dynamics of Computer-mediated Community Networks
In this paper we will demonstrate the potential of processing and visualizing the dynamics of computer-mediated
communities by means of Social Network Analysis. According to the fact that computer-mediated community
systems are manifested also as structured data, we use data structures like e-mail, discussion boards, and
bibliography sources for an automatic transformation into social network data formats. Currently our developed
converters DMD (Data Multiplexer Demultiplexer) and DDC (Dynamic Data Converter) support GraphML,
UCINET, and Pajek formats besides our own data formats which are used for real-time analysis of CSCL
(Computer Supported Collaborative Learning) activities. In the case of communication data our converters utilize
conversation graphs reflecting aspects of speech act and conversational theory to produce directed graphs in the
Abstract: cases where one-mode person networks are desired.
The paper will demonstrate a 3-dimensional visualization of an author community based on BibTex bibliography
data converted into GraphML. Based on this dataset we visualize publications network with a tool called Weaver,
which is developed in our research group. According to Lothar Krempel’s algorithm, Weaver uses the first two
dimensions to embed the network structure within a common solution space. The third dimension is used for
representing the time axis and thus the dynamics of co-authorship relations.
Concluding we aim to discuss potential issues and problems of our approach and the possibilities especially
concerning the appropriate visualization and segmentation of long term communications, such as mailing lists.
visualization , dynamics on networks , network evolution , paper co-atuhorship network , social network
Keywords:
analysis tools , 3-dimensional visualisation
Accepted: Yes
173 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nicholas Harrigan
nick.harrigan@anu.edu.au
Authors:
Australian National University & Oxford University, Department of Politics and International Relations, Manor
Road, Oxford, OX1 3UQ
The Inner Circle Revisited: Using exponential random graph models (ERGM) to study the political activity of
Title:
corporate elites.
This paper examines the interlocking directors networks of executive and non-executive directors of the largest
250 corporations in Australia. Using exponential random graph models and a detailed dataset of the economic,
social and political characteristics of these corporations and their directors, the paper asks "What types of
corporations tend to be tied to each other by interlocking directors?" The study found strong evidence for a
version of the 'inner circle' thesis (Useem, 1984), with an active core of highly networked directors who span
Abstract:
multiple spheres of the economic and political life of business. In particular, the study found that corporations that
were highly interlocked tended to have four major characteristics: these corporations tended to be (1) large
corporations (as measured by revenue), (2) interlocked with government enterprises, (3) interlocked with the
executive committees of the major business associations, and (4) directed by prominent or prestigious directors
(as measured by listing in Who's Who).
Keywords: political networks , ergm (p*) , interlocking directors , business networks
Accepted: Yes
174 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jenine K. Harris
harrisjk@slu.edu
Saint Louis University
Authors: Douglas A. Luke
Saint Louis University
Rachael Zuckerman
Brandeis University
From Discovery to Dissemination: Using Citation Network Analysis to Examine Connections Between two
Title:
Branches of Secondhand Smoke Research
Health related scientific discovery, such as linking lung cancer with smoking, leads to interventions designed to
reduce risk and improve health. Over the past few decades the scope of research into the health effects of
secondhand smoke (SHS) has grown immensely. The resulting knowledge has informed interventions ranging
from educating new parents about smoking in the home to developing statewide clean indoor air legislation. The
goal of this project was to examine connections between the evolution of knowledge about the health effects of
SHS and the development and implementation of related interventions. In order to examine how these two
Abstract: branches of SHS research were connected we identified 1880 empirical articles published between 1965 and
2005. From this set of articles we developed two citation networks: one including 1491 articles about the health
effects of SHS and the other including 389 articles about SHS related interventions. We examined the ties
between these two citation networks and their main paths. Based on this examination we present methods for
understanding the relationships between two citation networks embedded within a single scientific area. In
addition, we present information allowing a better understanding of the link between health related scientific
discovery and public health interventions.
Session: Public Health Networks
Keywords: citation network , health , smoking , paper citation network
Accepted: Yes
175 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Koichi Hasegawa
Authors: k-hase@sal.tohoku.ac.jp
Tohoku University, Department of Sociology, Sendai, Japan
Title: Collaborating Environmental Network on Global Climate Change Issue in Japan
Two years ago, Feb., 2005, the Kyoto Protocol was finally enacted. The next year 2008 is the start of the first
engagement until 2012 to decrease the emission level of green gas. The Kyoto Protocol is the only authorized
UN document which title includes the name of a Japanese city. But I regret to say that, even in Japan our
accomplishment of global warming protection in these 9 years is not so good, rather getting much more serious
year by year. Already the emission level in Japan goes up to 8 % and more. Japanese government promised a
reduction of 6% compared to 1990 level. So we must decrease totally 14% of green gas emission until the final
target year 2012. It looks like hardly to reach. Such Japanese experience shows the difficulty of global warming
protection.
My focus of this paper is in the policy network and collaboration formation among government sector, private
sector, and citizens’ sector on global climate issue. I would like to call this network “collaborating environmental
network” . I describe an example of such “collaborating environmental network” in recent Japan.
In 1998, right after the Kyoto conference, the Japanese government passed a new law to promote global
warming protection. Under this law, each prefectural government is encouraged to nominate a prefectural center
of promoting global warming protection. Currently, 90% of whole 47 prefectures have such centers except Tokyo
Abstract:
Metropolis and other conservative 4 prefectures. Many centers are a kind of affiliated organization of prefectural
government, Gaikaku Dantai, but some are independent from local government. In the case of my prefecture,
Miyagi prefecture, this center is completely independent and was founded by a local environmental NGO,
MELON, Miyagi Environment Life Out-reach Network in 2000. These 42 centers consist a nationwide liaison
network.
Japan has the following major three levels of networks on the global climate issue; the first two are official and
the third is voluntary.
a) National governmental level network (vertical) : Ministry of Environment---- Prefectural government office of
environment
b) Prefectural government level network (vertical): Prefectural government office of environment---- Prefectural
center of promoting global warming protection----- Action initiator of promoting global warming protection
(individual).
c) Nationwide liaison network (horizontal) : Each prefectural center of promoting global warming protection.
My paper focus on the basic structure, functioning and sociological characteristics of these networks.
Keywords: horizontal/vertical networks
Accepted: Yes
176 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sebastian Haunss
Authors: haunss@sozialwiss.uni-hamburg.de
University of Hamburg, Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Science
Title: Collective Action Networks in Two European IPR-Conflicts
In our paper we will present preliminary findings from our research project on conflicts about intellectual property
rights in Europe.
In a global, informational economy access to knowledge, production of knowledge, and private or collective
acquisition and control of knowledge are increasingly attracting political attention. The dominant »maximalist
rights culture« of international organisations and agreements (GATS, WIPO, TRIPS) leads to a mode of
regulation of intellectual property claims that expands the protection of intellectual property in scope and depth.
But with the increasing economical importance of intellectual property claims, political conflicts are emerging,
contesting the structure, scope, and boundaries of existing legal frameworks of intellectual property rights (IPR).
In these emerging conflicts the dominant maximalist position is fundamentally questioned.
In our research project we focus on conflicts about two EU directives – the EU directive on the enforcement of
Abstract: intellectual property rights (IPR Enforcement Directive) and EU directive on the patentability of
computer-implemented inventions (Softwarepatent Directive). The study aims to explain why in the first case the
decision making process followed the dominant maximalist rights culture, while in the second case the arguments
of the proponents of alternative regulation modes have been heard.
Starting from the assumption that, as a result of parallel decision-making structures and nearly identical
time-frames, the differences between these decisions can not be explained at the institutional level, the research
project searches for answers on three other levels: actor constellation, framing/argumentation, and forms of
action.
In our contribution to the conference we will present the preliminary results of a network analysis of the actor
networks of both conflicts, and show how the different structure of theses networks may explain the surprising
outcomes.
policy network , globalization , social movements , collective action , intellectual property , access to
Keywords:
knowledge
Accepted: Yes
177 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Peter Hedström
peter.hedstrom@nuffield.oxford.ac.uk
Nuffield College, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Authors: Monica K Nordvik
Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ka-Yuet Liu
Nuffield College, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Title: Interaction domains and suicides
This paper examines how suicides among those with whom an individual interacts influence his or her own risk of
committing suicide and the ways in which such effects are conditioned by the interaction domains of the
individuals. We focus on two types of domains – the family and the workplace – and we analyze how suicides
within these domains influence the suicide risks of others within the same domain. Data from a unique Swedish
Abstract:
database of all individuals who ever lived in the greater Stockholm metropolitan area during the 1990s are used.
Our results show that the risk of committing suicide is indeed affected by the suicides of others, and that the
magnitude of this effect – the individual as well as the public health effect – differs greatly depending upon the
interaction domain within which a suicide takes place.
beliefs , contagion , health , interaction , kinship network , social influence , social relationships , sphere of
Keywords:
influence
Accepted: Yes
178 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Eelke Heemskerk
eheemskerk@fmg.uva.nl
Authors:
University of Amsterdam Department of Political Science Oudezijds Achterburgwal 237 1012 DL Amsterdam The
Netherlands
Title: Corporate-Government Networks in the Netherlands: Interlocks between business and politics
This paper investigates the shifting relationships between business and politics over the last quarter of the 20th
century in a coordinated market economy: the Netherlands. Overlapping relationships of interlocking directorates
on the one hand, and governmental advisory boards on the other, as well as political positions of (former)
Abstract: corporate directors tie together a web of corporate-government relationships. As this paper argues, this network
had its heydays during the mid-seventies. Ever since, the gap between business and politics has been growing.
This is understood as a dynamic of competing elites, under the pressures of political and economic
internationalisation.
Keywords: political networks , governance , corporate social capital , interlocking directors
Accepted: Yes
179 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Margaret Hellard
Authors: hellard@burnet.edu.au
Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Research Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Title: Using a social network approach to better understand hepatitis C immunovirology in injecting drug users.
Our first study of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the social networks of injecting drug users (IDUs), Networks I
(N1), produced several important insights, most notably that some IDUs remain HCV-free despite injecting and
sharing needles with infectious partners suggesting the existence of protective immunity to HCV. This and other
finding led to the establishment of our second HCV networks study of IDUs, Networks II (N2).
N2 is a two year longitudinal network study that aims to identify the behavioural, virological and immunological
factors affecting the dynamics of HCV infection, re-infection or super-infection and to determine the behavioural,
virological and immunological factors affecting HCV free survival in a cohort of IDUs. Over 300 participants have
been recruited since the study commenced in 2005. As well as completing a questionnaire about sexual, injecting
Abstract:
and other risk behaviour, network data, and socio-demographics, participants provide a 50ml blood sample which
is tested for HCV RNA, as well as HCV core gene sequences. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells are
isolated and HLA typed then tested for HCV specific CD8+ T cell responses.
Currently the IDU network is used somewhat pragmatically to inform our understanding of HCV incidence and
transmission, be they behavioural or immunological, to inform future HCV vaccine development. At the
completion of the study the network will be interrogated more fully so we better understand how the network as a
whole influences HCV transmission and the implications of this if a HCV vaccine is to be successfully delivered to
this population.
Keywords: drug use , hepatitis c , social network
Accepted: Yes
180 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Iina Hellsten
iina.hellsten@vks.knaw.nl
Authors: Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Rudy Prabowo
Statistical cybermetrics, University of Wolverhampton, the UK
Title: Networks of communication on the Web: The bird flu hype
The paper discusses the dynamics of public communication networks during the bird flu hype in 2005-2006. In
particular, the focus is on the spreading of the frame of bird flu as a potential influenza pandemic -- comparable
to the Spanish Flu in 1917-1918 that killed millions of humans. The pandemic frame became dominant in public
debate on bird flu in October 2005 when scientific research pointed into structural similarities between the bird flu
and the Spanish Flu viruses. The amount of published texts on bird flu in newspapers, blogs and (popular)
medical journals suddenly multiplied in between September and October 2005.
The aim of the paper is to develop new ways of analyzing the spread of key frames and ideas in and across
Abstract:
Web-based communication networks. Instead of focusing on hyperlinks, the paper considers the pandemics
frame as a link, and published texts as nodes in the network. The pandemics frame is followed in and across the
published texts, news items as well as discussion postings, in on-line news media (BBC online), blog postings
(BlogPulse), and on-line news services (Google!News) from October 2005 to June 2006. The results of the study
show that connections between these domains amplified when the pandemics frame became popular, resulting
both in intensification and fragmentation of the debate. The study takes part in recent research on on-line
communication networks as a special case of social network analysis, and opens up new avenues for research
concerned with cross-domain communications.
Keywords: dynamics on networks , framing , internet/hyperlink networks , network dynamics , network coevolution
Accepted: Yes
181 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Marina Hennig
mhennig@rz.hu-berlin.de
Authors:
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Universitätsstrasse 3b, Berlin, - 10017,
Germany
Title: To which aim are existing personal networks generated?
With regard to capturing social relations most approaches up to now (Lin, Granovetter, Fischer, Wellman) have
argued from a perspective of Network Theory. They presume either functions or contexts to be the motives or
basis for the constitution of networks. As an example, the distinction between strong and weak ties is based upon
networks associated with different occupational fields. The same applies to Lin’s position generator, which
situates network agents according to the dimensions of their occupation (job prestige).
Barry Wellman’s community approach, however, focuses on the significance of social context as a central theme.
Claude Fischer, too, attempts to constitute networks by means of the social context, but fails to base these on
sufficient theoretical differentiation.
The issue neglected in the aforementioned approaches is that individuals act within institutionally constituted
Abstract: structures. A child, for instance, acts in certain contexts that vary depending on its age and which serve to
constitute the social network of the child. Thus, the previous approaches may fail to detect empirically very
different or further reaching network constellations due to insufficient theoretical conceptions of the institutional
constitution of structures and action space. That would mean that because of a theoretical position we fail to
notice something which may in actuality be present.
Hence, my paper addresses the questions of how institutionally constituted structures can be translated into
generators which capture social relations in personal networks and how activities can be reconstructed through
social relations. For this purpose, a study conducted in three German cities to survey the networks of 1953
families with children under the age of 18 in their household is going to illustrate how we can succeed in
collecting data on such institutionally constituted structures and, thus, generate corresponding networks.
Keywords: egocentric networks , family , personal networks , methodology
Accepted: Yes
182 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Julia (Julie) Hersberger

jahersbe@uncg.edu
Authors:
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Library and Information Studies, P.O. Box 26170, Curry 349D, 1000
Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, NC 27402-6171, USA
Title: Extreme Egocentric Network Disruptions: Information Implications and Affective Outcomes
Certain events outside the control of individuals result in extreme disruptions of one’s egocentric network. Natura
disasters such as hurricanes, tsunamis, fires, and the like often result in extreme network disruptions where
contact with friends, families and others are abruptly discontinued. The result of these swift and surprising events
often leave individuals feeling isolated due to a lack of connectivity but the sense of loss goes beyond the mere
sense of isolation.
The affective outcome of receiving important information from caring providers (family, friends, neighbors, others)
can be a very powerful connector and one that is still rather under-examined in academe but not one that is
misunderstood the real world. In a previous study, Hersberger, Pettigrew and James (Social Capital as
Embedded in Social Support Networks of Homeless Populations, Sunbelt XX) found that for many of the
homeless people interviewed for the study that “forms of social capital are embedded in relations with social
Abstract: service staff, and focus primarily on access to information, tangible resources, and emotional support (italics
added) that can improve current conditions of living.” Providing needed information in a caring manner is highly
valued by information seekers in stressful situations, so much so in the homeless study that when mapping out
their social networks informants would place caring staff members in the “friends” area of the map while the
named information providers stated that they were simply “doing their jobs. “
In this project five case studies of abused and neglected children (n= 11) compare their networks prior to being
removed from their homes and placed in foster care with relatives or strangers to their networks afterward. Those
placed with relatives experienced less stress and information seeking was fairly straightforward. For those
children placed in foster care with strangers the process of information seeking was much more stressful as was
the dislocation from friends, families and neighbors. Over time, some children were able to build new support
networks but these were still tentative and sparse due to uncertainty of the outcomes of their individual cases.
Keywords: information seeking behaviour
Accepted: Yes
183 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Julie M. Hite
julie_hite@byu.edu
Brigham Young University, Dept. of Educational Leadership & Foundations, 306J MCKB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
Authors: Steven J. Hite
Brigham Young University, Dept. of Educational Leadership & Foundations, 306E MCKB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
Biao Chang
University Preparatory School 2200 Eureka Way Redding, CA, 96001
Normative Constraints and Network Structure: Micro and Macro Co-Authoring Network Structures in the Field of
Title:
Comparative and International Education
In strategic networks of human actors, questions of agency in the creation and evolution of network structures is
a reoccurring theme (Mizruchi, 2004) which generally addresses questions of agency (proactive choice) versus
path dependence (exogenous and/or historical constraints) (Stinchcombe, 1965). Given network action may best
be modeled as a combination of choice and constraint, the theoretical problem is to delineate types of constraint
and how they interact with actor choice.
One exogenous constraint on actor agency is the presence of institutional norms within the actor’s external
environment (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983) which may make certain network choices more feasible or attractive than
others. In the context of peer-reviewed publications, micro-level coauthoring choices (network ties) made by
academics (actors) interact with macro-level publication choices (exogenous constraint) made by the institutional
field, as represented by editorial boards of the field’s academic peer-reviewed journals. The interaction of these
micro- and macro-level publication choices may create structural patterns in the co-authoring networks that
reflect institutional norms (Joyce & Lopipari, 2005). As academics increase their awareness of patterns within
co-authoring network systems, they may increase their ability to navigate strategic co-authoring network choices
in the face of existing exogenous constraints such as institutional norms.
The research question for this study is: To what extent do structural patterns exist in a field’s co-authoring
network that suggest institutional norms regarding publication? This study examined co-authorship publication
Abstract: patterns (micro) and the aggregated organizational co-authoring patterns of their affiliated institutions (macro)
within the field of Comparative and International Education. Data were collected from five of the field’s top
peer-reviewed journals published between 1994 and 2006. The analysis specifically examined micro and
macro-level factors that may suggest institutional norms. Author-level factors included gender, affiliated
institution, country, publication strategy, and publication history. Affiliated-institution factors included country,
continental clustering and ranking in the field.
Findings suggested several normative patterns in the field, including: 1) scholars tend to publish independently;
2) the field is dominated by scholars and institutions in the U.K and the U.S; and 3) these journals tend to publish
more authors from the hosting countries of the journal. No patterns were indicated regarding author gender,
publication strategy or publication history. No patterns emerged (e.g. centrality) related to the institution’s ranking
in the field.
Implications of institutional publishing norms are discussed in relation to actor choice (agency), proposing that
normative constraints may be as equally challenging as structural, relational and historical (path dependence)
constraints on an actor’s network development and evolution—in this case, the ability to successfully co-author
and publish. The interaction between micro and macro-level network choices, institutional norms, and the role of
isomorphism (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983) on the structure of the institutional network (Abrahamson & Fombrun,
1992) are also addressed.
Session: Academic Scientific Networks
co-auhorship network , structure of collaboration , network structure , network strategy , network constraints ,
Keywords:
international networks , micro/macro networks , actor agency
Accepted: Yes
184 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Valentina Hlebec
valentina.hlebec@guest.arnes.si
Authors: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva Pl. 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Gasper Koren
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva Pl. 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Title: Antonucci's Hierarchical Approach for Measuring Social Networks: self-administered application on the Web
In Antonucci's approach, emotional criteria are used for selecting alters from the respondent's global network and
placing them into three hierarchical circles that are graphically presented to the respondent. The respondent
(ego) is at the center of the three circles. The more central the circle, the closer and more important are the
people (alters) within it. The technique begins by asking the individual to look at the diagram of three concentric
circles, with a smaller circle in the center containing the word 'You'. Respondents are asked to fill the circles and
name as many alters as they want along the three criteria of importance.
Abstract:
Ordinarily, this approach is used with paper and pencil data collection technique. Application of this name
generator to Web self-administered questionnaire poses several questions, which we addressed using qualitative
evaluation techniques such as eye-tracking, observation and audio recording, focus groups and cognitive
interviews in two-step procedure. Findings of qualitative testing and further improvements of the questionnaire
are presented. Qualitative methods for testing questionnaires are discussed with regard to their possibility to
detect systematic measurement errors.
Keywords: methodology , method triangulation , egocentric networks , personal networks
Accepted: Yes
185 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Bernard Hogan
bernie.hogan@gmail.com
University of Toronto, Sociology, Department of Sociology, 725 Spadina Ave., Toronto, ON M5S2J4, Canada
Authors:
Wojciech Gryc
University of Toronto, Centre for Urban and Community Studies Suite 400, 455 Spadina Ave. Toronto, ON
M5S2G8, Canada
Title: Scratching the Egocentric Itch: Designing Software for Personal Network Analysis
Personal network analysis has been a vital part of the field of network analysis since its inception. Moreover, this
style of network analysis has received its share of attention both in the social science literature and in the broade
public (consider the attention following McPherson, Smith-Lovin and Brashears 2006). Yet, there still remain a
series of technical hurdles to a robust programme of personal network analysis. That is to say, the tools for
performing analysis of multiple networks have fallen behind the tools for a single network, both in terms of
usability and analytic power.
This paper illustrates some of the unique features of personal network analysis that can be better reflected in
software. In short, we believe that personal network analysis is more than the simple batch processing of any and
all network statistics. We highlight
deisgn needs and illustrate how these issues can be implemented in a software program. We demonstrate
Abstract: "Egotistics", fully functional (beta) software that approaches personal network analysis from an entirely new
vantage point, and one we believe that will be intuitive and rewarding for technical and non-technical researchers
alike.
The core novelty of this program is its ability to build and view a multi-level dataset for personal networks in
real-time. In a series of tabs, one can view ego's attributes, alter's attributes, ego's adjacency matrix, a visual
network representation and a html-enabled console. By using the console or the menu, one can explore all
networks simultaneously, rather than one at a time. For example, it will calculate all degree centrality measures
for all alters in all networks, and append these data to the alter attributes.
We conclude by illustrating how our program employs several pre-existing tools in the social network analysis
field (such as JUNG and GraphML), and highlight the role of interfaces in making network analysis accessible to
the non-technical researcher.
Session: Software
Keywords: data representation , egocentric networks , software
Accepted: Yes
186 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jo Holliday
Authors: hollidayj1@cardiff.ac.uk
Cardiff Institute of Society, Health and Ethics, Cardiff University, 53 Park Place, Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales
Using social networks to diffuse anti-smoking messages and norms: the importance of opinion leaders’ social
Title:
position
The ASSIST intervention used peer-nominated, trained ‘peer supporters’ to diffuse a smoke-free message to
students in their school year. This school-based peer-led intervention was evaluated in almost 11,000 students
from 59 schools in England and Wales, and was found to be effective at one-year follow-up.
Outcome evaluation data shows that the nomination approach successfully identified peer supporters
representative of the cohort in terms of gender, ethnicity, self-reported smoking and intentions at age 16, and tha
the majority (87%) of Year 8 students knew at least one peer supporter. However, qualitative data raises
questions about whether the peer supporters represented different friendship groups and if they had the potential
to diffuse information across the year group.
Abstract:
This presentation builds on previous work and uses a sample of social network data gathered in ten schools
immediately post-intervention to explore these issues more directly.
Questionnaires completed by 1,779 of 1,860 eligible Year 8 (age 12-13) students elicited the names of 3,064
friends. The majority (1,788) of these friends were in Year 8 at the same school. Students were allocated to
discrete social clusters, and the degree to which risk-taking and risk-averse clusters were represented by peer
supporters was assessed. Locational properties of peer supporters will provide an indication of their potential to
disseminate the smoke-free message to their peers. The implications of these findings for the success of the
ASSIST intervention, and the potential of social network analysis to harness peer influence more successfully to
promote positive health choices will be discussed.
Keywords: adolescence , diffusion , friendship networks , smoking , peer education
Accepted: Yes
187 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Betina Hollstein
betina.hollstein@sowi.hu-berlin.de
Authors:
Humboldt Universität Berlin, Institut f. Sozialwissenschaften, (Mikrosoziologie), Unter den Linden 6, Berlin D -
10099, Germany
Title: Collecting Network Data with the Narrative Interview
In this presentation the Narrative Interview (Schütze) is introduced as a tool for the collection of social network
data, which improves the quality of the collected data and which is suitable for a wide range of topics. As it will be
shown the Narrative Interview is suited for the exploration of social networks as well as for the investigation of
network interpretations, network practises and network dynamics. Furthermore it is illustrated, that the Narrative
Interview is useful for the investigation of very different network types, not only personal networks, but also intra-
and inter-organizational networks.
The paper starts out with an overview on the methodological foundations and the basic principles of the Narrative
Abstract:
Interview as described by Schütze and shows how to conduct it. Advantages and limitations of this method are
discussed. To compensate for certain weaknesses of the narrative interview with respect to network research
(e.g. bias on today’s relationships, time-consuming), a research strategy is proposed which combines the
Narrative Interview with more standardized name-generators (“between- and across-method-triangulation”,
Denzin) as well as with special sampling techniques. Finally, examples for these research designs are presented
illustrating how to use this method and its advantage for different fields of network research as well as for the
investigation of various network types.
Keywords: qualitative research , interviews as data , data collection , mixed methods , sampling
Accepted: Yes
188 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Seok-Hee Hong
shhong@it.usyd.edu.au
University of Sydney School of IT Sydney, Australia NICTA (National ICT Australia)
Xiaoyan Fu
Authors: NICTA (National ICT Australia) Sydney, Australia
Philippa Pattison
University of Melbourne School of Behavioural Science Melbourne, Australia
Garry Robins
University of Melbourne School of Behavioural Science Melbourne, Australia
Title: Visualisation and Interaction of Temporal Multi-relational Networks
Many social networks have multiple types of tie and change over time. However, it is difficult to use traditional 2D
visualisation methods to represent such complex series of networks.
In this abstract, we present a new framework which integrates visualisation and interaction methods in order to
help a user explore multi-relational and/or temporal networks.
Our new framework is based on 2.5D visualisation method. More specifically, we visualise each network in 2D
using a 2D drawing algorithm.
Then we arrange each 2D drawings in two parallel directions, horizontal and vertical in 3D.
Abstract:
In order to help users to explore the visualisation of a series of networks in 3D space, we have designed a series
of interaction methods, including selection, zooming, flipping and rotation.
By exploring a series of 2D drawings in 3D space combined with interaction methods, users can easily compare
the differences between networks,
and hence discover expected or unexpected differences.
Our framework has been implemented and evaluated using both empirical and simulated social network data
sets.
Keywords: visualization , multi-level networks , changes in networks , dynamics on networks
Accepted: Yes
189 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Cyril Hoschl
Authors: sadilkova.hana@qedquod.cz
QED & QUOD Hastalska 760/27 Prague 1, 110 00 Czech Republic
Title: Vizualization of team dynamics with Sociomapping® analysis
The research of Sociomaps was driven by a need to develop a tool pertinent to display relationships among
objects (such as network data) in user-friendly manner. Comparing to social network analysis, Sociomap
provides overall picture of a team rather than displaying all the ties between objects. Sociomap is an abstract
map-like picture of a group of objects, in which hierarchical clusters dividing the team into subgroups are
sketched. This helps to understand the team structure better.
Output of Sociomapping analysis (SMA) is not only a static picture, but can also be a dynamic animation.
Dynamic Sociomaps enable to monitor progress of system change (such as change in team relations) by
Abstract:
displaying the changes in the map as an animation similar to weather-forecast animation. SMA shows not only
the change in team behavior but also provides a short-time prediction of future progress.
Network data is displayed in Sociomap as a 3D landscape. Network proximities stand for landscape proximities,
but Sociomaps offer to insert additional information into the terrain - the height of the surface. This can be
arbitrary variable such as centrality degree or social status.
Practical demonstration of SMA applied to team dynamics will be presented with the help of the latest version of
Sociomapping software.
Session: N/A
Keywords: data representation , network dynamics , network structure , teams , visualization
Accepted: Yes
190 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Bettina Hoser
bettina.hoser@em.uni-karlsruhe.de
Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH), Information Services and Electronic Markets, Karlsruhe, Germany
Authors: David Dekker
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Econometrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Jan Schröder
Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH), Information Services and Electronic Markets, Karlsruhe, Germany
Title: Efficiency of Communication
Communication between individuals is costly as it consumes time and redirects attention. An important question
in business contexts is whether communication behavior of individuals in organizations is economically efficient.
This holds especially for communication intensive organizations like for example consulting companies.
Efficiency not merely depends on incoming and outgoing communication behavior but more so on the network
structure of communication patterns. A traditional measure to capture the structure of communication patterns is
centrality, for which many different measures have been developed. An often used measure is betweenness
centrality and based on previous research it may be assumed, that an actor with a high betweenness centrality
Abstract: can influence communication and outcomes of such communication more efficient. We propose to look at a
disaggregated measure, to show where within the network the betweenness of an actor can generate the highest
impact. This study focuses on the contribution of different dimensions of betweenness centrality to economic
efficiency. We use data on a mobile telephone communication network of 275 consultants and the number of
projects and the time to finishing these projects as economic performance indicators. As the standard analysis of
the communication network we used eigenvector centrality for the asymmetric network. We also found that there
seems to be a high correlation between the complex valued eigenvector centrality measure and the betweenness
centrality.
Keywords: centrality , communication network , efficiency
Accepted: Yes
191 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Daniel Hruschka
Authors: dhrusch@santafe.edu
Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
Title: Limits on the Creation of Social Capital: a View from U.S. High Schools
Differential access to social capital has been implicated in disparities in health, economic status, and educational
attainment. However, little research has examined the processes by which the social ecologies underlying social
capital are assembled. This is an important question because a social ecology is itself constructed by motivated
individuals who must weigh trade-offs, deal with structural barriers, and make personal sacrifices in seeking and
cultivating personally adaptive relationships. This paper reports results from a one-year longitudinal study of U.S.
Abstract: high school students’ social networks (N~8000), describing key factors that constrain and enable individuals'
ability to cultivate social networks that provide particular social goods, in this case companionship and social
status. I also show how individuals appear to limit their goals in the face of such constraints, thus perpetuating
differences in social capital. Furthermore, I discuss the importance of studying how social support networks
emerge through individual action in understanding the commonly cited relationship between social capital and
other desirable outcomes, such as those related to health and economic status.
Keywords: social capital , network change , adolescence , longitudinal , relationship formation
Accepted: Yes
192 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yeu-Sheng Hsieh
ysh@ntu.edu.tw
Department of Agricultural Extension National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei,
Taiwan
Authors:
Hsuan-Tzu Chang
Department of Psychology National Taiwan University
Chyi-In Wu
Institute of Sociology Academia Sinica, Taiwan sss1ciw@gate.sinica.edu.tw
Title: The Relationships among Self-esteem, Delinquent involvement, and Network Delinquency among Adolescents
The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship among self-esteem, delinquent involvement, and
network delinquency among adolescents. Four competing hypotheses regarding the causal relationship among
self-esteem, delinquent involvement, and peer network delinquency, including self-enhancement hypothesis,
social influence hypothesis, social selection hypothesis, and continuity hypothesis, are formulated and examined
by utilizing the three-wave data of the panel study from Taiwan Youth Project (TYP). TYP is the first local panel
study of 2690 adolescents in the 7th grade, began year 2000 and is conducted by the Institute of Sociology,
Abstract: Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Applying nomination data in social network analysis to measure friends’ network
delinquency of adolescents allows for a more specific conceptualization of peer network delinquent. Self-esteem
is ditinguished to two dimensions, positive self-esteem and negative self-esteem, in this study. Both delinquency
and network delinquency are measured by three types of offense, including status offense, violent offense, and
drug abuses. Structural equation models with latent concepts are applied to assess the four proposed competing
hypotheses. The result shows that all social influence, social selection, and continuity hypotheses are expected
to explain the relationship among adolescent’s self-esteem, delinquency, and peer network delinquency.
delinquency , self-esteem , network delinquency , social influence , social selection , self-enhancement
Keywords:
theory , differential association
Accepted: Yes
193 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ray-May Hsung
hsung@nccu.edu.tw
National Chengchi University, Department of Sociology, Taipei, Taiwan
Authors: Ronald L. Breiger
University of Arizona, Department of Sociology, the United States breiger@arizona.edu
Yi-Jr Lin
Tunghai University, Department of Sociolgy, Taichung, Taiwan yijrlin@gmail.com
Title: The Creation of Differential Social Capital in Taiwan, China and the United States
How do people in different societies access social positions at all levels throughout the status order? We present
a comparative study of access to 22 positions based on survey data collected in Taiwan, China, and the United
States in 2004. The 22 positions range from lawyer and corporate chief executive officer down to security guard
and janitor. On the structural level we examine institutional logics, discovering patterns that link positions
accessed and the kinds of tie used to access them. On the individual level we examine the determinants of socia
capital quality (the status of the positions to which one is linked). Among our findings are these. Kin ties have a
negative effect on accessing positions in all three societies, whereas ties to ordinary friends have a positive effec
Abstract: in each of these societies. Good friends increase the number of accessed positions in Taiwan, but they seem to
decrease the number of total positions accessed in the United States. However, good friends are an effective
means of increasing the number of high-prestige positions accessed in the US. Work colleagues increase the
number of accessed positions in China and the US, but not in Taiwan. School ties increase the number of
high-prestige positions accessed in the US. Locality ties (i.e., having relations with others in the same local area)
are negatively related to the number of positions accessed in Taiwan but are not significant in China and the US.
Our study of the meanings and functioning of specific social ties thus leads us to identify cross-societal
similarities and differences in accessing varying qualities of social capital.
Keywords: social capital
Accepted: Yes
194 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mark Huisman
Authors: j.m.e.huisman@rug.nl
University of Groningen, DPMG, Heymans Institute, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712 TS, The Netherlands
Title: Imputation of missing data in social networks
Analysis of social network data is often hampered by non-response and missing data. Recent studies show the
negative effects of missing actors and ties on the structural properties of social networks, like centrality measures
and degree distributions. This means that ignoring the missing ties and analyzing the complete cases only, can
severly bias the results of social network analyses. To overcome the problems created by missing data, several
Abstract: treatment methods are proposed in the literature: model-based methods within the framework of exponential
random graph models, and imputation methods. In this paper we focus on the latter group of methods, and
investigate the use of imputation to handle missing network data. We investigate situations in which imputation
can be succesful in treating missing data, and examine the properties of some (simple) imputation methods and
their effect on structural properties of social networks.
Session: Missing Data
Keywords: missing data
Accepted: Yes
195 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Hunter
dhunter@stat.psu.edu
Penn State University, Statistics, 310 Thomas Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Authors: Martina Morris
University of Washington, Sociology and Statistics, Seattle, WA, USA
Mark Handcock
University of Washington, Statistics, Seattle, WA, USA
Title: Estimation of mixing matrices from egocentric bipartite network data
Exponential random graph (ERG) models are increasingly useful for modeling network data. The parameters in
an ERG model may be estimated based only on an estimate of the statistics sufficient to that model; it is not
necessary to observe the entire network. Methods for estimating the sufficient statistics will vary depending on
the network sampling scheme used. This talk considers the particular case of a heterosexual partnership network
in which the actors are stratified according to a certain categorical attribute (such as age) and in which the data
Abstract: are sampled egocentrically. Of particular interest is the estimation of the mean mixing matrix, by which we mean
the expected counts of relationship types broken down by the age categories of the male and the female actors,
for a population of a given age/sex profile (which is not necessarily the same as the profile in the sample). We
show how to apply earlier work on loglinear modeling (Morris, 1991), together with Poisson regression, to this
estimation problem. We apply these techniques to egocentric data on sexual networks in Uganda and King
County, Washington.
Keywords: bipartite networks , egocentric network , ergm (p*)
Accepted: Yes
196 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Rebeca E. Hwang
Authors: rebex@stanford.edu
Stanford University
Title: The Role of Social Networks on the Performance of Social Enterprises
ABSTRACT:
In many urban areas in the developing world, the problem of delivering potable water to the poor has proven to
be intractable for public agencies, private companies, and NGOs. In some urban districts, the poor have gained
access to drinking water by organizing themselves into cooperatives, voluntary membership organizations that
are democratic and member controlled, and that have a "double bottom line": they must remain financially
sustainable and deliver water to all their members, including the poor. These two goals are often conflicting. This
paper presents preliminary results from a study that investigates propositions concerning how social networks
among members of cooperatives, and affiliations between leaders of cooperatives and local elites, affect the
ability of cooperatives to meet their dual goals in Argentina. This research draws theoretical insights from social
network theory and from literature on water service delivery and social entrepreneurship in developing countries.
This study is located in Argentina. Therefore, a thorough description of the field of water service delivery and
water cooperatives in Argentina will be presented for this ongoing study. Hundreds of small-scale water
cooperatives coexist with other types of service providers in the the main metropolitan areas. This presentation
Abstract:
will provide a typology of water cooperatives based on, among other factors, on their internal regulations,
decision-making processes, internal network architecture, external affiliation patterns and aspects of their social
capital. In addition, highlights for the interdisciplinary research design used in this study will be included,
particularly those focused on the metrics used to measure performance given different network structures.
Finally, the results for the first case study will be presented, as well as the hypotheses and future research plans
supported by this case study.
This interdisciplinary project contributes to ongoing discussions in the literature regarding: the role of small scale
water providers in improving access of the poor to water; the influence of social capital on the delivery of water
services in growing, informal urban settlements; the effect of specific social network structures on the
achievement of goals of enterprises that have both a financial and a social mission; and the creation of a
performance measure of water service providers that include a component on access of the poor to water.
Collectively, the results can inform policies intended to enhance the availability of water services for the urban
poor, and provide insights on the effect of specific social network architectures in the performance of an
organization.
Session: Performance Metrics for Social Networks
functioning of social capital , improving business performance , interdisciplinary approach , effectiveness ,
Keywords:
water cooperatives
Accepted: Yes
197 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sungsoo Hwang
shwang@pitt.edu
Authors:
University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, 121 University Pl Room301,
Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
Past, Present, and the Future of Social Network Analysis: Network as a Metaphor, Paradigm, Theory, or
Title:
Method?
In brief, this paper has two basic objectives. First, it intends to address how SNA is perceived by various
disciplines and what that means in an academic world, as being rooted in a hermeneutics tradition. Second, it
aims to forecast future directions of SNA and network.
This work is inspired by Steve Borgatti’s session, ‘What is network theory?’ at the Sunbelt 2006. He talked about
many social science theories and research traditions that came from network perspectives, and there was a
subtle implication that it has not been noticed as such yet. “Network (or Social Network)” is everywhere today, ye
its presence in various academic disciplines differs. In January 2006, there was much debate whether network
Abstract:
analysis is a theory or not in ‘socnet’ as well.
This paper will briefly track the history of SNA and discuss this. Qualitative techniques are utilized to identify the
issues. Using computer assisted text analysis tools such as Atlas.ti and Automap, this paper qualitatively codes
and analyzes the discussion on the socnet and from the author’s survey.
The second focal point of this paper is to have judgmental forecasts using Delphi technique. The survey is being
conducted to get ‘expert opinions’ on the future of the SNA. The paper aims to forecast where SNA would go in
the next decade and the next generation.
Keywords: network theory , forecasting , delphi technique , social network
Accepted: Yes
198 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tasuku Igarashi
tasukuigarashi@yahoo.co.jp
Osaka University Department of Social Psychology Osaka, Japan
Authors: Garry Robins
University of Melbourne Department of Psychology Melbourne, Australia
Pip Pattison
University of Melbourne Department of Psychology Melbourne, Australia
Title: Dynamics of social networks, trust, and social identity
Social networks change over time. The exponential random graph model was applied to longitudinal network data
in order to capture the dynamics of network structure, trust and social identity. The data consisted of 70 first year
undergraduates at an education department of a university in Japan. They nominated friends at the department
whom they had greeted and/or with whom they had discussed personal matters face-to-face and/or via mobile
phone text messages at four time points (T1 to T4) during their school year. Generalized trust toward others,
identification with the department, and identification with the department friends were assessed as psychological
dispositions. Undergraduates with high generalized trust were less likely to nominate friends throughout the first
Abstract: semester (from T1 to T2), but this trend was reversed throughout the summer vacation (from T2 to T3): those
with high generalized trust were more likely to nominate others than those with low trust. These results imply the
role of trust as social intelligence: people with high generalized trust might be active in relationship formation, but
they might be careful to form relationships at an initial stage so as to distinguish others to be trustworthy or not.
In the vacation period, when friendships seemed to be reassessed, increasing departmental identification was
associated with more friendship nominations. In the same period, increasing identification with friends was
accompanied by more face-to-face nominations, but fewer text message nominations. The implication of
'relationship-reassessment' during the vacation will be discussed.
Keywords: ergm (p*) , friendship networks , dynamics on networks , trust
Accepted: Yes
199 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Olivia Ip
mgolivia@cityu.edu.hk
City University of Hong Kong, Management, Department of Management, City University of Hong, Kong, 88, Tat
Authors: Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
Sek Hong Ng
Faculty of Business University of Hong Kong Pok Fu Lam Rd., HKSAR.
Social connectedness of occupational community and work behavior: a study of the social relations of
Title:
construction workers in Hong Kong
Traditional occupational communities in the past have always been sustained on a ‘dense’/close social network
among members belonging to the same trade or occupation. The homogeneity and cohesiveness among
members facilitate transmission of job information and knowledge, and exert effective control over the standard
of work within a trade or occupation. Examining social relations in an occupational community allows for study of
work relations outside of the ‘bureaucratically’ and ‘vertically organized’ work organization. Other than this, a core
feature of occupational community is the pervasive embrace of the occupational identity of the individual: the
occupational identity serves a key source of identity and embeddedness for its members, leading to higher
motivation to exert effort across organizations. Hence, it is proposed that there is strong relationship between
social connectedness of members of work groups in occupational community and work behavior. So far,
research is sparse in this area.
The study sets out to fill in the gap and attempts to explore the following questions:
Abstract:
1. What are the relationships between patterns of social relations among members of an occupational
community, and occupational identity?
2. What are the relationships between patterns of social relations among members of an occupational community
and work behavior?
For the above purpose, and in view of the exploratory and complex nature of the study, we employ a qualitative
approach. Work groups in a construction site are interviewed to collect data on the research questions. The
construction industry is selected because of the comparatively low degree of ‘vertical’ organization in the
industry, which is dominated by ‘out-sourcing’ practice. Hence, most of the workers are not directly employed by
the construction firm, but only work on a project basis. Through employing a qualitative approach, we have
emphasized the contextual factors within which the networks of the construction workers are embedded. More
details of the findings can be presented upon completion of analysis.
Keywords: occupational community , social identity
Accepted: Yes
200 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Zachary Jacobson
dcalitoi@scs.carleton.ca
School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada and Health Policy Research Division, Health
Authors: Canada
Dragos Calitoiu
Health Policy Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Title: A co-authorship network: the analysis of the structure of scientific collaboration
Scientific co-authorship implies a temporal and collegial relationship; co-authorship networks have been studied
to infer the social structure of the scientific collaborations and statuses of individual researchers. The famous
contribution to this field is the Erdos Number Project in which the number of co-authorship links between any
mathematician and the Hungarian mathematician Erdos was calculated. Co-authorship analysis has been
applied to numerous ACM Conferences, e.g. Information Retrieval (SIGR)and Management of Data (SIGMOD).
We will report authorship collaboration among professors in the School of Computer Science, Carleton University
(Ottawa, Canada). In order to generate a co-authorship network, we counted all the papers registered in the
Digital Bibliography & Library Project (DBLP) database as of July 2006 written by the faculty of the School of
Abstract:
Computer Science. The DBLP database contains scientific journals and proceedings from the field of Computer
Science and it is administered by Computer Science Bibliography University Trier (dblp.uni-trier.de). It lists more
than 830000 articles. Students (undergraduate or graduate) or Post-Doctoral Fellows were not included in our
study.
The results obtained describe the structure of the collaboration in this research community and quantified the
status and the influence on the actors in the network. Our future work will be to compare the structure of scientific
collaboration across different disciplines at our (Carleton) University with corresponding structure of collaboration
in the same discipline but different universities.
Keywords: co-auhorship network , structure of collaboration
Accepted: Yes
201 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lorien Jasny
Authors: ljasny@uci.edu
UC Irvine, Sociology, 4101 Palo Verde Rd, Irvine, California 92617, USA
Title: Networks of Belief Structures: An Entailment Analysis of the ISSP 2003 National Identity Survey
This paper presents an examination of the ISSP 2003 National Identity Survey using the network entailment
analysis. The questions in the survey are similar to those in many other multinational surveys. Examples include
questions about the individual’s pride in different aspects of the country, attachment to institutions, and
international relations. The entailment process uses thresholds of logical implication to extract cognitive
structures in the relationships between the questions asked. For example, when a majority of respondents who
answer positively to question A also answer positively to question B, such an entailment relationship is observed.
The pooled results, of 48 different questions, form signed networks of dyadic relations between the 48 nodes
Abstract:
indicating patterns of positive and negative responses. These cognitive network graphs are compared over each
of the 33 countries included in the ISSP study, and the countries are clustered by similarities in the entailment
networks extracted. Finally, the entailment structure permits an examination of the common relationships among
responses within the clusters through extracting the central graphs. This process compares not only the
dominant response patterns within countries, but between countries as well. Thus, this method produces a new
way of looking at multinational survey data that incorporates micro level differences in cognitive structure into a
macro level comparison.
Keywords: political culture , cognitive networks
Accepted: Yes
202 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kent Wickstrøm Jensen

kwj@sam.sdu.dk
Authors:
University of Southern Denmark, Entrepreneurship and Relationship Management, Engstien 1, Kolding, Jylland
6000, Denmark
Title: Underperforming but unaware: a matter of position?
Underperforming but unaware: a matter of position?
Does network position affect the gap between subordinate self-assessment and supervisor evaluation of
subordinate task performance? Network position may affect this gap in several ways. First, network position
affects the subordinate’s access to information about the criteria by which performance is evaluated, how well the
subordinate performs relative to these criteria, and how well the subordinate performs relative to co-workers.
Secondly, the network position of the subordinate may work to form the supervisor’s expectation about what can
be expected from the subordinate. It can by hypothesized that subordinates occupying central positions will be
Abstract:
well informed but also have to live up to higher expectations. In a study of 4 product-development projects in a
major Danish IT company, task performance of project task were evaluated by both the project participants
allocated to the tasks and the associated project manager. The results indicate that the propensity of
subordinates to overestimate performance increases as the geodesic distance between the subordinate and the
supervisor increases, and as the popularity of the subordinate in the advice network increases. Seemingly,
neither a “out of sight” nor a “here I am” strategy pays of well when it comes to exceeding supervisor
expectations.
Keywords: individual performance , advice , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
203 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Catherine A. Johnson
johnson@sois.uwm.edu
Authors:
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Information Studies, 586 Bolton Hall, 3210 N. Maryland Avenue,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
Title: The public library: A repository of social capital?
This presentation reports on a study that investigated the relationship between use of public libraries and social
capital. Two concepts of social capital, as a collective resource (Putnam, 1995) and as an individual resource
(Lin, 2001), frame the study. The public library is an important social institution since it is a public space where
people of the community gather, meet one another and freely access community resources. Putnam has implied
that social capital emerges from social interactions of the kind taking place in libraries, suggesting that libraries
may be an important resource for helping to build community cohesion. Lin’s concept of social capital as an
Abstract: individual resource, however, suggests that libraries may also be an alternative for people with low levels of
social capital since it is a place where they can make use of information technology and the knowledge and help
of librarians when they have no one in their personal networks who can provide the resources they need.
Questionnaires were administered to 120 public library users and interviews were conducted with 15 library staff
members at three branch libraries in poor neighborhoods in a large Midwestern American city. Findings from the
study will not only show the relationship between libraries and social capital, but will also indicate whether the
relationship is similar for both concepts of social capital.
Keywords: access to knowledge , methodology , social capital , position generator , public space
Accepted: Yes
204 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jeffrey Johnson
johnsonje@ecu.edu
East Carolina University, Sociology, ICMR, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
Terry Reynolds
Authors: ICMR East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
David Griffith
ICMR East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
Lisa Clough
Delartment of Biology East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
Ecological Knowledge, Knowledge Reputation and Social Networks among the Iñupiaq of the Northern Kotzebue
Title:
Sound
This paper examines the relationship between various forms of ecological knowledge, often referred to as
traditional ecological knowledge, (TEK), knowledge reputation, and aspects of social networks among Iñupiaq
marine mammal hunters of Northwest arctic Alaska. The study consists of interviews with 81 Inupiaq subsistence
hunters considered the most active based on subsistence surveys by the tribal association. Data on who are
knowledgeable ugruk (bearded seal) hunters, who hunters talk to about marine mammal hunting, knowledge of
Abstract: the Northern Kotzebue Sound ecosystem and marine mammal behavior, knowledge of Kotzebue Sound trophic
networks, and hunter characteristics were collected. The study finds a clear and strong relationship between
knowledge reputation and various aspects of the hunter’s communication network, particularly indegree centrality
and network core membership. However, hunter’s ecological knowledge itself is a more complex set of
relationships among not only network factors, but also factors such as elder status, formal education,
dependency on subsistence products, and village residence.
Keywords: knowledge networks , intracultural variation , cultural ecological models , perception
Accepted: Yes
205 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lisa Johnston
Authors: lsjohnston@comcast.net
Independent consultant, Tulane Univeristy, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Formative Research for Using Respondent Driven Sampling in HIV Biologic/Behavioral Studies: Understanding
Title:
your Target Population
Researchers, policy makers and governmental agencies around the world are encouraged by the recent reports
of the successful use of Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) to study HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among
vulnerable and hard to reach populations. RDS uses principles of social network theories to mitigate the biases
found in popular and easy to use chain referral samples. Unlike traditional random sampling methods, RDS does
not require a sampling frame to calculate probability of selecting a sampling unit. RDS has been particularly
useful for studying HIV vulnerable populations who practice illegal and/or stigmatized behaviors and often lack
sampling frames such as sex workers (SWs), injecting drug users (IDUs) and males who have sex with males
(MSM). It is said that one advantage of RDS is that little formative research is required. However, researchers
who conduct RDS in international settings find that formative research is an essential step in ensuring a
successful outcome for the study.
Abstract:
Based on the first author’s past experience with RDS, the proper formative research could have avoided
problems associated with 1) missing important members of the target population (e.g., older “sugar daddies” in
South Africa, female IDUs in Vietnam, deaf SWs in India); 2) insufficient social networking among members of
the target population (e.g., SWs in Montenegro, MSM/SWs in Eastern Caribbean) and 3) study logistics (e.g.,
incentive level in Serbia, interview site location in Croatia).
Formative research could likely improve the efficiency and success of RDS in an untested population by
identifying potential sampling issues (e.g., population’s average network size, network density), resolving study
logistics (e.g., incentive level, appropriate interview site locations) and better understanding the population (types
of sex workers, appropriate types of testing or clinical services, acceptability of an RDS study).
Keywords: social networks , peer networks , qualitative research
Accepted: Yes
206 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lukasz Jonak
Authors: lukasz@jonak.info
Warsaw University, Institute of Sociology, Karowa 18, Warsaw 00-324, Poland
Title: Between efficiency and innovativeness: the dynamics of an organization as a social system
A business organization can be conceptualized as a social system, with internal network of relations between
employees, or other units, defining the structure of the system. Firm’s operations depend in turn on the nature of
the business, but also on the relations of the company with environment – clients and competition. The internal
structure of a firm should reflect both the type of organization’s business and the structure of its market
environment.
This paper presents the evolution of internal network of IT consulting company leading to the significant
Abstract: improvement of its performance. The longitudinal network study of employees project affiliations and direct
communication networks was performed. The changes of cohesion and homogeneity/differentiation indexes were
measured in order to assess the direction of organizational change. The dimensions of this assessment are
efficiency (responsible for general business performance) and innovativeness (defining the adaptive potential of
the company, given the rapid changes in IT business trends and evolution of market structure).
The results are interpreted in the context of organizational network analysis, the structural holes–closure
argument, and generalized on the level of (social) systems approach.
Keywords: innovation , intraorganizational networks , social systems , network dynamics
Accepted: Yes
207 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yuval Kalish
kalish@unimelb.edu.au
Authors: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Garry Robins
Department of Psychology University of Melbourne Parkville 3010 Australia
Title: Social settings and the organization of network ties: an empirical examination of Foci of Activity theory
There has been a renewed theoretical interest in the way individual differences and contextual effects are related
to network structure. The current paper investigates how contextual effects enable or constrain the development
of simple network structures. We utilize Foci of Activity Theory (Feld, 1981) and provide an empirical examination
of the specific predictions of the theory. We place Foci of Activity theory in a larger framework of theoretical
accounts that pertain to the self-organization of network ties into transitive triads. We propose extensions to the
definition of foci characteristics, including psychological intensity, importance, compatibility and the presence of
Abstract: conflict. We argue that there are two corollaries to the theory relating to, firstly, the development of network ties
within foci of activity and, secondly, to the development of ties between foci and the emergence of new foci from
old ones. In examining these two aspects in separate analyses, we find variability in the tendency of transitivity
based on the characteristics of foci. Moreover, our results also supported Feld’s mechanism of focus integration:
ties were more likely to occur between social settings that were viewed as compatible. We close with a
discussion of the findings, including how these results are consistent with new proposals for dependence
hypotheses for statistical models for social networks.
Keywords: affiliation networks , ergm (p*) , transitivity , personal networks , network structure
Accepted: Yes
208 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Stella Kalogeropoulou
Authors:
skal@soc.aegean.gr
Title: Social Care Networks:new forms of Social Policy in the Greek legal context
This paper examines the role of the civic social state as a Social Care Network. The focal point is the
conceptualisation of civic social state as a social -and legal system of a 'becoming identity' according to the
Abstract: systemic theoretical approach of Luhmann. In this form, the social state is shaped by, and in the same time
shapes, social reality and-through this structural dynamic approach -contributes decisively to the social
transfomation.
qualitative network , collective action , dynamics on networks , identity , inequality , network structure , social
Keywords:
network
209 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Annelies Kamran
Authors: akamran@gc.cuny.edu
Graduate Center/CUNY, Political Science, 2769 Montauk Hwy., Brookhaven, New York 11719, USA
Title: Structure of a Transnational Network: The Response to Nuclear Proliferation
The aim of this paper is to use the methods of social network analysis to discover the structural patterns of
cooperation that arise in response to a global security problem. Social network analysis methods allow one to
quantify relationships between actors and represent them mathematically and graphically, thus gaining new
insights into the intersubjective structures created by actors. By mapping the relationships at the system level of
world politics including individual states as well as intergovernmental organizations, transnational
Abstract: nongovernmental organizations and transnational businesses, this paper will demonstrate how a new way of
thinking about the constitution of system level world politics can produce new information. The theory used for
the investigation is: due to possibilities raised by globalization, the situational framework in large part determines
the network that is formed in response to a global security problem. This paper will therefore conduct a social
network analysis mapping the construction of a traditional security transnational cooperative response network,
using as a case study the response to nuclear proliferation since the end of the Cold War.
globalization , governance , inter-organizational , international networks , network structure , world systems ,
Keywords:
security networks
Accepted: Yes
210 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Esmail KaramiDehkordi
eska2004@gmail.com
PhD Researcher in School of Agriculture, Policy and Developmet, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR,
Authors: United Kingdom Lecturer in The University of Zanjan, Iran
Chris Garforth
Professor of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, The University of Reading, UK
Communication and Information Networks of Social Actors in Natural Resource Management: A Case Study in
Title:
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in Iran
Strong relationship, information exchange and collaboration of social actors are essential for sustainable NRM
and rural livelihoods systems. The purpose is to investigate information exchange networks of social actors of
different institutions relevant to NRM. It is also to discuss the influence or leadership of these institutions for
collaborative actions. A case study using quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques was
utilised in relevant institutions of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in Iran.
The networks showed a small number of strong relations, but a great number of weak or no relations, which
caused a low density of the network with strong values. So information exchange of many actors was in an
irregular and infrequent way.
Abstract: Centrality measures revealed not much power and influence in information network, though centrality of the
actors was not equally distributed. Institutions’ managers and provincial and district level extension service staff
had relatively a more central and powerful position in the network. This shows a potential to manage the
complexities of the network in the future. In the same way, poor centrality and information exchange (especially
among researchers and many subject matter specialists outside extension service) might make some obstacles.
Clique, cluster, factor analysis and qualitative data identified the association of information exchange and factors
such as nature and policies of institutions; and administrative, geographical and managerial position of actors.
The strongest relations were among actors of each institution in a geographical level, while the least frequent and
weakest communication was between governmental and non-governmental actors.
Session: Knowledge and Information Networks
natural resource management , knowledge networks , information networks , knowledge systems , information
Keywords:
exchange , iran , collective action , rural communities
Accepted: Yes
211 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ioannis Karidas
Authors: jkaridas@altecnet.gr
Panteion University, Social Psycology, Athens Greece.
Title: New neighborhoold communities, a space-social topology of the global/ virual cities
In this paper, I describe neighborhoold communities as social relations that occure in three different levels of
space or different topologies, region, global netwoorks, virtual fluides. I try to develop a way of describing the
relations between these different space/social environments. So the critical point, the basic aim, is to find a way
of describing a method of investigate the social systems, also the relations of different forms of spatiality and so
between different versions of social relations, specially of neighborhoold/localities - cities/globalities, of social
connections in the compex envirtonments of global/ virtual cities. In this paper i suggest that these topologies of
the different spases is genererative not only of the local communities but also of the global differences between
Abstract:
topologies themselvs. In this way i try to develop a tool for understanding the relations between the local and the
global and the real and the virtual. This approach is strengthened by the new technologies of information and
communication and, also, by the Internet and virtual communities, which affected considerably the new social
environment. Finally, in the conclusion of these paper i describe these space /social topology from local/
neighborhoold communities to virtual/ global cities as the topology of digital cities. The main question that this
paper attemps to answer is whether similar topologies can be applied today in the existing framework of social
netwoorks.
Keywords: social networks , neighborhood communities
212 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Harald Katzmair
harald.katzmair@fas.at
FAS.research 1168 Folsom Street #304 94103 San Francsico, USA
Ruth Pfosser
Authors: FAS.research Muellnergasse 3/1 1090 Wien, Austria
Christian Gulas
FAS.research Muellnergasse 3/1 1090 Wien, Austria
Max Ruhri
Evaluating networks: Assessing the Robustness, Efficiency and Diversity of Networks by the Example of
Title:
"Interregional Cooperation" in the European Union
Dozens of highly standardized social science based methods and tools are
available for program evaluation purposes, but currently none of those
standardized approaches actually use SNA based measures. Our challenge was
to develop a plausible concept and framework to utilize SNA as
an evaluation method in the context of EU program evaluation and as a
basis for decision-making in the future design of EU-programs and
frameworks.
Like in every evaluation process one has to define an objective function

to determine the quality and value of the outcome. But what does it mean
to define a value function in the context of network structures? And
what if the outcome isn't a measurable standard variable (regional
Abstract: GDP, number of new start ups, number of created jobs etc.) but the
network structure (it's robustness, efficiency and diversity) itself?
What are "good" and what are "bad" network patterns? A lot of studies in
the field of organizational networks have shown that there isn't
anything out there like THE excellent network morphology. Form follows
function. Ideal network structures differ according to their goals and
tasks. Only in respect to specific goals one can speak about "ideal" or
"excellent" networks.
In this paper we will present our attempt in solving the puzzle of the
form-follows-function problem in the context of network evaluation.
Finally we want to discuss some more general scholarly and practical
questions and ambiguities which arise in using SNA as an evaluation tool.
Session: Network Evaluation
affiliation networks , eu policy making , knowledge transfer , methods , network comparison , performance
Keywords:
measurement , policy network
Accepted: Yes
213 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sylvia Keim
keim@demogr.mpg.de
Authors:
Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic Research Independent Research Group on the Culture of Reproduction
Rostock, Germany
Title: The Influence of Social Networks on the Timing of Family Formation
This paper presents the results of a mixed-methods study on the influence of social networks on the decision to
have a first or second child. We conducted qualitative interviews with young adults that centered on the topics of
family formation and social relations. Additionally the respondents’ social networks were mapped with a
network-chart and grid, which provides rich data on the individual relations as well as systematic information on
the structure of the network. Whereas most studies on ego-centered networks are based on information by Ego
only, we also interviewed up to three network partners of our main respondents in order to gain deeper insights
into interpersonal influences based on the information from both network-partners.
Abstract:
In this paper we focus on the respondents’ ideas on timing of family formation or extension and how this is
negotiated and transmitted in their social networks. The main questions are:
• What ideas on “timing” do the respondents present? Do they refer to their network-partners when stating these
ideas?
• How do the people in the respondents’ social network deal with the timing of family formation or extension? How
do these network-partners influence the respondents’ views? What is the role of the network structure for this
influence?
Keywords: family , fertility , friendship networks , qualitative network
Accepted: Yes
214 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Natasa Kejzar
natasa.kejzar@fdv.uni-lj.si
Authors: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva ploscad 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia 1000, Slovenia
Vladimir Batagelj
University of Ljubljana Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Title: Probalistic inductive classes of graphs
The idea of mathematical induction is well known for some centuries. It can be used to prove for a statement to
hold or to define a certain class of objects. To define an inductive class of objects we have to give (1) a class of
initial objects, and (2) a list of generating rules that transform object(s) already in the class into an object also in
the class. The inductive class consists exactly of the objects that can be obtained from the initial objects in finite
number of steps using the generating rules. Eberhard was the first one to define classes of graphs using an
inductive definition. In graph theory the inductive definitions for several classes of graphs were given.
Abstract: In our work we think of a graph as a ``skeleton" of the network. With inductive definitions of graphs one can
describe the evolution of a graph in some prescribed manners. The transitions (transformations by rules) can be
viewed as implicit time steps. We extend the standard notion of inductive classes of graphs (ICGs) by imposing a
probability space in the choice of rules and their initial elements and call it probabilistic ICGs (PICGs).
Many of the existing models of growing networks can be cast as PICGs.We will look at some graph/network
generations according to specific PICG rules which serve as models for specific real-world networks (i.e. spread
of knowledge and inovation among people, changing the structure of links in a fixed social network in time etc.).
Keywords: network evolution , network dynamics , methodology , longitudinal , simulation
Accepted: Yes
215 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Patrick Kenis
Authors: p.kenis@uvt.nl
Department of Organisation Studies Tilburg University the Netherlands
Title: The use of network analysis in studying the production system of Open Innovation Communities
In the present paper we develop a conceptual framework for assessing open innovation communities. Open
innovation communities are a form of user-led innovation. They involve loosely regulated collaboration of differen
actors, which leads to the creation or modification of both tangible and intangible goods and services. The
defining characteristic of open innovation is collaboration and sharing in a dispersed way through the use of ICT
networks. Although open innovation is most often associated with open source software, open innovation as a
Abstract:
form of production is being extended more and more areas (e.g. information provision, drugs development, risk
reduction applications, the Tropical Disease Initiative, etc.).
We are interested in assessing the quality of goods produced in open innovation communities using network
analysis. We suggest that the social structure of the production system is a good proxy for the quality of the
goods produced and propose a research design for testing the conceptual framework presented.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: open innovation , network structure , effectiveness
Accepted: Yes
216 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jang Hyun Kim

jhk7@buffalo.edu
Authors: SUNY@Buffalo, Communication, Department of Communication, SUNY @Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
George Barnett
SUNY@Buffalo, Communication, Department of Communication, SUNY @Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Title: Examining the Structure and Influence of the U.S. Senate’s Hyperlink Network on Roll Call Voting Patterns
Hyperlinks among the web sites of the members of the 109th United States Senate were examined through
social network analysis. Structurally, the hyperlink network’s most central actors were primarily Democrats and
moderate Republicans. Party affiliation was a significant predictor of the hyperlink network’s structure (r = .038, p
< .005). As expected, the roll call voting network was composed of two cliques, one for each political party with
Abstract:
moderates from both parties bridging the two groups. While political party (r = .877, p < .005) accounted for a
large proportion of the variance in voting patterns, the hyperlink network (r = .070, p < .005) independently
explained additional variance. Together, these two variables accounted over 35% of the variance in voting
patterns. Suggestions for future research are addressed.
Keywords: collective action , political networks , internet/hyperlink networks
Accepted: Yes
217 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Don Kincaid
Authors: lkincaid@jhuccp.org
Johns Hopkins University, Communication, 10241 Tuscany Road, Ellicott City, Maryland 21042, USA
Title: Bounded Normative Influence: The Strength of Strong Ties in Social Networks
Weak ties in social networks provide bridges over which innovations can cross the boundaries of social
subgroups, but once this occurs then strong ties within these subgroups can inhibit change by social sanctions
and reinforcement of existing social norms. This implies that weak ties favor—are necessary for—innovation
while strong ties only serve to inhibit innovation within social networks. So, how can any innovation ever diffuse to
the point where it becomes a new social norm? The paradox of how a minority can ever overcome the influence
of the majority cannot be overcome easily without taking into account the role of boundaries within social
networks. Computer simulations of social networks have demonstrated a new principle of social change that
Abstract: resolves this paradox. A new minority can change the prevailing social norm by means bounded normative
influence: the tendency of social norms to influence behavior within relatively bounded, local subgroups of a
social system rather than the system as a whole.
Clique boundaries in networks function to protect “deviant” behavior of a minority by insulating it from majority
influence. As long as a minority maintains its majority status within its own, locally bounded portion of the
network, then it can survive and even grow by recruiting converts in the near surround by means of weak ties.
This principle is illustrated by computer simulations, mothers clubs in Korea, the eradication of foot binding in
China and female circumcision in Africa, and the spiral of silence theory of political campaigns in Germany.
Session: Network Theory
clustering , cultural convergence , network change , social influence , model-based simulation , entropy-like
Keywords:
measures , strength of strong ties , bounded normative influence
Accepted: Yes
218 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Olga Kioufegi
mboudour@upatras.gr
University of Patras Department of Mathematics Patras, Greece
Moses Boudourides
Authors: University of Patras Department of Mathematics Patras, Greece
David Tindall
Department of Sociology University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
Manos Kokorakis
University of Patras Department of Mathematics Patras, Greece
Are structural and positional embeddedness in multi-organizational networks associated with concern about
Title:
climate change?
This paper examines survey data collected through the “Forests, Values, and Communities Survey” from the
general public in British Columbia in 2005-2006. We examine people’s membership in voluntary organizations,
classifying these organizations into a set of organization types. We create affiliation networks based on these
organizational types, and compute different network properties for each organizational type (positional and
structural embeddedness, membership in block models, etc.). We explore differences in the corresponding
Abstract:
affiliation networks between those who are concerned about climate change and those who are not, and those
who plan to do something about climate change and those who do not. Our objective is to examine the potential
correlations between structural and positional location in a multi-organizational network and people’s concern
about, and strategies for dealing with, climate change.
Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Keywords: affiliation networks , embeddedness , social influence , environmental networks
Accepted: Yes
219 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Deirdre Kirke
deirdre.kirke@nuim.ie
National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Sociology, Maynooth,, Co. Kildare, Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Pip Pattison
Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne Australia
Garry Robins
Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne Australia
Title: Modelling the role of gender in structuring adolescent friendship networks
Although gender homophily is a ubiquitous feature of friendship networks
at all ages, the nature of the association between gender and network
macrostructure is not fully understood. In this paper, we use social
selection models (Robins, Elliott & Pattison, 2001) in the
exponential random graph modelling framework to assess the role of gender
in structuring adolescent friendship networks. These models allow us to
assess a variety of potential gender-related influences on network
properties, including: biases in expansiveness and popularity;
homophily and differential homophily effects; differential variation in
expansiveness and popularity biases; differential propensities for
Abstract:
clustering; and differential forms of cross-gender "brokerage". We
apply this modelling approach to a network of 1188 ties among 267
teenagers and their friends in an Irish community and discuss the
implications of the results for theories of network evolution.
Reference: Robins, G., Elliott, P., & Pattison, P. (2001). Network

models for social selection processes. Social Networks, 23, 1-30.
Keywords: ergm (p*) models, realization dependence,

statistical models, friendship networks, gender, homophily, clustering.
Keywords: ergm (p*) , realization dependence , statistical models , friendship networks , gender , homophily , clustering
Accepted: Yes
220 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Akishige Kishida
akishida2005@theia.ocn.ne.jp
Ark Internationals, Kobe, Japan
Authors:
John Boyd
University of California at Irvine, Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, Irvine,, CA
92697-5100, USA
Title: A Random Graph Approach in Structural Balance
We present a random graph model that makes it possible to analyze data based on signed digraphs. We create
a balance index, using the first and second moments of a random signed digraph. The model is an extension of
earlier models, e.g., positive transitivity (Holland & Leinhardt, 1970), but has some advantages over them. It is
easy to calculate and interpret while fitting the data better. It is more general than the previous model in that it
can analyze signed digraphs. In our model the smallest unit of analysis is a signed, directed triad whereas it was
a directed triad in previous models. A balanced triad is defined as follows: If the product of the signs in every
semicycle is positive, then the triad is balanced; otherwise, it is unbalanced. In actual data, some triads may be
Abstract:
balanced while others are not. We calculate the mean and standard deviation of the number of balanced triads in
a random signed digraph, conditioned on the number of points and positive and negative arcs. The balance index
is the number of balanced triads standardized by the mean and standard deviation of this number for the
corresponding random signed digraph. The balance index measures the tendency toward, or away from,
structural balance. Furthermore it allows us to compare indices against each other in a meaningful way. The
balance index appears to be normally distributed as a result of our computer simulation. We compute this index
on the Sampson monastery data.
Keywords: structural balance , statistical models , signed digraph , random graph , simulation
Accepted: Yes
221 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sandra Kliknaite
sandra.kliknaite@hik.se
Authors:
Baltic Business School, Kalmar, Sweden and Lund University, Business Administration Department, Lund,
Sweden
Title: Managing the Balancing Act between Exploration and Exploitation in Industry-University R&D Collaborations
The main question in the paper is: How can the different organizational requirements for exploration versus
exploitation be addressed to secure both creation and implementation of innovation? I believe that this issue can
be solved through new forms of networking between internal exploitation and external exploration. According to
Harryson (2006) innovation requires management of both weak and strong ties cutting across both peripheral
and core networks with a strong focus on developing and managing relationships for transfer and transformation
of information into innovation. The purpose of my research is to explore how to connect these two network
structures and, in particular, how to transfer results from exploration networks to exploitation networks. In our
previous research on a selection of technology innovation leadership companies in Europe (Harryson, Kliknaite
and Dudkowski, forthcoming) we find that external sourcing of technologies and skills does not have to result in a
Abstract: hollowing out of internal R&D capabilities. In contrast, it seems that certain mdels of Industry-University
collaboration create synergies that support the transformation of scientific knowledge and disruptive technologies
into innovation.
My research aims to take these finding further, by using and improving the following analytical framework three
interrelated network levels with different foci:
1. Extracorporate creativity networks
2. Intracorporate process networks
3. Project networks
I see a strong need to understand the role of project networks to analyze when and how which types of ties and
relationships contribute, respectively, to exploration and exploitation of technology innovation.
Session: Innovation
balance , access to knowledge , collaboration , innovation , inter-organizational networks , intra-firm
Keywords:
networks , tie strength
Accepted: Yes
222 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Stefan Klink
Stefan.Klink@aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de
University of Karlsruhe (TH) Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods Karlsruhe, Germany
Authors:
Patrick Reuther
University of Trier Department of Databases and Information Systems (DBIS) Trier, Germany
Alexander Weber
Title: Finding Relevant Publications in Bibliographical Databases with Social Networks
Finding relevant publications to a certain topic is the classical information retrieval problem. Although good
retrieval tools exist solving this problem is getting harder and harder due to the mass of information and the rapid
growth of the number of scientific workers.
The io-port.net portal and the DBLP Computer Science Bibliography include more than 2,000,000 and 850,000
publications, respectively, from more than 450,000 authors. They are major services used by thousands of
computer scientists which provide fundamental support for scientists searching for publications or other scientists
in similar communities.
Abstract:
In this paper we describe a user friendly interface which plays the central role in searching authors and
publications and analysing social networks on the basis of bibliographical data. With the help of a sofisticated
combination of direct search and browsing through the data, the visualisation of social networks based on
co-authors, cited-by, conferences, etc., respectively, is the vital principle for finding publications which are
relevant to the user.
After introducing the concept of multi-mode social networks, the DBL-Browser itself and various methods for
multi-layered browsing through social networks are described.
Keywords: co-auhorship network , co-citation networks , cognitive networks
Accepted: Yes
223 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Alden Klovdahl
alden.klovdahl@anu.edu.au
Austrailan Natural University, Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Canberra, ACT 0200,
Australia
Mark Williams
Authors: School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
John Atkinson
School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
Sandra Timpson
School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
Sex at the Boundaries: Networks among men who have sex with men (and some women) in relation to infectious
Title:
disease control
One of the key challenges of contemporary infectious disease control is to better understand points at which
pathogens cross over from one group to another, thereby expanding the spread of infection and presenting more
difficult control problems. Here the focus is on networks of men who have sex with men, in particular a subset of
these who are male sex workers. Over 400 interviews were carried out with these men in Houston Texas
between 2004 and 2006. The data were collected with a link-tracing sampling design. About 25% of those for
whom the relevant information was available reported being HIV positive. Almost half had female sex partners in
Abstract:
the 30 days prior to interview. The total number of network links in this population exceeded 4,500, the average
per participant being about 12 (median, 9), with varying numbers of additional unidentified customers. Preliminary
analyses are presented. That is, considered are the number and type of components in the networks observed,
some of their structural characteristics (e.g., density, average distance, centrality), the location of HIV in the
population, the relevance of this for pathogen spread and control, and so on. Implications for future research on
social networks and infectious disease control are discussed.
Keywords: drug use , hiv , men who have sex with men , network structure , sexually transmitted infection , visualization
Accepted: Yes
224 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andreas Klärner
klaerner@demogr.mpg.de
Authors:
Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Independent Research Group Culture of Reproduction
Konrad-Zuse Str. 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
Title: Measuring and exploring social networks – a mixed methods approach to social network analysis
A recurring problem in social network research is that collected network data differs depending on the way the
researcher asks for network-partners and that each network generator leads to a different sector of the
respondent’s network.
Our research is focused on the influence of social networks on fertility decisions and based on interviews
collected in two German cities. Since little is known about the connections between social networks and fertility
decisions, we decided to profit from a qualitative design and to collect network data as open as possible with
narrative interviews. On the other hand we wanted to collect systematically comparable network data, which led
Abstract: us to use the network chart introduced by Kahn/Antonucci and a network grid. We asked respondents to name
“important” persons in their life, leaving it open to the respondent to define what “important” means.
In this paper we evaluate this approach for collecting network data and ask:
- What kinds of relationships are included in the networks we explored?
- Who do the respondents consider as “important”? With whom do they talk about “personal problems”? Whom
do they experience as “supportive”? Who is “not important” or even “problematic”?
- How well do the measures derived from the network chart and network grid represent the accounts on the
network given during the qualitative interview?
Keywords: family , fertility , mixed methods , methodology , qualitative network
Accepted: Yes
225 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andrea Knecht
Authors: a.b.knecht@fss.uu.nl
ICS/Dept. of Sociology, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Title: Friends and Problem Behavior and Attitude in Early Adolescence. A Study of Selection and Influence Effects
Adolescent friends often show similarity in problem behavior and attitudes. Problematic behaviors and attitudes
during adolescence are, for instance, alcohol use, delinquent behavior and unfavorable attitudes towards
school-related behavior. Selection processes, where adolescents tend to form and maintain friendships with
others who are similar, and influence processes, where adolescents adjust their behavior and attitudes to those
of their friends, lead both to a positive relation of adolescents’ and their friends’ behavior and attitude. This paper
aims at disentangling influence from selection processes for alcohol use, delinquency, and attitudes towards
Abstract: school-related behavior and determining the relative strength of the association between these attributes and
selection and influence processes. Results from a longitudinal study of 438 students in 16 classes using the
SIENA software imply that friendship selection depends on the level of delinquency and friends exert influence on
the attitude towards school-related behavior. Friendship selection is moreover governed by the preference to
have reciprocated, transitive friendship ties to others of the same gender, and the tendency for adolescents to
maintain friendships from primary school. We found that attitude towards school-related behavior affects
delinquent behavior and delinquent behavior affects alcohol use.
Keywords: actor-driven modeling , siena , social influence , selection , alcohol use , school attitude , adolescence
Accepted: Yes
226 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Laura M. Koehly
koehlyl@mail.nih.gov
NHGRI/NIH/DHHS Social and Behavioral Research Branch, Bldg 31, Rm B1B37D, 31 Center Drive MSC 2073,
Bethesda, MD 20892-2073, USA
Natalia R. Kuhn
Authors: NHGRI/NIH/DHHS Social and Behavioral Research Branch, Bldg 31, Rm B1B37D, 31 Center Drive MSC 2073,
Bethesda, MD 20892-2073, USA
June A. Peters
NCI/NIH/DHHS Clinical Genetics Branch 6120 Executive Blvd, EPS 7026 Rockville, MD 20852-7231, USA
Jennifer Loud
NCI/NIH/DHHS Clinical Genetics Branch 6120 Executive Blvd, EPS 7026 Rockville, MD 20852-7231, USA
A Social Network Approach to Communal Coping: Sisters at Risk of Developing Hereditary Breast and Ovarian
Title:
Cancer
Communal Coping Theory offers a promising framework for investigating the social context within which families
cope with a shared stressor. Communal coping processes involve family members communicating about and
engaging in cooperative strategies to cope with a shared threat. This approach represents a shift from viewing
coping as an individual-level phenomenon to an interdependent relational process. To date the literature
regarding communal coping has either been theoretical in nature, or qualitative in design. Social network
methods offer a quantitative framework that can be used to further our understanding about communal coping
processes within families. The current paper illustrates the utility of social network methods for investigating
communal coping among sisters at risk of developing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Sixty-five
Abstract: sisters from 31 families with known BRCA1/2 mutations provided data on their informational, tangible, and
emotional support networks using the Colored Eco-Genetic Relationship Map (CEGRM), perceived risk, and
psychological distress. Overlap in the support networks of sisters from the same family was used to assess
communal coping concepts (i.e. mutuality in exchange, pooled resources). Hierarchical models were used to
understand how network-based indices were related to similarity in risk perceptions and psychological distress.
Results suggest that sisters exchange information about their cancer risk; information exchange is affected by
similar risk appraisals; and shared support resources are related to psychological distress. Social network
methods provide an innovative approach to developing an understanding of how sisters within HBOC families
cope with their shared cancer risk.
Keywords: breast cancer , depression , family , personal networks , social support , anxiety , ovarian cancer
Accepted: Yes
227 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tina Kogovšek
tina.kogovsek@guest.arnes.si
Authors: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva Pl. 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Valentina Hlebec
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva Pl. 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Title: Network Composition in Name Generator and Role Relationship Approach
Different approaches in social network measurement have different (dis)advantages. Name generator approach
on one hand provides very detailed information on network characteristics (e.g., size and composition). However,
it is very time and money consuming and it requires considerable effort from respondent, when it is applied in
self-administered mode or complex coordination between interviewer and respondent, when it is applied in
personal interviews (e.g. Kogovšek et al., 2002). On the other hand, role relationship approach is cheaper and
easier to administer, but gives less precise estimates of network characteristics. With the role-relationship
approach unique identification of persons is possible only for “unique” role-relations, such as the partner. With
other role-relations multiple actual persons cannot be distinguished (e.g., friends, children, siblings). If we regard
each possible role relation functionally, this approach poses no particular limitation. However, estimation of the
Abstract:
network composition, a frequent practice in social network analysis, is limited, since we do not poses information
of the number of children, siblings and so on.
Alternative measures of network composition based on role-relationship approach (Hlebec, Kogovšek, 2005) are
compared and validated against measures obtained by name generator approach in 2x2 experimental design
with repeated measurement. Data were collected on a quota sample (defined by gender and age distribution) of
208 respondents in two waves (in each wave with a different data collection method) by the students of the Socia
Network Analysis course at the Faculty of Social Sciences in Ljubljana in October and November 2006. The
interval between the two measurement waves was two weeks.
Keywords: methodology , social support , personal network methods
Accepted: Yes
228 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Bruce Kogut
bruce.kogut@insead.edu
Authors: Mariano Belinky
Dept. Llenguatges i Sistemes Informàtics Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
Pietro Urso
Insead Business School Fontainebleau, France
Title: venture capital syndication as an evolving weighted graph
The vast proportion of studies on social networks focus on unweighted
graphs. While focusing on binary relations has proven to be revealing
in many social contexts, social relationships often are marked by the
renewal and amplification of ties. We show that the unweighted graph of
venture capital syndication lack many of the properties of social
networks of analytical interest: power laws, homophily, and robustness.
To the contrary, treating the network as a weighted graph of repeated
ties recovers these processes. We then decompose the syndications along
the dimensions of industrial and geographic classifications to study the
oscillations of the graph over time in reference to business cyles and
Abstract: to technological breakthroughs. Consequently, the study is able to
marry the social, economic, and technological processes to explain the
evolutionary dynamics of repeated tie formation. The data are drawn
from the VentureExpert database for the period of 1960 to 2005, as well
as from the US Census. By using a variation on Snijder's Siena model,
we estimate parameters to social rules conditioned on economic and
geographic measures. In all, we show that there is a tradeoff between
trusted expertise of established partners and the search for diversity.
These results are further explored by a simulation to test the
robustness of the network structure to small perturbations in the
parameters.
Keywords: venture capital , weighted graphs , network evolution , statistical models
Accepted: Yes
229 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Hanna Kónya
Authors: konya_hanna@yahoo.com
Corvinus University Budapest, Department of Sociology, Budapest, Hungary
Title: The personal network of a rural-local elite, emphasizing the patron-client relations
My paper is a case study, made in an ethnically mixed village in Transylvania (Romania). It refers to the local
elite, especially to the, so called "Patron-Client" relations.
The research focuses on the following questions:
-the homogeneous or heterogeneous nature of the personal network and the interpretation of ethnicity
Abstract: -social political background of the patron-client relation
-how friendship affects ethnicity
-the functional/utility relations of the local elite
The datas I analyzed were collected by questionnaire, interviewing and analyzed with Ucinet, Egonet and
discourse analyze. Although it is only about 20 people (the local elite) is a new approach of elite research.
Keywords: community structure , ethnic identity , personal networks , stratification (elites)
Accepted: Yes
230 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Simona Korenjak-Cerne
simona.cerne@ef.uni-lj.si
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Kardeljeva ploscad 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ljubljana,
Slovenia, Slovenia
Authors:
Natasa Kejzar
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva ploscad 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Vladimir Batagelj
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Title: Temporal clustering in citation networks
Temporal citation indices try to quantify the importance of works
(scientific papers, patents etc.) in time. It is very useful to know,
which works are currently interesting to the community or mainly
influence the newly emerging works, which works have the tendency
to become important, and which are on the other hand loosing its
present position. The information, that is used to quantify this
"importance" is the number and the time of citations for a
particular work. However we do not know exactly, what are the main
temporal citation patterns.
Abstract:
Our research in this work focus on the patterns. Given the time
distributions of citations, we would like to find the main classes
(the temporal distribution shapes) to which a particular work
belongs. We make use of the adapted leaders method (Batagelj,
Korenjak-Cerne), which we apply on the U.S. patents network data
from 1980 to 1999. We show, that the basic version of the method
inevitably leads to revealing single high yearly peaks, which might
obscure other distribution shapes also present in the data.
We try to modify the method according to this observation and
present our latest results.
access to knowledge , citation network , clustering , dynamics on networks , information seeking behaviour ,
Keywords:
longitudinal , methodology
Accepted: Yes
231 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nikolaos Korfiatis
nk.inf@cbs.dk
Department of Informatics Copenhagen Business School, Informatics, Howitzvej 60, Copenhagen 2000,
Denmark
Marios Poulos
Authors:
Department of Archives and Library Sciences Ionian University Plateia Eleutherias Palaia Anaktora, Corfu,
Greece
George Bokos
Department of Archives and Library Sciences Ionian University Plateia Eleutherias Palaia Anaktora, Corfu,
Greece
Title: Analyzing Scientific Networks using "Conflict of Interest"
Conflict of interest can be defined as the non-compatible relationship of actors of the same network where
relational ties denote an authoritativeness relationship when it comes to exchange. However existing measures
for research evaluation (e.g. the Impact Factor) fail to address these conflicting relationships on the analysis of
the academic prominence of a research. In this paper we describe a measure of prominence based on both
Abstract:
co-citation analysis and analysis of conflicting relations between authors. We present results based on example
data from a bipartite network of authors/co-authors and editorial board members from a popular online database
of scientific abstracts and discuss the inputs of social network analysis into the design of research evaluation
instruments.
Keywords: co-auhorship network , co-citation networks , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
232 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Siru Korkala
Authors: siru.korkala@helsinki.fi
University of Turku (FI), Department of Sociology
Title: Appearance of trust in regional, co-operative organizational networks
Successful cooperation of businesses, professional organizations and other relevant parties depends on mutual
trust. Cooperation generates also social capital. Purpose of this research project is to study various networks in
the context of trust and social capital. Networks are cooperative initiatives in Southern Finland. Networks are
financed jointly by the Finnish Ministry of Labour and the European Commission. My research seeks for answers
to the following questions:
• how wide is the network in question, and what kind of changes occur in networks’ structure during the project
• how trust and partnership are being built in networks
• what kind of phenomena typically appear during the formation of networks
Network analysis, which is used for describing networks’ fine-grained structure, is the main method in use in this
research.
In the paper, the networks are being scrutinized in a context, which is based on putting concepts of systemic trust
and personal trust in contradiction. Systemic trust appears in relationships with abstract systems, like norms and
regulations created by networking initiatives’ for themselves. The density of the networks varies significantly, and
also other types of diversity can be found. Density, centralization and the existence of structural holes are
studied. The networks are in very different stages of development. It appears that the higher degree of density
Abstract: and activity is present in a network, the more trust is based on the systemic level. On the other hand, the less
dense the network is, the more trust applies at personal level. This conclusion is illustrated by the Type of
Trust-Activity –Matrix that I will present at the conference.
Social networks consist of strong and weak ties. In business networks, strong ties implies to mutual agreements,
which define certain terms, conditions and ways to interact. Weak ties develop through experience, joint efforts
and gaining trust. In most cases, weak ties may connect also with organizations outside the existing network,
hence the networks extend. However, the extensions of this kind require that the newcomers should trust
strongly in the network as a system, not only in some of its members. In the beginning of co-operation, common
practices are not yet settled and network’s qualitative development has not taken place yet, hence trust exists
mostly on personal level. Personal trust does exist also in dense networks, but it is not equally dominant: norms
and regulations maintain trust instead. According to the social network literature, it is easier for dense networks to
maintain trust, and maintaining norms require high density. As a conclusion, one can say that building systemic
trust is a major prerequisite for effective and lucrative co-operation in the networks. Two out of three networks
under study are evolving continuously, thanks to the proactive attitude of the members involved. Future steps will
include testing the usefulness of network visualization methods, such as multidimensional scaling whilst
monitoring changes of positions of members in the networks.
Keywords: organizations , social capital , ucinet , trust in networks
Accepted: Yes
233 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Johan Koskinen
johank@unimelb.edu.au
Authors:
University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology, The Redmond Barry Building,
Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
Title: Fitting models to social networks with missing data
Social network analysis is not exempt from the problem of missing data but dealing with missing data is typically
complicated by the interdependency of observations. The observed part of data may be dependent on missing
data and ignoring a non-respondent may be tantamount to redefining the network boundary. Many data
structures can be thought of in terms of missing data: multiple reports on an unobserved network structure;
observations only for a part of a network; observed ties being manifestations of underlying, unobserved
categories; etc. The conceptualisation of missingness may be given by the structure of data but may also depend
on the focus of the study (c.p. inferring latent structure in cognitive social structures as opposed to comparing
Abstract:
consensus of reports). In this paper the focus is on performing inference for models for the ties in a social
network with a fixed set of nodes, when we are confronted by missing information for dyads, i.e. for some pairs of
actors we do not know whether there should be an edge (arc) or not. Researchers have pointed to the difficulty in
dealing with this type of missing data and the pitfalls of not dealing with it but there are few suggestions as to how
we should deal with this type of missing data. Taking a Bayesian approach we propose a Markov chain Monte
Carlo algorithm that, given a few assumptions regarding what causes observations to be missing, allows us to fit
an (curved) exponential random graph model to social network data with missing information.
Session: Missing Data
Keywords: ergm (p*) , missing data , bayesian inference
Accepted: Yes
234 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Helena Kovačič
helena.kovacic@fdv.uni-lj.si
Authors:
Faculty of Social Sciences Centre for Policy Evaluation and Strategic Studies (CPESS) Kardeljeva pl. 5 Ljubljana
SLOVENIA
Title: Network Analysis of Knowledge Flows Across Public Sector Organizations
This paper uses social network analysis to examine knowledge transfer relationships in the context of EU
integration processes. Within the last wave of the EU enlargement, several programs supporting accession have
been carried out between EU member states and candidate countries. These programs were mainly oriented to
the alignment of the acquis. The purpose of the study is to understand this alignment process in more details
since the processes of the adoption and the implementation of the new institutions are not necessarily the same,
Abstract: several have to overcome huge difficulties and not all meet the desired ends. This study examines and compares
different aspects of the knowledge transfer process: actors’ attributes (attitudes, perceptions), action of
knowledge transfer and characteristics of social networks (position, structure). Based on complete network data
form two EU projects I examine how social structure characteristics affect knowledge transfer process. Detailed
analysis gives us an insight into the relationships between network characteristics and outcomes of these
processes.
Keywords: knowledge transfer , organizations
Accepted: Yes
235 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ralph Kremer
ralph.kremer@gmx.de
Authors:
Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, Interdisciplinary Department of Management and
Organisational Behaviour private address: Blumenstraße 25, Munich, Bavaria 80331, Germany
Capital, Structure & Functioning of ego-centered networks - an investment and financial theoretical approach on
Title:
sociological grounds
This article introduces an approach to capture a greater variety of the manifold influencing factors that constitute
the real value and usefulness of social networks for an individual. Beyond its apparent applicability on
professional levels, the “open” conception as a model of thinking and understanding makes it also valuable in
every personal and interpersonal setting, enabling the inclusion of many new and hitherto neglected factors.
Based on fundamental financial and mathematical understandings the presented methods could be used to
quantify and compare the value of ego-centered networks, however the primary intent is to present a method to
grasp the functioning and influencing factors that compose the actual value of Ego’s network.
The ostensible contrast of these two exertions finds its justification and grounds in the works of Pierre Bourdieu
Abstract:
who also developed models of thinking which derived from financial considerations to face the complexity of
social structures.
Far beyond the possibilities of visual illustrations this approach is designed to provide an instrument to implement
an (in theory) unlimited number of influencing factors that are rooted in the ”social being man” (homo socialis).
To explain its functionality the article introduces some common (intensity, frequency) and more important some
uncommon influencing factors (derogation over time, influence of personality) to present its wide applicability.
The different forms of capital are as much considered as the different social fields in which networks can be of
assistance and importance.
On these grounds further applications are left to the user’s creativity and field of study.
egocentric networks , social capital , network structure , personal networks , qualitative network , social
Keywords:
networks , financial & investment theory , functioning of social capital
Accepted: Yes
236 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lothar Krempel
Authors: krempel@mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de
Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Paul Str. 3, Cologne, Germany 50676, Germany
Title: Germany INC 2004: Capital Ties and Directory Interlocks
Using Data of the German Monopoly Commission I compare captial ties among the largest 100 German
Abstract: companies with their directory interlocks. While captial interlocks continue to decrease as is evident from
previous coauthored work board director interlocks point to an ongoing coordination of the German capitalism
Keywords: changes in networks , 2-mode , inter-organizational networks , interlocking directors , network change
Accepted: Yes
237 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dean Krikorian
dean@groupscope.com
GroupScope, Inc. 2505 Solano Rd. Shell Beach, CA 93449
Greg Ludwig
Authors: GroupScope, Inc. 2505 Solano Rd. Shell Beach, CA 93449
Brad Cohen
GroupScope, Inc. 2505 Solano Rd. Shell Beach, CA 93449
Mirit Shoham
University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Communication Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Title: LinkSViewer 1.2 Network Analytic Software: Visual Bipartite Applications
LinkSViewer is a visual network analysis software tool developed by GroupScope, Inc. The LinkSViewer 1.2
Web-based product illustrates and investigates Venture Capital networks in the Silicon Valley. Our methodology
operationalizes venture relational capital based on four variables: companies, investors, board members, and
management teams. This demo/paper illustrates five applications of the software: (1) defining network variables
and attributes; (2) search and filter strategies; (3) the duality of single-mode networks (Breiger, 1974); (4)
network visualization (Krikorian & Ludwig, 2003); and (5) the pseudo-tripartite network. Each application is
presented using real-world examples as pictorial vignettes. The result is a visual network system that proposes
Abstract: an alternative way to look at relational database information. Relevant research applies social network literature
on affiliation networks (Simmel, 1955), social circles (Kadushin, 1968); social capital (Burt, 1992); and board
interlocks (Mizruchi, 1996). Practical applications examine the cases of board and management team interlocks,
IPOs, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate turnover, particularly from a relational venture capital perspective.
Implications involve the practice and pitfalls of designing Web-based network software, managerial uses of visual
network analysis, and online social networking applications. In the end we hope to showcase a real-world
application that yields insight toward further development in visual bipartite networks, business network
applications, and Web 2.0 software design.
Keywords: venture capital , inter-organizational networks , bipartite networks , visualization
Accepted: Yes
238 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Per Kropp
per.kropp@iab.de
Authors:
IAB Sachsen - Regional Research Network of the Institute for Employment Research Paracelsusstraße 12,
D-09114 Chemnitz, Germany
Title: Analysis of Regional Mobility Using Methods of Social Network Analysis (SNA)
Methods of Social Network Analysis are used to visualize and identify regional mobility patterns and labour
market regions in Germany. The results are compared with regional classifications usually employed in regional
Abstract:
labour market research. Furthermore, labour market regions themselves will be analysed and compared with
methods of Social Network Analysis providing a new empirical base line for regional studies.
algorithm , clustering , core-periphery , data representation , exploratory sna , germany , mobility ,
Keywords:
visualization
Accepted: Yes
239 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Aleksandra Krotoski
a.krotoski@surrey.ac.uk
University of Surrey, Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Authors: Dr Julie Barnett
University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, Guildford, UK
Dr Evanthia Lyons
University of Surrey, Department of Psychology, Guildford, UK
Title: Making e-friends and influencing people: assessing the perceptions of opinion leaders in an online community
The 3D virtual world Second Life is a social space in which information exchange via formal and informal groups,
friendship networks and official channels has characterised the development of hierarchies of digital identity with
different access to knowledge and other assets. In this explicitly trade, barter and asset-accumulation
environment, the distribution of information capital has implications for economic cohesion and successful
community integration.
Using a five-degree snowball sample, 750 Second Life users responded to sociometric online surveys. This
paper explores the structural make-up of the resulting 6,849-node network, with the aim of theorising how
innovation is diffused through its population. This paper focuses on the opinion leaders in Second Life, and
Abstract:
specifically on other participants’ perceptions of these key actors. The analysis explores social psychological
characteristics of network nodes, with an emphasis on perceived trust, credibility and group prototypicality which
strongly emerge as important factors in online opinion leadership.
The paper also addresses assumptions about online network closeness, empirically assessing variations in
cohesion reported by respondents based upon the use of different modes of communication (public chat, private
chat and non-Second Life chat). By investigating the networks of one pervasive and online-only internet
community, this research extends existing online social network theory by focussing on pseudonoymous
interactions in the virtual world space.
attributes , central actor characteistics , diffusion , identity , internet , perceived social networks , social
Keywords:
influence , trust
Accepted: Yes
240 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yufu Kuwashima
Authors: yufu@jd5.so-net.ne.jp
Tokyo University, 2-9-7 Kikuna Kohoku-ku Yokohama-city, Yokohama 2220011, Japan
Title: The word of mouth effect in the network
I analyzed the relation between the word of mouth effect on consumer’s buying behavior and personal networks
in which consumers are embedded. Inmarketingresearch, the word of mouth effect is thought to be an outcome
of social interaction among consumers and it is argued to have positive effect on consumers’ buying behavior.
However, I argue that the effect would work differently depending on the nature of goods. I invested 65
consumers’ personal networks and their possession of conspicuous goods.(i.e. bags, wallets and shoes).I found
that the snob effect works for possession of goods with conspicuousness among cohesive consumers and that
Abstract:
the band wagon effect works forpossessionof goods with conspicuousness among structurally equivalent
consumers who are not cohesive. I also analyzed 100 consumers’ personal networks and possession of variety
of cosmetics. I found the band wagon effect works for possession of goods without conspicuousness among
cohesive and structurally equivalent consumers. Observed are the positive and negative effects of word of mouth
on consumers’ possession of goods. My findings suggest that the combination of consumers’ position within
personal networks and types of goods produces the difference in the word of mouth effect.
Keywords: 2-mode , blockmodeling , diffusion
Accepted: Yes
241 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Seok-Woo Kwon
kwonsw@gmail.com
Martin School of Public Policy and Administration 427 Patterson Office Tower University of Kentucky Lexington,
KY 40506-0027
Authors: Dan Brass
School of Management Gatton Business and Economics Bldg. University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506-0034
John Hagedoorn
MERIT and Department of Organization and Strategy Universiteit Maastricht P.O. Box 616 6200 MD Maastricht
The Netherlands
Title: The role of national trust in R&D alliances among European firms
Inter-firm alliances are a common form of organizational network in the strategic management research. In this
paper, we examine whether intercultural context between two network partner firms influences the governance
form of the alliance network: more specifically, our hypothesis investigates a hypothesis that the more national
trust a firm has towards its partnering firm's country, the less hierarchical governance structure is used to
organize its international alliance. To examine this idea, we analyzed a sample of 618 bilateral international R&D
partnership network, taken from the MERIT-CATI databank. These 618 partnership networks were sponsored by
542 companies from 12 countries, covering the period 1970-2003.
The dependent variable represents the choice of the governance structure for each R&D partnership network,
Abstract: and is coded 1 if the partnership network is organized as an equity joint venture and 0 if the partnership network
is organized as a contractual partnership. Our key explanatory variable, national trust, is taken from
Eurobarometer surveys. In order to show that national trust influences partnership governance form independent
of other notable factors, we included a variety of control variables on economic, cultural, institutional, and
geographical aspects of the countries involved.
Our empirical result suggests that national trust influences the governance choices of organizational alliance
network significantly. This implies that organizational alliance network is not just a dyadic event between two
organizations, but also shaped by the broad intercultural context, especially trust that people have about the
partnering country.
Keywords: inter-organizational
Accepted: Yes
242 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Joe Labianca
shipilov@insead.edu
INSEAD, Boulevard de Constance, Fontainebleau 77300, France
Andrew Shipilov
Authors: Gatton Endowed Associate Professor of Management Gatton College of Business & Economics University of
Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506
Valentyn Kalnysh
Ukrainian Institute of Public Health Kyiv, Ukraine
Yuri Kalnysh
Title: Career-related network building behaviors, range social capital, and career outcomes
We studied 459 social servants to determine how their career network building behaviors were related to their
social capital, and how this affected their speed of promotion within their organizational hierarchy. Results
suggest that greater use of network building behaviors leads to greater range social capital, which leads to faster
Abstract: promotion. Factor analysis suggested two main strategies for network building behaviors: networking within
structured groups organized around activities (foci) and informal unstructured networking. Informal unstructured
networking behaviors were related to greater range social capital and faster promotion, while structured foci
networking behaviors were unrelated.
Keywords: social network , network surveys , inter-individual
Accepted: Yes
243 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gina Lai
Authors: ginalai@hkbu.edu.hk
Department of Sociology Hong Kong Baptist University
Title: Shared Social Life and Access to Social Capital among Married Couples
The present paper aims to examine the social factors contributing to shared social life among married individuals
and the impacts on the access to social capital. Marriage unites two personal networks rather than merely two
individuals. The couple identity further facilitates as well as necessitates joint participation of married individuals
in social activities. Shared social life has been found to promote marital satisfaction and stability. However, little is
known about the contributing factors for this network dimension of dyadic relationship. Moreover, an extensive
social network would presumably bring rich resources for instrumental actions. Would shared social life limit or
enhance the opportunity for cultivating ties beyond one’s social circle, influencing the repertoire of social capital?
This issue warrants investigation. The analysis will be based on survey data collected from 801 Chinese married
Abstract:
couples in Hong Kong. Joint participation in activities undertaken in three contexts will be examined, including kin
network, friendship network, and community. The variations in participation by couples’ socioeconomic positions
will also be taken into consideration. Social capital is conceptualized in terms of network diversity and measured
by Lin’s position generator. Preliminary findings indicate that parents and better-educated individuals are more
likely to participate in family and friendship gatherings with their spouses. Respondents generally have a low leve
of participation in community activities and no significance variation is found across different socioeconomic
groups. Joint participation in social activities tends to be positively related to social capital accessed by
individuals.
Keywords: social capital , family
Accepted: Yes
244 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Josef Langer
Authors: josef.langer@uni-klu.ac.at
University of Klagenfurt Department of Sociology Klagenfurt Austria
Title: Cross-Border Networking of Business Organisations in theAlps-Adriatic Region - How is it in Southern Austria?
Since a number of years network analysis is attracting growing attention in management studies.
Cross-border networks are of particular concern, because they have to overcome a barrier which is not from the
economic but from the political sphere and as such beyond the control of the enterprise. European integration as
well as globalization challenge particularly Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in this respect. Border regions
are expected to get rid of their status as peripheries through cross-border relations. Small and Medium Sized
Enterprises are considered to be strategic actors in this process.
Abstract:
This contributions will present results of an empirical investigation of 70 companies in southern Austria. They
were part of a sample of 200 organisation including political, social and cultural units. All these organisations had
more or less strong ties to the Alps-Adriatic region outside Austria. It will be shown why and how these networks
were established and what role the border still plays in the relationship. Besides that the results give some hints
about centre of developments in this region. A new division of labour is emerging. Cross-border relations are vital
to participate in this development.
actor agency , business networks , core-periphery , dependence centrality , embeddedness ,
Keywords:
entrepreneurship , network node
Accepted: Yes
245 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Barbara Lawrence
barbara.lawrence@anderson.ucla.edu
Authors: UCLA Anderson Graduate School of Management Box 951481, B506 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481
Neha Shah
UCLA Anderson Graduate School of Management Box 951481 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481
Title: Homophily: Meaning and Measures
Homophily is the tendency of individuals to associate with similar others, where similar others are those with
common attributes or values (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954). Research consistently finds that people select friends
and get advice from others of similar gender, age and attitudes, making homophilous behavior an uncontested
social phenomenon. Although McPherson et al. (2001) identify types, dimensions and sources of homophily, the
network literature has paid little attention to homophily theory. This paper presents an inductive analysis of 79
empirical articles that explores the core tenets of Lazarsfeld and Merton’s definition. What is a tendency, what
are associations and what makes one person similar to others? For instance, scholars define “tendency” using
two theoretically-distinct approaches: tendency as a deviation from expected values and tendency as a relative
Abstract:
difference from others. Espelage, Holt, & Henkel (2003) use the former. They find homophily in middle-school
peer groups because boys who fight reside within the same peer groups more frequently than would be expected
if they appeared randomly across groups. Eyal and Rubin (2003) use the latter. They assess homophily by
asking “strongly disagree--strongly agree” questions about television personalities, such as “The character
shares my beliefs”, and conclude that the lower the disagreement, the higher the homophily. Both authors
observe homophily, yet offer disparate explanations for why the association exists. We explore these and other
differences in meaning and measures by analyzing extant definitions of “tendency”, “associations” and “similarity”
and employ the results to begin developing a theory of homophily.
Keywords: homophily , inductive theory-building
Accepted: Yes
246 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Emmanuel Lazega
emmanuel.lazega@dauphine.fr
University of Paris IX - Dauphine, Cerso - Sociology, Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 75775 Paris
Cedex 16, France
Authors:
Lise Mounier
CNRS
Marie-Thérèse Jourda
CNRS
Title: Catching up with Big Fish in the Big Pond? Multi-level network analysis through linked design
This paper explores multi-level networks that observe two systems of superposed and partially interlocked
interdependencies, the first being inter-organizational, the second inter-individual. We propose the method of
structural linked design as a mode of articulation for these levels. This method is composed of two major steps:
first, we separately examine the complete networks at the two different levels. Second, we articulate the two
networks in relation to one another using systematic information about the membership of each individual in the
first network (inter-individual) to one of the organizations in the second network (inter-organizational). This
dual-positioning, or the linked design approach, is carried out in an empirical study examining performance
variations within the “elite” of French cancer research in 1999. By looking at measures of centrality, we identify
the actors that these top researchers consider as central or peripheral at the inter-individual level (the big and the
Abstract:
little fish among the elite), and the laboratories that the research directors consider as central or peripheral at the
inter-organizational level (the big and the little ponds among all the laboratories conducting cancer research in
France at that time). In addition to the rather trivial report of the competitive advantage of big fish in big ponds
(particularly because of the advantage of size for laboratories in this domain of research), we use measurements
of scientific performance to identify “catching up” strategies that the little fish use in this system. We suggest that
this method offers new insights into the multi-level dimension of complex systems of interdependencies, and also
into the way in which actors manage these interdependencies. We believe that this understanding adds a new
dimension to the sociological exploration of the determinants of performance, of meso-level phenomena such as
institutional change, or macro-level phenomena such as social inequalities.
Session: Multi-level networks
Keywords: multi-level networks , scientists , inter-organizational , inter-individual , linked design
Accepted: Yes
247 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Lazer
david_lazer@harvard.edu
Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government, 79 J. F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Authors: Ines Mergel
Allan Friedman
Title: Co-citation of prominent social network articles in sociology journals: The evolving canon
Social network analysis has been a particularly hot area across the social (and some non-social) sciences. How
has this growth, in turn, affected the field of social network analysis within sociology, the field which has served
as the primary home of social network analysis over the last several decades? In order to evaluate this question,
we examined the citation patterns of the social network papers in the two leading general sociology journals, the
American Sociological Review and the American Journal of Sociology, from 1990-2005, focusing on the body of
Abstract: literature that was cited by at least two papers in a given year. In short, we produced three network snapshots of
the social network canon during this period. These analyses reveal a combination of great change and
substantial continuity. There was a substantial increase in interest in social networks in sociology during this
period, and, in particular, an enormous rise in interest in small world issues, coupled with the abrupt entry of
mathematicians and physicists into the sociology canon. We will present the results of our co-citation analysis in
detail at the conference.
Keywords: affiliation networks , changes in networks , co-citation networks
Accepted: Yes
248 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Luis Leal
Authors: jleal@eui.eu
European University Institute, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Florence, Italy
Title: International Venture Capita Networks
Venture capital (VC) investing has become the subject of great interest because: i) it has played a unique role in
the development of high-tech industries in the United States, and ii) few European governments have been
successful in the design of VC programs aimed at creating a self-sustaining indigenous VC industry. While recen
results suggest that the presence of international VC firms can be beneficial to export-oriented startups, and that
foreign VC firms usually co-invest in partnership with local venture capitalists, no comparative study of
international VC networks has been undertaken to date.
Abstract: In this paper, we apply social network analysis methods to map out the evolution of syndication-based VC
networks associated to Canada, Israel, United States, and 10 Western European countries from 1995 to 2003.
Such networks describe co-investments made by local and foreign VC firms in indigenous high-tech ventures.
Our results emphasize the high-volatility of such networks, and that only specific network geometries are
self-sustainable and lead ultimately to a steady inflow of VC funds. Furthermore, our results shed light into the
processes through which new foreign VC firms are brought into the network and stress the role played by
brokerage and geographic proximity. These results are of interest to both practitioners and policy-makers
involved in the design of VC programs.
Keywords: venture capital , business networks , international networks , entrepreneurship , high-technology
Accepted: Yes
249 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ho-Ching Lee
Authors: hoching.riverclear@gmail.com
Center of General Education Chung-Yuan Christian University Chung-Li, Taiwan
Title: Policy and Institutional Networks Matter: Understanding Climate Change Policy in Taiwan
Economic progress in Taiwan has led to greater public awareness of environmental protection affairs. Upgraded
from the Environmental Health Bureau, Taiwan’s EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) was established
in 1987 as the cabinet-level lead agency in environmental protection. Since then, policy measures have been
linked to a comprehensive regulatory system covering air, water, soil, solid waste and toxic substance control
and management. But in the case of climate change, contrary to its regulatory regime, EPA has only played a
marginal role.
Taiwan has ranked the 22nd, or one percent of the global emissions. Climate change and its subsequent impacts
also have diplomatic implications for Taiwan. Given Taiwan’s “unique” international status—a political, economic
and emission entity yet not represented in the United Nations, we now have formal diplomatic ties with 25
countries, twelve of which are island states, vulnerable to and likely to be adversely impacted by the threat of sea
level rise.
Abstract:
At its core, the formation and implementation of climate change policy in Taiwan can be better understood by
examining institutional and policy networks at play. These networks are usually referred as clusters of rights,
rules, incentive structures, decision-making procedures. They have helped explain how Taiwan’s governmental
actors like EPA interact with other governmental and non-governmental actors, characterizing the many informal
connections that link stakeholders together.
By adopting the analytical framework of policy and institutional networks, this paper attempts to discuss the
existing policy linkages between climate and non-climate policy issues at the international level; to examine the
cause of and institutional response to policy linkage at the domestic level; and at the interactive level between
domestic and international settings, to analyze to what extent the response to international policy linkage could
be explained by the domestic response following the logic of Putnam’s “two-level game.”
Keywords: climate change policy , kyoto protocol , adaptative governance
250 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Seungyoon Lee
yoonlee@usc.edu
University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication Los Angeles, California, USA
Authors: Bettina M. R. Heiss
Lu Tang
Transactional Versus Interactive Knowledge Networks: A Comparison of Interorganizational Network Topologies
Title:
in Biotechnology
Tie multiplexity has increasingly been explored as a fundamental aspect of social networks. Interorganizational
network studies have highlighted this perspective, suggesting that multiple types of ties interdependently
influence network evolution. This idea naturally leads to the joint consideration of network “flows” and network
“topologies” (Borgatti & Foster, 2003). Different types of content flowing through the network drive differential
motivation behind the network formation processes, subsequently creating dissimilar structural signatures at the
dyad, triad, and global levels. This study explores the topologies of two different knowledge networks in the
biomedical field: the transactional knowledge network (represented by licensing, marketing, and
commercialization alliances) and the interactive knowledge network (represented by research and development
Abstract: alliances). The network data are created from a recorded list of deals and alliances between 1989 and 2006. A
resource dependence theory perspective underlies the network formation process. The transactional knowledge
network operates as a short-term channel for the transfer of migratory and codified knowledge and access to
financial and marketing resources, e.g. large multinational pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, a star topology
with within-cluster centralization and high centralization at the global level is hypothesized. On the other hand,
the interactive knowledge network operates as a channel for the sharing of embedded and tacit knowledge over
time, e.g. across commercial and academic communities. Consequently, it is hypothesized that there will be
cohesive local clusterings and low centralization at the global level. Implications for the interaction between
network content and structure in multiple networks are discussed.
Keywords: ergm (p*) , inter-organizational networks , knowledge networks , network structure , public-private partnerships
Accepted: Yes
251 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sin Yeung LEE

lsinyeun@dso.org.sg
Authors: DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
Tong Kiat TAN
DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
Title: The Email White-Hole Effect
For a decision maker in an organization, we hypothesize that the set of email recipients is aligned more to meet
the demands of his work. A larger proportion of the emails he sends is meant for his immediate
supervisors/subordinates. He will persist in sending emails to these recipients even when some of them rarely
respond to him. Based on this conjecture, we want to ferret out the decision makers using email flows alone.
A user, u, is considered to be a white hole when a significant portion of the emails he sends gets no replies at all.
Note that a white hole is not necessarily a spammer since he does not mass mail indiscriminately. We define the
white-hole degree of u as the fraction of unreplied emails that u sent.
Abstract:
Using a one-month email log (97,000 email messages in total) of an organization with a population of 2775 users
we found that the average white-hole degree of the 86 decision makers was higher (0.5571) as compared to the
overall average white-hole degree of all users (0.3630). Furthermore, this degree was even lower (0.3486) for
lower echelon support staffs who played no role in the decision making process.
Similarly, we can define a black hole as a user who does not reply to a significant portion of the emails he
receives. We did not find any statistical difference for the black-hole degree for decision and non-decision
makers.
Keywords: leadership and networks , organizations
Accepted: Yes
252 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Zong-Rong Lee
Authors: zrlee00@gmail.com
Academia Sinica, Institute of Sociology, 128 Academia Sinica Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
Title: Family Business and Formation of Social Capital
Family-controlled business involves specific kind of ownership arrangement and management practice. Its wide
prevalence and persistence have been reported both in Western economies and in emerging markets. While
current research has started to reveal its beneficial features and resilient adaptability in various aspects, little is
explored about how the organization characteristics of family-controlled business may be related to formation of
its network resources and strategic linkages. In this paper, I argue that family-controlled business is
endogenously favorable to establishing and accumulating general resources of social capital. I substantiate this
Abstract:
argument through the development of a theoretical framework that looks at three distinct dimensions of family
business that I consider generative to social capital: authority structure, temporal dimension of succession, and
kinship networks. This conceptual framework is operationalized and tested with data of intercorporate networks in
Taiwan where familism is deemed as one cardinal rule underlying most of business practices. I report results
from examinations on interlocking directorates, board ties of the chair, and equity alliance networks at firm and
business-group level. Implications for literature on social capital and family business research are discussed.
Keywords: social capital , interlocking directors , family , kinship network
Accepted: Yes
253 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Pierre-Majorique Leger
pierre-majorique.leger@hec.ca
HEC Montreal, Dept. Information Technologies, Montreal, Canada
Jean-François Dubois
Authors: HEC Montreal, Dept. Information Technologies, Montreal, Canada
Gilbert Babin
HEC Montreal, Dept. Information Technologies, Montreal, Canada
Robert Pellerin
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Dept. Mathematics and Industrial Engineering Montreal, Canada
The Longitudinal Diffusion of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems in Industrial Networks : The Case of the
Title:
North American Automotive Industry
Enterprise Ressource Planning (ERP) systems are commercial software packages that enable the integration of
transaction-oriented data and business processes throughout an organization. ERP systems display significant
network externalities as their usefulness depends on the number of adopters. This paper investigates the
longitudinal diffusion of enterprise system in business networks. Using public data sources, network data have
been collected for all years between 1994 and 2005 for the 50 largest firms in the auto sector in North America.
Firm-specific data related to the adoption of enterprise system was also collected. Specifically, we gather
Abstract:
evidence on the software adopted by each firm and the year of adoption of this software package. One specificity
of this research is that its presumes that firms may adopt more than one module from different software
packages and that firms may choose to change to another software provider over time. We present results from
the first phase of this research project. Only the four most important software providers in the field of ERP
systems were considered in the analysis. Preliminary analysis reveals evidence of an autocorrelation in the
adoption pattern and an inter-year propagation of the leading technologies.
Session: Innovation
inter-organizational networks , interlocking directors , diffusion , innovation , information technologies , supply
Keywords:
chain network
Accepted: Yes
254 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Juergen Lerner
lerner@inf.uni-konstanz.de
Authors: University of Konstanz, Department of Computer & Information Science, Konstanz 78457, Germany
Ulrik Brandes
University of Konstanz, Department of Computer & Information Science, Konstanz 78457, Germany
Title: Comparing Networks by their Group Structure
A partition of the actor set of a network yields a smaller graph whose nodes are the actor classes and whose
edges summarize the ties between the classes. These networks on the class-level provide several ways to
compare different networks analytically and visually. Furthermore, they allow for comparing average
group-structures of sets of networks. In this talk we review several ways to obtain an actor partition, define the
class-level network, and analyze/visualize the resulting group structures.
Abstract:
In particular, we apply these methods to a set of approximately 500 personal networks of immigrants to Spain
and the USA which have been collected by Molina et al. Our visualizations make it possible to easily spot
patterns and outliers in hundreds of different networks, thereby providing insights into different types of
acculturation. For instance, average group-structures differ significantly between ethnic groups and are
dependent on time of residence in the host country.
Keywords: methods , network comparison , acculturation
Accepted: Yes
255 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Laszlo Letenyei
Authors: llet@bkae.hu
U. Corvinus of Budapest, Sociology Dept, Fovam Ter 8, Budapest H-1093, Hungary
Title: Network Visualization of Mental Spaces with the Mental Map Editor
‘Mental map’ refers to our vision about the space around us. There are some network-based questions on the
topic as for example: the wealth or mental distance among mental spaces, the cognitive texture of a city etc.
Mental Map Editor is a software to

- prepare a questionnaire,
- realize a computer assisted survey asking for mental maps
Abstract:
- manage both relational, analytic and spatial data and finally
- analyze the data and prepare the report, by only a push of a button
Relational data gathered with the MME can be exported to Ucinet, Pajek or other SNA software, but it have its
own capacity too to collect and analyze relational data It have its own module for the visual interpretation of the
results. See more: www.mentalmap.org
Keywords: mental maps , visualization
Accepted: Yes
256 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ronit Levy-Zilberstein
rzilberstein@mscc.huji.ac.il
Authors: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Sociology and Anthropology Jerusalem, Israel
Dr. Yuval Kalish
second author
Title: Are the Social Sciences Networking? An Examination of Citation Networks between the Social Sciences
This study set out to examine the potential discourse between disciplines of the social sciences. It was assumed
that the disciplines cite one another since all the fields examined are clustered under the umbrella of social
sciences. Since citations are a key instrument in academic research and evaluation of quality, citations analysis
was used to investigate the relations between these disciplines.
This present exploratory study examines the citation networks between 13 disciplines of the social sciences.
Citation data was collected using the ISI Web of Knowledge from 30 articles per discipline from top impact-factor
journals. Data including 9,275 citations which was then analyzed using Ucinet software.
Results show high variability between disciplines. For example, articles from economic journals often cite other
Abstract:
economic articles, a characteristic that types it as a "closed discipline". Sociology, by contrast, is central in the
citation network: most disciplines cite Sociology, and Sociology cites other disciplines. A blockmodel data
analysis revealed five main structurally-equivalent blocks. These five clusters were interpreted as a Political
cluster (comprising Economics, Political Science, International Relations, and Communication); a Social cluster
(comprising Sociology, Demography and Criminology); a Business cluster (comprising Business and
Management); an Individual cluster (comprising Psychology and Education) and an Isolates cluster (comprising
Anthropology and Geography).
This research highlights similarities and differences among disciplines belonging to the social sciences. The
results indicate a potential breakthrough in areas of the production and collection of knowledge.
Keywords: citation network , social sciences
Accepted: Yes
257 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Eleanor T. Lewis
Authors: eleanor_lewis@stanfordalumni.org
Center for Health Care Evaluation, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
Title: Expertise, Availability, or Reciprocity? Explaining the Consultation Networks of Nurses in an Intensive Care Unit
Nurses in an intensive care unit must make immediate care-giving decisions that have observable and potentially
life-altering consequences for patients. Previous research suggests that information-seeking behavior in this
setting would be based on perceived expertise and availability. However, social network research has also found
a strong tendency in groups toward balanced relationships between members. In a group with an uneven
distribution of expertise but strong norms of cooperation and reciprocity, seeking information from others may
also depend on expectations of reciprocal behavior in difficult situations. This study examines the reported
Abstract:
interpersonal consultation networks of 32 nurses in an intensive care unit to explore competing explanations for
their information-seeking behaviors. Nurses did tend to report they would seek information from nurses they
perceived as having high levels of expertise. Nurses with an intermediate level of nursing experience, however,
reported differentiated information-seeking behavior with novice nurses, while nurses perceived as experts were
either highly selective or very unselective in who they reported they would consult with. There were also
meaningful differences between the day and night shifts in their reported consultation networks.
information seeking behaviour , access to knowledge , informal networks , intraorganizational networks ,
Keywords:
perceived social networks , reciprocity , health care providers
Accepted: Yes
258 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Pengxiang Li
lipengx@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
Authors:
Xian Jiaotong University, Department of Management Science, School of Management, Xian Jiaotong University
Xianning west on the 28th, Xian, Shanxi Pronvince 710049, China
Title: The Scale-Free Behavior of the Hierarchical Structure Embedded in Social and Business organizations.
This paper explores whether there exists or not scale-free behavior in the hierarchical structure network popularly
embedded in social and business organizations. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that its accumulation degree
distribution follows the power law of P(K)=AK-2 [K=kacc+m/(m-1)] for the simple growth model with a constant
span of control m. We also find that the complex growth model with a random span of control satisfies the
conditions of growth and preferential attachment that may lead to scale-free network. However, another
mechanism of equal opportunity will put into action when two nodes have the same accumulation degree, which
Abstract: changes the power law distribution a little towards the Poisson distribution featured by random network.
Numerical simulation demonstrates that accumulation degree distributions for the above two models have an
exponential tail, the former with degree exponent of 2 and the coefficient A of m2/(m-1), the latter with a curve
head and the coefficient less than m2/(m-1). These findings show that the hierarchical structure network has
indeed the scale-free behavior. The research results about scale-free network are also applicable to the network
of organization structure. To discuss the implication of scale-free behavior for management science research is
not meaningless.
Session: Complexity
business networks , dynamics on networks , network evolution , network structure , social network , scale-free
Keywords:
network
Accepted: Yes
259 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Klaus Liepelt
liepelt@htwm.de
Authors:
University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany, Department of Media, Hochschule Mittweida,
Technikumplatz 17, Mittweida D-09648, Germany
Title: Shortcuts make the Difference. On the Emergence of Decision Clusters in Germany's Parliament
Abstract: The paper builds on previously presented research on informal inter-caucus relationships of German
MPs and their contribution to policy outcomes. It will follow up on the finding that success or failure of legislative
projects has to a considerable degree been reflected by divergent interaction patterns which prevail among about
20 decision units (Parliamentary Committees) constituting the legislative production line. Particular identities and
transaction styles within these policy production units have emerged and are continuously being reproduced.
Momentum and quality of this process depends on the existence of relatively small trans-partisan “nuclei of
competence” that find each other on political shortcuts.
These nuclei, drawing on the social capital of their frequently hidden members, serve to modulate conflicting
interests in their fields – be they ideological, partisan, or clientele-oriented - with the goal of consensual
outcomes. As each of the parliamentary production units pursues its policy outcomes in a quasi monopolistic
sector, competition between them is low, albeit for the financial resources to bestow their legislative domain. The
solutions they present bear the earmark of intra-committee compromise. The failures that occur may reflect an
inability to cope with demands from external forces. Certainly, getting consensus does not depend just on the
special qualities of the Hidden Few: It is easier to maintain a consensual stance in Foreign Affairs than to cope
with the conflicting interests of Health Insurance.
If salient issues lead to widespread conflict, any quality measure of policy production procedures looses weight.
Abstract:
Anyway, an attempt is being made to detect the competence nuclei for each of the 20 policy domains and to
analyze them in network terms. Empirical evidence for structure and action potential of these “nuclei of
competence” will be presented comparatively. It is expected that dissecting the global legislative record to its
proper decision levels will help to better understand the diverse interaction patterns of the parliamentary
processes. Their mix may be different from time to time, and it yet waits to be quantified. But these three have
always coexisted: Top-down government/opposition (“interface” disciplined), multi-level stratarchic (“arena”
disciplined), and bottom-up solution-oriented (“council” disciplined) components of the political discourse.
A post hoc case study of the “media faculty” contingent among the MPs will give an example of how a “nucleus of
competence” may emerge in a transformation process that reduces 34 possible “contacts” to a maximum of 10
that eventually feed a special “Channel”. It is then argued that the process toward emergence (as well as
disappearance) of such acting nuclei may best be observed in real time by analysing the public statements that
continuously produce the stories among interacting players. The “Transparent Parliament Research Group” at
Mittweida University has started a program to accompany the ongoing parliamentary Health Reform discourse
using process produced data: Daily news agency reports are now producing continuous Automap records of
Actors, Institutions, Events, Ressources. As the Actors not only include MPs but any other Actors that moves on
the health playground, it is expected that the “Hidden Few” that competently aim at controlling a dynamic and
complex process, will shape up. First results from this study will be presented to round up the argument.
Session: N/A
Keywords: political networks , policy network , dynamics on networks , germany , parliaments
Accepted: Yes
260 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jorge Lima
Authors: jlima@notes.uac.pt
Universidade Dos Acores, Dept. Educacao, Rua Da Mae De Deus, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
Title: Combining network and interview data: strenghts and challenges of a multimethod approach
Network methods provide powerful ways of looking at social structures and systems, but they can hide as much
as they can tell. Interviews provide alternative ways of understanding network processes. The combination of
Abstract: both research approaches can help gain more in-depth knowledge of actors' embedded social lives. This paper
discusses the strengths and shortcomings of these two approaches, as well as ways of combining them. Actual
examples of research applications of this combined, multimethod strategy are given and discussed.
Session: Qualitative Social Networks Research
Keywords: method triangulation , methodology , qualitative network
Accepted: Yes
261 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ching-Yung Lin
chingyung@us.ibm.com
IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY, USA
Authors: Kate Ehrlich
IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
Vicky Griffiths-Fisher
IBM Global Business Service, London, UK
Title: Small Blue: Making Big Blue a Small World with social sensors, expertise search and social network analysis
The most valuable asset of a corporate is arguably the knowledge and experience of its employees. People
mostly rely on personally network of friends and colleagues to get trusted information, referral and collaboration.
According to a 2006 Gartner report, corporate employees get 50 - 75% of their information directly from other
people. But, in a global enterprise, e.g., IBM -- the Big Blue, we usually do not know where the right people are
and do not know how to reach them so they are willing to help. Finding through personal network is usually slow.
Searching through profiles is usually futile, because most people do not put their detailed skills and knowledge
into profiles, and gets obsolete information. Recently, manual social tagging was proposed as a solution to
facilitate expertise search. However, tagging is mostly static. Furthermore, studies showed that, unlike teenagers
corporate employees do not want to tag other employees. They either do not have time or do not want to do so.
SmallBlue is an IBM expertise search and social networking suite that automatically captures and visualizes
people's private personal network, helps to manage and expand it, and find the shortest path to access people
Abstract:
with specific knowledge or skills through personal extended network. It is also a public expertise search engine
and social network visualization and analysis tool for large corporations. We built a SmallBlue Social Sensor
system which deploys automatic sensors at volunteers' machines to gather their authored data for large-scale
dynamic social network and expertise inference. We provides three applications: SmallBlue Ego, SmallBlue Find
and SmallBlue Connect, for personal social capital management, expertise search/reach and social network
analysis, respectively. Two months after its internal release, the system has been installed at more than 1,200
volunteers' machines in 48 countries and has been dynamically collecting and inferring the expertise and social
network of more than 130,000 people in corporate. This project is swiftly adopted by internal business users. We
are working towards a public version for general organizations.
We will give an overview on the system architecture, artificial intelligence inference algorithms, user interfaces,
features in dynamic large-scale social networks, privacy and security issues, user studies, and demos.
Session: N/A
collaboration , content analysis , corporate social capital , dynamics on networks , informal networks ,
Keywords:
intraorganizational networks , knowledge network , personal networks
Accepted: Yes
262 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nan Lin
nanlin@duke.edu
Duke University, Department of SociologyBox 90088, Durham, NC 27708-0088, USA
Authors: Chih-jou Chen
Institute of Sociology Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan ROC
Yang-chih Fu
Institute of Sociology Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan ROC
Title: The Institutional Basis of Social Capital in Taiwan and PRC
The consequences of social capital for instrumental (e.g., job mobility) and expressive (e.g., sense of well-being)
outcomes have been well documented. In this paper, we examine the production of social capital – which
institutions in the two societies affect the distribution of social capital (the diversity or extensity of occupations one
may access in one’s social networks). Specifically, we are interested in how social, political, economic and
cultural institutions differentially affect the distribution of social capital in Taiwan and mainland China. Analyses of
Abstract: data from two national surveys conducted in Taiwan and urban China in 2004-2005 show that gender, education,
active participation in voluntary associations, and socioeconomic positions in both societies affect the extent of
one’s access to various occupations. Also, in mainland China, political affiliation (e.g., party membership) affects
one’s access to cadres, whereas in Taiwan, employment (i.e., in the public sector or self-employment) is
associated with more extensive social capital. We discuss these similar and different patterns in terms of the
different political and economic regimes.
Accepted: Yes
263 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

John Liu
johnliu@msa.vnu.edu.tw
Authors: Vanung University, Department of Business Administration, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Chyan Yang
National Chiao Tung University, Institute of Business and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
Title: Herding in Affiliation Networks
We propose an affiliation network model that captures the herding behavior commonly observed in affiliation
networks. Herding is the phenomenon of the same two or more actors participating in the same two or more
events. Paraphrasing in the terminology of board of directors, herding is the multiple interlocks of directors, or,
the situation when a group of board directors who sit side-by-side on not just one but several company boards.
This local social process in the affiliation network is translated into multiple links in the projected one-mode
networks. From a global perspective, herding has the effect of lengthening the geodesic path of the one-mode
projection.
Our model is a simulation model based on the arbitrary degree distribution concept developed by Newman,
Abstract:
Strogatz and Watts (2001). The board degree distribution of a purely random affiliation network is known to
deviate from the real world board network of similar characteristics. We introduce the herding behavior into the
random generation scheme to balance the randomness with the intended social process. The method creates
many multiple interlocks and results in a better approximation to real world board networks. In applying the
model, several parameters highlighting the herding behavior such as bipartite clustering coefficient, (Robins and
Alexander, 2004), redundancy coefficient (Latapy et al., 2006), social inertia (Ramasco and Morris, 2006) are
compared against the real world network. We use board of directors network in Taiwan as the reference base for
our comparison.
Session: Complexity
Keywords: affiliation networks , interlocking directors , network structure
Accepted: Yes
264 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Li-Wen Liu
Authors: lwliu@mail.thu.edu.tw
Tunghai University, Department of Social Work PO Box 922, Taichung City, Taiwan
Title: Networks as Strategies of Coordination for Organizations in Mental Health Rehabilitation after Natural Disasters
In the past few decades, the natural disaster, including earthquake, flood, drought, hurricane, has taken place
everywhere around the world. It took millions of lives and caused enormous loss, including home damages,
financial losses, and business hardships. The issues regarding natural disasters have increasingly been the most
challenging aspect confronting human beings.
One of the most challenging aspects for organizations that serve victims of the disaster is the psychological
impact. It is important to note that providing aid for mental health rehabilitation to disaster victims requires diverse
types of services from various organizations. Therefore, developing a coordinated mental health service system
for people suffered from natural disasters has become an increasingly critical issue for service agencies in the
Abstract: communities affected.
Using network analytical techniques and data from a community in Taiwan, the author aims to examine patterns
and strategies of organizations in building a coordinated service delivery system for disaster victims. Data for this
research were collected at two points in time to compare overall network structures. It tends to describe changes
in the service network over time. In addition to interorganizational approach, both clients’ and orgnaizations’
perspectives on service availability, service quality, and service coordination will be examined in order to assess
system performance. Questions regarding the conditions of organizations that determine coordination in service
delivery is also be examined. GIS Mapping Techniques were used to display information regarding various
conditions, including damage assessment, organizational resource inventory, and scopes of service networks.
coordination , health care providers , inter-organizational , network structure , public-private partnerships ,
Keywords:
changes in networks , natural disaster
Accepted: Yes
265 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Paulette Lloyd
palloyd@indiana.edu
Indiana University, Bloomington, Sociology Department 1020 E. Kirkwood Ave, Room 744 Bloomington, IN
Jan de Leeuw
University of California, Los Angeles Department of Statistics, Chair 8125 Math Sciences Bldg Box 951554 Los
Angeles, CA 90095-1554, USA
Title: Mapping Globalization: modeling large scale political and economic changes
This paper addresses competing theories of world divisions using social network analysis and a model we
describe as a geometric representation, combining aspects of log-linear analysis with multidimensional scaling
and correspondence analysis (“EDM” or exponential distance model) to analyze datasets on United Nations
General Assembly (“UNGA”) voting and world trade. We examine and compare changes in the structure of state
Abstract: alliances and world trade centered upon the decades before and after the end of the Cold War. Our model
incorporates external information (state attributes such as political regime and levels of economic development
and state IGO membership) to explain the map of voting. The model combines regression and spatial analysis in
order to explain the shifting bases of state alliances across multiple dimensions of social life—economic, political,
cultural/ideological and military.
Keywords: social network , world systems , trade , political networks , globalization , economic networks
Accepted: Yes
266 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Laurence Lock Lee

Authors: locklee@iinet.net.au
Sydney University, Faculty of Economics and Business, Merewether Building H04, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Title: Corporate Social Capital Links to Firm Performance in the Global Information Technology Services Sector
The key aim of this research was to explore the impact of Corporate Social Capital (CSC) on firm performance.
Through the use of CSC as a dominant lens for viewing a firm’s intangibles, a number of important
sub-components of the CSC formulation are exposed. These include a firm’s market centrality, absorptive
capacity, internal capital, human capital and financial soundness. Firm performance was measured as return on
investment (ROI), market to book ratios (Tobins Q) and total shareholder return (TSR).
Overall the research identified CSC as a significant predictor of firm performance, but fell short of fully explaining
the market to book value disparity. For this research, an innovative computer supported content analysis
Abstract: technique was devised to capture a majority of the data required for the empirical research, and to build the
alliances network representation of the global IT marketplace.
The research results for market centrality found that high centrality can indeed be a liability for the larger more
mature firms, but is definitely an asset for the smaller software firms. Financial soundness was the most
predictive of the CSC elements for firm performance, but interestingly the relationship was also weakest for large
mature firms. For small firms with poor finances, investment in human capital was found to be the only
performance enhancing investment. Investments in R&D and internal capital were only viewed positively by the
share market for firms who had the perceived financial capacity to support such investments.
Keywords: business networks , inter-organizational , corporate social capital , content analysis , intellectual capital
Accepted: Yes
267 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Alessandro Lomi
alessandro.lomi@unibo.it
Authors: University of Bologna, Department of Management Science - Faculty of Economics, Via Capo di Lucca 34,
Bologna 40126, Italy
Philippa E. Pattison
Title: What does it mean for you? An exploratory study of organizational identity across levels
A central problem in contemporary theories of organizations is how to represent the connection between systems
of action and systems of symbols – the two main productions of actual organizations. The essence of this
problem seems to be that neither the world of action nor the world of symbols can exist – or be structured –
independently. Rather, each can be understood only through association with the other. For this reason
theoretical approaches that either reduce organizational action exclusively to sets of material practices and
routines (or behaviors), or to cognitive processes of construction and maintenance of coherent systems of
meaning appear to be equally incomplete. These general considerations on the mutually constitutive character of
organizational symbols and practices orient the methodological proposal that we articulate in this paper. Using
lattice models we produce preliminary results from the analyses of a relational data set resulting from the
Abstract:
empirical association between 47 top managers in a multinational industrial group and 30 descriptors of
organizational and individual identity in form of words. The association between individuals and words is recorded
across three distinct – but hierarchically nested – social settings giving rise to a complex three-way connection
between individuals and their symbolic descriptions of identity. In the lattice representations that we propose
every point provides information both on the logical order that underlies the connection among individuals
through words, as well as the logical order that regulates the relation among words through individuals. Lattice
analysis reveals the classificatory structure of the data and allows us to interpret the underlying logic of the
duality of individuals and their symbolic representations (descriptors of organizational and individual identity in
this case)
Keywords: affiliation networks , lattice models , organizations
Accepted: Yes
268 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Markku Lonkila
Authors: markku.lonkila@helsinki.fi
University of Helsinki, Dept of Sociology, PL 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Title: Antimilitary activism in the Russian internet
According to the European Values Study, army is one of the few institutions in which Russian citizens have a
reasonable amount of confidence. However, for several reasons such as the continuing tradition of hazing and
bullying in the army, many draftees try to avoid the military service seeking assistance among other things from
the various factions of Soldiers’ Mothers’ organizations.
Abstract:
This study examines Russian antimilitary activism through the analysis of the ‘issue-network’ of interconnected
antimilitary websites in the Russian-language part of the internet. What kind of topics are being debated? Who
are the main actors and how are they related? The data is collected with IssueCrawler, a software constructed to
produce a network graph of the interrelated websites.
Keywords: collective action , civil society , russia , internet , activism
Accepted: Yes
269 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Trond Loyning
Authors: trond.loyning@sos.uib.no
University of Bergen, Sociology, Rosenbergsgt. 39, Bergen 5015, Norway
Title: Mapping government – business ties in Norway: From inclusive policy networks to exclusive expert networks?
A number of studies show how governmental regulation of business has changed during the last decades. It has
been argued that networks are of increasing importance in new governance regimes, both internationally and at
the national level.
In this paper, ties between government and business in Norway between 1980 and 1995 are investigated. The
data consists of directors of the largest corporations and members of public committees. The latter has
traditionally been seen as an important part of Norwegian corporatism. It is shown that these networks are
reduced in size and density during this period. However, the changes are uneven: by analyzing various
Abstract:
subnetworks it is shown that this reduction appears among corporate boards and among public committees; the
number of ties between corporate boards and public committees are not reduced. In addition, analysis of a
particular group of actors, those related in one way or another to the financial sector, show an increasing number
of connections among these actors, resulting in increasingly central positions in the networks. The result is
discussed in relation to changes in the corporatist system in Norway; to changes in the institution of public
committees; and to changes in governmental regulation. It is argued that despite the overall trend in the network
patterns, networks appear to be of increasing importance in governmental regulation of business.
Keywords: interlocking directors , governance , political networks
Accepted: Yes
270 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Xiaohui Lu
Authors: bizlxh@nus.edu.sg
National University of Singapore Department of Business Policy Singapore
Title: Network Extension: Creating Entrepreneurial Networks through Referrals
How do entrepreneurs employ their network relationships to promote new venture performance? Drawing on both
qualitative fieldwork and quantitative analysis of 100 high technology entrepreneurial firms in Zhongguancun
Science Park—China’s Silicon Valley, this study shows that entrepreneurs have used their network ties not only
for access to resources, but more importantly, for creation of new ties with potential resource holders. I call this
process network extension— expansion of an ego-centric network by addition of new ties resulting from
successful referrals made by existing contacts. I argue that network extension represents a key mechanism
through which networks influence new venture performance, especially in emerging economies characterized by
Abstract: high uncertainty and low trust. That is, more effective network extension leads to better entrepreneurial
performance. I then explore the antecedents of network extension. In other words, which entrepreneurs are more
effective in generating referrals from their existing network contacts? Specifically, I examine how tie strength,
entrepreneur’s prior employment, entrepreneur’s university alumni affiliation, and entrepreneur’s social absorptive
capacity impinge on network extension. Overall, this paper puts forward a theoretical framework which specifies
the network mechanisms that lie beneath the link between entrepreneurial networks and performance on the one
hand, and identifies the key factors that give rise to such networks on the other hand. Statistical analysis provides
support for the proposed theoretical model.
Keywords: entrepreneurship , contact use , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
271 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Miranda Lubbers
MirandaJessica.Lubbers@uab.es
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Personal Networks Lab Edifici B-Facultat de Lletres 08193-Bellaterra,
Barcelona 08193, Spain
Jose Luis Molina
Authors:
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Personal Networks Lab Edifici B-Facultat de Lletres, 08193-Bellaterra,
Barcelona 08193, Spain
Chris McCarty
University of Florida Survey Research Center Bureau of Economic and Business Research PO Box 117145
University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-7145
Title: A typology of personal networks of immigrants as an indicator of acculturation
The present proposal explores whether personal networks of immigrants differ as a function of their years of
residence in the host country. We assumed that time-related differences of the networks would reflect an
increasing acculturation in the host society. As such, we hypothesized that networks of recent immigrants would
be dense and homogeneous, and that the diversity of a network in terms of composition and structure (e.g.,
number of clusters in the network) would increase over time.
In order to test our model, data were used of 535 respondents of four immigrant communities in Barcelona and
four immigrant communities in New York. Computer assisted personal interviews were performed using Egonet.
Respondents were asked to free-list 45 alters, and to give additional information about these alters on a range of
variables (such as country of origin, country of living, strength of the tie, frequency of contact, role in ego´s
network). Moreover, they evaluated, for each of the 990 dyads, whether alters knew each other.
Abstract: On the basis of our general hypothesis, we expected that several structural and compositional characteristics of
personal networks would be related to the level of acculturation and hence would differentiate types of networks.
For the Spanish data, a k-means cluster analysis was performed on the basis of these characteristics, and it
indicated that a four-cluster solution was best interpretable. This implies that four types of personal networks
could be distinguished in the data, which are discussed in our paper. The four types indeed differed significantly
in years of residence (an external variable in the cluster analysis), in fact suggesting two pathways of network
change. Gender and education did not differentiate the types of networks, but country of origin did. However, the
relation between the type of network and years of residence was still significant when controlled for country of
origin. Analyses were repeated for the American data.
The paper discusses the use of the results for a longitudinal analysis, for which follow-up data are currently being
collected.
Keywords: migrants , personal networks , acculturation
Accepted: Yes
272 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Linda Ludwin
Authors: l.ludwin@chester.ac.uk
University of Chester, Arts & Media, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, England
Title: The Sticking Power of Social Capital: How Networks and Networking Enable UK Feature Film Production
Context: UK Feature Film Production
Harvard economist Richard Caves (2001, p. 103) called the way in which films are financed “one-shot deals
involving many specialists” to convey the temporary and limited nature of the involvement of all parties. Daskalak
and Blair (2002), who write about UK film units, explained: “This ambiguous and complex activity…[has] been
conducted in temporary organisations, with organisational structures and resources being constructed and
assembled on a recurrent but temporal basis” (p. 8). Sahlin-Andersson and Söderholm (2002) have described
projects (which they also refer to as temporary organizations) as “organized in terms of an effort that is running
from ‘unfinished’ to ‘finished’” (p. 20). Ekstedt (2002) has described temporary organizations as “having the three
t’s in common: time, task and team. Projects are mostly defined by the task they are supposed to fulfill [sic]
during a specific time” (p. 61).
Within a period of less than a year, each unit ranges from employing a single individual to employing many
hundreds of specialists, and uses an astounding range of sub-contractors for the provision of goods and
services. Unit numbers dramatically decrease during the period of time after filming, when editing and sound
work take place, dwindling to the handful of staff necessary to deliver the finished film and wind up the company.
Once a production ends and people take up their next jobs, individuals who worked together in a particular unit
are instantly dispersed. In terms of finance, at minimum - on a very low budget feature - upwards of a million
pounds is spent within the same brief time frame. In 2003, the median inward feature co-production budget was
£47 million; the median UK domestic feature budget was £3 million for the same year (UK Film Council Statistical
Yearbook 2003, Chapter 12, p. 3).
A unit’s business can take place anywhere in the world, and often does, sometimes on locations in many differen
countries during the course of an eight or ten week shoot. Feature films can involve any type of equipment or
physical setting imaginable. Every unit faces unique logistical, practical, financial and artistic demands generated
by its particular script.
These extreme temporary organizations, with their nomadic, self-employed personnel moving relentlessly from
one temporary organization to the next, often changing job descriptions along the way, may seem to represent
the ultimate in out-placement, contract culture and just-in-time philosophy. For example, in the Skillset Feature
Film Production Workforce Survey 2005, 51% of all freelances reported working on 2 or more films annually
Abstract: (supplemented by other audio-visual work); 57% had an involvement of 12 weeks or less; 70% had an average
working day exceeding 11 hours. In 2001, Blair, Grey & Randle reported on a unit where the average working
week for freelances was 69 hours over 5.6 days. 59% of the crew they studied had always worked freelance and
had never been employed, with entrants after 1990 predominantly always freelance.
On film units, most cast and crew members meet for the first time at a social occasion. The next day the
production is in full swing. How do people who work in temporary organizations know how to work together? How
does learning take place so rapidly and effectively in such transient settings? What happens to the learning in a
temporary organization when it ceases to exist? Is learning transferred from one temporary organization to
another, and if so, how?
Research question: Of what importance is social capital for temporary organizations such as UK Feature Film
Production Units?
Networking is a key activity in the UK’s feature film production sector. Through networking, the sector’s core
temporary organizations, film units, are brought into being. Networking enables units to function immediately.
Networking underpins the methods through which organizations, and the individuals of whom they are composed
work together. Networking enables learning and knowledge transfer. Networking has sustained the UK’s fragile,
complex and economically important film production sector for more than a century.
This paper considers how individuals freelancing for UK film units are both enabled and required to access
(better) social capital through networks and networking. It explores the centrality of social capital to film units and
to the sector as a whole. It explains how networking drives various film unit processes. It suggests special
features of film production units whereby human capital, cultural capital and social capital are structurally
interconnected so that all can be achieved simultaneously. The paper’s central question is: of what importance is
social capital for temporary organizations?
Research methodology: Case study approach
The central research question will be examined in the context of the UK’s feature film production sector, drawing
on material from an embedded case study completed by the author in 2004, The One-shot Deal: Temporary
Organizations, UK Feature Film Units, and Learning Organization Theory, a variety of contextualising secondary
273 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

274 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jar-Der Luo
Authors: jdluo@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
Tsinghua University, Sociology, #33 Lane 1 Sec.4 Hsing-Lung Rd., Beijing, Beijing 100084, P.R.C.
Title: How Small Groups Form in an Organization -- A Simulation Model for the Distribution of Working Load
This paper will examine the reasons why an organization’s employees form small groups by simulating their
networking behaviors. Let us assume there is a department in an organization with 20 employees. All of them
execute very similar job, so that they can mutually support each other. Whenever any person can’t finish his/her
job in one day, he/she will ask colleagues for help. Our model illustrates that mutual help make people tie
Abstract:
together, and some of them form mutual support association due to the reciprocity principle and efficiency of
resource exchange. Eventually, these associations exclude others’ participation. That is a reason why small
groups form in a firm. Our simulation will explore what kinds of working environment turn mutual-help behaviors
to exclusive mutual-support small groups.
Session: N/A
Keywords: inter-organizational , statistical models , dynamics on networks , reciprocity
Accepted: Yes
275 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dean Lusher
dean.lusher@unimelb.edu.au
Authors: University of Melbourne Department of Psychology Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
Garry Robins
University of Melbourne Department of Psychology Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
Beliefs and networks: Personal attitudes and perceptions of general attitudes in exponential random graph (p*)
Title:
models
We define perceived beliefs as an individual’s perception of the attitudes of others within a network. Perceived
beliefs are people’s understandings of general attitudes held among their social partners and so may be an
indicator of norms within the network. Perceived beliefs can be measured as a node-level attribute and examined
with exponential random graph models for social networks. We explore the after-hours socialising relations of
players in four all-male professional football clubs. In three of the four clubs, the inclusion in models of both
perceived beliefs and personal attitudes towards masculinity demonstrates an alignment of sender and receiver
Abstract: effects. That is, individuals who perceive others as having more extreme masculine attitudes seek more social
partners; while individuals who personally have more extreme masculine attitudes tend to be more popular as
social partners. Such effects occur even after controlling for local structural effects, such as reciprocity,
transitivity, and general popularity and expansiveness processes. The implication of this sender-receiver
alignment is that individuals in the network take note of what they understand to be generally held attitudes, and
they seek to develop social links in line with these perceptions. The social network emerges in part from these
beliefs about what others are thinking.
Keywords: beliefs , attitudes , ergm (p*) , attributes
Accepted: Yes
276 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Susan Lynch
slynch@london.edu
Authors:
London Business School, Strategy and international management, 14 Oslo Court, Prince Albert Rd, London,
London Nw87EN, United Kingdom
Title: Organizational restructuring: formal boundaries, conflicting identities and tie
This paper considers how changes in formal structure and a key
element of informal structure -- the embeddedness of employee
relationships -- influence tie formation. When employees are moved
across formal groups, new relationships will form. Employees placed
in the same group form relationships based on new opportunities to
interact and to establish new organizational identities. Employees
separated into different groups form relationships based on common
Abstract: past experiences. Yet, moving employees also decreases the
structural alignment between the informal networks and the formal
position of moved employees. This conflict causes inconsistent
contributions to organizational identity, decreasing new tie
formation when employees are heavily embedded. I test my arguments
using a two-period panel of data on employee relationships in a
financial services provider. Results show evidence of an identity
conflict discount.
dynamics on networks , egocentric networks , embeddedness , transitivity , intraorganizational networks ,
Keywords:
identity
Accepted: Yes
277 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jennifer MacGibbon
Jennifer.MacGibbon@usma.edu
USMA, West Point, New York
Kelsey Tardieu
Authors: USMA, West Point, New York
Ian McCulloh, MS
John Graham, PhD
Title: Behavior Change due to Awareness of One’s Location in a Social Network
This is the first study in a five year strategic social network study that monitors all activity and transactions in a
group of twenty-five mid level management employees. The goal of this first study is to empirically evaluate
behavior change due to the awareness of one’s position in a social network and the difference between email
networks and one’s own perceived social network. This study hopes to expand on previous research of actual
and perceived networks (Krackhardt, 1990). Thus far, by monitoring anonymized email interaction, highly
sensitive data sets were collected and used for network analysis. Initial surveys of the employees provided data
Abstract:
for the perceived social network. It is hypothesized that participants who have few connections to other people in
the group are expected to change their behavior in order to make more connections, while those that have many
connections will not alter their behavior. Additionally, this study anticipates that email data network will strongly
resemble the actual network. Based on our primary finds, data thus far indicates that several participants play
formal roles within the network. We expect to find those same individuals playing vital positions in the email
network, as well as behavior shifts in the participants as social awareness increases.
Session: Actor-Network Theory and Science Studies
Keywords: affiliation networks , changes in networks , peer networks
Accepted: Yes
278 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sofus Macskassy
Authors: sofmac@fetch.com
Fetch Technologies El Segundo, CA USA
Title: Graph Mining applied to Networks: Statistical Measures of Patterns and Clusters
This paper presents our recent work investing mining methods to help users understand large networks. Our
approach is based on statistical graph-measures for pattern analysis. Being able to quickly identify groups and
patterns in networks can significantly speed up the analysis and understanding of these. Specifically, we have
developed a novel statistical approach to pattern finding, which calculates meaningful similarity metrics that can
be used to rapidly identify common as well as unexpected patterns in networks. Our approach is flexible in that it
can identify a range of patterns from very abstract to very specific (e.g., isomorphisms).
We have evaluated our approach on a few publicly available networks from relational machine learning. This
Abstract: paper focuses on a relatively small network of hundreds of people, movies, production companies, etc. extracted
from the internet movie database (www.imdb.com). Specifically, we focused on patterns of size three (e.g., two
actors
and a movie). Collapsing the network around instances of identified patterns (which we allow to overlap) results
in clusters which we can then analyze. Some of our interesting findings include the "actor country movie" pattern,
which collapsed into two large clusters, one consisting of U.S. and Europe and another with China and Hong
Kong. The "actor movie producer" pattern identified a large number of small clusters, suggesting that producers
generally keep to themselves or only co-produce with a limited set of other producers. This behavior interestingly
also appears to be the case with production companies.
algorithm , data mining , graph theory , methodology , network structure , perceived social networks , social
Keywords:
network analysis tools
Accepted: Yes
279 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Balázs Mahler
Authors: bmahler@echosurvey.hu
Echo Survey Sociological Research Institute Székesfehérvár Forgó u. 15. 8000 Hungary
Title: The community-shaping role of illegal drugs
Echo Survey Sociological Research Institute made a survey research in spring 2006, on a high school aged
sample about their drug attitudes and using drugs. The research contained a multilevel network analysis to study
and redefine the community-shaping role of illegal drugs.
The positive impact of network analysis contrary to the traditional survey researches is the both qualitative and
quantitative characteristic, this method is between the micro and macro sociology. Our presentation’s goal is to
study how works the theory of using drugs and the relationships in a friendly community with network analysis
Abstract:
method.
Professionals in drug issues say that using drugs has no effect on the quality (friendly) relations between young
adults. First, in our paper we analyze where drug addicts take place in the school class network and we try to
validate a significant difference between the drug users’ and the others’ personal relationships.
Second, we analyze the effects of personal drug attitudes on the friendly relationships with drug users, and study
the drug users role in their network, especially considering the prestige.
Keywords: homophily , informal norms , social network , drug use
Accepted: Yes
280 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Aili Malm
Authors: amalm@csulb.edu
California State University, Long Beach, Criminal Justice, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
Title: Criminal Network Habitats: Combining spatial and social network analysis in criminological research
This research introduces the concept of a criminal network habitat, the geographic space where criminal
networks are situated (through home, offense, and activity node location). The author examines the relationship
between social network and spatial variables of individuals (associates) involved in criminal networks in order to
Abstract:
explore the geographic and social space of criminal associates. The results show that the distance between
individuals in criminal networks and their associates vary systematically with network characteristics (centrality
measures) and crime type.
Keywords: centrality , georgraphic information system , criminal networks
Accepted: Yes
281 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Eric Mancik
Eric.Mancik@usma.edu
USMA, West Point, NY, USA
Authors: Josh McCaskill
John Graham, PhD
Title: Laboratory Simulation of Hierarchical and Network Based Organizations
The focus of this first in a series of laboratory studies is to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of
hierarchical command and control (C2) vs. self-organizing, peer-based edge (E) organizational forms in
performing tasks that require decision making and collaboration. By using Experimental Laboratory for
Investigating Collaboration, Information-sharing, and Trust (ELICIT), an open-source software application based
on an intelligence analyst context and designed to test and observe interactions within different command and
control organizations and network models, we can evaluate the experimentally manipulated organization design
on performance. Further, an associated survey suite supports an understanding operations, information
processes and interactions between nodes within a network, allows a better understanding of the vital
interactions that establish and maintain a significant relationship.
Eighteen participants with varying levels of military experience, ranging from experts with possibly twenty years
Abstract:
or more to novices who have less than one served as role players in the two day study. The simulation goal is to;
given a dynamically distributed set of information about possible future terrorist attacks, identify the particulars of
the next attack. The simulation supports modeling of a standard military command and control organization as
well as a self-organizing network.
We found that organizational structure, ordering effects, and time in condition had impacts on organizational
performance and behavior. Further, we expect the unobstructed flow of information in the self-organizing network
will allow for different perspectives to analyze and identify potential adversary activities. By repetitively executing
these complex large organization studies over the next twelve months, we expect to find greater effectiveness
and participant comfort in the hierarchical structure. However, the self-organizing network results in greater
efficiency of information exchange.
Session: Simulation
Keywords: experiment , intelligence , terrorist , structure , information sharing
Accepted: Yes
282 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Maria Cristina Maneschy

cristina@ufpa.br
Universidade Federal do Para (Federal University of Para State) - Departamento de Sociologia Belem - Para -
Brazil
Klovdahl Alden
Australian National University School of Social Sciences Canberra - Australia
Authors:
Conceicao Maria de Fatima
Brazil
Maia Maria Lucia Sa
Brazil
Title: Networks and social capital, the critical links: peasant associations’ in Eastern Amazon (Brazil)
In the northeastern Amazon region of Brazil there has been a notable proliferation of peasants’ associations,
particularly from the 1990s. Generally, they aim to provide alternative means to deal with common interests and
to organize individual and group efforts, thus contributing to reduced inequalities. At the same time, the deep
socioeconomic inequalities that these associations seek to reduce tend to limit their capacities to do so. Yet, the
magnitude of the ‘local associations’ phenomenon’, which is not limited to that region, has motivated many recent
studies and much debate.
From a social network perspective, it is plausible that the dynamics of the associations is influenced partially by
their contacts with different organizations, institutions and people outside the association. Here it is argued that
analyzing the social capital quality of social networks gains in efficacy from a twofold consideration of the
Abstract: networks structures and of the contents of the relationships from the participants’ points of view. So, together
with distances and pathways to contacts, analysis might also focus on communication processes, identifying
shared understandings and loyalties underneath interactions patterns.
This study draws on interviews with leaders of thirty-six rural associations in three municipalities in the
northeastern region of the State of Pará, Brazil. The field work was conducted in the first half of 2005 as part of
an ongoing research about the significance of local associations for promoting political participation for peasant
workers and their communities. The paper considers the extent to which these local organizations represent
forms of social capital for those involved, that is, sets of social relations or social networks able to produce and to
provide access to valued resources. The network environment of these local associations is examined, with
particular reference to their external links.
Session: Qualitative Social Networks Research
Keywords: network structure , qualitative network , social capital , amazonian region
Accepted: Yes
283 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Charles Mann
cmann@mail.smu.edu
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern Methodist University P.O. Box 750122 Dallas, TX
75275-0122 USA
David Matula
Authors:
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern Methodist University P.O. Box 750122 Dallas, TX
75275-0122 USA
Eli Olinick
Department of Engineering Management, Information and Systems Southern Methodist University P.O. Box
750123-0123 Dallas, TX 75275 USA
Title: Revealing the Hierarchical Community Structure of Social Networks Employing Concurrent Flow
A network flow algorithm based on fundamental principles of graph theory is introduced to identify the underlying
hierarchical community structure of a network. Finding a community structure that maximizes the Newman
modularity Q value is an NP-hard problem. We show that a reasonably-high Q value can be obtained in
polynomial time by partitioning the network in a succession of divisive cuts in the emerging largest component via
the maximum concurrent flow. Matula’s 1986 work establishing the Maximum Concurrent Flow Problem (MCFP)
and his papers on divisive vs. agglomerative average linkage hierarchical clustering provide the basis for
partitioning a social network by way of sparsest cuts and/or maximum concurrent flow.
The MCFP extends the Ford-Fulkerson source-sink max-flow min-cut theorem to all pairs maximum concurrent
Abstract:
flow. The density of an (S,T)-cut is | (S,T) | / ( | S | • | T | ) where |(S,T)| is the number of links between
communities S and T with | S | • | T | being the maximum number of links possible. The minimum density cut in
the network is the sparsest cut. Sparsest cuts of the largest components are iteratively determined via linear
programming until a multipartite cut is identified that is more constraining to concurrent flow than any sparse cut.
No extraneous links are identified.
Empirical results on random networks with embedded communities and selected social networks from the
literature are used to compare this concurrent flow algorithm to the Girvan-Newman algorithm that is based on
edge betweenness centrality.
network structure , social networks , maximum concurrent flow , sparsest cut , divisive algorithm , graph
Keywords:
theory , multipartite cut , community structure
Accepted: Yes
284 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Drew B. Margolin
dmargoli@usc.edu
Authors: University of Southern California, Communication, 444 1/2 N. Curson Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90036, U.S.A.
Bettina M.R. Heiss
University of Southern California, Communication
Title: Ego Networks as Interactors: A New Level of Analysis in Network Evolution
Recent methodological advances in network science (Börner, Sanyal, & Vespignani, 2007) enable researchers to
study multilevel change in networks with increasing sophistication. Nevertheless, few theories provide a
systematic conceptual framework for investigating change as it occurs in these complicated cross-level
interactions, hence this progress in methodology is rarely harnessed sufficiently by network analysts. One
exception is the theory of evolution, which conceptualizes change as based on the three interlocking processes
of variation, selection, and retention (V-S-R). Newer formulations of evolutionary biology emphasize that these
V-S-R processes operate on multiple levels of analysis, are context-sensitive, and ultimately require the presence
Abstract: of an “interactor,” defined as “an entity that directly interacts as a cohesive whole with its environment in such a
way that this interaction causes replication to be differential” (Hull, 1988, p. 295). This paper argues that in the
analysis of social networks of individual actors or organizations, ego networks (Wasserman & Faust, 1994) can
be fruitfully conceptualized as interactors. This approach recognizes that individual links are not created,
maintained, and dissolved in isolation from each other but are instead better understood via their co-presence
with other links in nodal ego networks. In this paper, we introduce the concept of network interactors in more
detail and outline how they become vehicles for V-S-R processes. We also discuss the practical implications of
an evolutionary perspective on network change for data collection, analysis, and further network research.
Session: N/A
Keywords: network evolution , egocentric network , interaction
Accepted: Yes
285 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Alexandra Marin
Authors: alexandra.marin@utoronto.ca
University of Toronto, Department of Sociology, 725 Spadina Ave., Toronto, ON M5S 2J4, Canada
Title: When Good Deeds Go Unpunished: How Information Holders Weigh the Risks of Sharing Job Information
To examine how information holders weigh their decisions to share job information with their network members, I
conducted in-depth interviews conducted with thirty-seven workers in entry-level, white-collar work. I asked
respondents to list job openings of which they were aware, network members and network members who were
suitable for these openings, and I asked them if they had mentioned these openings to their network members.
Information holders in my sample knew of 222 job openings and could identify suitable candidates from their
networks for 122 of these. Only 39 of these jobs were ever mentioned to a network member. I argue that in
choosing to mention job openings to their network members information holders must weigh the potential costs to
their relationships with their employers and to their relationships with their network members. Information holders
Abstract: fear that they will be perceived as intrusive if they offer unsolicited or unwelcome information and they fear
feeling responsible for the disappointment of network members who apply but are not hired. These risks are
smaller, and arguably the benefits of sharing are greater, when the alters identified as potential applicants are
strong ties or network members whose education or employment background demonstrate a specific investment
in the occupation question. As a result, information holders are more likely to share information with their strong
ties than their weak ties. When they do share information with their weak ties, it is in jobs for which it is possible
to obtain closely-related education or credentials. These kinds of education and credentials that are easily
observable and interpretable as a sign of interest in an occupation, even by information holders to whom
potential job applicants are weakly-tied.
Keywords: egocentric networks , job seeking , social capital , information flow , information holders
Accepted: Yes
286 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Spiro Maroulis
Authors: s-maroulis@northwestern.edu
Northwestern University, Learning Sciences / Annenberg Hall 2120 Campus Drive Evanston, IL 60208, USA
Title: An Investigation of the Role of Social Structure in Academic Performance
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the nature and structure of adolescent social relations impact
academic performance. Theory suggests several possible mechanisms through which a student’s social network
might provide advantage. First, students may directly assist and influence each other independent of their larger
social structure. Second, in addition to the influence of a student’s direct peers, one might expect the pattern of
relations between peers to also matter. For instance, student students located in constrained, norm-enforcing
networks may reap the benefits of increased trust and conformity that come from network closure. Alternatively,
students located in less dense, horizon-expanding networks may reap the benefits of increased diversity of
information and autonomy. Finally, it is quite possible that peer assistance or influence is moderated by network
Abstract:
structure.
Using a rich set of longitudinal data on student attributes and interpersonal relations collected at a large U.S.
public high school, this study tests the propositions that both social network structure and composition are
associated with student achievement, and attempts to empirically distinguish between the underlying
mechanisms that might give rise to social capital in schools. The results indicate that both social network
structure and composition are associated with student achievement. Moreover, the results suggest that students
with less constrained networks are better able to utilize the academic resources in their network, and that it is
highly unlikely that positive social pressure is the mechanism responsible for this social capital.
Keywords: contagion , social capital , structural holes , education
Accepted: Yes
287 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Angelica Marte
pgloor@mit.edu
Authors: MIT,CCI 3 Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Peter Gloor
MIT,CCI 3 Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Title: Trust Me! - Analyzing Global Leadership Networks
We analyzed the top three management levels of a medium-sized global high-tech company. The group with
over 10,000 employees has roughly 40 production facilities and over 120 affiliates and distribution organizations
worldwide.
We collected social network structures of reporting, advice, and friendship (trust) networks of the top 200
company managers employing an online survey. Network structure and position was correlated with subjective
performance ratings reported by ego in a parallel online survey, and was compared with objective performance
evaluators such as salary and bonus. This analysis enabled us to group leaders into different categories by
interaction behavior such as coordinators, collaborators, innovators, and others.
Abstract: In addition, we asked the 200 leaders to identify people outside the top three management levels whom they
considered to be influential. We found country-specific differences among managers from Finland, Central
Europe, US, and the rest of the world in their willingness to nominate informal leaders outside of top-level
management. Furthermore, we discovered regional differences in collaboration ranging from closed hierarchical
elite structures to more open, merit-based forms. Moreover, there were substantial differences in the overlap of
business-related and friendship networks among managers from different nationalities, but also among different
organizational units. The survey revealed that aspects specific of a global context were ranked differently:
intercultural setting (values, norms, contexts), structural dynamics between the different units (recently acquired
organizations, local versus global, central versus decentralized), virtual communication (technology, sensitive
medium for misunderstandings) markets/countries (technological, political, economical), business unit differences
within the corporation (culture, dynamics, global understanding), and language abilities.
belief systems , business networks , corporate social capital , friendship networks , homophily , leadership and
Keywords:
networks , structure of collaboration
Accepted: Yes
288 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Daniele Mascia
dmascia@rm.unicatt.it
Catholic University, Department of Public Health, Rome, Italy
Authors: Margherita Pisegna
Catholic University, Laboratory of Health Economics, Rome, Italy
Americo Cicchetti
Catholic University, Faculty of Economics, Rome, Italy
Interpersonal knowledge networks and research productivity in public R&D laboratories: a comparative analysis
Title:
in the biomedical field
One of the current and most interesting topic in the field of the management of innovation and technological
progress is the analysis and the identification of those critical conditions that allow research laboratories to reach
important outcomes with reference to creativity, scientific production and innovation. The main purpose of this
work is to investigate the pattern of scientific collaborations occurring among scientists and researchers in
public-owned organizations, highlighting the correlation between social networks and the production of scientific
knowledge. In particular, we focus our analysis on researchers’ social capital as a strategic element for the
access to new skills and competences. Our data relate to 430 scientists belonging to large biomedical research
Abstract:
laboratories. Relational data consist of co-authored papers published along the period 2001-2005 by all surveyed
scientists. The analysis was carried out by using the Social Network Analysis methodology and it was dealt with
two different perspectives: the first one examines the macro-structure of the network as a whole and depicts the
likely performance of the social structure that arises out of the physics of its connections; the second one focuses
on the micro-structure (actor-centered) and describes some specific features of individual actors, with particular
reference to the brokerage role played by scientists within their organizations, the extent of their degree,
structural holes, and measures of centrality.
Keywords: scientists , social capital , inter-individual , productivity , knowledge transfer , network structure
Accepted: Yes
289 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Arno Mathis
a.mathis@utwente.nl
Authors:
University of Twente, Center for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy (CSTM), Enschede 7500 AE, The
Netherlands
Title: Corporate Social Responsibility and Policy Making – What role does communication play?
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is about the businesses side contribution to sustainability. Proactive
companies are assumed to interact at a certain level with their affected stakeholders through their business
activities. Many studies show a direct connection between stakeholder management and business success,
especially with regard to financial success. However, this study has its primary focus not on direct financial
implications of stakeholder management, but on the impact proactive stakeholder management has on the
interaction between companies and public authorities. The study argues that pro-active companies with respect
to CSR are better positioned in their sectors, especially when it comes to the relationship with public authorities.
Furthermore, pro-active companies are better able to influence the policy-making process compared to their
competitors.
Abstract:
The study reports on an in-depth case study on Gasunie Transport, the major high pressure gas transporting
company in the Netherlands. The communication network of the whole gas sector is analysed with a special
focus on Gasunie Transport and the company’s position with respect to policy-making. The study shows the
impact CSR engagement has on communication with other stakeholders, both on a daily basis and on a more
strategic level.
The communication between actors will be measured and analysed using social network analysis. Social network
analysis offers a way to quantitatively measure how information flows between stakeholders. It offers a way to
map patterns of interaction and how policy making is potentially influenced by CSR engagement and active
stakeholder management by companies.
Keywords: belief systems , actor agency , csr , business networks , self-regulation , political culture
Accepted: Yes
290 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Petr Matous
philosoph@ohriki.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Authors: University of Tokyo, Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
Kazumasa Ozawa
University of Tokyo, Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
Impact of Participation in Infrastructure Development and Collective Service Delivery on Individual Social Capital:
Title:
The Case of a Squatters’ Community in Metro Manila, the Philippines
The poorest in Metro Manila, the Philippines share water and electricity supply to minimize their expenses. They
also usually have to collectively take care of the protection and infrastructural development of their
neighbourhood.
This paper describes the effect of individuals’ participation in provision of different types of services on their
social networks and thus their access to resources for instrumental and expressive action.
We interviewed 93 adult squatters that share one official water supply connection. Instrumental social capital was
measured by the Position Generator which was locally adapted and supplemented by additional sub-questions.
Expressive social capital was estimated by availability of partners for different types of expressive action. For all
Abstract:
mentioned alters, we asked whether they met through some collective service provision activity in the area and
which. All alters who live within the survey boundaries have been uniquely identified so that all ego-networks
could be combined into a full multiplex social network of the area.
The preliminary findings suggest that the individual instrumental social capital is mostly low and was not
increased through the participation. Newly formed relations mostly do not reach to other parts of the social
structure. There is no gender difference in the access to instrumental social capital despite large gender gap in
employment and occupational prestige (men are better off). On the other hand, the individual expressive social
capital, which was high from the beginning, was further increased by projects that required contribution of
physical labour.
collective action , exchange networks , migrants , network evolution , network surveys , personal networks ,
Keywords:
qualitative network , social capital
Accepted: Yes
291 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Katja Mayer
Authors: katja.mayer@univie.ac.at
University of Vienna, Department of Philosophy, Vienna, Austria
Title: Imag(in)ing Standards
Visual representations of networks nowadays are central tools in the epistemological practice of network analysis
and in communication about networks. Network visualizations are by far not only scientific illustrations. They
serve as tool and laboratory, as argument and evidence.
In my presentation I would like to bring the symbolic spaces that we are creating and dimensioning with network
visualization, into focus. I am drawing onto observations and conclusions that derive from my PhD study about
the epistemological status of network images in Social Network Analysis. Elaborating on interviews, where I
Abstract: asked several network-analysts (from quantitative and qualitative Social Network Analysis) how they are
producing and using visualizations, I would like to tackle the problems of objectification and standardization.
The visual language of networks relates to various traditions of relational visualization techniques in disciplines
such as astronomy, chemistry, logistics and certainly geometry, but also from ideas of social intervention and
social liberation. Thinking about standardization of imaging techniques draws attention to a visual culture that is
deeply embedded into our possibilities of representing networks graphically and therefore into common
sociogram design elements.
Keywords: visualization , network theory , knowledge production , visual culture , standardization
Accepted: Yes
292 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christopher McCarty
ufchris@ufl.edu
University of Florida, BEBR, 221 Matherly Hall, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
Jose Luis Molina
Authors: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Edifici B-Facultat de Lletres 08193-Bellaterra (Spain)
Miranda Jessica Lubbers
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Edifici B-Facultat de Lletres 08193-Bellaterra (Spain)
Juergen Lerner
Konstanz University
Title: Using the E-I index with personal network structural data as a measure of acculturation
Most migration studies recognize the importance of the interaction of migrants with members of the host culture
as an indicator of acculturation. This interaction is typically operationalized as one or more questions about the
national or ethnic identity of friends; that is, the ethnic composition of their personal network. An alternative
measure of acculturation is the extent to which alters of different ethnic identities within the personal network
interact. The E-I index, typically applied to whole networks, is ideal for representing this type of interaction. We
Abstract: collected 535 personal networks of migrants to the US and Spain. Each respondent free-listed 45 alters, supplied
information about each alter and all 990 tie evaluations between alters. We use these 535 matrices to calculate
an E-I index for each migrant representing the level of interaction between alters that are originally from the host
country (the US or Spain), versus those from other countries. We compare these data to an acculturation scale,
and test both for their ability to predict outcome variables, such as smoking, depression and utilization of
physicians.
Keywords: egocentric networks , migrants , acculturation , personal network methods
Accepted: Yes
293 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Leslie McIntosh
mcintold@slu.edu
St. Louis University, School of Public Health, 3545 Lafayette Ave., Salus Center - Ste. 300, St. Louis, MO 63104,
US
Santosh Vijakumar
Authors:
US
Joseph Nguyen
US
Title: Reflections of global youth opinion on online forums using network text analysis
Major world events in 2006 like the Israel – Palestine conflict, the International AIDS Conference, and dynamic
global perceptions about Islamic cultures led to unprecedented dialogue on online discussion forums. Youth form
one of the major constituents of internet users worldwide, and it is important to map trends and patterns of their
views to inform our understanding of youth opinions and beliefs about these global issues. In addressing this
need to chronicle global youth opinion using a communication networks approach, we conducted a network text
analysis of messages across three main discussion topics: Peace and Conflict, Health and Wellness, and Culture
and Identity. These discussions were hosted on www.takingitglobal.com, an international online initiative to
Abstract: garner youth participation and discussion in social issues. Conversations from 580 messages were analyzed
across multiple themes using network text analysis software generating concepts and later transforming into
network maps. These maps guide our appreciation of the social, political, and economic predispositions that
characterize the youth today, and reflect intriguing cultural and geographical patterns therein. Our analytical
strategy is guided by semantic theory and adapts a multitheoretical, multilevel model comprising three tiers –
network components, nodes, and attributes (Monge & Contractor, 2003) The results and recommendations have
implications for future design and content of online youth forums, and also the application of network text analysis
methodology to map opinions and beliefs.
Keywords: online discussion boards , attitudes , text analysis
Accepted: Yes
294 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Willie McKether
willie.mckether@utoledo.edu
The University of Toledo Department of Sociology and Anthropology Toledo, OH USA
Authors: Julia Gluesing
Wayne State University Department of Manufacturing Engineering Detroit, MI USA
Kenneth Riopelle
Wayne State University Department of Manufacturing Engineering Detroit, MI USA
Title: Bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Gap: The Process for Converting Interview Data to Social Network Data
Session Organizers: Silvia Dominquez and Betina Hollstein
In this paper, presenters describe the process of discovery used to convert qualitative data into quantitative data.
Based on the 2005 doctoral dissertation research of Willie McKether, presenters describe the steps used to
collect and store interview data in Microsoft Word, the preparation process for exporting the interviews to Atlas.ti
Abstract: for coding, the coding process, and the conversion path that allowed them to export the coded qualitative data
from Atlas.ti to SPSS and ultimately to Multinet for social network analysis. Such an understanding of the
quantitative-qualitative software bridge is critical as it provides a robust approach to data analysis by expanding
the tool set of scholars engaged in empirical research. An understanding of the approach will, in particular,
increase the analytic potential for researchers who use interview data as a primary source of data and desire a
methodological process to examine ties across interview and other data sources.
Keywords: qualitative network , methodology , interviews as data
Accepted: Yes
295 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Stephen McLaughlin
Authors: stephen.mclaughlin4@btopenworld.com
University of Glasgow, Business School, 23 Dundonald Rd, Glasgow, Lanarkshire G12 9LL, UK
Title: Using network analysis to improve supply chain performance: A case study.
This case study looks at how network analysis was used to identify key business elements along a core IBM
supply chain process. The use of network analysis helped to translate a hierarchical organization structure based
on span of control into a network structure based on influence and relative impact along a core business process
The analysis is based on a socio-centric, as opposed to a ego-centric view of the organization. By mapping the
Abstract: organization from a socio-centric perspective the author was able to relate key process stages to the networked
view of the organization. This overview then allowed clearer insight into how the process was controlled, and
which parts of the organization really controlled the flow of information along the process (Hubs). Through this
understanding IBM was better able to target key groups along the supply chain process and define appropriate
process improvement intitiatives.
improving business performance , access to knowledge , business networks , horizontal/vertical networks ,
Keywords:
intraorganizational networks , supply chain , knowledge transfer
Accepted: Yes
296 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Guy Melançon
Guy.Melancon@lirmm.fr
INRIA Futurs / CNRS UMR 5506 LIRMM 161 rue Ada 34392 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
Céline Rozenblat
Authors: IGUL - University of Lausanne Switzerland
Pierre-Yves Koenig
CNRS UMR 5506 LIRMM 161 rue Ada 34392 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
Carine Discazeaux
Title: Multiscale analysis of small world networks: visual and interactive exploration of graph hierarchies
Visual analysis supports interactive exploration of networks, helping the underlying structure to emerge and be
detected as color scheme or positional patterns. Patterns most often indicate how communities form and relate to
each other; other point at individuals playing key roles in the network’s dynamic. Social network has been the
focus of interest by several scientific communities since the small world paradigm was put on the scene by Watts
and transferred to a large spectrum of scientific areas (Watts 1998). Communities in larger networks can form at
different levels: groups of individuals, groups of groups and so on. Their analysis then becomes a challenge from
a computational and analytical perspective.
Our methodology for studying large small world networks relies on graph hierarchies (nested subgraphs) as a
central paradigm. Our approach appears as an adequate formalization capturing the notion of multiscale
communities in a network. From a visualization viewpoint, graph hierarchies appear as a natural and powerful
paradigm to help analyze, store and navigate these multiscale structures. We have developed a set of statistics
on graphs that help us visually explore and navigate large networks as graph hierarchies with the Graph
Visualization Framework Tulip (Auber 2001; Auber 2003; Auber et al. 2003; Amiel et al. 2005). (See the URL
www.tulip-software.org)
We recently revisited the work by (Guimera et al. 2005) extending the z-score and participation coefficient to
weighted graphs and to graph hierarchies. The z-score corroborates an individuals’ dynamic within its own
community, while its participation coefficient indicates how much it covers all other communities. When dealing
with multiscale networks, the computation of the z-score and participation coefficient of individuals and
communities, at various levels, reveals how the network’s dynamic build through scales. Appropriate visual cues
help locate key actors, pointing at individuals or communities as hubs, bridges or satellite. Following (Guimera et
al. 2005), we correlate various network statistics to help characterize these roles.
Abstract:
Following (Guimera et al. 2005) we have used the ITA air (passenger) transport network for 2000 and 2004 as
test cases, which capture essential structural properties often observed in (large) social networks. The visual
analysis of these networks in full allowed us to measure how much the topology of the network obeys territorial
logic, or on the contrary, resides on economic pressure. Confronting these two datasets, we have furthermore
analyzed how individual cities or communities have mutated during this time period.
Amiel, M., G. Melançon, C. Rozenblat. (2005). "Réseaux multi-niveaux : l'exemple des échanges aériens
mondiaux." M@ppemonde 79(3-2005).
Auber, D. (2001). Tulip. 9th International Symposium on Graph Drawing, GD 2001, Vienna, Austria,
Springer-Verlag.
Auber, D. (2003). Tulip - A huge graph visualization framework. Graph Drawing Software. P. Mutzel and M.
Jünger, Springer Verlag.
Auber, D., Y. Chiricota, F. Jourdan, G. Melançon. (2003). Multiscale navigation of Small World Networks. IEEE
Symposium on Information Visualisation, Seattle, GA, USA, IEEE Computer Science Press.
Guimera`, R., S. Mossa, A. Turtschi, L. A. N. Amaral. (2005). "The worldwide air transportation network:
anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities’ global roles." Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102(22): 7794–7799.
Watts, D. J. and S. H. Strogatz (1998). "Collective dynamics of "small-world" networks." Nature 393: 440-442.
Session: N/A
multi-level networks , network structure , social geography , visualization , changes in networks , structural
Keywords:
holes , weighted graphs , world systems
Accepted: Yes
297 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nasrullah Memon
Authors: nasrullah@cs.aaue.dk
Aalborg University, Software and Media Technology, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, Esbjerg 6700, Denmark
Title: Investigative Data Mining and its Applications to Counterterrorism: Detailed Discussion on Results
The law enforcement agencies need up-to-the minute intelligence about terrorist threats, which makes the
development of expanded and improved intelligence a pre-requisite for their success. As such, the intelligence
community is actively developing new technologies to facilitate the identification and targeting of new and
emerging threats. These threats can be manifested in network-centric form of organizations, doctrines, and
technologies attuned to the information age. It is a widely held belief that terrorist activities are done by dispersed
organizations (like non-hierarchical organizations), small groups, and individuals who communicate, coordinate
and conduct their campaign in a network-like manner. There is a pressing need to automatically collect data on
terrorist networks, analyze such networks to find hidden relations and groups, prune datasets to locate regions of
interest, detect key players, characterize the structure, determine points of vulnerability, and find the efficiency of
Abstract:
the network. To meet this challenge, we designed and developed a knowledge-base for storing and manipulating
data collected from various authenticated websites. This paper applies several network centrality measures (and
combinations of them) to identify key players (important nodes) in terrorist networks. Our recently introduced
techniques and algorithms (which are also implemented in the investigative data mining toolkit known as iMiner)
will be particularly useful for law enforcement agencies that need to analyze terrorist networks and prioritize their
targets. Applying recently introduced mathematical methods for constructing the hidden hierarchy of
.non-hierarchical. terrorist networks, we present case studies of the terrorist attacks occurred / planned in the
past, in order to construct the hidden hierarchy of the networks involved in those tragic events. The results
obtained are in excellent agreement to reality.
inter-organizational , social network , non.hierarchical networks , construction hierarchy , dependence
Keywords:
centrality
Accepted: Yes
298 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

liesbeth Mercken
liesbeth.mercken@gvo.unimaas.nl
University of Maastricht, Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, MAASTRICHT, The
Netherlands
Tom Snijders
Authors: University of Groningen, Department of Sociology, Groningen, The Netherlands
Christian Steglich
University of Groningen, Department of Sociology, Groningen, The Netherlands
Hein de Vries
University of Maastricht, Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, MAASTRICHT, The
Netherlands
Title: Why Dutch adolescents start to smoke: Peer influence versus peer selection processes.
The social influence paradigm assumes that social influences, in particular influences from peers, play an
important role in the development of smoking behavior in adolescence. However, adolescents also tend to
acquire new friends with similar beliefs and behaviors. Therefore, similarities in behavior can be the result of
interpersonal selection processes. The goal of this study is to disentangle social influence processes from social
selection processes regarding smoking initiation. Many social influence studies studies could not control for
friend selection as an alternative explanation since assessment of selection effects requires specific designs and
measures. Information of adolescents is required at different time points, as well as data on changes and stability
in behaviors and social networks.
Abstract: The data we analyze were collected in the ESFA (European Smoking prevention Framework Approach) project,
a large longitudinal study on smoking initiation among adolescents, in which also friendship networks within the
year-group at school were assessed. We analyze the data using two methods: structural equation modeling (as
implemented in LISREL) and actor-driven modeling of social network evolution (as implemented in SIENA).
These methods differ strongly in terms of data requirements as well as explanatory focus, and the ESFA data
provide a unique opportunity for comparing them.
The presentation will cover relevant theories regarding social influence processes and selection processes
followed by an explanation of the different methods used. We will then discuss our findings and close the
presentation with an overall conclusion and some recommendations.
smoking , social influence , social selection , adolescence , homophily , social networks , peer networks ,
Keywords:
network coevolution
Accepted: Yes
299 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ines Mergel
ines_mergel@harvard.edu
Maria C. Binz-Scharf
City College of New York / CUNY Economics Department 138th Street & Convent Avenue New York, NY 10031
Authors: USA
Gokce Sargut
City College of New York / CUNY Economics Department 138th Street & Convent Avenue New York, NY 10031
USA
David Lazer
Title: Thick descriptions of networks: How qualitative data can inform social network analysis
Although social network analysis (SNA) has roots in anthropology, over the past decades attention has been
focused on the development of mainly quantitative sociometric data. Results from this development have proven
very useful for explaining structural phenomena, but at the expense of observation richness, in particular
regarding the content of ties. We argue that, depending on the research question, “thick descriptions” can
significantly advance our understanding of network structure and add deeper insights as to why a specific
Abstract:
structural composition exists. Drawing on examples in the literature, we suggest ways in which typically
qualitative data, such as in-depth interviews and observations, can complement sociometric data. We also
present some ideas on how to yield quantitative data from qualitative data, which we anticipate will be particularly
useful for researchers doing case-study research. Our intention is not to discount the developments made in
SNA, but to build on them to further advance the SNA paradigm.
Keywords: mixed methods , qualitative network , qualitative research
Accepted: Yes
300 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Fredesvinda Merida
Authors: fmeridap@comb.es
Barcelona University, Sociology and Organization Analysis, Doctor Ferran 11 BIS, Barcelona 08034, Spain
Title: European Experts in Computer Forensics: Cognitive Networks
The evolution of communications systems has susbstantially transformed criminal and fraudulent practices.
Traditional types of frauds have been modified to use new channels of communications and incorporate new
criminal categories such as child pornography, phising, pharming, abuse of corporate resources and unfair
competition, among many others. In consequence, traditional evidence (documents) has been
transformed/replaced/augmented by electronic evidence. It has become necessary to use electronic evidence in
order to solve crimes commited with or through electronic devices.
In this paper we assume that electronic evidence is the proper medium to prove in Court the perpetration of
Abstract:
crimes commited with new technologies. Electronic evidence is defined as any information obtained from an
electronic device or digital medium which can be used as evidence. Recently, the admissibility of electronic
evidence in Court as mean of combating technological crimes has received a lot of attention.
This research tries to understand what problems the European social agents have in collecting, analysing and
presenting electronic evidence and how are they really working. Who are the Experts in Computer Forensics in
Europe? In the process of investigation, we used cognitive networks created among the perception of related
social agents such police, lawyers, computer forensics and judges.
Keywords: cognitive networks
301 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Frédéric Mertens
fmertens@unb.br
Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Universidade de Brasília, SAS, Quadra 05, Bloco H, 70070-914 –
Brasília – DF - Brasil
Johanne Saint-Charles
Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de Communication sociale et publique, C. P. 8888, Succursale
Authors: Centre-Vile, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
Katia Demeda
Mauro Castro
Title: Diffusion of a preventive health innovation and multiplexity of network ties
Communities living on the banks of the Tapajós River, Brazilian Amazon, are exposed to mercury, a toxic
substance, through fish consumption. Participatory research conducted since 1994 with the Brasilia Legal
community has led to a deeper understanding of the problems related to mercury contamination. Since 2001,
communication network analysis has shown that there exist extensive discussion networks on the themes of
mercury and health. Participation in these discussion networks is associated with awareness of critical
Abstract: information about mercury issues and the adoption of new fish diet behaviour to reduce exposure. In order to
verify if individuals with whom villagers discuss mercury issues are those with whom they tend to have other
relationships and to see how the multiplexity of network ties is related to the diffusion process, we conducted
semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with the total adult population (> 14 years old; n=336). The interviews
addressed friendship, discussion, occupational and kinship networks. In this paper we will present our analyses
of the relationships between awareness, adoption and the multiplexity of the network ties.
Keywords: diffusion , health , community structure , multiplexity of network ties
Accepted: Yes
302 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gustavo Mesch
gustavo@soc.haifa.ac.il
Authors: U of Haifa, Israel
Ilan Talmud
U of Haifa, Israel
Title: Community Networks Membership and Community Involvement: The Case of Local Community Mailing Lists
This paper inquires into two local community mailing lists operating in Israel. The study analyzes the mailing list
as a form of “community networks”, exploring their potential effect on community (online and off line) community
social capital, as drawn from residents’ level of involvement in local activities and organizations.
Sample was composed of 442 residents, living in two medium sized Israeli urban communities.
Analyzing demographic, attributes and ego networks data (using a name generator technique), we showed that
the degree of community residents' civic engagement activities is highly associated with individual's social
capital. The relations between individual social capital and civic engagement are mediated by individual political
Abstract:
efficacy. Additionally, we demonstrated the selective nature of community electronic list membership. List
members have more pronounced stock of social capital. We found that electronic community networks reflect the
social structural attributes of residents' relational patterns. Yet, unlike the stipulation put forward by both the
utopian and the dys-utopian schools, the Internet does not have an automatic or deterministic effect on
community civic engagement. In a "hybrid community", using both offline and online channels to communicate,
network infrastructure may enhance existing relational patterns, but neither to replace them nor to abolish their
pronounced effect. Internet use is, therefore, embedded with existing social relations.
Keywords: civil society
Accepted: Yes
303 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Judith Metz
Authors: brat.brat@inter.nl.net
Lecturer, University of Humanistics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Title: Opening the black box of civil society networks
Civil society networks, or correctly phrased: the social networks which form the civil society (according to Paul
Dekker, the part of society which is not state, market or households), are the new panacea for social issues. The
collapse of the Iron Curtain, good governance, and the crisis in the welfare state are social questions which have
in common that they are addressed by the same answer: civil society networks. Despite the high expectancy on
these networks (and the slight awareness of the drawback as was the situation for Germany at the twenties en
thirties last century), little is known about the functioning of these social networks. In this paper, I will elaborate on
Abstract:
the functioning of civil society networks by a close study of the support of volunteers by the Dutch association
Humanitas. Humanitas' task is to counsel its volunteers while they carry out the social work of the association
and deal with the organisation of the social work as well as with the organisation of the association's local
departments (the institutional embedding of the social work). The analysis shows us the activities which form the
foundation of the Humanitas networks. The conclusion will be that that civil society networks do not exist without
saying. A lot of work is preceding the originating and the continuation of the networks.
Keywords: dynamics on networks , civil society , participation , social network , intermediaries
Accepted: Yes
304 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Zhang Mian
zhangm6@sem.tsinghua.edu.cn
Tsinghua University, Department of HR & OB School of Economics and Management, Beijing, China,100084
Wei Jun
Authors:
University of Science and Technoloy Beijing Department of Business Administration School of Economics and
Management Beijing, China,100084
Li Hai
Business School Beijing Normal University Beijing, China,100875
Title: Social networks and individual performance
A growing body of organizational behavior theory and research began to explore individual and group outcomes
from the perspective of social networks. The scholars of this school assumed individuals were embedded in
social networks and explored the structural properties of social networks in explaining outcomes. Centrality, the
extent to which a given individual is connected to others in a network, is the structural property most often
associated with outcomes. Although previous studies have illustrated the relationship between network structures
and instrumental outcomes, it is surprisingly to find that relatively few studies have examined the influence of
network centrality on individual performance.
The study reported in this paper surveyed 393 employees in 22 work groups in a Chinese stated-owned
Abstract:
company. The findings provided evidence that social networks, as defined in terms of work information
communication relations, are related to individual performance including task performance (in-role performance)
and interpersonal citizenship behavior (extra-role performance). Normed in-degree centrality scores were
computed as indication of centrality. Both task performance and interpersonal citizenship behavior were
evaluated by supervisors in order to avoid the bias of common methods variance. Positive affectivity and
negative affectivity, two self-reported personality constructs, were included in the study as controlling variables.
As hypothesized, individual performance was positively related to centrality in work information communication
networks, after controlling for demographic and personality variables.
centrality , intraorganizational networks , social networks , individual performance , in-role performance ,
Keywords:
extra-role performance
Accepted: Yes
305 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Joana Miguéns
a34934@alunos.egi.ua.pt
Authors:
Department of Economics, Management and Industrial Engineering University of Aveiro Campus Universitario de
Santiago 3810- 193 Aveiro Portugal
Title: Tthe structure of international tourism patterns
Network analysis arises in a diversity of contexts, such as economic, social, biological, and transportation. The
aim of this paper is to explore the structure of international tourism patterns. We use data gathered by WTO over
208 countries (nodes), with arrivals of international tourists between countries. Our network is directed and
weighted, showing a weak correlation between the in and out flows. We focus on the topology of interactions
Abstract: between them, providing a weighted analysis of correlations, distribution functions and clustering. These results
provide a better description of the tourism movements underlying the social, cultural and geographic dependence
of countries as tourism destinations. Tourism movements are shown to have an economic behaviour, much
different from social networks. The results also demonstrate the importance clustering has for a tourism
destination.
Keywords: network structure , clustering , world systems , tourism networks
Accepted: Yes
306 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Peter Mika
pmika@cs.vu.nl
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam FEW - Dept of Computer Science Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Peter Groenewegen
Authors:
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam FSW - Dept of Public Administration & Organization Science Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Zuzana Sasovova
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam FEWEB & FSW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Title: Mining Network Data on the Internet: A Comparison between Electronic Data Extraction and Social Networks
Recent research has focused on the possibilities of mining e-mail archives as an approximation of social ties. In
this study we investigate the possiblities of an alternative data collection method – mining network data based on
website co-occurence. We compare electronic data extraction to the results of a social network survey distributed
among all researchers of a department of computer science at a Dutch university. The survey included five types
of relations: we assessed respondents’ advice, friendship, and troubled (adversarial) relations, their perceived
similarity to others, and their interest in future collaboration. We performed comparisons for the 79 respondents
with the data retrieved from the internet based on two commonly used measures for evaluating information
Abstract: retrieval – precision and recall. Overall, the work-related network measures (advice and future collaboration)
demonstrate a better fit than the three other, more affect-intensive, networks. We observe a trade-off between
high recall and high precision. An optimal fit based on the combination of these two results in a harmonic mean o
0,45 (the F-measure). In addition, optimization results suggest that when using electronic data extraction it is
easier to achieve high recall than high precision. This outlines a possibility of a two-stage data collection process
especially useful for large populations with high presence on the internet. Mining on the internet can be used for
pre-selecting network data and a survey can be used to further optimize precision. Implications and limitations of
the present study are discussed.
Keywords: data collection , informal networks , peer networks , scientists
Accepted: Yes
307 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Oriol Miralbell
jmiralbell@uoc.edu
Authors: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Dept. of information and Communication Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
Agustí Canals
Dept. Information and Communication Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Title: Tracing networks within local tourism clusters: Their impact in innovation.
Tourism is an information intensive industry where actors, mostly SMEs (small to medium enterprises), interact
frequently and share lots of information in their activity. The distance between market and destination makes
communication dramatically important and essential to business success. Inside the destinations, producers and
tourism boards share knowledge to innovate and gain competitive advantage. In many destinations the role of
local Tourism boards has been essential in coordinating and supporting innovation. Development of destinations
depends strongly on the influence of several actors, such as authorities and their policy and investment in
infrastructures, enterprises and their strategies, and joint marketing. There’s a strong interdependence of the
Abstract:
actors as they attempt to achieve success and gain competitive advantage. Thus, innovation needs compromise
by all. An examination of the networks within clusters of destinations is an excellent strategy to analyze this
innovation process.
This paper identifies the network of experts, professionals and companies in local tourism destinations in
Catalonia by identifying especially active and exemplifying clusters; then it analyzes the impact of this network on
innovation
Keywords: knowledge networks , innovation , regional clusters , leadership and networks , tourism networks
Accepted: Yes
308 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andrei Mogoutov
e.todeva@surrey.ac.uk
Authors: Aguidel, Paris, France
Emanuela Todeva
University of Surrey, School of Management, Guildford, UK
Communities of Practice and Knowledge-based Networks:in the Case of Health Technology Cluster in the South
Title:
East of England
This paper looks at the boundaries and membership of a community of practice that has emerged in the field of
health technology, and is located in the South East of England. A community of practice is made up of networks
of people / actors who rely on each another in the creation of work. By definition, these networks are not defined
and there is no formal membership. These informal networks are bound together by a sense of purpose and a
real need to know each other.
A selection of all publications in the field of health technology (i.e. bio-pharma, medical technology and
instruments, and health care) reveals a network map of interconnected institutions and specific knowledge fields
represented by individual academic journals. Wingens’s two-community theory (1990) is employed to explain the
Abstract:
co-location of heterogeneous actors (i.e. authors with their institutional affiliation and journals with their academic
audiences). The theory argues that different communities speak different ‘languages’, which is a critical
separating factor, and more intense diffusion of information takes place within communities of practice exhibited
as distinctive clusters on the map.
Evidence of communities of practice show that there are four leading communities of practice in the South East
of England – Clinical research, Bio-pharma, Cancer and Genetics, and Physics/Chemistry/Engineering. Although
these fields of knowledge are recognisable as distinctive communities of practice, publication affiliations show
evidence of overlap of expertise and mutual interest between these communities.
Keywords: community structure , diffusion , knowledge networks , publication affiliations , community of practice
Accepted: Yes
309 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jose Luis Molina

joseluis.molina@uab.es
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Departament d’Antropologia social i cultural -Egoredes, Edifici B-Facultat de
Lletres, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
Authors:
Miranda Jessica Lubbers
Personal Networks Lab - Egoredes, UAB, Spain
Christopher McCarty
Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Florida, USA.
Title: Using personal network composition and structure to explain ethnic identity in the US and Spain
There are many factors that determine with which group a respondent will identify and under what conditions. We
propose that the composition and structure of the personal network can be used to understand some significant
proportion of the variability in ethnic identification. We use a data set of 535 migrants to Spain (Dominicans,
Morroccans, Argentineans, Senegalese and Gambians), and the US (Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Columbians
and Mexicans). Respondents completed a study using Egonet where they provided a free-list of 45 alters,
Abstract: information about each alter and an evaluation of the 990 possible ties between alters. They also provided up to
two words that described their ethnic identification. These words were recoded by three researchers into several
categories reflecting a single identity (e.g. Dominican), plural identity (e.g. Hispanic) or both (e.g. Dominican and
Hispanic). We assume that the heterogeneity of the personal network in terms of composition (e.g., diversity in
country of origin) and structure (e.g., multiple clusters, high betweenness) explains whether the ethnic
identification is plural or not. We test this hypothesis through logistic regression.
Keywords: identity , immigrants , personal networks , personal network methods
Accepted: Yes
310 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gerald Mollenhorst
g.w.mollenhorst@fss.uu.nl
Utrecht University / ICS, Sociology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Authors: Miller McPherson
Duke University, Sociology, Durham NC, USA
Beate Völker
Utrecht University / ICS, Sociology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Title: Overlapping Meeting Contexts for Friendships
In the literature, it is argued that because of the shift of activities that once took place in so-called ascribed
contexts (family, neighborhood), to activities nowadays taking place in purposive contexts (social and economic
organizations) social contexts become unbundled. Accordingly, people exchange multiplex relationships for
uniplex ones, i.e. one works with one set of people, lives together with another set and spends his or her leisure
time with a third set of people.
In this contribution, we study the degree of (un-)bundling by looking at a number of social contexts where people
Abstract: meet friends. We asked respondents where, on which occasion, they got to know their friends, as well as where
they continue to meet them (e.g. at school, at the workplace, in the neighborhood, at a voluntary associations).
This creates the opportunity to study the overlap structure among social contexts, by converting affiliation
matrices (respondents by meeting contexts) to contexts by contexts matrices. To formulate hypotheses on this
overlap structure we order social contexts by conceptual dimensions as for instance can be found in Feld’s ‘focus
theory’. These hypotheses are tested using log-linear models. Our data stem from two waves of The Survey of
the Social Networks of the Dutch (2000 & 2007).
affiliation networks , friendship networks , personal networks , relationship formation , egocentric networks ,
Keywords:
social contexts
Accepted: Yes
311 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Peter Monge
monge@usc.edu
University of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication, 3502 Watt Way, Los Angeles, CA
90089-0281, USA
Janet Fulk
Joyee Chatterjee
90089-0281, USA
Bettina M. R. Heiss
90089-0281, USA
The Structural Evolution of Organizational Communities: How Variation, Selection, and Retention Processes
Title:
Operate in NGO Networks
This research extends theories on organizational evolution by pioneering the systematic translation of concepts
from community ecology (Astley, 1985; Carroll & Hannan, 2000) to the study of network transformation.
Evolutionary hypotheses about multilevel change in the networks of international nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) over time are introduced and explored empirically in the context of global child rights activism.
Specifically, we seek to expand the literature on organizational networks by focusing on the unique egocentric
patterns in which different types of NGOs come to embed themselves in a larger web of organizations. Typically,
network studies are limited to the examination of individual links between organizations or they make claims
about the structure of the whole network, neglecting the possibility that certain forms of organizing may require a
Abstract: specific mix of relationships to ensure an organization’s survival. Applying evolutionary principles to the
examination of interorganizational networks, we argue that a recognizable nonprofit organization form, which
occupies a distinct niche within its organizational environment, also evolves a unique portfolio of
interorganizational relationships. The degree to which the three basic evolutionary processes of variation,
selection, and retention operate in egocentric local network portfolios can be empirically tested with confirmatory
network analysis techniques (Contractor, Wasserman & Faust, 2006). Preliminary results from longitudinal
analyses of the child rights NGO network from 1990 to 2005 are presented, which shed light on how different
kinds of voluntary organizations came to populate distinct niches within a larger organizational community that
includes international governmental organizations (IGOs).
Keywords: network evolution , inter-organizational networks , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
312 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nienke Moolenaar
n.m.moolenaar@uva.nl
Authors:
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Education, University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.
Title: Social networks and trust in primary school teams
The goal of this study was to examine the social network structures of primary school teams and the relationship
between network structures and trust in school organizations. According to social capital researchers, the
presence of tight and stable networks and trust can enhance the functioning of an organization. However,
empirical research into the relationship between social networks and trust in organizations is very scarce.
Furthermore, until now, social network interest in the field of education is limited to the social networks of the
students. Still, social networks among school team members (teachers, school leader and support staff) can give
Abstract: valuable insights in the functioning of the school organization. Therefore, we examined social networks of primary
school teams and generalized trust in these teams to study the relationship between social networks and trust.
Data have been gathered at 62 primary schools, containing many whole, small networks. We asked eight
network questions concerning friendship at work, friendship outside work, giving advice and asking for advice,
and collaboration. This extensive approach led to various types of multilevel networks. First, we analyze these
multilevel types of social networks among school team members. Second, we report on the relationships
between these school team networks and team trust in the school organization.
Keywords: corporate social capital , inter-individual , social network , network structure
Accepted: Yes
313 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Spencer Moore
spencer.moore@umontreal.ca
Universite de Montreal
Authors: Mark Daniel
Lise Gauvin
Individual social capital, educational attainment and sense of mastery: An analysis of the importance of individual
Title:
social capital for Montreal adults
Health sciences research has conventionally treated social capital as an area-level public good equally available
to all residents of a particular area. Regardless of the individual degree of social connectedness or level of
education, social capital is viewed arguably to exert an independent influence on the health of an areas’
residents. In contrast to this line of inquiry, our analysis focuses on the importance of individual social capital and
its association with personal sense of mastery. Our data come from a Montreal epidemiological field survey of six
Montreal neighbourhoods using a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Clusters were sampled Montreal
census tracts (CTs) and the strata were based on tract-level language spoken in the home (French, English or
other) and socio-economic status. At the individual level, sample selection was restricted to approximately 70
Abstract:
individuals per tract falling into two age strata, (18-34 and 35-50 years of age), with equal number of males and
females in each age strata. Social capital was measured using Lin’s position generator instrument adapted for
the Canadian context. Sense of mastery was measured using Pearlin’s 7-item, 5-point Likert scale. Related
measures included individual participation and membership in voluntary organizations, social network size in
supportive relationships, and general social trust. Preliminary analyses showed that persons with higher
individual social capital reported higher levels of mastery compared to persons with lower levels of individual
social capital. The results of a multilevel analysis adjusting for the clustering of individuals in neighbourhoods will
be presented.
Keywords: social capital and health
Accepted: Yes
314 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ophelia Morey
Authors: otmorey@buffalo.edu
University at Buffalo, Health Sciences Library, 109 Abbott Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
Title: Exploring Health Information Ties: A study of information seeking behavior of an African-American community
This paper reports findings from a telephone survey administered to 216 respondents. The purpose of the study
was to explore the health information seeking behavior of an African-American community located in Buffalo,
New York using Granovetter’s strength of weak ties as the theoretical framework. Interviewers asked
respondents questions to determine not only where individuals go to seek health information, but also questions
Abstract:
to determine the “closeness” of tie relationships if the respondent sought information from an individual and/or
participated in proxy searching behavior; searching on behalf of another person. Preliminary findings indicate that
the importance of health service professionals as a weak tie in health information seeking is consistent with the
strength of weak ties theory.
Keywords: health , information seeking behaviour , tie strength
Accepted: Yes
315 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Alexander Morren
Authors: alexandermorren@yahoo.com
Radboud University Nijmegen, Pastorielaan 112, Hoogland, Nijmegen 3828EV, Netherlands
Title: Effective knowledge integration in virtual R&D networks
The key aim of this research is to realise effective knowledge integration in inter-organisational R&D programs.
Previous research found that network focus, mass and openness are prerequisites for emergent knowledge
networks to be effective. This can be realised by adjusting network strategies to the results they bring about. The
main building blocks of such network strategies are the positioning of brokers, spanning activities and boundary
objects.
The main case study is the ISAPP program, the Integrated System Approach for Petroleum Production, which
aims to enhance the recovery of existing oil fields with 67%.
ISAPP is a partnership between Shell, the Dutch institute for applied research TNO, and the Technical University
Abstract:
Delft. It is a ‘virtual’ network over five locations, in which 40 PhD projects need to be integrated into three main
project clusters. The two main challenges to tackle are establishing reciprocity and realising collective results.
Role and content analyses are used to measure the influence of broker positions (e.g. coordinator, liaison) on the
emergent knowledge flows within each project cluster. Those knowledge flows are categorized into five types:
know-how, -what,- why and -who. Network focus, mass and openness are measured by respectively closeness
centrality, density and structural equivalence. Further, a knowledge audit and peer review are used to track
emerging results. This research is still under way and the first results will be presented in a paper for the Sunbelt
Conference in May.
business networks , collaboration , corporate social capital , inter-organizational learning , knowledge
Keywords:
networks , performance measurement
Accepted: Yes
316 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Martina Morris
Authors: morrism@u.washington.edu
University of Washington, Department of Sociology, Box 353340, Seattle, WA 98195-3340, USA
Title: Testing independence of partner selection in egocentric datasets
When data on partnerships are sampled egocentrically, some egos report more than one partner. In the case in
which individuals are stratified according to
a certain categorical attribute (such as age), an important question from the standpoint of statistical modeling is
whether the categories of the multiple partners
are independent of one another, conditional on the category of the ego. Equivalently, we may ask whether the
counts of multiple partner categories are distributed
Abstract:
according to a multinomial distribution, conditional on the number of partners. Thus, a statistical test of the
hypothesis of independently chosen partners may be
conducted using a goodness-of-fit test with multinomial probabilities. In the case of large sample sizes, a
chi-square test is adequate; otherwise, an exact test may
be employed. We apply this methodology to data on sexual networks in Uganda and the U.S. and to friendship
networks among adolescents in the U.S.
Keywords: heterogeneity , statistical test , egocentric data
Accepted: Yes
317 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Carlo Morselli
carlo.morselli@umontreal.ca
Authors:
Université de Montréal, School of Criminology, C.P 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7,
Canada
Title: “Merging Crime Script and Social Network Frameworks: Case Studies in Stolen Vehicle Ringing”
Combining crime script and social network frameworks offers benefits for each side of the merge. The focus in
this presentation is restricted to how script analysis contributes to social network analysis. Crime often proceeds
in chain-like transactional settings that incorporate the action of a wide range of participants. Network analyses,
in this sense, are fitting for studying such settings. But one limit with network analyses of crime, and their
common emphasis on disruption strategies and key node removal, is that whereas we are able to assess how
change in network composition may impact the ensemble of participants therein, we cannot generally assess
how such change influences the crime commission process that combines the efforts of all participants. Crime
script analysis begins with the suggestion that all crimes may be drafted for their step-by-step procedural
Abstract:
make-up. Adding script objectives to crime network analysis allows us to untangle how some participants
contribute to keeping a script’s inherent channels in place. The demonstration is restricted to two distinct
networks of stolen vehicle ringing that were coordinated from Montreal, Canada. In breaking with an exclusive
network framework, script analysis is added as a tool for designing the transaction chain that represented these
criminal processes from the initial theft scenes to the ultimate disposal of stolen vehicles in foreign territories. The
main concerns are on how various forms and various degrees of brokerage are distributed across crime scripts
and how brokers within the criminal networks contribute by providing not only indirect connectivity between
participants, but also alternatives for script permutation across the criminal decision process.
Keywords: organized crime networks , network delinquency , intermediaries , centrality
Accepted: Yes
318 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sophie Muetzel
sophie.muetzel@sowi.hu-berlin.de
Authors:
Humboldt-University Berlin, Sociology, Institute for Social Sciences, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, Berlin 10099,
Germany
Title: Relational sociology and Actor-Network-Theory compared
The paper discusses two theories currently used in the analysis of social relations. Focus will be on comparing
the phenomenological network theory as developed by Harrison White and others with that of
actor-network-theory as developed by Bruno Latour and others. Using empirical examples based on qualitative
research, one example for each theoretical strand, I will show that both theories share many fundamental
Abstract: assumptions about social reality and also how to analyze it. Both share an understanding that the unit of analysis
should be actions, which evolve over time and space. Both analyze how identities come to be created through
collaborations of different actors in different contexts. Both theories also highlight mechanisms of
association/coupling and separation/decoupling. Yet there are also stark differences with regard to their theory of
network ties and their methodologies.
Keywords: network theory , qualitative research
Accepted: Yes
319 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jakob Mumm
jmumm@agric-econ.uni-kiel.de
Authors:
Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Agricultural Economics, Wilhelm-Seelig-Platz 7, 24098 Kiel,
Germany, http://www.bwl.uni-kiel.de/bwlinstitute/grad-kolleg/de/index.html
Title: Market Organization - Relevance of Embeddedness
The focus of the paper is the organization of an entire industry. Although the concept of network organization has
already been taken into consideration by the managerial literature and despite the fact that the relevance of
network organization as an organizational form of economic transactions is increasing, there are only few
quantitative analyses, dealing explicitly with the structure and impact of business linkages as well as social
networks of an entire industry. Using the dairy industry of Germany with proximately 160 firms the question
whether the industry follows the market paradigm or can be seen as a system of networked governed
relationships is elaborated. The data of the industry members was collected by a innovative online questionaire
Abstract: to handle the recall approach ensuring reliability and validity of the network data. Apart from economic transfer
networks, already established collaborations, joint information and joint problem solving relations, the paper
considers a social dimension by adding the constructs trust, commitment and reputation as well as friendship
relations between members of the industry. The paper examines whether network relations or structure can be
identified as influential resources within the demanding industry environment using the four network concepts of
Krackhardt (influence through strong ties), Burt (structural hole argument), Granovetter (weak ties for diversity)
and Coleman (group cohesion). The paper presents preliminary findings combining traditional research of critical
success factors (e.g. relationship quality, strategic relationships) with the quantitative network perspective.
business networks , economic networks , embeddedness , exchange networks , inter-organizational , network
Keywords:
surveys
Accepted: Yes
320 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Philip Murphy
Authors: critical.node@gmail.com
University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affiars Pittsburgh, PA, USA
A Cognitive Network Approach to Discerning Political Identity Systems in a Population: The Case of the Republic
Title:
of Macedonia
This paper introduces an inductive method for discerning and characterizing identity groups in a population that
is relatively efficient, reduces researcher bias, and generates a rich mix of qualitative and quantitative data. The
obvious inter-ethnic tensions in the Republic of Macedonia (ROM) naturally lend themselves to a reductionist
tendency to perceive politics there as little more than ethnic conflict. A more inductive investigation into how the
people of this country perceive themselves and those around them is desirable for its value in illustrating more of
the complexity that actually underlies the rhetoric. To address this question, 109 respondents from across ROM
were interviewed using the repertory grid method, which provides respondents with an opportunity make
evaluations on their own terms, using their own comparative constructs, and differentiating quantitatively between
Abstract:
the stimuli they are evaluating. This process records the qualitative comparisons that comprise respondents’
political identities. Respondents were assessed at the society level using 2-mode clustering and visualization
techniques to distinguish groups whose frames of reference cluster closely, indicating a likelihood of shared
identity. The identity groups delineated in this manner were further assessed using generalized Procrustes
analysis to measure the extent that individuals in a group actually differ or agree in their perceptions of the same
stimuli. This approach made it possible to discern and give context to unifying themes that evince a previously
unrecognized growth in civic identity that spans ethnic divisions in ROM and a follow-up survey (n=500) based on
those findings made it possible to generalize the results across the population.
Keywords: 2-mode , belief systems , cognitive networks , data collection , ethnic identity , identity
Accepted: Yes
321 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Shishir Nagaraja
Authors: sn275@cam.ac.uk
University of Cambridge
Title: On a dynamic topology for covert groups
Network resilience has often been measured as the ability to withstand
attacks on connectivity from a topology attacking adversary that
removes a fraction of vertices and edges. Often, an attacker removes
the most central elements of the network topology in order to
dismantle a group. A variety of graph-theoretic as well as spectral
centrality measures have thus far been used to analyze the resilience
of various networks to vertex and edge attacking adversaries. We
extend this line of work, by considering the dynamic case where nodes
are allowed to defend themselves against a topology attacker. To this
end, we adopt a dynamic framework of iterated attack and defence, with
the attackers having a global view and using combination of
vertex-order, betweenness, closeness and eigen-vector centralities;
and; with the defenders having a local view of the network, we analyze
the defence tactics that nodes can adopt to maintain network
functionality, such as, a constant average shortest path length and a
Abstract: near constant largest connected component size. We also model
replenishment: nodes that are removed by the attacker are replaced
with new recruits that must attach themselves to the remaining
nodes. We show, first, that naive defences do not work against any of
the attacks; second, that basic redundancy doesn't work much
better. Third, that attacks based on centrality work better against
clique defences than vertex-order attacks do; and fourth, that
defences based on complex strategies such as delegation plus clique
resist centrality attacks better than simple clique defences. These
defense tactics allow the emergence of high centrality nodes across a
wider range of participants rather than concentrating power with a
constant few, and hence such networks withstand topology attacks
particularly well. Our counter-measures suggest definitions of
efficiency of attack and defence, and may even explain the evolution
of insurgent organisations from networks of cells to a more virtual
leadership that facilitates operations rather than directing them.
Keywords: conflict , network strategy , security networks , terrorist networks
Accepted: Yes
322 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ioanns Nasioulas
Authors: socm04015@soc.aegean.gr
University of the Aegean. Sociology Department. "Ergaxia" Laboratory.
Title: A context of monitoring and evaluating social economy in rural Greece.
Social economy organizations, such as social cooperatives in rural Greece, are distinguished from other free
market economic actors on the basis of their diversified social capital.
A breakthrough analysis on monitoring and evaluation methods of social enterprises poses a great challenge to
the traditional economic assessment approach.
In our paper we focus on such questions as the following:
Abstract:
What methods of evaluation better correspond to the multidimensional nature of social cooperatives?
Which are the hidden aspects of social capital which call for a new assessment of the term itself?
What tools do we need to clarify the identity of social economy actors, especially in rural Greece?
Introducing an all encompassing terminology on social economy and enterprise networks with social orientation,
we shall try to form a positive context of social enterprise evaluation.
Keywords: social capital , social economy , social cooperatives , monitoring and evaluation
Accepted: No
323 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Layana Navarre-Jackson
apaik@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu
Authors: University of Iowa, Sociology, W140 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Anthony Paik
University of Iowa, Sociology, W140 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Title: Giving Networks: Ties and Structures that Matter for Gifts of Time and Money
Prior research has established that several types of social networks – associational ties, social interaction, and
being recruited – promote volunteering and, to a lesser extent, charitable giving. Although the type of tie –
relative, work friend, neighbor, etc. – is also likely to matter, the topic has received little attention. We examine
how types of social ties organize social interactions, which have implications for social capital and charitable
activities. We argue that bridging structures increase the likelihood of being recruited and promote charitable
activities; however, individuals embedded in this type of structure also have considerable autonomy and are
Abstract: more likely to refuse recruitment efforts. Using the 1999 Giving and Volunteering data, we conducted latent class
models to estimate focused interaction structures and examined their impact on being recruited, volunteering
hours, and charitable giving. The findings indicate that Americans are embedded in one of three basic structures
of focused social interaction: simple, primary, and engaged. Individuals in the engaged class volunteer more and
are most likely to be asked to volunteer, but recruitment efforts have the least efficacy. Focused interaction
structures do not influence giving, however. Thus, the type and the structure of focused interaction have
important implications for volunteering.
Keywords: social capital , informal networks , voluntary services
Accepted: Yes
324 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wolfgang Neurath
wolfgang.neurath@bmbwk.gv.at
fed. ministry for science, research funding, vienna, austria
Authors: Katzmair Harald
FAS.Research, vienna, austria
Lothar Krempel
MIP, Cologne, Germany
Title: Globalization and Sports. The Case of Soccer
Soccer is not only the world's most popular sport, but also probably the most globalized socioeconomic system. It
is inconceivable that Brazilian, Cameroonian or Japanese members of any other professional category could
move from one country to another as easily as Brazilian, Cameroonian or Japanese soccer players do. In some
respects soccer is a model for globalization in social systems.
Abstract: In the first part of the talk we will present various different approaches to visualize the exchange structure of the
globalized soccer-world. We will proceed with explorations in the field of interconnected transfer markets,
investor relations, tv-market, branding strategies and media narratives; we conclude by affirming the usefulness
of network analytical studies in the field of sports to improve our empirical and theoretical understanding of
globalization processes.
Session: globalization and/or sports
Keywords: globalization , sports , football
Accepted: Yes
325 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Zoran Nikoloski
Authors: nikoloski@kam.mff.cuni.cz
Department of Applied Mathematics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague
Title: Experimental Evaluation for Models of Sexual Networks
Recent advances in the field of complex networks have resulted in scale-free models, applicable to abstracting
networks of sexual contacts, that employ either degree preferential attachment, copying, or a combination of
these mechanisms. Here, we argue that scale-free degree distribution also arises as a result of distance
preferential attachment mechanism, which models link formation based on similarity (distance)between
Abstract: individuals. We experimentally evaluate the properties (degree distribution, degree correlation, and clustering
coefficient) of the graphs resulting from distance preferential attachment mechanism, and compare them to the
degree-preferential and copying models as well as to real-world data pertaining to sexual contacts. The results
presented in the paper point out salient properties for a network of sexual contacts and the processes that can be
employed in their accurate modeling.
Keywords: scale-free network , random graph , social networks , graph theory , sexual contacts
Accepted: Yes
326 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sean Norton
sean.norton@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
Authors:
Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Centre for Security Science (CSS) Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
Title: A "Community of Practice" Geared Towards Innovation in Security Science
The Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Centre for Security Science (CSS) is an innovative
model of science and technology (S&T) cooperation within the Canadian government. The Centre operates
within a complex, knowledge rich environment involving 19 Canadian government departments, universities and
industry; the goal being to deliver innovative products, services and technologies to address a wide range of
threats to public safety and national security. Since one of the Centre’s chief goals is to foster innovation, its
effectiveness hinges on the ability to link together and leverage the expertise of scientists and researchers from
Abstract: different sectors and disciplines. Given the importance of collaboration to innovation within the S&T community, a
social network analysis has been undertaken to better understand how the Centre is integrating its expertise and
how effectively its members are drawing on the expertise of others. The relationships that reveal work
interactions, innovation and influence within the existing community of practice are being studied, as are the
concepts and values that scientists with diverse backgrounds associate with collaboration and problem solving.
Along with a discussion about collaboration within an S&T community of practice, this paper will present the
methodology and findings from the social network study that is now underway.
Session: Networks and Science
basic human values , network surveys , scientists , methodology , local government , knowledge networks ,
Keywords:
inter-organizational networks , community of practice
Accepted: Yes
327 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Francesca Odella
Authors: francesca.odella@soc.unitn.it
University of Trento, Sociology, Piazza Venezia , 41 Trento, TN 38100, Italy
Title: Tools and strategies for analyzing social relations. The case of social capital in network studies.
In the last decade the concept of social capital has attracted the interest of social scientists and the extensive
theoretical and empirical researching concentrated among other topic on the operationalization of the concept.
Recently, part of the attention has been paid to the opportunity to combine, by means of social network analysis,
information about individual relational resources and structure of the social context.
Surveys and applied social research implemented such group of techniques (Network analysis) in order to
investigate the patterns of access to economic and social resources related to participation in specific groups and
associations. Most of the analysis tend to concentrate on social support aspects but other effects of social
capital, however, could benefit from such a perspective such as the analysis of career patterns, coordination and
innovation in associations and organizations and so on.
Relational data (aka network data), moreover, pose a series of methodological problems which are to be
considered in research design of a study and in the interpretation phase. In dealing with network data, for
Abstract:
example, causal explanations have to be established carefully at the theoretical level as an established corpus of
statistical indexes has been developed only in recent years. Thanks to advancement in programming and
archiving of relational data the available techniques of processing of such data are converging on shared sets of
measures and techniques in network analysis. Researchers and scholars are also paying a lot of attention to the
problem of significance and accuracy in catching relational dimensions of social capital concept as well as to the
development of individual based measures.The paper will sketch the main aspects of the international debate
about the adoption of network analysis strategies and tools in social research and concentrate on the use of
Ego-networks in surveys and combined studies (qualitative and quantitative methods) on social capital. The
presentation will rely on different sets of empirical network data concerning social capital measurement (SC and
entrepreneurship, career patterns, SC in associations and group formation) and discuss the results and the
methodological framework of the analysis.
Keywords: social network
Accepted: Yes
328 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Vincenza Odorici
vincenza.odorici@unibo.it
Authors: University of Bologna, Department of Management, Via Capo di Lucca 34, Bologna 40126, Italy
Raffaele Corrado
University of Bologna, Department of Management, Via Capo di Lucca 34, Bologna 40126, Italy
Title: Winemakers and Wineries. Network Evolution of the Italian Wine Industry, 1997 - 2007
We analyze the sharing of professional winemakers among a sample of Italian wineries in the period 1997-2007.
We regard shared winemakers as ties among wineries, and model the evolution of the network across the
decade. We use Tom Snijders’ models of network evolution to test whether the wineries attributes affect the
network or it is the network that affect winery level variables, among which the evaluations that the wineries get
from the wine guide. In accordance with our view of the wine market as socially constructed, we expect to find
evidence of the latter mechanism.
Our view is that, besides buyers and sellers, the functioning of markets involves many other actors who foster the
Abstract: convergence of supply and demand by setting the structural conditions (products categories, criteria for their
evaluation …) of market behaviors. We also believe that these structural conditions are the outcome of an
ongoing process of confrontation among actors that compete and complement each other.
In an earlier work we documented systematic differences among the evaluations of wines given by the two most
important Italian wine guides. These differences documented the existence of different approaches for the
evaluation of wines, and seemed related to different guide-specific roles of social networks. In the present work
we take a closer look at these results, by focusing on the guide whose evaluations seemed to be related to the
sharing of winemakers among wineries.
Keywords: network dynamics , coevolution , intermediaries
Accepted: Yes
329 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Anna Katharina Ohm

Authors: anna.ohm@web.de
University of Konstanz Department of Politics and Management Postfach D81, 78457 Konstanz Germany
Networks of influence in local government reforms: strategies, coalitions and the modernization results in a
Title:
German municipality
Local Governments are faced with increasing pressures: for at least the last decade a gap between shrinking
revenues and growing expenditures can be observed, their efficiency is widely put into question and demands for
privatization and outsourcing increase. Influenced by the principles of New Public Management (NPM)
modernization efforts were made in many municipalities. These efforts were mainly targeted at a managerial
modernization of internal structures, the introduction of managerial tools, the devolution of responsibilities and
also attempts to establish more customer orientation and competition have been made. Although external and
internal factors shape diverging modernization paths, little scientific attention is paid to actors, coalitions and
strategies engaged in these modernization processes. The aim of this paper is to explain the influence of local
authorities, their strategies and coalitions on the modernization results by applying Social Networks Analysis. For
Abstract:
that purpose a “good practice”- case in Germany is analysed.
The paper will be divided into six sections: After a short introduction (1), the evaluated case including why it is
chosen, will be presented (2). The policy process of modernization will shortly be outlined in (3) where the
relevance of local authorities (and other factors) considering the community power studies approach, will also be
discussed. Then in (4) the results of the network analysis will be shown using network visualization methods.
Hypotheses explaining the successful modernization outcome will be generated in chapter (5). The conclusion
(6) will summarize the main findings and point to the gains of network analysis contrasting other explanatory
models.
Keywords: policy network , power , municipality , local authorities , germany
Accepted: Yes
330 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ilya Okhmatovskiy
Authors: ilya.okhmatovskiy@mcgill.ca
Desautels Faculty of Management McGill University Montreal, Canada
Title: The role of the state in the Russian corporate network and performance implications of interlocks with the state
An important feature of many transition economies is persistent state involvement in the governance of large
corporations, even after their full or partial privatization. Even though the system of centralized planning and
control by state ministries has been dismantled, the state retains control through corporate ownership and board
representation. I study the extent and implications of control exercised by the state in Russia by tracing state
ownership ties and interlocking directorships produced by state representatives on boards of corporations. I find
that the state as a shareholder of many large firms accounts for the existence of the largest component in the
inter-corporate ownership network (that falls apart if we remove inter-corporate ties produced by state
Abstract:
ownership). Large network clusters reflecting spheres of influence of business groups shrunk after 1998 and the
cluster of corporations connected to the state dominates the network in 2002. I also investigate performance
implications of interlocks created by state representatives on boards of Russian banks. Ties to the state provide
legitimacy and access to resources, but at the same time create constraints on how these resources will be used
I examine performance implications of interlocks created by government officials and by managers of state
enterprises sitting on the boards of Russian banks and consider why these interlocks affect differently growth and
profitability of these banks.
Keywords: interlocking directors , political networks , inter-organizational , governance
Accepted: Yes
331 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tore Opsahl
t.opsahl@qmul.ac.uk
School of Business and Management, Queen Mary College, University of London, London E1 4NS, United
Authors: Kingdom
Pietro Panzarasa
School of Business and Management, Queen Mary College, University of London, London E1 4NS, United
Kingdom
Title: Clustering in weighted networks
In recent years there has been a growing availability of datasets containing information about large-scale
weighted networks. In these networks, each edge is associated with a weight proportional to the strength or
intensity with which vertices are connected. Yet most social network metrics proposed in the literature do not take
the strength of edges into consideration, and their applicability is restricted to unweighted networks, where edges
are recorded as either present or absent. Traditionally, one method that has been used to analyse weighted
networks is to transform them into unweighted ones. However, as a result of this transformation, much of the
Abstract: information contained in the data is lost, and the complexity of the network topology cannot be fully described.
This paper represents an attempt to overcome this shortcoming. We focus on of one of the most basic social
network metrics, the clustering coefficient. This is the propensity of two vertices that share a neighbour to
become connected themselves. We propose a generalisation of the clustering coefficient that, while retaining the
idea behind the original version of the metric, can be easily applied to both weighted and unweighted networks.
To evaluate benefits and applicability of our approach, we undertake a comparative analysis of the standard and
generalised clustering coefficients by applying them to a number of different networks.
Keywords: clustering , transitivity , weighted graphs
Accepted: Yes
332 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jacqueline Ortiz
Authors: jacqueline.a.ortiz@gmail.com
Yale University, Sociology, 625 Orange Street, Apt 57, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
Title: Circuits, Networks and Hierarchies: the Argentine Global Barter Networks, 1995-2003
From 1995 to 2003, the Argentine Global Barter Networks (GBNs) functioned as the largest parallel currency
market in the contemporary world, growing from a small group of activists in Buenos Aires to a 6,000-node (as
neighborhood markets are called) network with over 2 million participants. In the course of its their seven-year
run, multi-reciprocal barter networks absorbed hundreds of thousands of ‘newly poor’ middle class Argentines.
The GBNs functioned as a shadow economy in which participants called “prosumers” exchanged consumer
goods and had access to a wide range of services including home repair (carpentry, plumbing, electricity),
medical care through barter HMOs (including dentistry and pharmaceuticals), classes and tutoring, personal
Abstract:
care, psychological therapy, and travel, all purchased with barter currency called the “crédito social” or social
credit. In this paper I account for the development, function, expansion, and eventual implosion of the GBNs in
terms of their market architecture. The relational patterns that permitted the explosive expansion of the GBN’s
while protecting them from colonization from the state or market later mutated. To solve the problem of control,
hierarchies emerged that increasingly limited participatory decision making, imposed illegitimate norms that
increased conflict and led to operational decisions regarding script emission and other issues that negatively
affect the function of the network.
civil society , collaboration , economic networks , economic hardship , embeddedness , informal networks ,
Keywords:
leadership and networks , social movements
Accepted: Yes
333 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Daniel Oster
pgloor@mit.edu
Authors: Dept. of Information Systems University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
Peter Gloor
MIT, CCI 3 Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
Title: Optimizing Service- and Innovation Teams Through Dynamic Social Network Analysis
This paper describes a project identifying high-performing interaction patterns of knowledge workers. Towards
that goal we analyzed teams of employees at a local bank in Germany, and developed a set of interventions for
optimized face-to-face and virtual collaboration. Using the TeCFlow software tool, a dynamic social network
analysis was conducted based on communication archives and online surveys. Over 6 months we collected
e-Mail data from 80 bank employees working at three branch offices, and three central groups. In addition, we
were able to monitor external communication flows between the bank and 120 IT employees who have been
outsourced to an external services provider as well as the post merger integration of two social networks from
two merged enterprises. To discover correlations between effective communication patterns and performance,
Abstract:
we collected performance indicators such as achievement of objectives, operating profit, benchmarking of tasks,
personal evaluation, and self-assessment on the group and individual level by conducting an online survey and
obtaining data from the accounting department.
Central questions addressed in this project are how communication and social network structure influence
revenue, individual and group performance? As a result of the dynamic social network analysis, we were able to
identify different categories of communication patterns typical of managers as well as of other levels of hierarchy.
We also were able to find efficient communication patterns for common tasks such as managing meetings,
opening a bank account, or selling a mortgage to a customer
Session: Performance Metrics for Social Networks
business networks , leadership and networks , monitoring and evaluation , social capital , performance
Keywords:
measurement
Accepted: Yes
334 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Michal Osusky
Authors: osusky.michal@qedquod.cz
QED QUOD, Hastalska 27, Prague, Czech Republic
Title: Utilization of multilayer network data of team for Sociomapping analysis
One of the typical Social Network Analysis (SNA) application fields is analysis of teamwork and cooperation. SNA
methodology can provide a good insight into the team structure and underlying relations, but most of the SNA
indices are rather descriptive and do not provide a clear answer to question regarding improvements in the
teamwork. For answering practical questions of teamwork and cooperation, such as “What should be changed in
Abstract:
order to improve the teamwork?”, we propose to use multilayer network data in combination with
importance-performance analysis. Results of the case study will be presented in the Sociomap - a visualization
method of the network data that enables faster and more intuitive understanding of the team structure and team
dynamics, exploiting data-landscape metaphor.
Keywords: visualization , data representation , effectiveness , network dynamics , teams , collaboration
Accepted: Yes
335 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Fatih Oxgul
fatih.ozgul@sunderland.ac.uk
Sunderland University, Computing Department, Ph.D. Student, The Informatics Centre, St Peter`s Campus,
Authors: Sunderland, Tyne&Wear SR6 0DD, UK
Hakan Aksoy
Chief Inspector Information Processing Unit Bursa Police Department Bursa / TURKEY
Title: SNA in practice for criminal networks: Operation Cash
How much can we learn from SNA techniques for identifying criminal networks? A good social network analysis
study is realized in cooperation with Bursa Police Department in Turkey on more than 100 000 crimes and 6000
criminals. Co-occurrences of offenders in different crime cases are focused for possible criminal networks.
Co-offending of criminals for the last six years(2000-2006) is examined using detailed queries in the police
database;as a result, 63 theft networks are detected and introduced to the police experts for further examination.
According to results and knowledge from police experts, characteristics for criminal networks are generalized for
later operations. To find out the effectiveness of SNA techniques, a singular theft network together is focused
Abstract: and a permission is obtained from the district judge that tapping all group members' telephone conversations for
ten weeks is appropriate. Afterwards, Operation Cash, which was the largest operation in 2006, is launched,
several properties are raided and 17 members of the group are arrested. The police recovered worth $ 200 000
stolen jeweleries, PCs, laptops, mobile phones, and cash worth $180 000. Obtained evidences showed that 7 out
of 20 (elite) members of the criminal group were detected using SNA techniques. Although SNA cannot reflect all
members and leaders are less likely to be detected, It has been shown that SNA is beneficial for the police to
detect elite members of the criminal groups. It has been also shown that co-offending data contains essential
information for detecting underlying criminal networks.
Keywords: organized crime networks , peer networks , leadership and networks , friendship networks
Accepted: Yes
336 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Muge Ozman
ozman@metu.edu.tr
Authors: Middle East Technical University, Science and Technology Policy Research Center
Derya Findik
Middle East Technical University, Science and Technology Policy Research Center
Title: A Social Network Analysis of Woman NGO Networks in Turkey
The aim of this paper is to analyse the structure of woman NGO networks in Turkey. Today it is recognised by
many scholars and policy makers that civil society networks can be more powerful than individual and isolated
NGOs, through their role in expanding the individual capacities of NGOs and providing an increased social
capital. Especially in countries like Turkey in which societal participation to civil society organizations are low,
networks of NGOs can be very effective to achieve desired outcomes. Until now no formal study has been
conducted to analyse the structure of NGO networks in Turkey. As a first step in constructing effective NGO
networks through policy, it is important to analyse what the current networks among NGOs look like. This
Abstract: research aims at filling this gap. We present the results from an initial network survey conducted to 35 NGOs in
the region of capital Ankara. The survey aims to unravel two types of networks. First one is more formal where a
link between two organizations exists if they have organized a joint activity together during the last three years.
The second type of network is the informal one, which captures who is friends with who among NGOs in an
informal way. Some preliminary results reveal that there is very little match between two types of networks. In
Turkey, woman NGOs, although having a very dense informal network, hardly carries out joint projects , yielding
a very sparse formal network. Instead, most NGOs carry out projects with governmental and international
organizations.
Keywords: civil society , communication network , informal networks , social network
Accepted: Yes
337 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nail Oztas
noztas@gazi.edu.tr
Authors: Gazi University, IIBF, Kamu Yonetimi Bolumu, Besevler 06500, Ankara, Turkey
Chris Weare
School of Policy Planning and Development University of Southern California Los Angeles, USA
The Network Character of Neighborhood Social Capital: A Longitudinal Analysis of Los Angeles Neighborhood
Title:
Councils
Theories of collective action point to the importance of networks arguing that actors who are “better connected”
are better able to overcome impediments to collective action and achieve group goals. Nevertheless, the
literature contains differing accounts of what “better connected” means (e.g. bonding versus bridging forms of
social capital) and what benefits (e.g. trust, information, etc.) accrue from particular network positions and
structures.
This study empirically compares the explanatory power of alternative network-based theories of collective action
based on data from a multiyear study of neighborhood councils. We analyze network data of neighborhood
council board members collected in 2003 (N=533) and in 2006 (N=705) and performance data collected from City
officials who are in regular contact with neighborhood councils. The analysis will first analyze the social and
Abstract:
economic determinants of network structure to examine the degree to which network features are an
independent determinant of collective action versus a manifestation of more fundamental causes of political
participation. The second stage of the analysis will employ multivariate techniques to analyze the importance of
different forms of network ties emphasized by alternative theories (e.g. density vs. brokerage) on group
performance.
An analysis of the 2003 data found statistically significant relationships between network structures and
neighborhood council performance. Internal density which is commonly associated with bonding social capital
was found to be negatively related to citywide performance, and the extent of external links was found to be
positively related to performance. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings will be discussed.
civil society , functioning of social capital , neighborhood community , network structure , political networks ,
Keywords:
social capital
Accepted: Yes
338 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Marko Pahor
Authors: marko.pahor@ef.uni-lj.si
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Kardeljeva ploscad 17, Ljubljana, SI, Slovenia
Title: Corporate Social Capital and Performance
It has been shown in some preceding work (Pahor, 2003) that although cross-ownership ties between companies
can be important on their own as means of exerting influence upon owned companies, their utmost importance is
as indicators of underlying social relations between companies. It is these underlying social relations between
companies that provide companies with access to social capital that can potentially benefit their performance.
The main idea presented in this paper is that companies engage in social relations with other companies in order
to obtain corporate social capital in the form that is the most appropriate given the chosen strategy. Although the
coexistence of the two forms of social capital (network closure and spanning structural holes) may seem
Abstract: contradictory, the two forms of social capital may coexist in one network if this network has the properties of a
small world. Within clusters, social capital is produced as network closure, while still leaving room for structural
holes between clusters.
The model tests whether corporate social capital and company’s performance are connected. The model used is
the model for the tools for modeling the joint evolution of networks and performance (Snijders, 2004, 2005). The
model is tested on a sample of Slovenian joint-stock companies in the 2000-2004 period. Preliminary results
show that spanning the structural holes has a positive impact on company’s performance, whereas network
closure doesn’t seem to affect companies or is its impact even negative.
Keywords: business networks , coevolution , siena , social capital
Accepted: Yes
339 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Anthony Paik
Authors: apaik@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu
University of Iowa, Sociology, W140 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Title: Networks and Collective Action in the Courts
Do networks structure legal collective action? To address this question, this paper investigates patterns of joint
participation in federal cases among pairs of conservative organizations. We examine whether several types of
networks – director interlocks, foundation support, lawyers’ contacts, and prior organizational ties – promote
Abstract:
collective action among non-profit organizations active for conservative causes in American national politics.
Using data gathered from 81 organizations active on a selected set of 17 conservative issues, the paper
analyzes the structure of these networks and their impact on collective action.
Keywords: collective action , policy network , political networks
Accepted: Yes
340 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jorge Palacio
Authors: jpalacio@uninorte.edu.co
Universidad del Norte, Psicología, Cra. 68 No. 79-70, Barranquilla, Atlantico 00000, Colombia
Title: Social networks, Social Participation and Quality of life in vulnerable population
Although evidence suggests that social networks are positively associated with elevated health-related quality of
life in the vulnerable population of fishermen at Barranquilla. We examined the association between personal
social networks and aspects of quality of life, and the relationship between social networks and social
Abstract: participation. ANOVA and correlation models were used to examine data in 100 middle-aged mens. The SF-36
measured dimensions of health-related quality of life, and the Social Arizona Support Interview Schedule (ASSIS
of Barrera measured social relationship. We observed weak associations between levels of social networks and
quality of life scores, but strong association within social participation behavior.
Keywords: social networks , health , participation , vulnerable people
Accepted: Yes
341 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Pietro Panzarasa
p.panzarasa@qmul.ac.uk
Authors:
Queen Mary College, University of London School of Business and Management Mile End Road London E1 4NS
United Kingdom
Title: Growth mechanisms for evolving social networks: Triadic closure, homophily and tie strength
The evolution of social networks is a complex process, often subject to social and spatial proximity, driven by a
combination of effects arising from network topology and relational content. To disentangle these effects, we
analyse a dynamic social network comprising 1,899 users of an online community. The users are the vertices of
the network, whereas an edge is established between two users by an online message sent by one of them to
the other. We study the impact that triadic closure, homophily, and tie strength have on the way the network
grows over time. Results show that vertices with many common neighbours are more likely to become connected
Abstract: than vertices that have fewer or no common neighbours. By contrast, we found that homophily, the principle that
similarity breeds connection, plays a weaker role than would be expected, as the probability that two vertices will
create a new edge remains largely insensitive to variations in the number of attributes shared by the two vertices
We also examine the impact of tie strength on future interaction. Results indicate that the probability that two
vertices will form a new edge increases with the number of edges that were previously established between the
same vertices. We investigate the combined effects of triadic closure, homophily and tie strength on the evolution
of the network, and discuss the implications of our findings for research on network dynamics.
Keywords: network evolution , clustering , homophily , tie strength
Accepted: Yes
342 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Theo Papaioannou
T.Papaioannou@open.ac.uk
ESRC Innogen, Development Policy and Practice, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA, UK.
Authors: David Wield
ESRC Innogen, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA, UK.
Joanna Chataway
ESRC Innogen, The Open University, Walton Hall, MK7 6AA, UK.
Knowledge Ecology and Innovation System? The Case of Public-Private Networks for Biotech Innovation in
Title:
Cambridge
Since the development of the national systems of innovation theory in the early 1990’s there have been restless
attempts to research the systemic dimension of innovation at many different levels of economy and society. More
recently, however, there has been some shift in the academic and policy debate of innovation from the systems
approach to ecologies or ecosystems. The latter are concepts transferred from the world of biology to the social
world in order to explain the evolutionary nature of networking and interrelations between different individuals,
their innovative activities and their environment. This paper evaluates the concept of knowledge ecology and the
Abstract: subsequent theory of innovation system on two fundamental grounds: firstly, on the grounds of theoretical
plausibility and conceptual consistency; secondly, on empirical grounds of the case of public-private networks for
biotech innovation in Cambridge. The paper argues that the concept of knowledge ecology and the subsequent
theory of innovation system can lead to problems of reductionism and functionalism, due to their development in
abstraction from the historical process of the social division of labour and internal contradictions of capitalism. In
fact, knowledge and innovation are nothing but historically founded processes of uneven economic and social
development.
Keywords: innovation , biotechnologies , public-private partnerships
Accepted: No
343 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Philippa Pattison
pepatt@unimelb.edu.au
University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, Dpt of Psychology, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville,
Victoria 3010, Australia
Authors:
Garry Robins
University of Melbourne Department of Psychology Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
Peng Wang
University of Melbourne Department of Psychology Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
Title: Snowball sampling and exponential random graph models
In this paper we consider conditional maximum likelihood estimation of exponential random graph models from
partial network data obtained from multi-wave snowball and related sampling schemes. By snowball sampling
schemes, we mean those in which one or more "seed node" actors report ties in his or her personal network, and
Abstract: each of those named network partners reports ties in his or her personal network, and so on. We describe a
separation condition that is necessary for the case of multiple seed nodes, and we illustrate application of the
approach to some partial network data from an Australian field study. We also report some simulations designed
to assess the estimation approach, and discuss potential applications and issues for further research.
statistical models , snowballing , ergm (p*) , model-based simulation , network surveys , realization
Keywords:
dependence
Accepted: Yes
344 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gerald Paul
Authors: gerryp@bu.edu
Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Title: Optimal Attack and Immunization of Complex Networks
We first briefly review the relationship between Borgatti's measure of
network fragmentation, $F$, and measures of fragmentation in percolation
theory. Then, using a graph partitioning approach, we study optimal attack
and immunization of random regular graphs with $N$ vertices of degree $k$.
Optimal graph partitioning is equivalent to optimal attack/immunization of a
complex network. That is, if $f$ is the fraction of edges needed to
partition the graph, the fraction of edges, $f_c$, which must be removed
before global connectivity is lost will be lower than that for any other
type of attack and for all values of $f$ the measure of fragmentation $F$
Abstract:
will be higher than for any other type of attack. Using percolation theory,
we determine analytically that for any partitioning process (even if
non-optimal) that partitions the graph into equal sized connected
components(clusters), the system undergoes a percolation phase transition
(losing global connectivity) at a value $f_c=1-2/k$. For optimal
partitioning, at the percolation threshold, $S \sim N^{0.4}$ where $S$ is
the size of clusters. We also estimate other critical exponents.
Additionally, we find that $S$ undergoes multiple non-percolation
transitions for $f<f_c$.
Keywords: network attack/immunization
Accepted: Yes
345 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Michael Pearson
m.blair@napier.ac.uk
Authors:
Napier University, School of Accounting Economics & Statistics, 2/62 219 Colinton Road, Edinburgh, Mid Lothian
EH14 1DJ, Scotland
Title: Balance in Evolutionary Adolescent Social Networks
We analyse social networks of adolescents and address the issue of ‘balance’. My friendship network structure is
said to be balanced if I pursue a situation in which my friends’ friends are my friends and my friends’ enemies are
my enemies. Such pursuit can be modelled using an actor oriented approach, whereby the probabilities of an
actor’s relational changes depend on the network structure and vice versa. It is in this context that issues of
Abstract:
homophilous and assimilatory behaviour are acted out. We investigate some of these issues and interpret results
with reference to a longitudinal study of adolescents in the West of Scotland making use of the SIENA software.
Michael Pearson Napier University, Edinburgh

actor-driven modeling , adolescence , drug use , friendship networks , network evolution , homophily ,
Keywords:
assimilation , balance
Accepted: Yes
346 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gabor Peli
Authors: g.peli@rug.nl
University of Groningen, Faculty of Economics, Groningen, The Netherlands
Title: Revisiting graph dimensionality and network structure
In his 1983 paper in Social Networks, Linton Freeman discusses possibilities of embedding networks into a finite
segment of the N-space. N typically refers to the number of relevant social, political or taste characteristics
(attribute space). Then, Euclidean distance between nodes can replace the usual network distance. Affiliation is
driven by homophily (McPherson, 2003). The geometric properties of the attribute space alter with N: the
changing ‘scaffold’ alters the conditions of network spanning. Taking N the focal explanatory variable, the
presentation discusses ways how dimensionality can impact upon network structure.
Special attention is given to differentials in network dynamics at the center and at the peripheries of the attribute
space segment populated by nodes. Now, the center is given by the frequent social or taste positions. The
surrounding peripheries, that stand for unusual combinations of the N attributes, accommodate (potential)
Abstract: particular social positions or tastes. Accordingly, the number nodes per space unit, ‘Euclidean’ density, is
expected to be much higher in the center. A geometric fact is that periphery volume expands way much faster
then center volume with increasing N. Therefore, dimension change can impact upon central and peripheral
structures differently. The paper surveys some of these effects.
Literature:
Freeman, Linton (1983) “Spheres, cubes and boxes: Graph dimensionality and network structure.” Social
Networks, 5:139-156.
McPherson, J. Miller (2003) “A Blau-space primer: Prolegomenon to an ecology of affiliation.” Industrial and
Corporate Change, 13: 263-280.
Keywords: attributes , core-periphery , embeddedness , network structure , graph dimensionality , homophily
Accepted: Yes
347 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Helga Pelizäus-Hoffmeister
Authors: Helga.pelizaeus-hoffmeister@unibw.de
University of the German Armed Forces Munich Faculty of Social Sciences 85577 Neubiberg Germany
Title: Social Networks and Their Importance for Biographical Certainty
Informal social networks serve many purposes. In the scope of (un)certainty research, their prominent role shows
in the fact that they can create certainty. Our feeling of safety is directly influenced by whom we know, whom we
trust and whom we believe we can rely on. This also applies to the biographical feeling of certainty, that is, for
certainties we develop with regard to our future and our personal life course. How the interpretation of the
personal social network can contribute to biographical certainty and which trends for changes regarding this
matter have developed in the course of the last century are central research issues of the study „Biographische
Sicherheit im Wandel?“.
For the most part, interviews and network cards are used for data collection in qualitative network research. The
Abstract:
aforementioned study successfully indicated that autobiographical documents put down in writing can also serve
as a data base when subjective interpretations of the personal network are to be recorded. This extension of the
data fields makes it possible to gain precise knowledge of previous interpretations as well – an aspect that
becomes particularly important when it comes to understanding trends of changes.
The purpose of this lecture is to present the peculiarities and challenges of the research design used – a
qualitative longitudinal section with a trend design based on several forms of data – and to discuss its usability.
At the same time, attention is to be drawn to the numerous possibilities of use connected with this methodical
procedure.
Keywords: informal networks , mixed methods , social network , social networks and certainty
348 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yusheng Peng
Authors: ypeng@gc.cuny.edu
Department of Sociology CUNY Graduate Center 365 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10016
Title: Ancestor Worship, Bloodline, and Birth Rates: Lineage Against Birth Control Policy
Ancestor worship and the idea of carrying on the family bloodline through multiplication are the core norms of
lineage in China. These cultural norms came into direct confrontation with the state birth control policy in
contemporary China. On the one side, formal laws backed by the powerful and unyielding state apparatus, and
Abstract: on the other side, ancient cultural norms backed by reviving lineage networks. Even though the most draconian
state policies did succeed in reducing the overall birthrates dramatically, analyses of village level data show that
villages with strong kinship ties tend to have a higher birthrate. The study demonstrates how informal social
networks bend the iron bars of the formal institutions.
Session: Networks of Public Engagement and New Forms of Participation
Keywords: social capital , informal norms
Accepted: Yes
349 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Miruna Petrescu-Prahova
mpetresc@uci.edu
University of California at Irvine, Department of Sociology, Irvine, CA, USA
Carter T. Butts
University of California at Irvine, Department of Sociology, Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, Irvine,
Authors: CA, USA
Christine Bevc
University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Sociology Boulder, CO, USA
Kathleen Tierney
University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Sociology, Natural Hazards Center, Boulder, CO, USA
Title: Brokerage in Emergent Multiorganizational Networks During Disaster Response
Multiorganizational networks typically emerge during large-scale disasters due to the need to coordinate
response activities among the many organizations involved. In this paper, we study the presence of brokers in
the emergent multiorganizational networks (EMONs) formed during the first 12 days following the September 11,
2001 attacks in New York. In this context, we consider brokers to be those organizations who, by creating an
indirect relation between two organizations where no direct relation exists, permit interactions between pairs of
organizations who would not otherwise interact with one another. We analyze both the aggregate network, which
comprises 717 organizations involved in the response, and several functional subnetworks defined according to
Abstract: specific disaster response tasks such as transportation, mass care, or volunteer coordination. Following Gould
and Fernandez (1989), we identify four types of organizational brokers: coordinators, itinerant brokers,
gatekeepers/representatives, and liaisons, and find that brokerage positions are occupied by organizations with
formal roles in the process of coordination during disaster response as well as by organizations that are not part
of the formal coordination structure. We also use organization type (i.e., government, non-profit, profit, collective)
and scale of operations (from local to federal) to investigate whether certain categories of organizations tend to
occupy certain types of brokerage roles. Possible implications for disaster planning and emergency management
are discussed.
Keywords: coordination , disaster response , brokerage , inter-organizational networks
Accepted: Yes
350 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Joy Pixley
Authors: jpixley@uci.edu
Department of Sociology University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA; USA
Title: Patterns of Explicitly Stated Age Preferences for Dating Partners
Age homophily is consistently observed in social ties, particularly in marital and dating dyads. However, most
data cannot determine whether age homophily is due to preferences for alters in certain age groups versus to
other key factors (especially, access), and whether the typical male-older age pattern in heterosexual dyads is
driven more strongly by men's or women's preferences. This study examines in subjects' explicitly stated
preferences for the ages of dating partners, using 6,070 subjects from an internet dating site seeking partners of
the opposite sex. Partner age preferences differ substantially for each sex across the life course, with the
preferences of men and women diverging with age. Older women are more accepting of younger male partners
Abstract:
but change little on their maximum age limit. Older men are less accepting of older female partners but expand
their minimum age limit to include women who are increasingly younger than themselves. A comparison of the
acceptance of men of age i for women of age j to the acceptance of women of age j for men of age i shows
substantial mismatch between target preferences. Patterns of age preferences for mates are mostly similar over
the life course across four race/ethnicity groups for men and women. Black men are distinguished from Asian,
Hispanic, and White men for their substantially higher acceptance of female partners who are older than
themselves. Asian women exhibit a stronger than average preference for older men.
Session: Family networks OR Preferences in tie formation
Keywords: family , partnership , age/generation , gender , homophily
Accepted: Yes
351 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Narciso Pizarro
npizarro@cps.ucm.es
Authors:
U. Complutense de Madrid, Ciencia política y de la administración (II), Facultad de ciencias políticas y
sociología, Campus de Somosaguas s/n, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
Title: Individual Social Identity and social circles: structural equivalence and social networks
Biometric individual identification cannot be confused with social identity. Simmel has suggested that the
intersection of social circles to whom individuals belong distinguishes and identifies them socially. Breiger has
explored Simmel ideas about individuality and belongings with a dual perspective following Coleman and Blau. It
Abstract:
is possible to continue these developments by including the concept of place that goes beyond duality itself:
places are classes of structural equivalence and, consequently, two individuals occupying the same place are
socially identical.
Keywords: lattice models , structural equivalence , social circles
Accepted: Yes
352 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mathias Pohl
pohlm@uni-trier.de
Department of Software Engineering, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
Authors: Martin Stark
Cluster of Excellence "Social Networks", Department of History, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
Patrick Reuther
Department of Databases and Information Systems, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
Title: Don't Know Much About Network History? Stable Visualization of Dynamic Social Networks
Automatically generating visualizations of dynamic social networks is a very important task. When thinking of a
dynamic network as a sequence of static networks, a layout generator for dynamic networks has to provide
solutions which satisfy two main goals at the same time: On the one hand a reasonable quality of the different
network layouts and on the other hand a good preservation of the user's "mental-map". However both issues
contradict each other and make it neccessary to have a layout technique that can handle whole sequences
appropriately.
Abstract:
In this paper we present a sophisticated method for automatic generation of suitable layouts for dynamic social
networks. The strategy allows for stable layouts with a reasonable layout quality. Besides, it can deal with severa
layout paradigms. It therefore can be used in many network research projects using longitude data. We compare
the presented method for dynamic network visualization with other approaches and illustrate them on several
examples like the behavior of software developers or of actors in social software. The result of our work can be
applied to various research projects in social sciences like history and anthropology.
visualization , social networks , dynamics on networks , changes in networks , networks across time , network
Keywords:
evolution
Accepted: Yes
353 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Pamela A. Popielarz
pamela@uic.edu
University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Sociology (M/C 312) 1007 W. Harrison St. Chicago, IL 60607,
Authors: USA
Sharon H. Mastracci
University of Illinois at Chicago Graduate Program in Public Administration College of Urban Planning and Public
Affairs 412 S. Peoria St., CUPPA Hall 139 Chicago, IL 60607, USA
Title: A Foot in Two Worlds: Institutional Contexts and the Professional Networks of Academic Scientists
The personal and professional ego-centered networks surrounding each of us take their shape from the
institutional contexts in which we are involved. In particular, professionals exist at the nexus of the organizations
constituting their employer and their occupation. For academic scientists, the two relevant institutional contexts
are department/university (employer) and discipline (occupation). Each context potentially provides a different
opportunity structure for accessing information, resources and new contacts, as well as different norms, identities
and standards of evaluation. By combination and interaction, these forces shape the structure and composition o
ego-centered networks. We investigate how the depth of involvement in department/university and discipline
Abstract:
affect the local or cosmopolitan nature of the networks of academic scientists. Our model attempts to account for
overlapping institutional settings, as marked by the elite nature of the department/university. We control for
involvement in other institutional contexts, notably the family, in order to investigate gender differences in the
process. The data come from an NSF funded survey of nearly 5000 academic scientists in six science and
engineering fields employed by Research I universities in the United States. The survey includes a rich range of
questions about involvement in research, teaching, advising and service work, as well as a comprehensive
network questionnaire anchored by five name generating questions.
Keywords: social contexts , scientists , personal networks , homophily , gender , egocentric networks
Accepted: Yes
354 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Vladimir Popov
Authors: v.popov@gre.ac.uk
PSIRU, Business School, University of Greenwich, Park Row, London, SE10 9LS, UK
Interlocking Directorship and Performance: Social Network Analysis of Director Interlocks between Groups of
Title:
Different Profitability in the UK.
This paper contributes to research on interlocking directorship and performance by examining some aspects of
director interlocks in the UK. It accomplishes the studies on the relationship between profitability and director
interlocks in British industries undertaken in 2003-2005.
It the previous studies it has been identified that groups of different profitability have dissimilar structural
properties of director networks. It has been also suggested that director interlocks play different roles for different
layers of profitability. However, a detail analysis has not been yet undertaken. This paper aims to fill this gap by
Abstract:
assessing director ties within and between groups of different performance and thus to identify the role of director
interlocks for different layers.
The data set for this study comprises UK registered firms in 2004. Information on the directors is drawn from the
Bureau van Dijk FAME database. Seven groups of companies with turnover from £250 million to over £5,000
million are researched. Density, degree centrality and betweenness are calculated for each of the groups and
then compared. EI index is used in order to shed light on features of relationship between the groups.
business networks , corporate governance , interlocking directors , multi-level networks , performance
Keywords:
measurement
Accepted: Yes
355 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Silvia Profili
Authors: sprofili@luiss.it
Luiss Guido Carli, Viale Pola 12, Roma 00198, Italy
Title: Knowledge diffusion and organizational change: a relational perspective
The importance of knowledge for value creation and competitive advantage has been emphasized by
organizational theorists and business strategists who have suggested that organizational forms and processes
must be designed to facilitate and enhance knowledge transfer.
An important stream of theorists focused on the impact of codification processes on knowledge sharing and
creation, arguing that to be effectively transferred, combined and exploited, knowledge must be translated into an
explicit code that is understandable to a wide set of users. Other theorists focused on informal relations among
social actors to understand knowledge management processes. From this perspective, interpersonal and
inter-unit links and networks are the most important determinants of learning processes.
This paper argues that while each of these perspectives captures an important aspect of knowledge acquisition,
diffusion and creation, our understanding of these processes is still essentially incomplete because the
relationship between them has not been considered. I propose an empirical model where the combined effect on
knowledge diffusion of knowledge characteristics (in terms of tacitness/codifiability), individuals’ attributes (age,
Abstract:
gender, tenure, position) and social relations among organizational members (functional, communication and
friendship relations) is analyzed.
The empirical context is represented by a teaching hospital, characterized by a professional, knowledge intensive
and changing environment.
Data have been collected through a questionnaire survey, administered personally to all physicians of the 36
hospital organizational units.
PLS, Partial Least Squares, has been applied as a regression model in order to measure the network effect on
inter-units managerial knowledge diffusion as compared with the effect of knowledge characteristics and persona
attributes.
Results suggests that processes of change and innovation in complex and knowledge intensive organizations,
where knowledge is deeply embedded in individuals and groups and not completely codified, can be better
comprehended considering both formal and informal ways of managing knowledge.
Keywords: inter-organizational learning , knowledge networks , knowledge transfer
Accepted: Yes
356 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Aimilia Protogerou
protoger@chemeng.ntua.gr
Laboratory of Industrial and Energy Economics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus,
Athens, Greece
Yannis Caloghirou
Authors:
Athens, Greece
Evangelos Siokas
Athens, Greece
Title: The nature of innovation networks developed in the context of emerging new industrial activities
This paper is aiming at the investigation of the collaboration networks developed in the context of emerging new
industrial activities. In particular, it focuses on a special form of collaborative R&D activity: subsidized research
joint ventures (RJVs) that have been established through project based ventures in the European Research
Area. The research partnerships that will be examined are contractual agreements among independent entities,
which may include firms, universities, research institutes and other organizations. More specifically, our attention
is centered on RJVs established in the context of the 4th and 5th Framework Programmes during the period
1995-2002. We are aiming at the initial examination of the innovation networks that emerge in consequence of
the development of “hybrid activities” in three wider Information and Communication Technologies areas:
mobile-commerce applications, telecommunication networks for business data and multimedia applications.
Our empirical analysis will be based on an extensive database which includes detailed information on
Abstract:
collaborative cross-national research projects funded by the 4th and 5th Framework Programmes (1995-2002) in
the three selected technological areas. Social network analysis will be employed in order to describe the
topology, and the dynamics of the network. Appraisal of network topology will allow a detailed view of the
structural characteristics of the RJVs network. Analysis of clustering and “small worlds” will permit drawing
conclusions about the efficiency this of R&D collaboration network as a mechanism of knowledge diffusion.
Furthermore, analysis of company positioning in the network space will allow for a discussion on relative
technology and market leadership of European firms and their role in the emergence of new industrial activities.
Last but not least, understanding how this network is formed and how it has evolved over time may provide a
useful benchmark tool for the current and future EU Programmes aimed at shaping the European Research
Area.
Keywords: affiliation networks , collaboration , innovation
Accepted: Yes
357 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lucia Quaglia
dc.christopoulos@uwe.ac.uk
Authors: Sussex European Institute, Sussex University, Brighton, UK
Dimitrios Christopoulos
UWE-Bristol, Politics, UWE-Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, Avon BS16 1QY, UK
Title: Network effects on financial services regulation in the EU
In this paper we analyse a specific segment of the financial services regulation in the EU. The policy case is the
Capital Requirement Directive (CRD) of the EU. The paper covers the period 2002 to 2005 when the EU
Commission consulted, drafted and then officially proposed the directive to the Council and European
Parliament. Since the CRD took more than 3 years to be agreed, our research focuses on 2 stages: T1
Commission consultation, preparation and official submission of the draft directive and T2: the ECOFIN Council
(and subsequently the EP) approval of the directive. The paper does not deal with specific countries, it is instead
interested in EU policy process and policy networks at the EU level with a specific focus on individual actors'
Abstract:
influence in the process.
We make a number of assumptions relating to network effects of an actor's ability to influence lobbying at the EU
level, including brokerage advantage for some actors, the effect of political entrepreneurship in altering network
dynamics and the role of networks in shaping interactions within political institutions. Our data consist of the
public record of the two phases of the consultation exercise as well as a series of informant surveys detailing the
relational interaction of elite actors.
policy network , political networks , network evolution , intermediation , eu policy making , political
Keywords:
entrepreneurs
Accepted: Yes
358 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tatiana Quintanilha
tatianaqca@yahoo.com
Authors: ibmec Business School, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Mariza Almeida
rio de Janeiro State University, Engineering Scholl, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Title: Social Networks and Entrepreneurship in Brazilian small technological firms
This article has the purpose to identify the main motive, aspects and reasons of creation, as well as facts that
contributed to its consolidation, of two social networks formed by some small Brazilians companies. Both
networks have been developed with the objective of building up opportunities to get in the external market. The
methodology is based on literature review, analysis of documents and interviews with the representatives of both
networks and governmental technicians involved in the two projects. The empirical survey showed that despite al
the adversities, the two networks had different trajectories although both had particular experiences with internal
social capital. One of them, Altex, formed by software companies, as soon as the governmental financial support
Abstract: had not been approved, the social capital that was meant to support its maintenance, was weakened because of
the lack of trust and common objectives between the members of this network. In the second network, the HTA,
formed by companies that manufacture and assemble devices for the aeronautical sector, had its requested
financial resources been accepted for maintaining the network, but with the 11th September 2001, all its external
orders were cancelled by the airline companies that were having serious financial problems after the terrorism
act. Because of the expectations of increasing the demand of orders, resulting in plans of reforming the facility to
adapt to the new needs, lots of depths had been accumulated. In this case the threat of common problems had
contributed to the networks fortification and thus its maintenance.
Keywords: business networks , entrepreneurship , inter-organizational networks
Accepted: Yes
359 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Joerg Raab
j.raab@uvt.nl
Authors:
Tilburg University, Dept. of Organisation Studies, Faculty of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, PO Box 90153,
Tilburg, Brabant 5000 LE, The Netherlands
Title: Comparing Policy Networks: The Case of Climate Change Policy in Europe
Almost two decades of research in the area of policy networks have produced many studies that have described
the characteristics and functioning of this form of actor coordination in policy making. However, we still lack a
fundamental understanding about what kind of policies these networks produce under which conditions.
Abstract: Therefore, the paper will first describe and analyze this important research gap. Second, it will make suggestions
for further research in this area by presenting the research design of a large comparative study on networks in
the area of climate change policy in Europe. Special attention will be given to the operationalization of relevant
relations in the exchange of scientific information in this policy field.
Keywords: effectiveness , governance , interest representation , policy network
Accepted: Yes
360 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Luis Rabade
larabade@unav.es
School of Economics and Business Administration University of Navarra 31080 Pamplona, SPAIN
Authors: Alfaro Jose
Alvarez Jose Luis
Title: Social Capital and Innovation: The case of SME's in Spain
Since its modern day introduction in 1916, the concept of social capital has become recognized for its importance
to a variety of fields, ranging from governmental policy to organizational excellence. We believe that in the case
of Spain, social capital is a pivotal concept in order to enhance the ability to innovate of Spanish small and
medium companies. This paper underlines the most pertinent inter-connected research among social capital,
innovation, and the small to medium sized enterprises (SME´s). We begin with a literature review to build a
working definition of social capital. Three dimensions of social capital that comprise factors which help to define a
Abstract: certain degree of embeddedness and autonomy in both micro and macro level environments are used. Next we
look into specific research which directly relates social capital to innovation; social capital to SMEs; and
innovation to SME´s. In doing so, we hope to clarify specific points which demonstrate that directly, and together,
innovation and social capital can, in specific ways, benefit SMEs. Then, we setup a number of hypotheses to
examine the relationship between innovation and social capital in the case of a number of SME`s in the
agro-industry sector in Spain. Finally, a number of propositions about the management of social capital and its
connection to innovation in this type of companies are discussed.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: innovation , intra-firm networks
361 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Robert Raeside
ka.gayen@napier.ac.uk
Authors: EH14 1DJ, UK
Kaberi Gayen
EH14 1DJ, UK
Title: Women’s Degree Centrality as a Determinant of Child Mortality in Rural Bangladesh
Reported in this paper is the association of degree of connectedness of women in relation to their experience of
child death in a setting where access to professional health care is limited. Socio-metric, demographic and
socio-economic data have been collected from six villages in rural Bangladesh from face-to-face interviews of
613 married women. The incidence of child death has been recorded for these women. The reasons from the
Abstract:
interview based questionnaire were analysed in the statistical package SAS using Poisson regression with the
logarithm of the wife’s age as an offset. It was found that the degree centrality of the women to non immediate
family members is important in explaining child mortality and the greater the degree the less is child mortality.
Also important are women’s education and their autonomy.
Keywords: child mortality , degree centrality , statistical models
Accepted: Yes
362 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ismael Rafols
i.rafols@sussex.ac.uk
Authors: SPRU, University of Sussex Brighton, England
Martin Meyer
SPRU, University of Sussex Brighton, England
Title: Can network centralities and diversity measures reveal interdisciplinarity? Case studies in bionanoscience
In the context of an increasing interaction between academia, government and industry, policy makers and
researchers are under pressure to address socio-economic problems that do not conform to any specific
disciplinary context, leading them to foster or adopt more interdisciplinary approaches. However, there is no yet
an agreement concerning the right set of tools for the measure of interdisciplinarity that would be of use for policy
design, either in foresight or evaluation exercises.
The most widespread practice has relied on finding the numbers and balance of disciplines according to
established categories. Many other studies have used similarity measures between element (papers, words,
authors) in order to visualise the relative position of different scientific disciplines and field, but did not provide an
Abstract:
index of the extent of integration. Going beyond this, van den Besselaar and Leydesdorff (1996) used factor
analysis and recently Leydesdorff (2007) suggested applying measures of centrality in social network analysis to
discriminate the interdisciplinary elements within a set.
Building on this later work, and on Stirling’s diversity index (1998), here we show that from the conceptualisation
of interdisciplinarity as cognitive diversity one can explain why centrality measures are an appropriate index in
order to capture knowledge integration in bibliometric networks. We carried various case studies which allow us
to confront the social network analysis measures with information gathered from interviews in order to validate
the approach.
Keywords: cognitive networks , entropy-like measures , interdisciplinarity
Accepted: Yes
363 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andrea Raggi
a.raggi@unich.it
Univ. "G. d'Annunzio", Dept. Management, Statistical, Technological and Environmental Sciences (DASTA)
Pescara, Italy
Authors: Daniele Mascia
Catholic University, Department of Public Health, Rome, Italy
Bruno Notarnicola
Univ. of Bari Dip. di Scienze Geografiche e Merceologiche Bari, Italy
Rita Puig
Inter-organizational networks and environmental performance: a comparative analysis of integrative coordination
Title:
in the leather supply-chain
This paper presents partial results of a broader research program called “Cicle Pell: Industrial ecology in the
animal-to-leather chain”, whose ultimate goal was defining the basis to implement a new strategy of industrial
sustainable development in Southern European regions. The general aim of the Cicle Pell project was to identify
the economic and environmental improvements achievable by companies in the leather industry and the related
supply-chain by applying the industrial ecology principles and tools. The research we report here addresses three
critical issues. First, we identify inter-organizational relationships among firms and other institutions inside the
sector, giving a description of various forms of cooperative environmental agreements among firms in the tanning
districts. Second, we investigate - with the support of social network analysis - the peculiar characteristics of the
network structure inside the industry. And third, we investigate in a comparative manner the level of association
Abstract:
between inter-organizational network structures and environmental performance of the overall systems. Our
analysis refers to two main tanning districts in Italy, i.e. Santa Croce sull’Arno (Tuscany), and Arzignano
(Veneto), and to the Spanish district of Igualada (Catalonia), as well as to the slaughtering industry in the
Abruzzo region. Our measurement of coordination is based on patterns of inter-organizational relationships
connecting the firms constituting the cattle-to-leather chain or involved in the tanning industry. Network data were
collected from each firm in 2006 using structured surveys. Our preliminary results show that surveyed
inter-organizational networks present large differences not only with reference to the different countries of
investigation, but also across the different regions, and that several network indicators are significantly
associated with the environmental performance of the overall system.
Keywords: leather tanning supply-chain , environmental performance , inter-organizational networks
Accepted: Yes
364 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

M. Hammadur Rahman
hammadbau@yahoo.com
Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, 1-4-4, Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8528,
Authors: Japan
Masahiro Yamao
Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, 1-4-4, Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima 39-8528,
Japan
Community Level Social Capital in Different Network Structures: A Study from Two Bangladeshi Farming
Title:
Communities
As the notion of ‘organic farming’ focuses on networking and cooperation between farmers and other
stakeholders, it is considered to generate trust, reciprocity and network among farmers and their communities.
The paper aims at examining the levels of social capital in different network structures in two farming
communities in Bangladesh. Among the two communities under consideration, one had been practicing organic
farming for more than a decade and the other was involved in conventional farming practices. Core elements of
social capital (social trust, reciprocity, network size, network density and network diversity) were determined
within three particular types of network structures, namely informal, generalized and institutional realms. Data
were collected from 100 farm household-heads (50 from each community) through questionnaire survey in July
Abstract:
2006. The results show that there was no significant difference between the two communities regarding the
levels of trust and reciprocity in informal social realm. On the other hand, in the realms of generalized and
institutional network, the organic farming community was found to possess higher levels of trust and reciprocity
than the conventional farming community. Regarding all three network structures, higher number of network ties
was identified in organic farming community, while no significant difference was observed between the two
communities concerning network density and network diversity. As for seven selected personal and
socio-economic characteristics, there was no significant difference between the members of the two
communities, while the organic farming community was perceived to enjoy higher level of community wellbeing.
Keywords: social capital , network structure , organic farming , farming community , bangladesh
Accepted: Yes
365 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kamil Rakocy
kamil.rakocy@uw.edu.pl
ISS UW (Institute for Social Studies Warsaw University)
Aleksandra Pogorzelska
Authors: SWPS (Warsaw School of Social Psychology)
Andrzej Nowak
ISS UW (Institute for Social Studies Warsaw University)
Jan Zając
WP & ISS UW (Faculty of Psychology & Institute for Social Studies Warsaw University)
Title: Triathlon networks: Social structure and results in an individual sport
This paper concern relations between networks of informal relations and results achieved in a national triathlon
competitions. Although triathlon is definitely an individual sport, it seems that social structure is somehow related
to achievements. The results are discussed in the light of social psychology (especially reference groups, group
relations, satisfaction).
The data regarding ego networks was gathered during Championships of Poland (N=42 in 2004, N=67 in 2006;
20 persons were included in both waves of measurement). The self-administered questionnaire included 3
different types of relations (competing with; training with; social relationships), resulting in 3 kinds of differently
Abstract: defined networks. The network data was matched and compared with championship results and other data (e.g.
belonging to sport clubs; psychological traits from another questionnaire). Local context of triathlon in Poland and
of particular clubs was taken into consideration too.
Generally, it seems that position in networks of informal relations is correlated to place achieved in competitions,
yet these relations play different roles depending on sport level. The best people (master level) focus on relations
with people from the similar level count, while for people at the intermediate level broader network of social
support is the most important. Apparently, social motivation and social needs are more important for the latter
group.
Session: Social Networks of Sport
Keywords: sport
Accepted: Yes
366 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Olaf Rank
Authors: rank@imu.unibe.ch
University of Bern, Dep. of Management, Engehaldenstrasse 4, Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
Title: Structure and Dynamics of Governance Networks: An International Comparison
An economy’s major companies are typically interconnected by interlocking directorates and ownership ties.
Because of regulatory differences it can be assumed that the level of interconnectedness and the structural
patterns of these governance networks vary between different countries. This study analyzes the structural
development of governance networks in Germany and Switzerland for the time between 2001 and 2005. A
comparison between these two countries is meaningful because of two reasons: First, the legal frameworks in
both countries differ substantially. While the membership in a company’s management and supervisory board is
mutually exclusive in Germany, Swiss executives may occupy positions in both boards simultaneously. Second,
while the Swiss system of corporate governance has been relatively stable over the last years, the structure of
Abstract:
the German network has recently come under severe pressure due to changes in the regulatory system.
Applying an actor-oriented model for network panel data (SIENA-model) network endogenous factors as well as
firm characteristics are used to explain the structure and dynamics of both networks. According to the
expectations, the results reveal several differences between both networks (e.g., the level of interdependence
between interlocking directorates and ownership ties, network closure). In contrast, specific structural patterns
such as the formation of reciprocated interlocks and transitive triads may be found in both networks. It can be
concluded that these patterns may be decisive for the development of governance networks independently from
a country’s legal framework.
Keywords: governance , siena , dynamics on networks
Accepted: Yes
367 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Alexandre Rausch
rausch@rz.uni-frankfurt.de
Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität, Hochschulrechenzentrum, Grüneburgplatz 1, Frankfurt/Main D-60629,
Authors: Germany
Christian Stegbauer
Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität, FB Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Robert-Mayer-Str. 5, Frankfurt/Main
D-60054, Germany
Title: Discussant Networks – The Construction of Information in Wikipedia.
n the presentation we’ll talk about the structure of collaborative work on Wikipedia articles.
Wikipedia invites everybody to write new articles or improve existing ones. By doing this the knowledge of the
world should be collected in an online encyclopaedia. Since articles are often produced by more then one author,
discussions about form and content of the articles arise. The discussions themselves and information about the
participants are freely available, so that an insight in the anatomy of this project is possible. An analysis of the
discussions about articles may unveil the structure of the Wikipedia-community, so that it will be possible to
decide, whether or not cooperation really works like the ideology of Wikipedia promises it.
It’s true, that Wikipedia is an open project in which everybody can participate. But does this mere technical
feasibility already yields a cooperation of peers or is there a core of users which dominates the discussions? We
ask for the structure of cooperation. And we try to answer it with non-responsive methods to avoid biases, which
Abstract:
may arise from overestimating the concepts of the most active participants.
To do this job, we carry out network analyses of the Wikipedia discussion pages. We start from a core article and
follow the links from this article to other articles in Wikipedia. The set of linked articles generates something like a
“field of knowledge” with the subject of the core-article in its centre. We create a social network from the
discussions about the articles belonging to this set. This is done for several core articles.
The social networks generated by the discussions will be analysed with a blockmodel analysis, which
decomposes the set of discussants into clusters, called blocks or positions. Each position will be interpreted with
regard to social position and function. (Centre/periphery, specialist/generalist, contributor/editor/organiser etc.).
We hope this analysis may be a tessera for a theory about how the arrangement of functions in an environment
for collaborative work should be designed.
Session: N/A
Keywords: wikipedia , discourse , community structure , collaboration , public good
Accepted: Yes
368 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Eric Reese
eric@tanglewood.net
Authors: Tanglewood Reserach, 420-A Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, USA
William Hansen
Tanglewood Reserach, 420-A Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, USA
Title: Data Representations for Perceived Social Networks
Perceived social networks are those in which an ego describes relationships among network alters. That is, the
ego is asked how each alter (the subjective alter) views all other alters (the objective alters) within a network or
network subgroup. Network Genie, an online data acquisition tool, allows social network researchers to collect
perceived social network data about potentially large networks (N > 100). Even when perceived social network
questions are limited to a smaller subgroup within the larger network, this leaves the problem of how to deal with
the volume of data that is required to specify a perceived social network. Perceived social network data in large
Abstract: complete networks quickly become unwieldy due to the rate at which the amount of data increases with the size
of the network. In a conventional complete network, each link (i.e. question in a survey) generates a two
dimensional output matrix of N egos by N alters resulting in N-squared values that will be used in analysis. In a
perceived social network, each link generates three dimensional output consisting of N egos by N subjective
alters by N objective alters resulting in an N-cubed matrix. Such large matrices become unwieldy for manipulation
and analysis. This paper will explore using edge lists, node lists, and other data representations to reduce the
impact of this challenge on how researchers can manipulate and analyze perceived social network data.
Keywords: perceived social networks , data representation
Accepted: Yes
369 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Regeczi
Authors: d.j.regeczi@utwente.nl
University of Twente, CSTM, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
Evaluate and Punish: Comparing Accountability Networks in Traditional Procurement and Public-Private
Title:
Partnerships
Accountability embraces three facets: responsibility, measurement, and punishment. Debate has arisen,
however, as to whether new modes of network governance make achieving these objectives more difficult.
Social network analysis (SNA) is the perfect tool to help determine how levels of responsibility, measurement,
and punishment change in a network environment. Network maps and centrality scores offer a ready means of
direct comparison for different projects. For instance, SNA can be used to measure patterns of communication,
to see whether information is flowing to the right individuals so that proper measurements can take place. More
specifically, SNA can be used to map organizations’ ability to hold others responsible. The analysis shows who
organizations can evaluate and to whom they can dispense penalties for failures. SNA works better than an
evaluation of documents and contracts, because it also captures unofficial accountability mechanisms, such as
Abstract:
NGO participation.
The larger question, of course, is whether particular configurations of actors lead to more accountable systems.
Following the lead of Milward and Provan and their analysis of network effectiveness in mental-health units, the
article will argue that a highly integrated network centralized through powerful core agencies is not just more
effective, but also more accountable.
For empirical evidence, this paper compares accountability networks in two 2010 Olympic projects in Vancouver,
Canada. The first project is a public-private partnership: a metro from the airport to the downtown core. The
second project involves more traditional procurement: an Olympic Village on the South East False Creek.
Keywords: accountability , network structure , public-private partnerships , canada , governance
Accepted: Yes
370 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Valencia P Remple
valencia.remple@bccdc.ca
UBC/BCCDC, Epidemiology, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z4R4, Canada
Ann Jolly
Authors: Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Caitlin Johnston
Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
David M Patrick
BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
Clients of indoor commercial sex workers (CSW): Heterogeneity in patronage patterns and implications for HIV
Title:
and sexually transmitted infection (STI) propagation and control through sexual networks
Clients of CSW are an elusive population, and as such are rarely the subjects of research or the targets of HIV
and STI prevention strategies. With the exception of when they are attending an indoor sex establishment (e.g.,
visiting a brothel) or in police custody, they are invisible within the general population. Although clients are
considered key to the spread of infection from the commercial sex core to the general population, STI
prevalence, sexual behaviours, and patronage patterns vary, and therefore it may not be reasonable or efficient
to lump them all into one high-risk category. It was therefore the purpose of this study to determine whether a
classification of theoretically higher risk clients that could be validated by network analysis was possible through
interviewing indoor CSW. We used proxy network data on clients collected from a cross-sectional survey of 49
Abstract: indoor CSW from seven sex establishments in Vancouver, British Columbia. Two types of clients were
categorized as high risk, including those who created bridges between sex establishments and those who had
sex with all the CSW at an establishment. High risk clients were significantly more central and were more likely to
be members of cohesive subgroups than lower risk clients. All reported HIV and STI infection was in high risk
clients. We concluded that it is possible to identify theoretically high risk commercial sex clients from the network
perspective using simple data collection and categorization methods. High risk clients may be in a unique
position to acquire and transmit infection throughout the network and to the general population. Using a network
approach allows health providers and educators to identify and target high-risk clients for the purposes of STI
and HIV prevention and control.
Keywords: sexually transmitted infection , hiv , commercial sex workers , network structure
Accepted: Yes
371 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Patrick Reuther
reuther@uni-trier.de
University Trier, Department of Databases and Information Systems, Trier, Germany
Authors: Martin Stark
University Trier, Cluster of Excellence "Social Networks", Department of History, Trier, Germany
Mathias Pohl
University Trier, Department of Software Engineering, Trier, Germany
Title: Who’s that girl? Name Disambiguation for social networks.
Historical databases are often characterized by the diverse origins of the data stored in them. This is also true for
a database comprising information from church registers (baptisms and weddings) as well as from registers
containing information on loans and securities from a South German village (ca. 1700-1900) currently being
compiled at the University of Trier. If data collections such as the Trier one are to be used for social network
analysis trying to determine the interconnectedness of kinship and credit relationships, it is essential that the data
are not only accurate, but also consistent and complete. Of particular importance is the consistent representation
Abstract:
of a person’s name throughout their different social networks. However, due to variations in spelling in former
centuries, this also proves to be particularly difficult. Today phonetic approaches such as used by Russels’
Soundex software still seem to be the first choice of historians trying to find a computerised solution for the
disambiguation of names. However, the use of phonetic similarities has its drawbacks generally leading to poor
results in the disambiguation of names. This paper will show that the use of intrinsic structures of social networks
and of dependencies is a key to more effective disambiguation procedures.
Keywords: name disambiguation , methodology , social network , record linkage
Accepted: Yes
372 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Giulia Rivellini
giulia.rivellini@unicatt.it
Authors: Catholic University, Istituto di Studi su Popolazione e Territorio Milan Italy
Susanna Zaccarin
University of Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Statistiche Trieste Italy
Title: Collaboration networks in Population Studies in Italy: evidences from longitudinal network modelling
Recently, many studies have analysed research collaboration patterns, because collaboration and
interdisciplinarity are considered to be a key element in the advancement of knowledge and in the productivity of
research. Nevertheless in contemporary population studies there is clearly a lack of reflection on the choice of
scientific relationships set up to produce scientific papers in the demographic field.
The aim of the research is to make an empirical analysis of the scientific relationships we have observed among
authors of the papers presented in Italian demographic meetings, organized every two years by the Demography
Abstract:
Section of the Italian Statistical Society. Using the abstract collection of the last four meetings (1999, 2001, 2003
and 2005) we have built a rich longitudinal data-set merging information on the single scientific work and on the
authors. The properties of the four scientific networks are evaluated, with the aim of identifying factors which may
influence collaborative relations among the authors, who belong not only to the academic community, but also to
the national statistical office, national or international research centres or public institutions. The data-set allows
us to estimate a longitudinal model to evaluate the changes in time in networks.
Keywords: interdisciplinarity , network dynamics , statistical models
373 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Susan Robinson
s.e.robinson@liv.ac.uk
Authors:
University of Liverpool, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Chester High Road, Neston, cheshire ch60 7rb, United
Kingdom
Title: Recent network evolution increases the potential for large epidemics in the British cattle population
Contingency plans for containment of many infectious diseases of humans and animals involve movement
restrictions. Whilst such measures act to moderate an individual's contact network, the effects of behaviour
changes on the global contact network in adapting to these restrictions is unknown. Following the 2001 Foot and
Mouth Disease epidemic in Great Britain, legislation, which currently states that no livestock leave premises for a
minimum of 6-days following the movement of cattle, sheep and goats onto the premises, was introduced. It was
anticipated that this policy would limit the extent of livestock movements and the spread of future outbreaks of
disease. Here we take a novel approach using GB cattle movement data, to construct weekly contact networks
Abstract: between animal holdings to explore the evolution of the network since this policy was introduced, the first time
network theory has been used to assess the industry post-intervention. We show that the number of animal
holdings moving cattle as part of the giant strong component (GSC), representing the region of maximal
connectivity, has been linearly increasing over time. This is of epidemiological significance as GSC size indicates
the number of holdings that could be exposed to disease, thus giving a lower bound of maximum epidemic size.
Therefore despite rules restricting cattle movements, emergent behaviour in this self-organising system, has
potentially increased the size of an infectious disease epidemic. Our study shows that current legislation may
need to be reviewed if the risk of large epidemics is to be reduced.
Keywords: changes in networks , community structure , network evolution
Accepted: Yes
374 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Josep Rodriguez
jarodriguez@ub.edu
University of Barcelona, Dept. of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Avda. Diagonal 690, Barcelon, Barcelona
Authors: 08034, Spain
Anna Ramon
University of Barcelona, Dept. of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Avda. Diagonal 690, Barcelon, Barcelona
08034, Spain
Title: Networks of the night
In this paper we approach night activity related to clubbing as network phenomena (produce by networks,
creating networks). Our paper covers two main dimensions: social capital and networks. We build several
indicators of social capital and homophily and analyze their impact on night clubbing related behaviors such as:
sex, drugs and alcohol consumption, violence, preventive and help and support. From the network perspective
Abstract: we build the networks among types of actors involved in clubbing and analyze their characteristics. We complete
the paper comparing gender and age groups’ social capital indicators and their impact on behavior and the
characteristics of their networks.
We use survey data from the 2006 IREFREA project (Recreational culture as a tool to prevent risk behavior)
carried out in nine European countries.
Keywords: drug use , night networks
Accepted: Yes
375 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Devan Rosen
Authors: rosend@hawaii.edu
University of Hawaii, Department of Speech, 2560 Campus Rd, George Hall 326, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Title: Cooperation and Decentralization in Communication Networks
Research has shown that decentralized networks in organizations and groups perform better and have more
satisfied members than centralized ones. Further, decentralized self-organizing groups are particularly superior
when solving complex problems. Despite mounting research in support of decentralization, the means of how to
foster and maintain a decentralized, coordinated group remains a particular problem for organizations. The
current line of research illustrates a theory of decentralized communication, flock theory, and conducts
preliminary tests of the theory. Grounded in literature from social networks, flock theory represents a theoretical
model for the decentralized evolution of communication networks. The flock model is extended to integrate
roadmap based flocking, bipartite networks, and findings from small world research to create a theory of
cooperation, coordination, and navigation within decentralized communication networks. Empirical illustrations
Abstract:
are conducted via two studies on two different research-based organizations, as research organizations focus on
complex problem solving and coordination of knowledge. Specifically, one of the case studies uses
communication network data collected by Schwartz in 1968 for what is described by Everett Rogers as the first
communication network analysis performed in the field of communication. The network data is reanalyzed in new
ways with contemporary tools, providing supportive findings for the current research and standing as a testament
to Schwartz’ methodological rigor. In this sense, this research connects the foundations of communication
network research to the current theories and methods. Findings provide initial support for flock theory, confirm
parallel research on decentralization, and indicate that research-based organizations may be different from
traditional corporate organizations in several ways.
Keywords: communication network , decentralization , self-organizing systems
Accepted: Yes
376 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Camille Roth
roth@shs.polytechnique.fr
Authors: Dept of Sociology, Univ of Surrey, UK & CREA, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, France
CREA, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, France
Title: How Realistic Knowledge Diffusion Models Should Be?
Knowledge diffusion models typically involve two main features: an underlying social network topology on one
side, and a particular design of interaction rules driving knowledge transmission on the other side.
Acknowledging the need for realistic topologies and adoption behaviors backed by empirical measurements, it
becomes unclear how accurately existing models render real-world phenomena: if indeed both topology and
transmission mechanisms have a key impact on these phenomena, to which extent does the use of more or less
stylized assumptions affect modeling results? In order to evaluate various classical topologies and mechanisms,
Abstract: we push the comparison to more empirical benchmarks: real-world network structures and empirically measured
mechanisms. Special attention is paid to appraising the discrepancy between diffusion phenomena (i) on real
network topologies vs. various kinds of scale-free networks, and (ii) using empirically measured transmission
mechanisms, compared with canonical appropriate models such as threshold models. We find very sensible
differences between the more realistic settings and their traditional stylized counterparts. On the whole, our point
is thus also epistemological by insisting that models should extensively be tested against simulation-based
empirical benchmarks.
agent based modelling , diffusion , dynamics on networks , epidemiology , network structure , random graph ,
Keywords:
simulation , clustering
Accepted: Yes
377 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wendy Roth
Authors: wroth@interchange.ubc.ca
University of British Columbia, Sociology Department, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
Are Latinos' Networks Segregated by Skin Colour? How U.S. Migration Influences the Colour Composition of
Title:
Dominicans' and Puerto Ricans' Social Networks
Studies of individuals’ social networks consistently show that networks tend to be homogeneous in race and
ethnicity—people tend to have friends who are similar to themselves and to one another. However, recent
immigration to the U.S. has increasingly brought to the country ethnic groups that are racially diverse.
Dominicans and Puerto Ricans span the colour line from White to Black. Yet no research has ever examined
whether social networks are also homogeneous in colour within a racially diverse ethnic community. This issue
has critical implications for the social integration of Latino immigrants in the U.S. If Latinos in the U.S. are more
likely to develop social networks of people who resemble themselves in colour, those with light and dark skin may
find themselves assimilating into different segments of the U.S. population over generations. Furthermore, social
networks provide crucial resources, known as social capital, to help people find jobs, housing, and other goods
and services. Since Whites have access to greater resources than Blacks, light-skinned Latinos may be able to
access greater social capital than their darker-skinned co-ethnics. If so, access to social capital is a crucial
omitted variable that needs to be considered in the wide literature that instead attributes all socioeconomic
differences between light and dark Latinos to discrimination (Murguia and Frisbie 1987; Arce, Murguia and
Abstract: Frisbie 1987; Telles and Murguia 1990; Codina and Montalvo 1994; Murguia and Telles 1996; Gómez 2000;
Espino and Franz 2002; Hochschild and Weaver 2003).
This paper analyses the social network composition of 120 Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Within each ethnic
group, the sample is evenly divided between migrants to the U.S. and non-migrants living in Puerto Rico and the
Dominican Republic. I therefore analyze whether migration to the U.S., where race is a critical determinant of
one’s life chances, causes social networks to become more divided by colour than they were in the home
societies. The findings show that migrants’ social networks do not become more homogeneous in colour than
those of non-migrants. Yet while migrants are not more likely than non-migrants to have ties to co-ethnics that
resemble themselves in colour, their ties to Americans are significantly influenced by their own skin colour. Thus,
dark-skinned Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are more likely to develop friendships with Black Americans than
are those with light-skin. I supplement the analysis with qualitative interview data to argue that the reason no
difference is found in the colour segregation of migrants’ and non-migrants’ networks is not because migrants are
more likely to associate across colour lines, but because tendencies to segregate by colour that exist in the home
countries are imported to the host country environment.
Session: Networks and race
assimilation , friendship networks , functioning of social capital , homophily , immigrants , inequality , latinos ,
Keywords:
skin colour
Accepted: Yes
378 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Danching Ruan
druan@net1.hkbu.edu.hk
Authors: Hong Kong Baptist University, Sociology Dept., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Gina Lai
Hong Kong Baptist University, Sociology Dept., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Title: The social support of rural migrants in Shanghai—a preliminary report
Since early 1980's, millions of migrants (mostly peasants) have flooded Chinese cities, especially the large
metropolises. This paper addresses the issue of social support of rural migrants in Shanghai today. It explores
the extent to which immigrants rely on their kinship and ethnic networks to compensate for the handicaps they
Abstract:
suffer in their place of destination. It will also explore the extent to which migrants are connected to people
beyond their family and ethnic group, and the impact of these connections. The data for the study comes from a
large survey conducted in Shanghai in the summer of 2005.
Session: N/A
Keywords: social support , migrants
Accepted: Yes
379 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Max Ruhri
max.ruhri@fas.at
Authors: FAS.research GmbH, Muellnergasse 3/1, Vienna 1090, Austria
Harald Katzmair
FAS.research GmbH, Muellnergasse 3/1, Vienna 1090, Austria
Title: Exploring Social Networks by means of Geographic Information Systems
The paper proposes the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to convey additional network data
attributes, be it in a real geographical or a mere topological space.
The method will be presented by using two of our most recent research and real world application projects.
The first demonstration focuses on regional network structures. Network indicators like density, triangular
connectivity or diversity of the underlying network are assigned to each small geographic area is assigned. The
distribution of indices is shown by means of traditional geographic maps and colour scales. Zooming into a region
reveals the underlying network structure. This approach is useful in cases of large or very large datasets where
Abstract: nodes/actors are appareled with zip code information. This method proved to give geographic orientation and
overview.
The second application deals with ‘relational landscapes’ in a topological three dimensional room. GIS
applications are very useful to show and explore three dimensions of network structures. XY data, like
coordinates generated by spring embedder algorithms together with centrality measures are used to generate the
single or multipeaked landscape of a network. Thus the local and global maxima, the rigid hubs of the center, the
plateau of the semi periphery and the rolling hills of the often underestimated periphery can be explored
according to different network measures.
3-dimensional visualisation , core-periphery , georgraphic information system , network landscapes , spatial
Keywords:
structure
Accepted: Yes
380 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

John Sacco
mtsvetov@gmu.edu
George Mason University, Public and International Affairs, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
Authors:
Maksim Tsvetovat
George Mason University, Center for Social Complexity, Robinson Hall 234, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA
22030, USA
Title: Networked Nature of New Imperialism - Example of Greater Caucasus
One process employed within the spheres of influence of ma jor world powers is termed neo-imperialism, and it is
associated with nations trying to extend their power by coveting control over other nations often for the resources
of that nation. In contrast to the idea of globalization where national sovereignty is assumed to be on the wane,
imperialism is taken as one of the tools in the battle for sustaining sovereignty and expanding the reach of the
nation state beyond its boundaries.
We explore the premise that imperialism has not decreased; rather it has taken different forms. One important
distinction in neo-imperialism is that winners and losers are not enshrined via military occupation and
colonization, but rather represented by a constantly shifting balance of political, economic and military forces, and
Abstract:
thus the tempo of rise and fall of empires might be measured in years (if not months), not centuries.
The Networked Imperialism relies on fluidly shifting trade ties and political alliances, which in a multi-lateral world
produce a multitude of network patterns. We start study of these networks with the area of Greater Caucasus,
where clashing interests of Russia and the West intersect with a plentiful oil supply, terrorist bases and a number
of unacknowledged mini-states. We map networks of cooperation and competition among actors in this area.
Though the methodology of social network analysis, we point out significantly different strategies of Russia and
the US in regards to building influence in the region, and venture to estimate the dynamics of development in
these networks.
Keywords: russia , imperialism , caucasus , trade networks , international relations
Accepted: Yes
381 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Johanne Saint-Charles
saint-charles.johanne@uqam.ca
Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de Communication sociale et publique, C. P. 8888, Succursale
Authors: Centre-Vile, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
Pierre Mongeau
niversité du Québec à Montréal, Département de Communication sociale et publique, C. P. 8888, Succursale
Centre-Vile, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
Title: The words that come to mind when I think of you
Studies on ego-networks have concentrated mostly on their structure and composition. The relationships these
networks are based on have been studied in terms of their type, duration and strength. These variables have
been related to topics such as social support or social capital. Such studies have contributed to a deeper
understanding of social networks. However, relationships and interactions consist not only of the people we are
linked to; they are also loci where we experience and learn to “come to terms with” such things as anger, love,
discovery, responsibility, authority, creativity, etc.
Abstract: In order to explore how such experiencing and learning are perceived, we asked a sample of 90 individuals to
identify up to 15 significant relationships from their past and up to 15 current significant relationships and to
qualify these relationships in terms of what they experienced and learned through coming to terms with each. In
this paper, we will present the main emerging categories of relationship descriptors used by our respondents. We
will also relate these categories to several structural and compositional variables of ego-networks and look at
differences and similarities between past and current ego-networks patterns of experiencing and learning as
described through the optic of ego-networks?
Keywords: egocentric networks , identity , perception
Accepted: Yes
382 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Janet Salaff
salaff@chass.utoronto.ca
University of Toronto Department of Sociology Toronto, Canada
Authors: Angela Shik
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Dept of Social Work
Arent Greve
Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, NO-5045 Bergen, Norway
Title: Sons and Daughters or Lovers? Alternative Return migration networks to Hong Kong
We study return migration networks for current waves of skilled worker migrants, focussing on the choices of
which networks to follow when there is a conflict. We review themes presented in recent research studies and
current on-line blogs in China and Hong Kong, on the dilemmas of network choice in migration networks.
Traditionally, both pleasing parents and accepting one’s love was the goal and parents should prevail. The same
is not true for the Western ideal marriage, where the ideology goes the other direction: the lover proves more
powerful than filial bonds.
We study the issues that greatly affect contemporary transnational Chinese migrants, because they are affected
by cultural themes and peer pressures in North America, and their parents are still alive when they seek to return
Abstract:
Our examples mainly concern immigrants from Chinese society to North America for long periods of time, who
return to their home country. Those most at risk of these dilemmas of love versus parental choice are the 1.5
generation, who emigrated as youngsters and return to their country of origin as adults; students abroad for long
periods also face situations in which a difficult choice has to be made between these alternatives of lover versus
parents.
Preliminary case study findings of our ongoing sample show that parental ties are the strongest. However, the
dilemmas that are most excruciating are most reported on line. We discuss the problems posed by content
analysis of such hot topics which take up most of the blog space.
Keywords: social identity , migration networks , family networks , family obligations , love relationships
Accepted: Yes
383 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Erica Salvaj
docesalvaj@iese.edu
Authors: IESE-Business School, General Management, Conde de Urgel 276 6to 1era, Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
Mariano Belinky
Dept. Llenguatges i Sistemes Informàtics Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
Title: Social cohesive groups and corporate governance practices
The concept of social cohesive groups has received a great deal of attention from sociology, yet it has proven
much harder to come up with a formal definition of these social cohesive groups are. Furthermore, empirical
research results on the effect of social cohesive groups on corporate behavior are limited. The objective of the
present paper is twofold: first, we intent to formalize a definition of cohesive groups for boards of directors of
American corporations. Then we explore how these cohesive groups might affect the adoption of corporate
practices, such as golden parachutes.
Boards embedded in cohesive groups can become socialized into belief systems. These systems endorse
Abstract: corporate practices through direct social influence from other CEOs and directors who were previously involved
in the adoption of such practices.
Corporate governance literature already shows that golden parachutes’ controversial adoption is often driven by
CEOs, yet it is not clear how CEOs’ ties within the corporate elite affect the adoption of such practices. In this
study we develop and apply a method of analysis, based on recent network theory developments, for finding
social cohesive groups in the network of firms connected through CEOs. To do so we combine a community
structure detection approach with centrality measures. Subsequently we study the effect of these cohesive
groups on the adoption of golden parachutes during the period 1996-2004.
Keywords: affiliation networks , interlocking directors , corporate governance , network structure
Accepted: Yes
384 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mauro San Martín

msanmart@dcc.uchile.cl
Authors: Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Santiago, CHILE
Felipe Aguilera
Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Santiago, CHILE
Title: A Semi-Automated Data Workflow for Social Network Analysis: A Case Study on Online Communities.
In several applications of Social Network Analysis data management is becoming a crucial part of the process;
some tasks in case are the preparation of data sets for analysis, the elaboration of proper documentation
--allowing both better understanding and data reusability-- and the transformation of data through standard and
user-friendly tools. The case of online communities is paradigmatic, with the increasing volume of automatically
collected data highlighting the pressing needs.
In this work we focus on a particular case of online communities: user forums. We present a semiautomatic data
workflow for online forums whose data is stored in a standard database management system, where relational
Abstract: data is not explicit. The tools in this framework allow the user to extract different networks with explicit relational
data by using parametric queries, and then to transform them into one of several data formats of well known SNA
software.
Our case study uses the interaction data from the last five years of a forum of electric bass fans: about 3000
users and over 10000 discussion threads organized in several forums. In this context the workflow is the base for
a semi-automatized structural analysis of the community, and is intended to improve the information available to
the community administrators. In a broader context, the workflow is expected to improve the data management
support for structural analysis on online communities.
Keywords: data collection , data representation , internet , methodology , network dynamics , peer networks
Accepted: Yes
385 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ashley Sanders-Jackson
sanders@asc.upenn.edu
Authors:
Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 620 Walnut Street (36th and Walnut Streets),
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6220, USA
Title: Sensation seeking and network development
The purpose of this paper is to begin to address the possible role of individual psychological differences in
network size and formation, specifically sensation seeking. Sensation seeking is a psychological individual
difference that can predict diverse aspects of behavior. Sensation seeking was tested as a predictive variable for
network size, density, and strength of network ties. It was predicted that high sensations will have more network
ties, more heterogeneous networks and lower network density than individuals who are low in sensation seeking.
Results suggest that individuals high in sensation seeking have slightly less strong ties than individuals who are
Abstract: low in sensation seeking in both year 1 (R2=-0.093, p<0.01) and year 2 (R2=-0.081, p<0.01) of data collection.
Sensation seeking is slightly negatively correlated with more in-bound and out-bound ties (R2=-.067 p<0.05) and
slightly positively correlated with more racial (R2=0.094 p<0.01) but not gender variation intra-network. Sensation
seeking is slightly significantly negatively correlated with ties outside of grade level (R2=-0.06 p<0.05). ). There is
no significant difference in terms of network density between individuals who are high in sensation seeking and
low in sensation seeking. Overall, results suggest a small but significant possible effect of sensation seeking on
network development and maintenance.
Keywords: network development , sensation seeking
Accepted: Yes
386 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Annica Sandström
Authors: annica.sandstrom@ltu.se
Division of Social Sciences/Political science Luleå University of Technology Sweden
Title: Innovative Policy Networks - The Relation between Structure and Performance
The importance of policy networks and the need to “treat networks seriously” has long been emphasized within
the field of policy analysis. However, not many attempts have been made to investigate the explanatory power of
policy networks using the tools and theoretical concepts provided by Social Network analysis (SNA). Accordingly,
that is the central undertaking of this paper. Is there a relationship between the structural features of policy
networks, their organizing capacities and performance? A comparative case study of five networks within the
Abstract:
sector of higher education confirms the assumption about a relationship between the variables. An innovative
policy network is a network with a heterogeneous set of actors that are centrally integrated. Further, while the
level of network heterogeneity is positively related to the function of resource mobilization, the level of integration
facilitates the process of prioritizing. There is certainly a lot of explanatory power in the concept of policy
networks and the formal analytical approach (SNA) is one way to explore its possibilities.
Keywords: inter-organizational , social capital , social network , policy network
Accepted: Yes
387 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Evelinda Santiago
evelindasantiago@yahoo.com.mx
Instituto Tecnológico de Puebla, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Avenida Tecnológico 420,
Colonia Maravillas, Puebla, Puebla 72070, México
Rubí Alicia Martínez Castro
Authors: Instituto Tecnológico de Puebla, Departamento Económico-Administrativo Avenida Tecnológico 420, Colonia
Maravillas, Puebla, Puebla 72070, México
Abdiel Sosa López
Instituto Tecnológico de Puebla, Departamento Económico-Administrativo Avenida Tecnológico 420, Colonia
Maravillas, Puebla, Puebla 72070, México
Efrén Armando Osorio Ramírez
El fortalecimiento y (re)construcción del capital social comunitario: un medio para la autonomía de las
Title:
sociedades rurales.
Una de las problemáticas que presentan las organizaciones, para lograr concretar con éxito sus acciones
colectivas, es el poco capital social existente para materializar los intereses grupales. Es decir, todas aquellas
características y valores que se fortalecen, construyen, (re)construyen, abandonan y rescatan dentro de un
grupo para crear alternativas que les permitan mantenerse unidos compartiendo logros y fracasos durante el
proceso de construcción de un proyecto común. Ostrom y Ahn (2003:1) definen como capital social “[el tejido de]
confianza y normas de reciprocidad, redes y formas de participación civil y reglas o instituciones tanto formales
como informales”. En este sentido, en mucho de los casos las acciones colectivas tienen de suyo una serie de
valores llevados por las personas que mantienen una relación comunitaria a través del tiempo; sin embargo,
debido al proceso colonizador histórico muchos de estos valores intrínsecos se han visto minados por las
Abstract: intervenciones de agentes externos quienes se han dado a la tarea de llevar hasta esas organizaciones
tradicionales programas asistencialistas o paternalistas. Al ejecutarse estos programas no logran crear el
bienestar en la colectividad, sino dividen la comunión existente porque no son proyectos diseñados con la
participación local y dentro de un desarrollo a escala humana (Max-Neef, 1998), sino son una imposición
confeccionada fuera de los intereses personales y comunales del grupo. La carencia o disminución del capital
social también se puede observar a través de la existencia de grupos dominantes dentro de las comunidades
rurales quienes hacen prevalecer sus intereses a través de sus participaciones en las asambleas comunitarias.
Este documento tiene el objetivo de hacer un análisis sobre la importancia del fortalecimiento y la creación del
capital social dentro de las acciones colectivas en las zonas rurales, haciendo hincapié en experiencias
personales en comunidades de la Costa de Oaxaca, México.
Session: Papers presented in Spanish
Accepted: Yes
388 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Marlène Sapipn
Marlene.Sapin@unil.ch
University of Lausanne, Center for Life course and Life Style studies, Marlene.Sapin@unil.ch, Lausanne,
Authors: Switzerland
Eric D. Widmer
University of Lausanne, Center for Life course and Life Style studies, Eric.Widmer@unil.ch, Lausanne,
Switzerland
Title: Young mothers facing hardship in Romania: Egocentric networks as a risk factor for child abandonment
Many women facing relational and economic hardships resort to child abandonment in Romania. In this regard,
one may hypothesize that their family contexts is a major risk factor for child abandonment or neglect, as well as
for mothers’ lack of self-worth and life projects. To deal with the complexity of those family contexts, we consider
them as egocentric networks (measured in terms of social support, conflict and influence) and applied various
measures stemming from the social capital perspective. Based on a longitudinal assessment of family networks
of 18 mothers in hardships living in Romania, matched with a sample of 18 middle class mothers, we found that
Abstract: mothers at risk of abandonment show specific family networks both in terms of composition and structural
features. Compared with family networks of middle class women, children are much less included by mothers in
their family network; they have a lower centrality; the family network is much less dense and relationships are
less reciprocal. Its composition is also more heterogeneous. The longitudinal assessment (three waves) tends to
suggest that there are much more variations in composition and structural features through time of those family
networks. We discuss those results in the light of hypotheses stemming from focus theory (Feld, 1981) and
balance theory.
egocentric networks , family , social support , qualitative network , social capital , child abandonment ,
Keywords:
economic hardship
Accepted: Yes
389 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Zuzana Sasovova
zsasovova@feweb.vu.nl
Authors: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam FEWEB/FSW Amsterdam The Netherlands
Edith Edith van der Does
Doxis Informationmanagers Den Haag The Netherlands
Title: Is a Good Neighbor Better than a Far Away Friend? The Effects of Proximity on Advice Networks
Drawing on a review of the social network literature we formulate a comprehensive model of the effects of
proximity on advice seeking. The literature converges on three broad types of proximity: (1) physical distance, (2)
relational proximity (based on frequency of communication and affective closeness), and (3) positional proximity
(based on formal status, informal status, or structural/regular equivalence). We refine advice seeking behavior by
distinguishing five components of advice networks identified by Cross, Borgatti & Parker (2001). Finally, we
postulate and test four mediating mechanisms of the relations between proximity and advice seeking based on
the four dimensions identified by Cross, Parker, Prusak, & Borgatti (2001). Theoretical predictions about the
Abstract:
relations between proximity and advice and the hypothesized mediating effects are elaborated and empirically
tested using questionnaire data distributed among 88 employees of a unit for psychiatric care. Results reveal that
relational proximity shows consistently the strongest associations with four of the five dimensions of advice. The
one exception is legitimation, which is primarily determined by positional proximity. Physical proximity shows the
weakest associations with all forms of advice seeking and when present, it is mediated by access, engagement,
and safety. Interestingly, knowing what someone else knows seems to be important only when seeking referrals.
Implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.
Keywords: access to knowledge , information seeking behaviour , intraorganizational networks
Accepted: Yes
390 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Cora Schaefer
schaefer@iism.uni-karlsruhe.de
Authors: Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe, Germany
Bettina Hoser
Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe, Germany
Title: Effect of guest-accounts as hyper nodes on centrality measures in online networks
When analyzing discussion boards as social networks, the technical aspect aspect of who is granted writing
rights defines the set of nodes. Two configurations are possible, either only registered members, i.e. users, can
post a contribution or everybody, i.e. guests and users, can contribute. On the technical side all contributions
from non-identified persons are recorded with one account number in the database. The activity of this
“bucket-like” account is therefore the sum of activities of a multitude of unknown persons. We posited that this
bucket-account will therefore turn out dominant in a centrality analysis. This hypothesis was investigated using an
Abstract: original dataset of the communication on an online discussion board during one year. Our results show that
although the bucket-account isn’t always the most central node it is certainly among the dominant nodes. The
bias in degree and eigenvector centrality is shown. Since deleting the bucket-account and all its communication
also means ignoring the major single part of the communication or community, this solution appears problematic
as well. To estimate the extent of bias posed by this kind of node one should analyze the network with and
without the specific node and compare the changes. Possible implications of these findings to communities of
social network sites which permit profiles of organizations are discussed.
Keywords: centrality , methodology , network structure , online discussion boards
Accepted: Yes
391 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Schaefer
david.schaefer@asu.edu
Arizona State University, School of Social and Family Dynamics PO Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA
John Light
Authors: Oregon Research Institute Eugene, Oregon, USA
Richard Fabes
Laura Hanish
Title: The Dynamics of Young Children’s Peer Networks
This research examines the evolution of children’s peer relations in 11 preschool classes. Focusing on children
at this developmental stage provides unique insight into the origin of social networks and their early dynamics.
Children aged 3 to 5 are only beginning to acquire social skills and moving from primarily solitary or parallel play
to dyadic and larger group interactions. Moreover, for many children, preschool is their first prolonged exposure
to non-kin peers, thereby providing the earliest opportunity to negotiate relationships with large groups of
unfamiliar peers and exercise choice in forming relationships. We use longitudinal observational data to develop
multilevel models within SIENA. Our analysis focuses on detecting structural tendencies common in the network
Abstract:
evolution of older children and adolescents, such as outdegree, reciprocity, and network closure (e.g., transitivity)
effects, as well as exploring several effects of gender. We also examine behavioral changes (in aggressiveness,
attentiveness, and cooperativeness) to help disentangle the recursive relationship between peer selection and
influence. We find consistent evidence of transitivity, gender homophily, and effects of gender on the propensity
to form and maintain ties; multilevel models confirm considerable homogeneity across classes even down to the
value of effect-specific parameters. These results demonstrate how several widespread features of social
networks become evident quite early in the life-course.
Keywords: gender , homophily , longitudinal , network dynamics , network evolution , siena , children
Accepted: Yes
392 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Eva Schiffer
e.schiffer@cgiar.org
Authors:
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Environment and Production Technology Division,
Challenge Program for Water and Food Project: "Integrating Governance and Modeling", Bolgatanga, Ghana
Influence Network Mapping: a tool for the analysis of networks and actor characteristics in multi-stakeholder
Title:
governance
Influence Network Mapping is a tool for empirical research that combines the analysis of networks with that of
actors’ characteristics, namely their goals and their power/influence. This paper presents a case study from
Ghana where the tool is used to analyze influence networks of a multi-stakeholder governance body with low
formal decision making capacity. Influence Network Mapping uses low-tech participatory visualization techniques
to collect the data, including drawing of networks and putting (wooden) actors on influence towers according to
the perceived influence that an actor has towards achieving a certain goal.
Abstract:
In our work we try to enrich the structure oriented network approach to power/influence (focusing on closeness
and betweenness of nodes) by combining it with an actor oriented assessment. The empirical data shows that
while some actors are perceived as being powerful because of their high centrality, others (e.g. external donors)
could be put on high influence towers despite of their low structural power. We show how Influence Network
Mapping can be used for organizational development and learning processes as well as for the collection and
analysis of complex actor and network data.
data collection , mixed methods , monitoring and evaluation , organizational learning , perceived social
Keywords:
networks , multi-stakeholder governance , participatory sna research , power in networks
Accepted: Yes
393 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Anja Schmelter
Authors: aschmelt@notes.upb.de
University of Paderborn, Faculty of Business Administration, Warburger Str. 100, Paderborn 33098, Germany
The impact of formal mentoring on newcomers’ social capital – A meta-matrix model of mentoring programs and
Title:
its application
Despite growing popularity of formal mentoring programs empirical research regarding their effectiveness is still
very limited. More specifically, the impact of formal mentoring on protégés’ social capital as the most proximal
outcome of formal mentoring has not been measured. Social capital is defined here as resources acquired
through social networks.
A meta-matrix model is applied to measure the effect of formal mentoring on protégés’ social capital. Three
domains, actors, positions, and resources, are mapped onto another. In this context, three primitive relations are
relevant. Obligations map positions onto resources thus showing which formal position is obligated to provide
what kind of social capital. The assignment of actors to positions constitutes the second relation. Thirdly, the
Abstract: network reveals which actors have access to each other. Formal mentoring is captured as compound words that
show which protégé is supposed to receive a certain kind of social capital from which employee. The meta-matrix
model allows a comparison of different mentoring programs across organizations. Furthermore, it is possible to
measure the effectiveness of formal mentoring by comparing planned mentoring with mentoring actually
received.
We analyze two different mentoring programs with 96 and 29 protégés, respectively. Results suggest that the
meta-matrix model appears to be useful in displaying differences in form, function, and effectiveness of the two
programs. Although formally assigned mentoring relationships do not provide social capital in any case, they are,
on average, more effective than informal relationships.
Keywords: intraorganizational networks , social capital , mentoring , meta-matrix model
Accepted: Yes
394 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ian Schmutte
Authors: ims28@cornell.edu
Cornell University Department of Economics Ithaca, NY USA
Title: Free to Move? Testing Dual Labor Market Theory Using the Realized Mobility Network
In this paper, I evaluate dual labor market theory by analyzing a
novel representation of matched employer-employee data called the
realized mobility network. The realized mobility network represents a
job as a link between a node representing the employer and a node
representing the employee. The network evolves as workers move between
employers. In its extreme version, the theory of dual labor markets
predicts that there are two sectors of the labor market between which
mobility is impossible. This is clearly not the case, since the realized
mobility network has one giant component after a short period of time.
However, a more realistic version of dual labor market theory in which
mobility between the two sectors possible but unlikely may
Abstract:
be consistent with the observed network structure. To test the theory of
labor market segmentation, I devise a method based on the principle of
maximum likelihood for partitioning the realized mobility network into
two components. The two elements of the resulting partition are taken to
correspond to the primary and secondary sectors of the theoretical
model. I then perform several auxiliary analyses to assess whether the
predicted segments have the characteristics ascribed to them in the dual
labor market theory. In particular, I ask whether wage determination is
significantly different in the two sectors, and whether the observed
limitations on mobility are driven by individual preferences or by
non-price rationing.
Keywords: bipartite networks , community structure , economic networks , job seeking , labor market segmentation
Accepted: Yes
395 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Volker Schneider
volker.schneider@uni-konstanz.de
Authors: University of Konstanz, Dept. of Politics and Management, Konstanz, Germany
Anna K. Ohm
University of Konstanz, Dept. of Politics and Management, Konstanz, Germany
Beliefs, policy discourse and communication networks in policy making:A second look on Chemicals Regulation
Title:
in Germany in the 1980s
This paper aims to re-analyze a German environmental and health policy process which resulted in the passing
of a toxic substance control law during the early 80s. This process of policy formulation was analysed by one of
the authors during the late 80s applying social network analytical methods similar to Laumann and Knoke's
Organizational State. Analysis is mainly based on network relations such as communication links and exchange
of scientific information. Whereas the previous analysis emphasized interest conflict and institution-mediated
exchange processes, the goal of this paper is to re-analyze the existing dataset from a new theoretical
perspective. The re-analysis draws on the argumentative shift in policy analysis, where cognitive factors move to
Abstract:
the forefront. Emphasis is put on perceptual variations, discourse structures, belief systems and communication.
The paper thus uses the existing data set with corresponding new concepts and visualization techniques (visone)
in order to investigate the additional explanatory power. While some of the data from the old data-set can easily
be reinterpreted from the new perspective (affiliations to beliefs and positions, communications and cooperation
linkages, etc), others, however, would have to be generated by new data gathering activities. Since this is
impractical and sometimes even impossible, the paper will at least specify the data requirements of the new
concepts, their place in the overall model and some possible forms of operationalization and measurement.
environmental networks , eu policy making , exchange networks , framing , policy network , discourse , belief
Keywords:
systems , risk regulation
Accepted: Yes
396 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jan Schröder
Jan.Schroeder@em.uni-karlsruhe.de
Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Institute for Information Systems & Management (IISM), Information Services and
Electronic Markets, Gebäude 20.20 (Rechenzentrum), Zirkel 2, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg 76131, Germany
Franke Markus
Authors: Electronic Markets, Gebäude 20.20 (Rechenzentrum), Zirkel 2, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg 76131, Germany
Marco Gaertler
Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Fakultät für Informatik ITI Wagner Postfach 6980 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
Bettina Hoser
Electronic Markets, Gebäude 20.20 (Rechenzentrum), Zirkel 2, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg 76131, Germany
Title: Introducing Social Network Analysis to Stock Markets
Financial markets and especially stock markets have a long tradition of being analysed. Different techniques from
several fields of research were used to describe the characteristics of stock markets with different foci. We
present an abstract view on such markets, explain what types of markets exist and present the different kind of
networks that can be extracted from them.
Several methods from other research areas which deal with network analysis and clustering in the field of stock
Abstract:
markets are gathered. In addition we study the applicability of methods from social network analysis in order to
gain further insights in aspects of traders' behaviour. Specific issues within the application scope that appear
both in the economic and sociological view like fraudulent activity or behaviour of traders with respect to the
efficiency in the market are summarised. Concluding, we present a selection of results obtained by analyzing a
market dataset that is derived from a prediction market for the World Championships 2006 in Germany.
Keywords: economic networks , interaction , social economy , clustering , centrality , methodology , forecasting
Accepted: Yes
397 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wiebke Schulz
w.schulz@students.uu.nl
Dept. of Sociology Utrecht University The Netherlands
Authors: Beate Volker
Henk Flap
Title: Networks, Neighbourhoods, and Health – An Analysis of individual and collective level of social capital
In the last decades there has been a growing research effort in the effects of social networks on health. In earlier
research, the effects of personal social networks (individual level) or neighbourhood networks (collective level) on
individual health outcomes have been analysed separately. We aim at contributing to the ongoing discussion by
not only examining the importance of both levels simultaneously but analysing the interaction between the levels
as well.
Firstly, we examine the effects of resources which become available through one’s personal network. Secondly,
the relation between cohesion or community in the neighbourhood and individual health will be analysed. Finally,
the interaction between personal networks and the degree of neighbourhood community in the effect on an
Abstract: individual’s health will be analysed. By doing so we aim at answering the question whether neighbourhood social
capital augments, decreases or does not at all influence the effect that the personal network has on individual
health.
Our data, the Survey of Social Networks of the Dutch (SSND) include information on 1007 individuals nested in
168 neighbourhoods. A name generator / interpreter, position generator, and a resource generator provide
information on the resources in personal networks. Moreover the data include several questions on
neighbourhood social capital, including how much people trust their neighbours, the existence of neighbourhood
associations, and the membership in voluntary organizations. The results of a multilevel analysis (level 1:
personal social network, level 2: neighbourhood networks) will be presented.
Keywords: micro/macro networks , social capital and health , neighbourhood and health
Accepted: Yes
398 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Michael Schweinberger
M.Schweinberger@rug.nl
University of Groningen
Authors: Tom A.B. Snijders
University of Oxford; University of Groningen
Christian E.G. Steglich
University of Groningen
Title: Specification and estimation of models for network-behavior coevolution
Flexible statistical models have recently been proposed for the simultaneous dynamics of networks and behavior
(referring to behavioral tendencies, attitudes, performance, etc.). These models can represent selection (where
changes in the network depend on actor attributes) as well as influence (where changes in behavior depend on
the network and the behavior of others in the network). For data collected according to a panel design, the model
parameters can be estimated and tested using the SIENA software. Researchers wishing to use these methods
must make a number of choices concerning the model specification – e.g., influence and selection can be
Abstract: represented by a number of alternative specifications – and concerning the method of statistical estimation –
according to the Method of Moments, the Maximum Likelihood Method, or Bayesian methods. Some experience
regarding model specification and estimation, based on simulated as well as real-world data, is presented.
Tentative conclusions are that the Method of Moments is usually preferable because of its computational
efficiency, unless the data set is small and the model specification is complicated; score tests are an important
tool, e.g., to test parameters which are hard to estimate; and it is advisable to consider alternative specifications
of influence and selection.
Session: N/A
actor-driven modeling , dynamics , longitudinal , simulation , social influence , social selection , statistical
Keywords:
models , siena
Accepted: Yes
399 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Thorsten Seehawer
seehawer@wim.uni-koeln.de
University of Cologne, Department of Information Systems and Information Management, Cologne, Germany
Kai Fischbach
Authors: University of Cologne, Department of Information Systems and Information Management, Cologne, Germany
Detlef Schoder
University of Cologne, Department of Information Systems and Information Management, Cologne, Germany
Peter A. Gloor
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center of Coordination Science, Cambridge, USA
Germany Incorporated – The influence of interlocking directorates and intercorporate shareholdings on business
Title:
performance
Germany’s Rhenish capitalism – the close and dense network of interlocking directorates and intercorporate
shareholdings – has been referred to as a role model for successful industrial coordination in the decades of
growth after World War II. In the nineties, after the wall came down and globalization gained momentum, German
corporations had to satisfy their increased capital needs by complying with the requirements of international
financial markets. In the course of this development, the network underwent severe changes and partly
dissolved.
This research project aims at analysing the impact of human and financial ties and dependencies among
companies on their business performance over an extended period of time. Using several structural network
Abstract:
measures for a longitudinal analysis, we examine when and why embedded "Rhenish” companies systematically
outperformed their relevant peers. The answer to this question is relevant for the current political discussion
about benefits and drawbacks of intercorporate linkages on individual companies and eventually on the society
as a whole.
The data set consists of intercorporate shareholdings among the largest 100 German corporations from 1986 to
2004 and interlocking directorates among the biggest 50 listed companies from 1996 to 2005. The network
reflects strong and weak ties according to the relative strength of formal personal relationships on the board-leve
and mutual amount of capital invested between companies.
business networks , financial & investment theory , interlocking directors , longitudinal , performance
Keywords:
measurement
Accepted: Yes
400 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Timo Septer
t.j.septer@rug.nl
University of Groningen / ICS, Sociology, Grote Rozenstraat 31, Groningen 9712 TG, Netherlands
Authors: Frans Stokman
University of Groningen / ICS, Sociology, Groningen, Netherlands
Rafael Wittek
University of Groningen / ICS, Sociology, Groningen, Netherlands
Title: Cognitive networks around goals and perceptions of means
In collective decision making about policy changes, actors have preferences for certain policies, based on the
goals they expect to reach by these policies. Actors prefer different policies because either they strive for
different goals or they have different views on effective policies to reach the goals.
Dissent about the causal relations between policies and goals results from differing causal reasonings. These
perceived causalities between policies and goals can be represented in a network, often referred to as cognitive
maps. We will use such cognitive networks in which the perceived causal relations between policies, goals and
utilities are given, from the point of view of different actors.
Abstract: From these weighted networks we can deduce the order of payoffs that actors assign to the policies they discuss
about. This makes it possible to deduce in which game-theoretical structure the actors are, namely a pure
competition problem, a social dilemma or a coordination game. Because not only the payoffs, but also the
reasoning underneath these payoffs are known, interventions can be searched that will make an agreement in
the decision more likely.
This method of eliciting these cognitive networks, deducing games from it and analyzing possible interventions, is
illustrated by data from a conflict between the Board of Supervision and the Board of Directors of a Dutch
Care-institution
Keywords: cognitive networks , policy network , game theory
Accepted: Yes
401 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Stoyan Sgourev
Authors: sgourev@essec.fr
ESSEC Business School Avenue Bernard Hirsch BP 50105 Cergy 95021 France
Title: Predicting Unpredictability: the Emergence of an Electoral Surprise
The notion of unpredictability is the centerpiece of this paper, which begins with the question of how we can
define an event as unpredictable, examines one particular event of this kind and discusses the social
mechanisms that impede predictability. The conceptual framework approaches unpredictability as a correlate of
both ambiguity and heterogeneity, borne out of complex, non-linear combinations of historical artefacts, such as
interests, networks and grievances. We suggest that surprises are governed
by a logic of unorthodox linking of otherwise trivial elements of the social milieu.
The case is that of “Ataka” – a nationalist-populist party in Bulgaria that earned 9% of the vote only weeks after
Abstract: its creation. Using data on Internet searches and a post-election survey, the analysis registers an unusually high
level of heterogeneity and non-linearity in the electoral profile of “Ataka”.
We contend that the unexpected rise to prominence was due to the spontaneous aggregation of local grievances
into collective protest themes that cut across socio-demographic lines and led to unscripted convergence of
preferences among disparate social groups. The contribution of the paper is in defining and testing criteria for
unpredictability, based on the concepts of heterogeneity and ambiguity, and in highlighting a decentralized
brokerage model, where fragmented voters are connected through social influence and imitation in a remarkably
swift, large-scale manner that is nearly impossible to foresee.
Session: Complexity
Keywords: emergent structure , unpredictability heterogeneity
402 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Neha Shah
neha.shah.2009@anderson.ucla.edu
Authors: UCLA Anderson Graduate School of Management Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481
Barbara Lawrence
UCLA Anderson Graduate School of Management Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481
Title: Expressive Network Isolates: High Performance through Trust
Ever since Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) observed that social interaction influences performance,
researchers have been interested in how intra-organizational informal workplace networks influence success.
Scholars have found that membership in such networks impacts individual satisfaction, turnover and mobility as
well as team performance. The role that social networks play in individual performance has drawn less attention.
Instrumental, or work-related, ties appear necessary for high individual performance. Yet, current research does
not indicate whether being a high performer also requires expressive, or affect-based, ties. In other words, is it
Abstract: possible for isolates in expressive networks, those with instrumental ties but not expressive ties, be high
performers? This paper argues that both isolates and members of expressive networks can perform at high
levels. Previous network research suggests that information in instrumental networks and trust in expressive
networks advantages performance. However, organizational trust scholars have identified two distinct
dimensions of trust, which rarely have been applied to the network-performance literature. The theory presented
in this paper considers why, how, and under what conditions different dimensions of trust in network ties enable
high individual performance for both isolates and members of expressive networks.
Keywords: intraorganizational networks , trust , isolate , friendship networks , informal networks
Accepted: Yes
403 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Walid Sharabati
Authors: wsharaba@gmu.edu
George Mason University, School of Computational Sciences, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
Title: Coauthorship Social Networks: Statistician Edward J. Wegman and His Elite Group
In the past two decades social networks have been used to analyze
relations and ties on the local level among individuals of the same
network and similarities between different networks on the global
level; in an attempt to obtain a better understanding on how
societies interact. One of the applications of social networks is
the author-coauthor social networks also known as the citation
networks. This branch of social networks tries to answer the
question of ``who-wrote-with-who'' and with what frequency.
Social networks can be treated as directed graphs in which actors

(individuals) are represented by vertices (nodes) while interactions
between actors are represented by edges (ties) which may have
weights. Social networks investigates important features in the
Abstract:
network such as cliques, regular and structural equivalence, MDS and
CONCOR clustering.
The objective of this paper is to study in depth and perform a

comprehensive analysis on the first and second degree coauthorship
social network of the prominent statistician Ed J. Wegman and his
elite group. We are going to look at the structure of the network
and model its behavior. There is a potential subnetwork of elite
coauthors who seem to have strong ties and publish more than any
other actors in the network. Finally, the network revealed an
exciting property encompasses the transition in positions between
different disciplines, in which coauthors are clustered according to
their relative scientific fields.
blockmodeling , centrality , citation network , clustering , co-auhorship network , degree centrality , local
Keywords:
elites , multi-level networks
Accepted: Yes
404 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Shubhra Sharma
Authors: shubhra.sharma@vanderbilt.edu
women's and gender studies program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
Empowering women or Institutionalizing Women's Agency: An Ethnography of Mahila Samakhaya Education
Title:
Program for Women in India
The central argument of this dissertation is that programs of empowerment or those that seek to foster women’s
agency infact pose problems for it in and through their institutionalization. It selects a government sponsored
education program for women in India (Mahila Samakhaya) to produce a critical ethnography of its
institutionalization and of its effects on women’s agency in Banda district of Uttar-Pradesh. Institutionalization of a
program here refers to institutionalization of education in the rural context of Banda. The process involves two
stages: recruiting local women as functionaries/ agents and creating frameworks/ institutions for education
through the assistance of such functionaries. Experiences and articulations around empowerment are therefore
relative to the levels of responsibilities vis-à-vis the program’s institutionalization at the grassroots. Infact
Abstract:
institutionalization complicated women’s experience of empowerment. Even as the process fostered women’s
individual agency in similar/ different ways, the rules of structuring/ structured interventions subverted the
formation of a women’s collective. This weakened women’s bargaining power in matters regarding the program’s
bureaucratization in 2001. Bureaucratization then subverted women’s individual agency. Dissent and
self-reflection were penalized elsewhere in districts where the program continued to function after 2001. This
ethnography then raises concerns around feminist theory and praxis. If institutionalization is inevitable under
conditions of globalization, then it is imperative to rethink and reconstruct feminist spaces for critical reflection
regarding governance, development, and women’s agency in local spaces.
Keywords: social movements
Accepted: No
405 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gene Shelley
gshelley@cdc.gov
Program Evaluation Research Branch Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, MS E59 Atlanta, 30333, USA
Tanesha Griffin
Authors: Prevention
Carlos Toledo
Prevention
Gary Uhl
Prevention
Title: Network Alliances among Agencies for HIV Prevention among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM)
A social network analysis using UCINET software was conducted in two sites (Bronx, New York, and
Washington, DC) which were funded to form service provider coalitions to address HIV in YMSM <age 24. Three
waves of data were collected, approximately 6 months apart, concerning collaboration and referral activities
among agencies (range 13-22 agencies) to determine the quantity and quality of interaction between agencies in
the coalition, services provided by the coalition and coalition member satisfaction.
Social network analysis methods were used to examine and describe the collaborating agencies appropriate for
serving YMSM of this target population. Network analyses were conducted for EACH type of agency interaction
Abstract: that could occur (clients received, clients provided, memorandum of agreement, and collaboration on HIV
prevention activities) and for EACH wave of data. For analysis, it was important to strictly define the inclusion
criteria for participating agencies as HIV service providers who considered themselves part of the coalition and
were active in coalition activities. Preliminary analyses revealed that coalitions collaborated more and shared
clients more from first to last wave of data.
In general, agencies were satisfied with the coalitions and participated together in many community
HIV-prevention activities. Despite having no continued CDC funding, these sites valued the coalition and were
planning to continue their collaboration on HIV prevention activities.
adolescence , changes in networks , collaboration , core-periphery , neighborhood community , social
Keywords:
networks , coalitions
Accepted: Yes
406 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Cuihua Shen
cuihuash@usc.edu
Authors: Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Peter Monge
Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Title: The Network Structure of the Open Source Software (OSS) Community
Open Source Software (OSS) development challenges our traditional theories of organization and human
production, and the debate about the presence of hierarchical structure in OSS communities persists. Empirical
studies show highly skewed distribution and power law relationships of project sizes, project membership, and
cluster sizes of the OSS community, but the underlying mechanisms of those power law relationships remain
under explored. This research extends knowledge on OSS by empirically examining the network structure of the
OSS community and the driving mechanism of network growth. Two research questions are addressed: 1) To
what extent is the OSS community hierarchical? 2) What attributes of the developers are associated with network
Abstract:
structure?
We extracted a developer network from the SourceForge.net data archive, in which nodes are developers and
links are defined as joint membership on the same projects. Attribute data on leadership roles, reputation, and
experience with SourceForge were also collected. We utilized PNet to make inferences about structural
parameters, actor attributes and the network structure. Preliminary results show that hierarchical organization is
not entirely absent from the OSS community. The results also suggest that homophily plays a role in that
developers tend to connect with people who are similar to them on a number of attributes.
Keywords: network structure , open source software (oss) , homophily , hierarchy
Accepted: Yes
407 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jing Shen
jing.shen@utoronto.ca
Authors:
University of Toronto, Sociology, Department of Sociology, 725 Spadina Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J4,
Canada
Title: Social Network Contacts and the Gender-Income Differential: The Selection Bias Problem in Job Searches
There are two widely circulated findings about income attainment: females tend to earn lower wages than do
males, and those who use social network contacts to secure employments are likely to earn higher wages than
do those who do not use contacts to search for jobs. This study assesses the effect of social network contacts on
the gender-income differential. In a 1999 sample of Chinese workers in Xiamen City (N=1,000), I find that 50.3%
of them used social network contacts to secure their first jobs, that females averagely earn 24% less than males,
and that contact users averagely earn 56% more wages than non-users. However, within the female group, the
income differential between contact users and non-users is due solely to the fact that non-users have lower
levels of human capital and other labor market attributes, making them earn lower wage than the female
Abstract:
counterparts who use social contacts. In the male group, contact users are not significantly different from
non-users in terms of human capital and other labor market attributes, and using contacts helps males to earn
slightly higher wages. Based on comparison of model estimates from OLS and ESR (Endogenous Switching
Regression) regressions, I conclude that there is gender-network selection bias in job searches, and that
seemingly the network effect on income attainment is largely spurious because unmeasured and measured
personal attributes influence the probability of using network contacts and the subsequent outcome
simultaneously. I discuss future research directions on network effects on the gender-income differential in light
of this gender-network selection bias in job searches.
Keywords: gender , job seeking , contact use , estimation bias , selection effects
Accepted: No
408 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Andrew Shipilov
shipilov@insead.edu
INSEAD Boulevard de Constance Fontainebleau 77300
Authors: Joel Baum
University of Toronto Ontario, Canada
Stan Li
York University Ontario, Canada
Title: The liability of strangers: performance consequences of non-local partnering
This paper examines the performance consequences of non-local partnering – formation of ties between
organizations that have neither prior direct nor indirect connections. Although non-local ties provide organizations
with potential benefits including enhanced opportunities to broker resource and information flows across
unconnected partners, they also entail risks associated with the absence of collaborative routines and limited
Abstract: information regarding non-local partners’ capabilities and cooperativeness. Our analysis of Canadian investment
banks’ underwriting syndicate ties confirms that non-local partnering is often detrimental to their performance.
However, we also find that the ability of organizations to extract performance improvement from non-local ties
depends on the character of their network positions – closed ego networks and high status enable banks to
benefit from forming new non-local ties as well as from subsequently repeating them.
Keywords: business networks , inter-organizational
Accepted: Yes
409 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mirit Shoham
miriti@umail.ucsb.edu
University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Communication 4840 Ellison Hall Santa Barbara, CA
93106, USA
Authors: Scott Reid
University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Communication 4840 Ellison Hall Santa Barbara, CA
93106, USA
Noah Friedkin
University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Sociology Ellison Hall Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Title: Structural Antecedents of Inter-Group Influence: The Horizon of Categorization
Social actors construct a sense of personal identity by integrating the “essence” of relevant groups to which they
belong (Postmes, Spears, Lee, & Novak, 2005). According to Self-Categorization Theory (Turner, 1982; Turner,
Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987), a group’s “essence” is constructed in an inter-group landscape
whereby norms and other defining features of the group are inferred through comparisons with relevant
out-groups. Moreover, prototypical members of any group delimit appropriate normative behavior (Lapinski &
Rimal, 2005) and serve to influence intra-group dynamics. Therefore, this paper attempts to operationalize the
social landscape from a sociometric perspective, by examining the structural antecedents to categorization and
the simultaneous influence within and across groups (Skvoretz & Willer, 1993). Social influence in networks is
largely explored via interpersonal mechanisms of cohesion (Friedkin, 2004; Gartrell, 1987; Johanson, 2000;
Meyer, 1994; Rice & Aydin, 1991) or structural equivalence (Burt, 1982; Johanson, 2000; Ibarra & Andrews,
Abstract: 1993; Meyer, 1994). While relational and positional structures identify key roles within cliques and clarify
intra-group influence processes, group norms and membership at large reflect inter-group distinctiveness as the
members’ identity within the group distinguishes them from out-groups. This paper seeks to understand network
influence as it permeates group boundaries and extrapolates mechanisms of interpersonal influence to the larger
social system at large. More specifically, while Self-Categorization Theory depicts social identification as a
response to inter-group comparisons, it is unclear when groups align rather than polarize. A network analytic
framework illuminates some structural antecedents to inter-group influence: Friedkin’s (1983) notion of a “horizon
of observability” suggests that influence can only spread across groups with a horizon of categorization. Namely,
it is theorized that groups will converge with out-groups (rather than diverge away from them) to the extent that
prototypical actors are visible to one another— i.e., either directly connected or connected through one or more
intermediaries.
Keywords: identity , social influence , social comparison , social identity , social norms
Accepted: Yes
410 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jayson Shurgold
Authors: jayson_shurgold@phac-aspc.gc.ca
Public Health Agency of Canada Division of Modeling and Projection Ottawa, Canada
Title: Evaluation of social network enhanced contact tracing in Shanghai
Objective:
As part of a larger project to analyse the strain specific transmission of N. gonorrhoeae in Shanghai, China, we
evaluated the feasibility of social network interviewing techniques to define the social and sexual context of
gonorrhoea transmission, thereby facilitating STI control while collecting high quality data.
Method:
Three hundred forty-eight men with positive gonorrhoea cultures attending the Shanghai STI and Skin Disease
Hospital completed a questionnaire collecting information on demography, sex practices, and previous STI
history. Proxy data was also collected on current and previous female sex partners, including perceived
demographics, type of relationship, and location. The men were then asked to distribute cards containing unique
anonymous serial numbers, inviting their partners for STI testing and treatment
Abstract:
Results:
Of the 348 men, 95 facilitated the testing and treatment of 104 women, resulting in a brought to treatment index
(BTI) of 0.30. This index is higher than the average published BTI of developed nations, calculated by Brewer
(2005) to be 0.25. Major social factors that appeared to promote partner presentation in China included: recent
date of last sex (<7 days), no exchange of goods for sex, and cohabitation with the index case.
Conclusions:
This data indicates the feasibility of partner notification and the success of future studies using social network
interviewing techniques. Also, male partners who have closer ties with their partners, evinced by recent sex,
cohabitation, and sex despite symptoms seem to have been more motivated than others to facilitate treatment of
their partners
Keywords: infectious disease , gonorrhoeae , enhanced contact tracing , shanghai, china
Accepted: Yes
411 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jelle Sijtsema
j.j.sijtsema@rug.nl
ICS / Department of Sociology University of Groningen The Netherlands
Rene Veenstra
Authors: ICS / Department of Sociology University of Groningen The Netherlands
Christina Salmivalli
Psychology department University of Turku Finland / Center for Behavioral Research Norway
Siegwart Lindenberg
ICS / Department of Sociology University of Groningen The Netherlands
Title: Do Bullies really have Status Goals? Testing the Assumption through Direct and Indirect Status Goals
Although it has been suggested that bullies have status goals, this assumption has hardly been tested
empirically. Here, we examined the status goals that bullies have, which can be distinguished into dominance
and popularity goals. Dominance was assessed directly, by asking how much importance one attaches to
dominance goals, and indirectly, in the form of aggressive behavior. We argued that bullies display mostly
proactive aggression in relationships where an imbalance in dominance is present. Concerning the popularity, we
argued that bullies strive for perceived popularity; they aim at having a higher status than the others in the group
have. We expected differences in gender and age, and to emphasize the effects we contrasted bullies with
victims. Using the p2 model (Van Duijn, Snijders, & Zijlstra, 2004) to control for the structure of the bully-victim
networks, we performed dyadic analyses among 10-11 and 14-15 year olds in 22 school classes (N boys = 251;
N girls = 277).
Abstract:
Results indicated that male bullies attached importance to dominance goals, and that bullies displayed indirect
dominance goals. Bullies were aggressive, both reactive and proactive. Extensive dyadic analyses in UCINET
showed that the latter form of aggression was mainly shown in unilateral bullying dyads, characterized by an
imbalance in dominance. Concerning popularity; only in the older age-group, bullies were perceived as popular.
In contrast, victims did not have dominance goals, were reactively aggressive, and were perceived as unpopular.
Results are discussed in the light of earlier studies and future directions in research are given.
Reference:
Van Duijn, M. A. J., Snijders, T. A. B., & Zijlstra, B. J. H. (2004). p(2): a random effects model with covariates for
directed graphs. Statistica Neerlandica, 58, 234-254.
Keywords: affiliation networks , peer networks , gender , social networks
Accepted: Yes
412 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Philip Sinclair
sinclairp@cardiff.ac.uk
Cardiff University, Cardiff Institute of Society, Health and Ethics, 53 Park Place, Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales
Authors: Jo Holliday
Laurence Moore
Title: Are measures of social and structural prestige associated with current and future smoking?
There is evidence that social norms and the behaviour of others influence adolescent smoking behaviour. One
important social influence is the role of opinion leaders and other prestigious individuals. If these individuals
smoke, they are likely to exert more negative influence on their peers’ smoking behaviour than those who are not
classed as such.
The evaluation of the ASSIST intervention involved almost 11,000 11-12 year old students in 59 schools at
baseline. The evaluation enabled the collection of self-report smoking behaviour at baseline and smoking
behaviour and social network data at three post-intervention data sweeps.
Abstract: The current study uses three waves of data collected from 1,800 young people in four control and six intervention
schools involved in ASSIST. Behavioural and social network data are used to investigate whether T1 measures
of social prestige and T2 measures of structural prestige (degree centrality, two-reach, betweenness centrality
calculated using UCINET) are associated with current and future smoking habits.
Our analyses show that measures of social and structural prestige are positively associated with current smoking
behaviour and that a number of the centrality indices calculated are associated with future smoking behaviour.
The implications of these findings for preventive interventions aimed at addressing adolescent smoking will be
discussed.
Keywords: smoking , centrality , regression , social prestige , adolescence
Accepted: Yes
413 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ramendra Singh
Authors: ramendras@iimahd.ernet.in
IIM Ahmedabad, Marketing, FPM House NO-1;IIM Ahmedabad, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, Gujrat 380015, India
Antecedents of Network Identity and its Consequences on Relationship Quality in Dyadic Business
Title:
Relationships: A Network Perspective.
This paper extends Anderson, Hakansson, and Johanson (1994) framework for studying the effect of the
embeddedness of dyadic business relationships, where the authors suggest ‘anticipated constructive effects
(ACE) ’ such as anticipated resource transferability, anticipated activity complementarity and anticipated
actor-relation generalizability as antecedents to anticipated constructive effects on network identity of business
firms.Similalrly they suggest,anticipated deleterious effects (ADE) on network identity, in which each of the three
components have the opposite effects as in the case of ACE (ART: transferability replaced by particularity;AAC:
complementarity replaced by irreconcilability and AAG: generalizability by incompatibility).
The outcome variable is relationship quality(trust,commitment and satisfaction as first order constructs),using
Abstract: Ulaga and Eggert scale.
However in our study we have re-arranged the constructive and deleterious effects on network identity items into
each of the three antecedents of network identity-resource transferability, activity complementarity and
actor-relation generalizability, based on our judgement as to which is the most suitable classification of these
three for each of the 8 items.
Empirical testing of the above model has been carried out in the context of sales/marketing (middle level)
managers working in Indian and MNC firms based out of India.some very Inetresting results have come ,which
we would share in the paper.
Keywords: egocentric networks , inter-organizational , embeddedness , business networks
Accepted: Yes
414 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

John Skvoretz
skvoretz@cas.usf.edu
Authors:
University of South Florida, College of Arts and Sciences, 4202 E Fowler Ave. CPR 107, Tampa, FL 33620-5550
USA
Title: Biased Net Models for Compositional Effects in Complete Network Data
Social networks often exhibit compositional effects. A very common effect is inbreeding or homophily, that is, the
greater than chance tendency for ties – friendship or political support – to form between actors – schoolchildren
or legislators – who share a state of some attribute – gender or party. Biased net models for such effects have
been investigated but for aggregated tie count data, that is, data given by the numbers of ties within and between
identified classes or groups of actors. As part of a revival of biased net theory, one of the earliest attempts to
formally model social networks, I present biased net models for compositional effects in complete network data.
Abstract:
In these models, biases affect the formation of ties directly rather than simply the probability that, given a tie, it is
located between particular groups or within a particular group. The models are illustrated with data mapping
political support among legislators who can be differentiated on two attributes, party and ideology. Results of the
analysis are compared to results from analyses using the same data but aggregating them to form tie count data
sets. The comparison suggests some guidelines for the interpretation of results from the complete network
models
Keywords: homophily , statistical models
Accepted: Yes
415 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ed Sleebos
E.Sleebos@fsw.vu.nl
Authors: Ed Sleebos, Ph.D. (assistant professor) Dept. of Public Administration & Organization Science Faculty of Social
Sciences VU University Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Visiting address:
Metropolitan, 3rd floor, room
Title: The Story of the Gold-digger: Career Commitment and Strategic Networking
With the current research, we contribute to what Kilduff and Tsai called ‘the lost questions’ by explaining network
formation from a more psychological perspective. Our goal is to show that individuals’ intrinsic motivation to work
toward personal advancement in their professions (i.e. career commitment), drives them to build networks for
future career opportunities. More specifically, we investigate whether individuals with high levels of career
commitment are more likely to network strategically – for example by making friends with competent others or by
Abstract: brokering structural holes – than individuals with lower levels of career commitment. Based on two independent
samples of first year Royal Netherlands Military Academy cadets and first year Royal Netherlands Navy Institute
midshipmen, we test our main hypothesis. To demonstrate the relevance of the relation between career
commitment and strategic networking, we control for individuals’ fundamental assessments about their
worthiness, competence, and capabilities; such evaluations vary from positive to negative self-appraisals (i.e.
core self-evaluations).
Keywords: inter-individual , intraorganizational networks , longitudinal , structural holes , network strategy
Accepted: Yes
416 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sandra Susan Smith

Authors: sandra_smith@berkeley.edu
UC Berkeley, Department of Sociology, 410 Barrows Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Title: What Who-You-Know Will Do for You
In the past fifteen years, there has been an explosion in the number of studies examining racial and ethnic
differences in social capital in an effort to uncover its role in racial inequality generally, the economic
marginalization of ‘the truly disadvantaged’ specifically. Not only have researchers attempted to locate the source
of blacks’ employment and earnings disadvantage in network structure and composition, they have also
undertaken fairly thorough examinations of job search and job finding strategies, paying particular attention to
whether or not personal contacts are used and what these personal contacts “buy” jobseekers in the labor
market. However, with few exceptions, relatively little attention has been paid to investigating racial and ethnic
differences in how personal job contacts assist during the matching process. This is not an insignificant oversight
since previous research indicates that job contacts’ method of assistance not only affects jobseekers’ likelihood
Abstract: of getting jobs, it affects as well the likelihood that they will keep them. To fill this important gap in the literature, I
use the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality and conduct logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression
analyses to predict racial and ethnic differences in the likelihood of receiving proactive assistance (hiring
jobseekers or talking to employers on their behalf versus informing jobseekers of vacancies) from job contacts,
controlling for the characteristics of the applicant, the job, and the job contact. I find that black personal contact
users are significantly less likely to have been assisted proactively by their job contacts. Whites are more likely to
be hired, an advantage explained away by their use of white contacts and their employment in the service sector,
where they are far more likely than blacks to be helped through hire. Latinos are significantly more likely than
blacks to have contacts who talked to employers on their behalf, but after controls, this gap remains unexplained.
I discuss these findings with regard to theories of social capital activation.
Keywords: job seeking , social capital , social network , forms of jobfinding assistance
Accepted: Yes
417 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tom A.B. Snijders

tom.snijders@nuffield.ox.ac.uk
University of Oxford, Dept. of Sociology, Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford OX1 1NF, United Kingdom
Christian Steglich
Authors:
University of Groningen, ICS / Department of Sociology, Grote Rozenstraat 31, Groningen, Groningen 9712 TG,
The Netherlands
Michael Pearson
Napier University Edinburgh Unigted Kingdom
Title: Quantifying the contributions of selection and influence processes to observed network autocorrelation
Network autocorrelation is the phenomenon that actors linked by network ties tend to be more similar to each
other, on a host of individual characteristics, than one would expect for randomly selected pairs of actors. E.g.,
friends in a school cohort tend to resemble each other on behavioural dimensions such as tobacco or alcohol
use. Among the 'mechanisms' invoked to explain this empirical regularity, the prominent ones are (a)
homophilous selection of friends based on similar behaviour, (b) assimilation of own behaviour to friends'
behaviour via social influence, (c) similarity in background characteristics. Against the background of designing
intervention studies to reduce substance use among pupils, it is desirable to identify "how much" of the similarity
Abstract:
is caused by each of these mechanisms.
In this paper, we present a model-based solution to this problem, which we illustrate by analysing a three-wave
panel data set on the joint dynamics of friendship formation and substance use among adolescents. Making use
of the SIENA software, we first assess the three effects, controlling each effect for the occurrence of the others.
Based on these results, we are able to run model-based simulation studies that allow to quantify the relative
contributions of selection, influence, and bacground variables on the observed network
autocorrelation.
Keywords: actor-driven modeling , assimilation , homophily , model-based simulation , network evolution , siena
Accepted: Yes
418 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wolfgang R. Sodeur
Authors: wolfgang.sodeur@uni-essen.de
University Duisburg-Essen, Empirical Social Research, Ostlandstr.72, Cologne D-50859, Germany
Title: The choice between different models of diffusion.
Dependent on the assumptions about the communicative properties of the
members of a population and the intensity of their relationhips among
each other, there are different models of diffusion. The paper will be
concentrated on the adequacy of such assumptions. We present an
empirical analysis of a diffusion process over time among students.
The actual data are confronted with different models.
The aim is to look for a model which makes a reasonable compromise
between the opposing requests for simplicity and good fit of the
data.
In an extremely simple case, all individual actors and all directed

pairs of actors are assumed to be equal. Now the dynamic of the
Abstract: diffusion process is exclusively dependant on the proportion of members
who are already possessing (potential distributors) versus those who are
still not possessing (potential receivers) the information.
Less restrictive assumptions do not request a total equality of

all members and all pairwise relationships. Instead, there is assumed
for instance:
(a) a partition of the total population into groups with (only) two
different transmission rates (a1) among members within groups versus
(a2) between members of different groups;
(b) a further distinction of transmission rates (b1) among members
within different groups and/or (b2) between members of different pairs
of groups.
Keywords: exchange networks , homophily , information seeking behaviour , segregation , diffusion
Accepted: Yes
419 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dong-Won Sohn
sohndw@inha.ac.kr
Authors:
Inha University, Business Administration, 253 Yonghyon-dong, Nam-Gu, College of, Business Administration,
Inha University, Incheon, Incheon, South Korea
Title: University-Industry Network Effects on Cluster Formation in Korea
Despite of the long decentralization efforts in the history of Korea, the central power of the Capital Region
including Seoul still remains strong. The current government advocates ‘the regional balance ideology’ of
developing regional innovation clusters beyond the Capital Region for driving national economic growth. But
since the cluster formation was initiated by the central government and had little to do with self-supporting motors
of each region, no local innovators have yet arisen to establish the clusters of entrepreneurial firms and their RIS
in each region.
This paper particularly examines the network effects of local universities’ collaboration with local startups of
Korea. A number of successful clusters like Silicon Valley present local universities as a local cluster leader
especially when there are no existing entrepreneurial players to promote innovative activities. But it is a question
whether Korean local universities, historically defined as education and training institutions rather than knowledge
providers, are able to take a leadership in the formation of clusters and to create knowledge spillovers in local
regions.
We conducted social network analysis (SNA) to identify the role of local universities in regional innovation
Abstract:
networks, using STEPI innovation survey data collected from 378 firms during 2005. Two regions, ‘Gumi’ and
‘Ulsan’, were selected because they have respectively cultivated their own seedbeds for industrial clusters; Gumi
has developed a cluster of IT firms and Ulsan has formed an automobile cluster centered on Hyundai Motor
company. These two regions were compared with the Capital Region, the main knowledge hub in industrial
development of the Korean history, to analyze the structures of knowledge flows in each regional innovation
networks.
It is found that local universities may serve as a seed for forming a local cluster whereas universities and private
firms’ R&D centers located in the Capital Region definitely function as important knowledge channels despite the
long distance. Findings suggest that local universities could play a role of a seed to sprout self-supporting
regional innovation system (RIS) despite the ongoing dependence on the Capital Region. The challenge for
Korea is to develop an evolutionary process that will allow the existing innovation system to retain the desirable
characteristics, while developing new clusters and promoting university-industry linkages in less developed
regions.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: entrepreneurship , clustering , embeddedness , social geography
Accepted: Yes
420 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Joan Solé
joan.sole@udg.es
University of Girona, Department of Economics, Avinguda Lluis Santalo s/n, Girona, Girona 17071,
Authors: Catalonia-Spain
Jaume Guia
University of Girona, Department of Business Organization, Avinguda Lluis Santalo s/n, Girona 17071,
Catalonia-Spain
Social Network Analysis in Complex Evolutionary Processes: A Multimethod Approach to Analysing Complex
Title:
Entrepreneurial Ventures
In the paper we present an empirical study based on qualitative information gathered in open interviews with
significant actors in a complex entrepreneurial process in which the evolution of social network structures and
ties are analyzed. Our study deals with the history of the process of setting up the venture and, therefore, is
approached from a “biographical” perspective.
Through interviews, significant actors reconstruct the history of their relationships with other actors they’ve been
in relationships within the process, and in their reconstruction, they make explicit the qualities of every relation in
every moment of the process. The qualitative approach, not only permits the gathering of accurate information fo
mapping the evolution of the structure of the network but also the analysis of the evolution of the nature of the
different ties in the network.
Therefore, the paper stresses the relevance of qualitative approaches to data gathering and analysis for later
Abstract: conducting accurate quantitative analysis and for complementing this analysis with other relevant information.
This seems to be particularly important when analyzing complex evolutionary processes like is the case of
complex entrepreneurial processes involving a great variety of actors and a long period of time.
Taking social network analysis as an analytical tool we, first, depict the dynamics of the structure and content of
an entrepreneurial network on the basis of Larson and Star conceptual model. Next, we present a case
describing the development of a complex tourist product in a peripheral and economically declined area of
Catalonia.
As a result, and after analyzing the evolution of the venture since 1993 to 2005 -by using a multimethod social
network analysis- we find that the path taken by the entrepreneurial process doesn’t follow a simple sequential
stream of phases, but a complex an erratic trajectory in which different types of actors play different roles en
each phase and through time.
Keywords: entrepreneurship , qualitative research , complexity
Accepted: Yes
421 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lijun Song
lsong@soc.duke.edu
Authors:
Duke University, Department of Sociology, Sociology Department, Box 90088, Duke University, Durham, NC
27708, USA
Title: Body Knows Whom You Know: Social Capital and Depressive Symptoms
A rich literature confirms the positive role that social capital, the resources embedded in social relationships, has
on individual economic well-being. However, there has been relatively little attention focused on social capital’s
more salubrious effects. This article examines the social capital hypothesis on one health outcome, depressive
symptoms. It uses a cross-sectional data set based on a national sample of the US population collected in 2005.
Abstract:
The data set is from the research project “Social Capital: Its Origins and Consequences”. Results show that
social capital, measured through the position generator, exerts direct negative effect on depression net of
demographic and socioeconomic variables. These findings confirm predictions of social capital theory and its
methodology in explaining health inequality.
Accepted: Yes
422 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Natxo Sorolla Vidal

natxosorolla@gmail.com
Authors:
Xarxa CRUSCAT (Institut d’Estudis Catalans) Centre Universitari de Sociolingüística i Comunicació (Universitat
de Barcelona)
Title: Si me hablas castellano, te contesto en castellano. Convergencia lingüística y redes sociales.
El catalán es una lengua minorizada en la Franja de municipios catalanohablantes de Aragón (Estado Español),
así como en todo su dominio lingüístico. Esta condición le hace convivir permanentemente en una situación de
contacto de lenguas con el castellano. Habitualmente se ha interpretado esta coyuntura a partir de la norma de
subordinación lingüística de la lengua minorizada: se han consolidado una serie de habitus por los cuales los
catalanohablantes utilizan el catalán en sus relaciones con catalanohablantes, pero utilizan al castellano en sus
relaciones con hablantes de otras lenguas.
Sin embargo, diferentes estudios manifiestan una ruptura en algunas de las áreas lingüísticas
catalanohablantes, o incluso una carencia histórica de arraigo, de esta norma de subordinación al castellano. Y
es así hasta el punto que los dos grupos lingüísticos acaban por confluir. Es decir, tanto los castellanohablantes
Abstract: se adaptan al catalán, como los catalanohablantes utilizan al castellano en sus relaciones interpersonales.
Incluso se diluye el concepto de catalanohablantes y castellanohablantes.
Esta participación en el Congreso pretende profundizar en la aproximación del análisis de redes sociales, con el
fin de realizar un acercamiento relacional a los conceptos de catalanohablante y catalanohablante. Esto es,
definir al hablante no sólo por sus usos lingüísticos, si no también controlando este uso por la condición
sociolingüística de la otra persona con la que habla. En este caso es relevante la exploración de las
posibilidades de análisis de las triadas de las redes sociales. Y a partir de estos conceptos se hace un
seguimiento de la consolidación de la norma de la convergencia lingüística al castellano, su vitalidad en grupos
de preadolescentes, y detectar los principales factores que la desestabilizan, tales como la lengua vehicular del
sistema educativo, las competencias lingüísticas, las redes sociales o las actitudes lingüísticas.
Session: Papers presented in Spanish
Keywords: acculturation , ethnic identity , ethnic minorities , cultural communities , cultural convergence
Accepted: Yes
423 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Doris Spielthenner
doris.spielthenner@fas-research.com
Authors: FAS.research, Inc. 1168 Folsom Street San Francisco, CA 94103
Harald Katzmair
FAS.research GmbH Müllnergasse 3/1, Vienna 1090, Austria
Easy-to-use matrix tool to measure the influence of agents on the dynamics of complex systems. Why social
Title:
centrality doesn’t necessarily mean somebody is important.
In research and real world applications we sometimes want to know how we can influence processes in a
complex system according to a certain objective. To influence the system, first we need to understand what the
system looks like, we need to model it. From a structural viewpoint we might find actors with a high social
centrality, however to reach the particular objective they might not be crucial. The system is more complex
because a number of variables have a viable influence. Dynamic network analysis (DNA) is good way to describe
systems that are made up by resources, tasks and social bonds, that can easily be defined and distinguished like
for instance in organisational networks. However when the system becomes more complex it becomes practically
difficult to operationalize processes as tasks, resources and social relations and their impact onto each other.
Abstract:
In this presentation we propose an alternative and easy-to-use tool to operationalize processes in a complex
system that then further define the importance of an actor. Importance as a function of the objective, determined
by the cross-impact of influencing variables onto the system. Combined with importance as a function of the
network structure, as we know it.
Our particular approach scales well to large networks and provides a powerful tool to describe and measure the
impact of each influencing variable and its affiliated actors or institutions. We experimented how the node and
line values of this more ego-centric network perception can be integrated with network measures to add value to
the understanding of a complex social system.
Session: Complexity
Keywords: centrality , dynamics on networks , meta-matrix model
Accepted: Yes
424 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wouter Steenbeek
w.steenbeek@fss.uu.nl
Dept. of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
Veronique Schutjens
Faculty of Geosciences, Section of Economic Geography, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115 3508 TC Utrecht,
Authors: The Netherlands
Beate Völker
Henk Flap
Neighbors, Networks, and Entrepreneurs: the association between entrepreneurship, social capital and individual
Title:
action on behalf of neighborhood order
In this article, we investigate the effect of entrepreneurship and personal networks on the individual actions (i.e.
social control) of neighborhood residents to maintain or restore the neighborhood’s physical and social order. An
implicit assumption in research on neighborhood order is that a neighborhood consists of similar residents who
do not differ remarkably in their behavioral incentives. We argue that this assumption is a limitation:
neighborhoods accommodate both regular residents and entrepreneurs, of which the latter may even run local
businesses. We hypothesize that these entrepreneurs have a greater behavioral incentive to intervene on behalf
Abstract: of the neighborhood’s order than regular residents, and consequently, we expect that entrepreneurs to act more
on behalf of the common good. Second, we analyze the popular idea that social capital (i.e. social network ties)
is the mediating mechanism to such actions. We expect that the effect of entrepreneurship on individual action to
maintain and restore the neighborhood’s order is mediated substantially by the actor’s social capital, measures
by their personal networks with other neighborhood members. We use the SSND1 dataset (Survey of the Social
Networks of the Dutch, n=1007), which provides unique and detailed information on personal networks, individua
action, as well as on local social and physical order in 161 Dutch neighborhoods.
Keywords: entrepreneurship , neighborhood community , neighborhood disorder , social capital
Accepted: Yes
425 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christian Stegbauer
stegbauer@soz.uni-frankfurt.de
Authors: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Sociology, Robert-Mayer-Str. 5 Frankfurt, 60054, Germany
Alexander Rausch
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Academic Computing Centre, Frankfurt, 60054, Germany
Title: The impact of the position on the recognition of social structure
In the paper a study is presented, which deals with the cognitive social structure of a student group in their first
year at Siegen University (Germany).
The idea is to ask each participant about his/her own social relations within the group (ego-ties) and about the
perceived social relations between the other participants (alteri-ties). If we adopt the hypothesis, that all action is
social, the structure of the perceived social relations will be a decisive factor for every actor. This consideration is
supported by thoughts about the transitivity of relations like in the concept of structural balance (cf. Davis and
Leinhardt). It doesn’t matter if the perceived relations are real or only imagined, even fantasized ties can be
effective.
Abstract: In our study we asked for friendship (own and supposed between fellow students) to measure positive relations.
Negative subjective relations were measured by the network-generator: who hesitates to cooperate with whom to
handle collaborative study tasks.
We find significant differences between the students in their perception of relations (who likes whom, who dislikes
whom). Our aim is to analyze the factors of these differences. Our research question is: How is the perception of
social relations influenced by the position of an individual in a network.
The considered network consists of 51 nodes. The different alteri-ties of the participants are aggregated and
evaluated. It is shown, that the population breaks up in three different cliques who are segregated by negative
relations.
Keywords: cognitive networks , friendship networks , structural balance
Accepted: Yes
426 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christian Steglich
c.e.g.steglich@rug.nl
Authors:
University of Groningen, ICS / Department of Sociology, Grote Rozenstraat 31, Groningen, Groningen 9712 TG,
The Netherlands
Title: Transitivity as a determinant of network segregation
Since the seminal work by Schelling, models of network segregation have largely focused on effects on the
dyad-level, such as homophile selection (or heterophobe de-selection) of network neighbors. In this paper, it is
shown how the empirically well-corroborated triad-level effect of transitive closure can either lead to more
integration or to more segregation, depending on the degree of homophile selection that is taking place. The
SIENA software is first used to obtain comparatively realistic models for network evolution from an empirical data
Abstract:
set. Based on these analyses, a meaningful region in the parameter space is identifed. By investigating simulated
network evolution processes in this region (also obtained with SIENA), the impact of transitive closure,
homophily, and their interaction on various indices of network segregation is studied. Because triad-level effects
seem more amenable to intervention programs than dyad-level effects, the findings could open up new
perspectives on the development of integration policy.
Session: Simulation
Keywords: homophily , transitivity , segregation , simulation study , actor-driven modeling , network evolution , siena
Accepted: Yes
427 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Don Steiny
Authors: steiny@isnae.org
ISNAE, 214 Calvin Place, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
Title: Social Networks and Social Networking
The early history of Social Network Analysis (SNA) has been well documented by Freeman and elsewhere.
Certainly the long history of INSNA and the numerous works of its participants define a meaning to the term
“social network” and “Social Network Analysis” that is well documented from past INSNA meetings. There are,
however, several other meanings of the term “social network” most prominent is a “Web site used for
collaboration,” including document sharing and interaction through e-mail and messaging. Some examples are:
LinkedIn, Friendster, MySpace, and Facebook; though there are many more. In addition there is a closely related
term: “networking” which is often called “social networking” that is sometimes used to describe the activity of
using these sites.
Abstract: Through interviews with the CEO’s and founders of a number of these companies, including LinkedIn and Spoke;
interviews with the leaders of “business networking” companies, blogs, Usenet newsgroups and more traditional
sources like books and business publication indices, this paper shows the evolution of the terms “social network,”
“networking,” and “social networking” in the sense that is widely used in the popular media and shows that the
names developed independently with little knowledge of social networks as they had been thought of in
sociology, anthropology, psychology and so on.
The paper then briefly describes the two communities based on the models of social action of Harrison White and
those of Charles Tilly .
Finally, it makes some suggestions about how the two networks can mutually benefit from bridging.
Keywords: high-technology , social networks , network theory
Accepted: Yes
428 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Michael Steketee
Steketee@mailbox.sc.edu
Authors: University of South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Sloan College, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
Christine Fountain
University of South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Sloan College, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
Title: A Social Network Approach to Globalization and World System Theory
Globalization is a controversial issue among social scientists and politicians, as well as the general public. The
term has been used to describe the growth of interconnectivity between nations, economic interdependence,
imperialism of global capitalism, and the impoverishment of the third world. One sociological theory of
globalization is world system theory (Kim and Shin 2002). World system theory (WST) examines the
inter-relationships between nations and asserts a division of labor among nations forming the world system as a
result of these relations. However, WST fails to satisfactorily account for why nations end up in particular network
positions, and ignores the endogeneity of these processes as well as the role of the existing relationships among
Abstract:
nations in the determination of network position and connectedness. This paper critically examines WST, and
empirically assesses the extent of globalization today through the social network approach. Utilizing network data
on international trade and diplomacy, among other data sources, we analyze the structure of these aspects of
international connectedness. We then fit exponential random graph models to the network data in order to
unpack the factors producing the existing network, with particular attention to the interdependence structures of
national relations. We conclude by evaluating the utility, in light of our results, of world system theory for
describing and explaining the existing global network.
Session: globalization and/or sports
Keywords: world systems , globalization , random graph
Accepted: Yes
429 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kimberlie Stephens
kimberliestephens@yahoo.com
Authors: University of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication, Los Angeles, CA USA
Cindy Shen
University of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication Los Angeles, CA USA
Coupled Landscapes in the Context of Competition: An Expansion and Exploration of the NK[C] Model to the
Title:
Community Level
This paper presents a theoretical expansion of the fitness landscape and Kauffman’s NK[C] model to application
at the community level of competitive firms. The community in this context is conceived of broadly as a network
of both the industries that are tightly linked through value chain type relations, as well as those that are loosely
Abstract: linked through system-wide competitive forces. Kauffman’s model is modified to account for the changes in firms’
fitness by altering firm level network relationships. In addition the inclusion of strength of ties is proposed in an
effort to capture both the complexity and nuance of tight and loose links within networks of firm populations.
Several propositions are presented to encourage empirical testing of the ideas articulated in this paper.
Session: Complexity
Keywords: inter-organizational networks , network landscapes
Accepted: Yes
430 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mary Still
Authors: mcs19@cornell.edu
Cornell University 151 Myron Taylor Hall Ithaca, NY 14853
Title: Elite Managerial Networks in the United States, 1985-2001
Network and organizational theory have prospered from the insights of research on board interlock, which helps
explains much of the uniformity in the actions of linked companies. This paper approaches the study of
organizations from a vantage point lower in the firm -- from the view of senior managers. It develops firm
interlocks based on the moves of top 10 managers between companies in the American Fortune 100 over 17
Abstract: years. The paper argues that the linkages forged through executive migration are crucial for understanding
decisions and actions of firms that are decided on by leaders within the firm rather than by the board. The paper
constructs networks between 226 firms through the career histories of more than 8,000 managers, and describes
which firms are most central, as well as which are largely “importers” or “exporters.” It also considers the network
as a dynamic system with important changes over time.
Keywords: organizations , business networks , local elites
Accepted: Yes
431 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Robert Stocker
Authors: r.stocker@adfa.edu.au
UNSW@ADFA, IT & EE, PO Box 7201, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia
Title: Different states, choice, structure and aggregation in simulated social networks
The fabric of society lies in the networks of connections and patterns of communication that occur between its
members. Information, ideas, attitudes, values and norms are passed across this fabric and members can form
aggregates or allegiances that centre on common interests, goals, attitudes and the like. Simple multi-agent
models of social networks have provided useful insights into the emergence of global network behaviour where
Abstract: agents have limited or binary choices of state. What impact does a greater number of choices of state have on
the emergence of aggregates or clusters of agents? This study examines the global behaviour of static
populations of interacting computational agents, connected in fixed networks structures that are faced with
multiple choices of state. Results indicate that aggregation around a few states appears to be a universal
property, independent of network structure.
Session: Simulation
Keywords: model-based simulation , social networks , network structure , simulation study , clustering
Accepted: Yes
432 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mark Stoddart
mcjs@interchange.ubc.ca
Authors: University of British Columbia, Sociology, Site 8, Comp. 50, RR#1, Winalw, British Columbia V0G 2J0, Canada
David B. Tindall
Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
“We’ve also Become Quite Good Friends”: Environmentalists, Social Networks and Social Comparison in British
Title:
Columbia.
Quantitative network analysis has been used to describe how social networks influence the recruitment and
mobilization of individuals into social movement participation. While qualitative approaches to network analysis
have been used to look at issues like socio-economic mobility and migration, they have not often been used to
explore the relationships between social movements and social networks. In this paper, we draw on qualitative
interview data with 34 ‘core members’ of the environmental movement in British Columbia, Canada, as well as 62
‘rank and file’ members. First, we look at how participants become involved in environmental movement
Abstract: organizations through network connections to friends and acquaintances. Second, we discuss the formation of
strong network ties within environmental groups, which link work, friendship and leisure. These network ties are
an important aspect of activism for movement participants. They provide conduits for information exchange and
amplify the political power of individual participants. Third, we discuss network ties between environmentalists
and the provincial government, forestry companies, forestry workers, and First Nations. Finally, we look at the
social comparisons made by activists with a perceived “general public” that is defined as apathetic and apolitical,
though amendable to environmentalist “awareness raising.”
Keywords: environmental networks , social movements , social comparison , qualitative network , forestry , canada
Accepted: Yes
433 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Dietlind Stolle
dietlind.stolle@mcgill.ca
Authors: Department of Political Science McGill University Montreal, Canada
Elisabeth Gidengil
Department of Political Science McGill University Montreal, Canada
Title: Social Networks and Immigrant Women’s Political Incorporation
Immigrants face enormous challenges in adapting to a new environment. This is particularly true of female
immigrants. Even immigrant women who have lived in their new setting for many years are typically less involved
in politics and less knowledgeable about government programs and services than their native-born counterparts.
Clearly, though, some immigrant women surmount the challenges more successfully than others. This paper
examines the role played by social networks in explaining variations among immigrant women in both political
engagement and practical knowledge of public services and programs. We look at women living in Canada’s two
largest metropolitan areas, using data from both focus groups and a 27-minute telephone interview. Political
Abstract:
engagement includes participation in conventional (e.g. voting) and unconventional (e.g. signing petitions)
political activities, as well as various forms of political consumerism (e.g. boycotting products for ethical or
political reasons) and knowledge of Canadian politics. In terms of practical knowledge, we focus on three key
areas: health, housing and legal issues. While research on immigrant incorporation typically emphasizes strong
ties within the immigrant’s own ethno-cultural community, we pay equal attention to the impact of weak ties. We
argue that what matters most, though, is not whether ties are strong or weak, but whether immigrant women’s
social networks connect them to other people with specific skills and/or relevant expertise (‘resource ties’).
Keywords: political participation , political knowledge , immigrants
Accepted: Yes
434 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kyle Storjohann
kyle.storjohann@usma.edu
Authors: USMA, West Point, New York, USA
John Graham, PhD
USMA, West Point, New York, USA
Title: Sphere of Influence in Friendship Networks
The aim of this study is to learn more about spheres of influence in an effort to extrapolate that knowledge to
real-life application. By learning the knowledge base of nodes surrounding a key player, one can know with
confidence the reliability of information acquired through that node. As one travels two, three, and four geodesics
away from a individual, how much influence is lost, and when does one reach a point where knowledge acquired
from a node n geodesics away is not reliable?
Twenty-nine senior undergraduates at USMA, West Point participated in this study. These twenty-nine seniors
have been in the same company, establishing this informal network living in close proximity and identifying with
this company. Each participant filled out a survey of questions which allowed us to establish informal networks on
friendship (most valuable relationships) and trust (bring the most well-being to the company, who you go to do
get a task complete, etc). Twenty-four of these seniors were then ask to predict the answers of the remaining five
seniors. Having the actually answers of these five seniors, we also now had twenty-four data points which we
Abstract:
could test for accuracy against the real answers given by that person. Accuracy, as defined by Krackhardt, is the
“degree of similarity between an individual’s perception of the structure of informal relationships in a given social
context and the actual structure of those relationships” (Krackhardt 1999).
We expect to find that there is a correlation to accuracy of answers predicted with position in the network as it
relates to each one of those five individuals. By looking at the predictions of the individuals who are one geodesic
away, and then two, three, and four geodesics away, we can look not only for a trend in the drop in accuracy but
also if there is consistency among those in the different geodesics. “The accuracy of perceptions of social
interaction has been shown to vary depending on the perceiver’s personal involvement in a given social
relationship, with accuracy improving the closer the perceiver is to the observed relationship” (Bondonio, 1998).
As one move farther from a node, knowledge (in this case knowledge of friendships) becomes less and less
accurate, therefore less and less reliable.
Keywords: friendship networks , experiment , sphere of influence
Accepted: Yes
435 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jill Suitor
jsuitor@purdue.edu
Purdue University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Sociology and Anthropology, Stone Hall, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
Shirley Keeton
Authors: Department of Social Sciences 1401 S. U.S. 421 Westville, IN. 46391 USA
Rebecca Powers
East Carolina University Dept. of Sociology Greenville, NC 27858-4353 USA
Mari Plikuhn
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Sociology and Anthropology, Stone Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, USA
Title: Status Transitions, Educational Similarity, and Network Structure in Adulthood:
Status Transitions, Educational Similarity, and Network Structure in Adulthood:A 25-Year Study of Nontraditional
Women Students
In this paper, we use ego-centric data collection on the networks of 30 women who entered a university for the
first time in the early 1980s while married and raising small children. Analyses of data collected in the early 1980s
and 1990s revealed that educational homophily played an important role in which associates remained active
members of the women’s networks across the decade following the return to school, particularly regarding
support for school and work (Suitor, 1987a, 1987b; Suitor and Keeton, 1997; Suitor, Pillemer, and Keeton, 1995).
Abstract: Preliminary analysis of data collected in 2004-2006 suggest that educational homophily continued to play a role
in the structure of networks of women who were still in the labor force at T4, especially those who had completed
their degrees in the 1980s. In particular, women who were in the labor force disproportionately maintained
relationships with college-educated associates named in previous waves, and tended to add new associates who
were also well-educated. However, similarity of educational attainment appeared to have become less salient for
women who had entered retirement in recent years, in terms of both the maintenance of old relationships and the
development of new relationships. This pattern of findings is consistent with other panel studies of support
networks showing that the salience of particular dimensions of homophily varies in response to status transitions
individuals experience across the life course.
homophily , friendship networks , personal networks , social networks , social support , changes in networks ,
Keywords:
networks across time , status transitions
Accepted: Yes
436 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Zoltan Szanto
zoltan.szanto@uni-corvinus.hu
U. Corvinus of Budapest, Sociology Dept., Fovam Ter 8, Budapest H-1093, Hungary
Authors: Laszlo Letenyei
Gergo Papp
Title: Erasmus Networks
Erasmus program is a European initiative to approve exchange of knowledge among European universities by
supporting mobility of students and/or professionals. Our research focuses on the following questions:
- central or prestigious members of the network;
- correlation between two rank of 'prestige' (based on relational and analytical data)
Abstract:
- definition of subgroups as for example regional or professional ones, snob groups of elit universities etc.,
- looking for ‘typical’ microstructures as patron-client relations, triads etc.
Our static analysis is based on student mobility of year 2003; in the following step we would like to make a
dynamic analysis of the Erasmus network from the beginning until the present.
Keywords: ersmus , structure of collaboration , subgroup identification
Accepted: Yes
437 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Volker G. Taeube
taro@pt.lu
Authors: European Commission, EUROSTAT, Allée des poiriers 17, Luxembourg L 2360, Luxembourg
Wolfgang Sodeur
University of Essen-Duisburg Department for Empirical Social Research Universitaetsstr. Essen, Germany
Title: On the consequences of grouping actors for the description of information flow
The identification of cohesive subgroups has always been an important concept in the study of individuals and
organizations. Although the topic of theoretical properties of subgroups as well as the methods for identification
have been continuously addressed in the field of Social Network Analysis, the issue of the associated
consequences for the phenomenon to be studied (e.g. the process of information diffusion) is rarely broached.
This fact is not very astonishing since the necessary data on processes which would allow for an examination on
such consequences are rather rare.
The data being used in the context of the analysis at hand however provide such an opportunity and allow (at
Abstract:
least partially) the confrontation of a chosen grouping and the actual process. Such testing is as well crucial for
the justification of choosing a certain grouping as it is for the identification of criteria used for describing the
course of the process of information flow within social structures. Under certain circumstances large parts of the
information process are already explained by referring to a given grouping procedure.
The results of the examination presented rely on empirical evidence gained from inspecting data on the
development of relational structures amongst freshmen at a faculty of a German University (Project Group
"Freshmen": Echternhagen, Hummell, Krempel, and Sodeur; 1982).
Keywords: diffusion , methodology , subgroup identification
Accepted: Yes
438 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Karoly Takacs
k.takacs@rug.nl
University of Groningen / ICS, Dept. of Sociology, Grote Rozenstraat 31, Groningen 9712 TG, The Netherlands
Authors: Andreas Flache
Michael Mäs
Title: Network Games of Social Influence
Network models of social influence are dominated by the view that if the network is connected, consensus is the
equilibrium outcome. Social influence in these models is considered as an inevitable, automatic process in which
individuals do not have a foresight of their own and of others’ influence. This assumption is debatable not only for
the modeling of collective decision making, but also for models of group discussion with persuasive arguments.
This paper introduces a new family of models that take into account both the strategic interdependence
underlying social influence processes and endogenous network formation. We model social influence based on
two simple motivational concerns. Individuals have a preferred opinion position and they like to be on the same
Abstract: platform with connected others. Our models predict that stable diversity arises under a variety of conditions. We
show in particular that even opinions that are unpopular in the group may be enforced. This paradox is most
likely to occur in dense and cohesive networks. If we add as third behavioral concern the assumption that
individuals dislike to disagree with their friends, we find that this is sufficient to show how networks could break
apart into cliques with different opinions. The new models provide insights for a variety of applications, including
network diffusion, collective decision making, and problems of cohesion and integration. For example, results can
explain how working groups become segregated along initial opinion differences, but also how they can become
polarized and segregated despite common interests.
coordination , dynamics on networks , game theory , homophily , informal norms , segregation , social
Keywords:
influence
Accepted: Yes
439 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Hideaki Takeda
Authors: takeda@nii.ac.jp
National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan
Title: Social network analysis on overlapping multiple mailing-lists in a company
Organization of recent companies becomes flexible so that short-term project teams are quickly organized and
dissolved within them. The social network of employees tends to be multilayered because employees are often
members of multiple teams.
In such organizations, mailing-lists are useful communication tools within teams because they can be quickly
generated wherever members are working.
We analyzed multiple mailing-lists in a company to explicate how communication within and cross teams
Abstract: occurred and related to each other.
We obtained some observations as a result of the analysis. Central members in the social network in a
mailing-list often become central in the social network joined with different mailing lists. Betweenness is more
stable than closeness between two social networks.
Variation of betweenness reflects closeness in business among projects.
Members with high betweenness in the joined social network are often managers in the company. It seems to be
the evidence that the management works well.
Keywords: business networks , collaboration , inter-organizational networks , multiplexity , network structure
Accepted: Yes
440 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ilan Talmud
talmud@soc.haifa.ac.il
Authors:
University of Haifa, Sociology, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
31905, Israel
Title: The Effect of Industry Social Capital on Employee’s Rent Capacity
To what extent employer’s social capital trickles down to employees’ social capital? This paper links four sources
of social inequality: inter-organizational social capital, political social capital, labor market inequality, and gender
inequality.
The theoretical framework integrates under a single analytical umbrella (the sociology of rent) four structural
theories, each relating to a distinguished social arena: (1) network models of social capital (2) resource
mobilization theory, (3) the segmented economy approach,; (4) the patriarchy perspective.
Data are taken from the Israeli Input-Output tables, Israeli Micro Census, and the Industry and Craft Survey.
Relational patterns were analyzed using network models of social structure, while the multi-level models of
earnings were estimated by Hierarchical Linear Models (HLM).
Abstract:
It was found that industry social capital (mainly contact efficiency and network asymmetry) increases industry
ability for exploitative rent appropriation, also raising male wages. Additionally, political ties significantly increase
male wages. Moreover, , a male wage increases to the extent the industry in which he works is central, both
geographically and technologically.
A very important finding is that women do not benefit from industry’s social capital. The rent production
mechanism, therefore, systematically benefits men and not women. While absorbing exploitative rent from trade
partners, employers and male employees have symbiotic inter-dependence. Finally, this paper discusses the
theoretical implications of the findings for the sociology of rent, and as a general anchor in economic sociology,
bridging theories of social capital, welfare regimes, and stratification research.
business networks , corporate social capital , inequality , inter-organizational , political networks , social
Keywords:
economy , supply chain , trade
Accepted: Yes
441 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ervin Tamás
Authors: godvin@gmail.com
Babes-Bolyai University, Sociology, Cluj Napoca, Romania
Title: Network Dynamic Model of Social Organizations: a Possible Schedule Based on a Fieldwork Study
My fieldwork study is trying to find an answer for the question of how significant are the personal ties in the
nature, formation and operation of organizations. The analysis was conducted among the organizers of the camp
"Tusványos" with the help of the social network analysis.
The results were modeled and universalized with the help of Járai Szabó Ferenc physicist, PhD student.
1. The first step was the creation of a generated network.
Abstract:
2. Ties are ordered to the nodes with high strength.
3. The internal ties are analyzed in each time scale and are broken away by p low probability.
4. New ties are created instead of the broken ones, whose one end would be the end point of the old tie's with
less ties, while the other end were re-generated on the basis of the well-known " BA preferred rule".
5. In each time scale, a fully random, new tie is taken in the system with a certain q low probability.
6. The time development of the network can be analyzed by repeating the 3-5 points of the model.
Keywords: network dynamics , group development , organizations
Accepted: Yes
442 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kelsey Tardieu
x73404@usma.edu
United States Military Academy Behavioral Science and Leadership West Point United States
Authors: Jennifer MacGibbon
John Graham, PhD
Title: IkeNet: Behavior Change due to Awareness of One’s Location in a Social Network
This is the first study in a five year strategic social network study that monitors all activity and transactions in a
group of twenty-five mid level management participants. The goal of this first study is to empirically evaluate
behavior change due to the awareness of one’s position in a social network and the difference between email
networks and one’s own perceived social network. This study hopes to expand on previous research of actual
and perceived networks (Krackhardt, 1990). Thus far, by monitoring anonymized email interaction, highly
sensitive data sets were collected and used for network analysis. Initial surveys of the participants provided data
Abstract:
for the perceived social network. It is hypothesized that participants who have few connections to other people in
the group are expected to change their behavior in order to make more connections, while those that have many
connections will not alter their behavior. Additionally, this study anticipates that email data network will strongly
resemble the actual network. Based on our primary finds, data thus far indicates that several participants play
formal roles within the network. We expect to find those same individuals playing vital positions in the email
network, as well as behavior shifts in the participants as social awareness increases.
changes in networks , e-mail database , network surveys , networks across time , perceived social networks ,
Keywords:
social influence , network evolution
Accepted: Yes
443 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Róbert Tardos
tardosr@ppk.elte.hu
Authors:
Research Group for Communication Studies of the Hungarian Acaademy of Sciences at Eotvos Lorand
University, Budapest, Hungary
Title: Social capital and age - a tentative framework and a survey of findings
While socio-demographic factors like gender or ethnicity attract growing attention with regard to social capital, the
role of age has remained less examined. The paper wishes to contribute to fill this gap by an outline of problems
to be studied and a survey of findings (among them some longitudinal ones) from Hungarian research experience
and comparative sources like ISSP.
Focusing on whether a linear or some non-linear (like an inverse U-shaped) model can best describe the
age-specific relationship on the individual level, the picture will be differentiated by the influence of various kinds
Abstract: of network resources (as measured by different techniques). On the macro-level, furthermore, the role of cultural
variations (like the degree of paternalism) is involved alongside with systemic traits such as processes of
transformation differently affecting various age-groups in a group of countries like Hungary.
Treating social network resources with regard to age as a whole, the question will be raised about the presence
(or absence) of capital-like features in a stricter sense, suggesting some longer-term aspects of social investmen
on the one hand, and generational perspectives on the other. Implications of life-cycle patterns and problems of
disentangling age, cohort and period effects will both be touched in outlining these frames
Keywords: social capital , social network , social identity , homophily , micro/macro networks , age/generation
Accepted: Yes
444 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Indrek Tart
Authors: itart@tlu.ee
Tallinn University, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Narva Rd. 25, Tallinn, Harjumaa 101200, Estonia
Title: Treating European Ethno-Linguistic Communities and Basic Human Values as Two-Mode Networks
One of the most important counterparts in the growing integration of Europe is the intensive flow or deep change
of status of people in geographical regions. Immigrant populations carry with them the human value preferences
that took shape in quite different living environments than those of their current host country. In general
European countries acquire more and more layers in their national value structures. If values can be treated as
quite stable after the process of socialization then we are facing a need to find mechanisms of how they will
function in changing human environments.
The value groupings from case clustering could be taken as markers (like in genetics) to describe the diversity of
Abstract:
societies. How many Swedish-like personal value structures may be found in Estonia and vice versa? How
widespread are the (culturally/nationally coloured) specific value constellations? Do individual human value
spectra answer the question whether those are at all culturally grounded or just show adaptability of the individua
in its place of living?
In the paper Shalom Schwartz´ Portrait Value Questionnaire 21-item data from the European Social Surveys
from 2002 and 2004 of 58 cultural communities are treated like 2-mode social networks. Analysis possibilities
proposed by the UCINET software will be used.
affiliation networks , ucinet , blockmodeling , ethnic identity , basic human values , cultural communities ,
Keywords:
2-mode
Accepted: Yes
445 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Adam Tatarynowicz
Authors: adam@tatarynowicz.com
University of St. Gallen, Weissdornstr. 1a, Duesseldorf 40474, Germany
Title: Network Evolution and Firms’ Performance: Exploring the Effects of Dynamic Multilevel Embeddedness
In this paper, I develop an evolutionary perspective on social network effects to analyze the changing impact of a
network of strategic partnerships on the performance of embedded firms. Networks that emerge from cumulated
firm interactions are highly complex and dynamic. Structurally, they have been shown to combine features of
strong local clustering and low global separation indicative of a widespread social architecture of small worlds.
Diverging from recent research that looked selectively at either global or local properties of these networks, I
offer a multilevel approach, decomposing small worlds into sets of ties that run densely within clusters of firms or
bridge sparsely between firm clusters. I model the evolution of this framework over time and identify key
Abstract: evolutionary stages across the network topology as the entire system emerges, matures and grows old and the
individual ties forming it emerge, mature, and grow old. I expect these processes to moderate vastly the impact
of network structure on firms’ innovation outcomes measured by patents. Specifically, I predict a shift in the
innovative potential of the global network over time, creating conditions which lead me to hypothesize a growing
role of bridges and a decreasing role of local ties in successful technology patenting. Alliance age, considered to
be an essential component of network dynamics at tie level, matters as well, mediating negatively local and
positively bridging tie effects. I test these ideas on a network of strategic partnerships in the global computer
industry traced over 11 years from 1989-1999.
innovation , partnership , high-technology , network evolution , structure of collaboration , intraorganizational
Keywords:
networks , access to knowledge , multi-level networks
Accepted: Yes
446 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Scott Thomas
slthomas@uga.edu
University of Georgia Institute of Higher Education 114 Meigs Hall Athens, GA 30602, USA
Authors: Sheila Slaughter
University of Georgia, Institute of Higher Education Meigs Hall Athens, GA 30602, USA
Maryann Feldman
University of Georgia Institute of Higher Education Meigs Hall Athens, GA 30602, USA
Conflicts of Interest in the Biomedical Sciences: an analysis of interlocks between American research universities
Title:
and the private sector
This paper examines potential network influences on patent and licensing behaviors of the 62 members of the
Association of American Universities, an elite group of North America’s most productive research universities.
Focusing on biomedical science areas at these institutions, we analyze board interlocks between the universities
and corporations having commercial interests in biomedical research conducted at laboratories on these
campuses. Our analysis focuses on a 10-year window between 1995 and 2005. We derive the linkages at two
distinct levels: university trustees and subunits of the university that represent high-opportunity biomedical
research nodes. High-opportunity nodes at each university are defined by their prolific patenting and licensing
Abstract:
activity. These may be formally established laboratories or centers, informal faculty teams, or individual faculty
members. Supervision of such high-opportunity nodes often consists of separate boards of advisors or trustees
that too may exhibit linkages to firms having financial interest in the policies and productivity of these subunits.
We hypothesize that as such linkages become denser over time, the distinct patent and licensing profiles of the
university and the outside firms will become more similar. We argue that the potential for situations that might be
understood as conflict of interest in the biomedical sciences is much greater to the degree that such a correlation
exists.
Keywords: entrepreneurship , intellectual property , interlocking directors , knowledge transfer , scientists
Accepted: Yes
447 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Tindall
tindall@interchange.ubc.ca
University of British Columbia, Department of Sociology, 6303 N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1,
Canada
Mario Diani
Authors: University of Trento Faculty of Sociology Trento Italy
Jeffrey Cormier
King's College, University of Western Ontario Department of Sociology London, Ontario Canada
Todd Malinick
University of British Columbia Department of Sociology Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Title: Network Centrality and Social Movement Framing.
This paper examines the potential linkages between two perspectives in the social movements literature: framing
(Snow et al. 1986, Snow and Benford 1988, Gamson 1992) and social networks (Diani and McAdam 2003).
These are two prominent perspectives in the social movements literature (della Porta and Diani 1999).
Somewhat surprisingly, however, there has been practically no systematic theoretical or empirical work linking
these two perspectives (two limited exceptions are Klandermans 1992, Carroll and Ratner 1996). Framing refers
to the process of linking individual and SMO (social movement organization) interpretations, such that some set
of individual interests, values and beliefs and SMO activities, goals and ideologies are congruent and
complementary" (Snow et al.1986: 464). Network analysis examines patterns of relationships amongst actors,
and the consequences of these relationships for other phenomena (e.g. communication, exchange, attitude
Abstract: formation).
This paper uses data from a communication network of environmentalists in British Columbia, and connects their
structural location to the frequency by which they are cited in newsprint media with regard to particular frames
(about forest conservation, environmental protest, and related issues). More specifically, we examine the
association between six distinct measures of network centrality, and the presence of abstract social movement
frames. Bivariate correlations between the six centrality measures and the framing measure range from r = .94 to
r = .58, and all correlations have probability values of p. < .001. These correlations remain substantial and
significant after controls are added in multivariate analyses. We discuss theoretical implications of this research,
as well as practical implications for environmentalists.
Keywords: social movements , framing
Accepted: Yes
448 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Emanuela Todeva
Authors:
e.todeva@surrey.ac.uk
Complementarity and synergies between the structural, the relational and the cultural approaches to network
Title:
analysis
There are several distinctive analytical approaches to studying business networks and collaborations. Most
prominent amongst these are the structural/positional approach, the relational approach, and the cultural
approach (Fig. 1.). In addition, the analysis of business networks is focused at three complementary levels – the
level of actors, the level of relationships, and the level of the entire network configuration, or network structure.
Actors’ behaviour is interpreted in the context of multiple motivation theories that explain the economic behaviour
of firms and the organisational behaviour of managers – in the context of a wide range of environmental factors.
Network relationships are introduced in the context of actors’ strategic decisions and choices and the evolution of
Abstract: bilateral and multilateral interactions. Network structure is introduced from the perspective of organisation theory,
social network analysis, and strategic management – with focus on types of structural configurations and
organising principles that emerge at the level of multi-lateral business relationships. These complex settings are
presented in Fig. 1. as the Network Diamond and outline the main thrust of the book on Business Networks:
Strategy and Structure (Todeva, 2006). Lowe (2001) has labelled such integration efforts as ‘paradigm crossing’
– or the recognition and engagement with multiple paradigms, employing cognitive flexibility to accept the
coexistence of multiple truths, and building scientific expectations of the mutual benefits arising from the
synthesis of apparent conceptual and empirical opposites.
Keywords: business networks , network theory , relational approach , cultural approach , structural approach
Accepted: Yes
449 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Despina Tomadaki
Authors: dtomad@chemeng.ntua.gr
National Technical University of Athens School of Chemical Engineering Athens Greece
Title: Knowledge flows in an R&D network
This paper is a contribution to the limited number of studies that examine the formation of research collaborations
among firms, academic institutions and research centres under a network theory perspective in an attempt to
evaluate the effect of networking policies at a national level and to map and understand knowledge flows.
In this paper we study the network that has been formed among firms, academic institutions in Greece by their
joint participation in collaborative R&D projects that have taken place during the period from 1995 to 2001.
We employ social network analysis and graph theory to describe the topology, structural properties and evolution
of this network.
Our results indicate that the network that has been formed among academic institutions, research centres and
firms in Greece appears to be built around a few highly connected central actors, which are the leading and most
innovative Greek firms and the most well reputed academic institutions and research centres, and which
constitute the core of the network. The periphery is composed of a large number of firms, with a very low
Abstract:
participation in collaborative projects. This result comes in conjunction with a former study of the network that has
been formed by the research projects of the 3rd and 4th Framework Programmes, and which exhibits similar
characteristics (Breschi & Cusmano, 2004). The presence of these focal actors gives to the network the property
of being a small world, with high clustering and short average distance, which implies that the network could be
an efficient mechanism for knowledge diffusion. As far as the stability of the ties is concerned, our results indicate
that there is a path dependency in the formation of new collaborative activities, since when a firm gets into a new
collaboration, it typically collaborates with a former research partner, thus creating stable and lasting
relationships. Another interesting conclusion is that national R&D policy for bringing closer together firms and
research institutions has acted as a catalyst for the creation of stable ties, since if a collaboration between a firm
and a research partner is repeated, typically it is first nationally-funded and then it is repeated either under EU
and/or private funding schemes.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: affiliation networks , brokerage , innovation , public-private partnerships
Accepted: Yes
450 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Geoffrey Tootell
Authors: gtootell@juno.com
San Jose State University, Department of Sociology, 1253 Redondo Drive, San Jose, CA 95125, USA
Title: An Alternative Foundation for Status Characteristics, Social Influence, and Affect Control Theories
In proposing a way to relate status characteristics theory (SCT), social influence theory, and affect control theory
(ACT), Friedkin and Johnsen (2003) placed both SCT and ACT into network contexts. This is as large a
contribution as their examination of some of the theoretical interrelations. Recently these authors showed how
SCT's independent variables can be recast as real variables (Kalkhoff et al. 2006), promoting increases in
potential power and precision. SCT involves members comparing their differentiated status characteristics with
those of members to whom they relate, to infer relative task competence and social position. Network effects in
status processes were exposed by De Kelaita et al. (1997). SIT provides a very clear, effective way to account
for network structure.
Abstract: We recast some of these relations in statistical perspectives: We use a Taylor series to evaluate the community
among variables, considering that the anti-derivative of the cosine is the sine plus a remainder. The fineness of a
result depends on using equations including terms with higher powers. In SCT, these appear in some expectation
states expressions. Relative absence of these may explain cases where results are less compelling, with greater
member independence, or less group efficiency. ACT is explored as responses to deviations, measured as risks,
considered re norms, social control, acceptance, games.
On a wider level, this approach generates a much closer relation between theory and research, especially for
formal theories and meticulous methods. This can lead to more credible tests, something missing in most social
science, which rejected Quetelet long ago.
Keywords: social influence , social network , statistical models
Accepted: Yes
451 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Vanina Torlò
Authors: vtorlo@luiss.it
University of Bologna, Department of Management, via capo di Lucca, 34, Bologna 40126, Italia
Title: Selection, influence and the dynamics of organizational affiliation
In this paper I specify dynamic models for the joint representation of network selection and influence processes.
This concept refers to the existence of a mutual dependence between social relations and individual behavior, in
the sense that changes in one induce and constitute changes in the other. The paper proposes a longitudinal
study examining the nature of this two-sided flow of influence between social networks and individual behavior in
the context of organizational affiliation decisions. Network structure and organizational affiliation are studied as
mutually dependent in a longitudinal framework where they simultaneously constitute a single dynamic process.
The sample consists of 75 full-time M.B.A students who are trying to decide with which companies to interview in
order to participate in the MBA placement process.
Abstract:
All data was collected at three points in time across the overall period of the MBA program. The data collected
was: attributive variables (such as gender, age etc), network variables and behavioral variables (organizational
affiliation decisions). The MBA organizing committee offered attributive variables, while I collected information on
both network and behavioral variables through questionnaires administered personally to each student. Building
on prior research on intra-organizational networks I selected four relational contents: communication, friendship,
advice and esteem. Organizational affiliation decisions are operationalized as those organizations students tried
to interview during the MBA program. The dynamic model was analyzed using appropriate software called SIENA
(Simulation, Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis).
Keywords: affiliation networks , coevolution , network dynamics , social influence , social selection
Accepted: Yes
452 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Peter Totterdell
p.totterdell@sheffield.ac.uk
Authors: Institute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
David Holman
Institute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
Title: Exploring individual differences in people’s propensity to connect with others in work and non-work environments
People differ in their desire and ability to forge ties with people they do not know - differences that may have
consequences for the structure of their networks and for their well-being and behaviour. In this research, we
developed a questionnaire measure of an individual’s propensity to connect with other people that had
sub-scales for making friends (strong ties), making acquaintances (weak ties), and bringing people together
(bridging ties). We examined how this measure related to individuals’ personality traits, social network
characteristics (including size, betweeness centrality, and brokerage - in friendship and advice networks) and
indicators of their personal adjustment such as social support, academic attainment, well-being, organizational
decision-making influence, and suggestion-making. The relationships were examined using survey data collected
Abstract:
from a sample of university students (N=144) and a sample of employees from a healthcare organization
(N=197). Correlation and regression analyses showed that connection propensity was a significant predictor of
social network parameters and personal adjustment indicators, and had explanatory power beyond that provided
by personality traits. The sub-scales displayed distinctive relationships with work network characteristics, and it
was found that senior employees were more inclined to form weak and bridging ties, which are the kinds of tie
that have been associated with acquiring influence. More generally, connection propensity was found to be a
measurable individual difference that could help account for an individual’s position within a work or non-work
network. The measure has now been extended to explain differences in the density of personal networks.
personal networks , personal network methods , intraorganizational networks , access to knowledge , anxiety ,
Keywords:
depression , individual differences , friendship networks
Accepted: Yes
453 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Matthias Trier
mtrier@sysedv.cs.tu-berlin.de
Authors: Technical University Berlin, SYSEDV, Franklinstrasse 28/29, Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
Annette Bobrik
Technical University Berlin, SYSEDV, Franklinstrasse 28/29, Berlin, Berlin 10587, Germany
Title: Measuring Brokering Activity - a novel measure for dynamic network evolution
Current forms of visualization and measurement in the domain of social network analysis are mostly relying on a
static dataset with nodes as actors and relationships between them. Although this approach has proven powerful
for a multitude of analytical applications, it can lead to misinterpretations when analyzing massive virtual
communication structures or other domains, in which the sequence of messages is an important factor. Here, a
summarized picture of the final network can lead to incorrect results regarding important actors or important
substructures. Reasons can be anomalies in the evolvement of the communication network, the overestimation
of old links, or patterns, where the identified group was actually never present at once.
Using the e-mail corpus of Enron and data from virtual discussion boards, we demonstrate the advantages of
Abstract:
dynamic network analysis and visualization by evaluating social network analysis based on the final network
graphs using the added insights from an animation of the networks’ evolvement over time. Based on the resulting
knowledge about the shortcomings of static graphs and measures, we suggest a metric called Brokering Activity
which emphasizes networking processes rather than final structural properties. It captures the actors’ activities
that contributed to the shortening of network paths and thus made the network more efficient by bringing people
closer to each other. This activity metric is compared to conventional Betweenness and its misleading results in
order to show, that Brokering Activity shifts the focus from people with powerful network positions (which make
the network less robust) to active people, which contributed to an efficient network structure.
Keywords: network evolution , network dynamics , visualization
Accepted: Yes
454 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Robert Trotter
Authors: robert.trotter@nau.edu
Northern Arizona University, 6606 West Andrea, Phoenix, Arizona 85085, USA
Qualitative and Quantitative Combinations: using rapid ethnographic assessment methods, culture theory, and
Title:
social network paradigms to model collaborative relationships and risk reduction strategies.
This paper will discuss a mixed methods model (qualitative and quantitative) that has been empirically tested to
produce culturally sensitive models for both collaborative (industrial) partnerships and risk reduction (HIV and
drug abuse) strategies in community based interventions. Ethnographic and social network theory and paradigms
will be addressed. The primary mid-range theories utilized include cultural models and consensus theory, genera
cognitive anthropology, systems dynamics, role theory, and structuralism. The differential contributions of
Abstract: qualitative ethnographic and social network methods (in search of context and meaning), and quantitative social
network methods (in search of structure and boundaries) will be presented for three complimentary and
contrasting case studies: Navajo adolescent peer networks, multi-national corporate collaborative research
laboratories, and injection drug user risk networks. The resulting mixed methods model treats quantitative and
quantitative social network approaches as a complementary utilitarian continuum, rather than a contrast set or
opposition.
reciprocity , business networks , methods , partnership , qualitative network , qualitative research , rapid
Keywords:
ethnographic assessment
Accepted: Yes
455 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Athanasios Tsakiris
tsakthan@gmail.com
PhD in Political Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Political Sciences and Public
Authors: Administration Department, Athens, Greece.
Maria Pendaraki
Assistant Professor, Higher Institute Technological Education (ATEI), Department of Social Work, Patra, Greece.
How does an inter-municipal mobilization of a network of citizens prevent an ecological calamity? The pikrodafne
Title:
ravine case
This paper aims at looking into the case of the Pikrodafni (Oleander) Ravine (a stream that traverses many
municipalities in Southeast Athens) as a case of a successful ecological mobilization that has significant
consequences for the protection of the natural environment. The paper also aims at bringing out the factors that
contributed to this successful mobilization. We will look into issues, such as: modes of organizing the participants
Abstract:
in the mobilization, strategies and tactics employed by the participants, the state agencies involved, as well as by
political parties, municipal policy making factions and other groups, either in support or opposition to the cause of
the mobilization. A special look into the part played by the constitutionally appropriate court (Council of the State)
in the development of the mobilization
activism , collective action , environmental networks , interest representation , participation , policy network ,
Keywords:
social movements , organizations
456 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Eleni Tsompa
etsompa@gmail.com
Authors: Aristotle University Mathematics Department Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
Ioannis Antoniou
Aristotle University Mathematics Department Thessaloniki 54124 Greece E-mail: iantonio@math.auth.gr
Title: Statistical characterization of weighted graphs
Communication networks can not be modelled as simple topological graphs, but as weighted graphs, where the
weight characterizes the communication channel between the nodes. Not all statistical parameters of unweighted
Abstract: networks can be extended in a unique way for weighted networks. We compare the different definitions and
discuss the relevance to different classes of weighted networks. The dependence of the statistical parameters on
the "strength" of the weights is also addressed.
Keywords: weighted graphs , communication graphs
Accepted: Yes
457 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Maksim Tsvetovat
mtsvetov@gmu.edu
Authors:
George Mason University, Center for Social Complexity, Robinson Hall 234, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA
22030, USA
Title: Semantic Social Networks and the Wisdom of Crowds
Social network construction is a data fitting problem for which content encoded in language and names, needs to
be converted to a graph structure with homogenous semantics. The encoding process is neither automatic nor
possible to accomplish without introducing interpretation biases and other artifacts.
Language and naming are powerful means for describing social and political patterns and relationships, yet the
semantic aspect of language makes the interpretation of named entities and relations inherently ambiguous.
Ontologies provide a bridge between the imprecise human language and machine-readable constructs, thus
allowing us to partially automate the process. However, ontologies are plagued with their own unique problems.
An ontology is a creation of its authors, and thus carries their biases. A solution to this problem – standard
ontologies built by committees – introduces problems of slow response to changing datasets, and competing
Abstract:
biases within the committees (i.e. “engineering by committee”).
In this paper, we will demonstrate a “wisdom of crowds” approach to encoding social network data in an
ontologically sound fashion. We show a software-enabled social mechanism for distributed collection and
encoding of network data, while a flexible and timely ontology is grown alongside the data, using peer review to
modulate changes and promote consistency.
Instead of attempting to resolve unavoidable semantic ambiguities, we embrace their existence and provide a
software architecture that will facilitate sorting though ambiguous meaning. Further, we provide a robust filtering
mechanism and facilitate backwards compatibility with existing SNA methods through filters that generate
semantically homogeneous datasets for analysis.
Keywords: ontolgies , web 2.0 , wisdom of crowds , data collection , semantic social networks
Accepted: Yes
458 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Chein-hung Tung
Authors: ct176@columbia.edu
Department of Political Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Scientism as a Façade:The Formation of Social Network of Scientific Technocracy and Its Impact on Public
Title:
Policy Formation at Taiwan
While there are varied kinds of arguments today in academic society regarding what and who causes the
success of Taiwan’s economy development, very often it goes without much of a criticism among the
conventional wisdom that the “exceptional,” “excellent” technocracy of KMT (the Nationalist party) government
deserves certain credits. In particular, when most of the scholars in the 80s began talking about “bring the state
back in,” Taiwan certainly, in the viewpoint of this school, is qualified as one of the best example to show what a
powerful state-center government could have done. Nevertheless, these reviews and researches at the time
seemed not to go beyond the structure analysis.
Abstract:
This paper intends to go beyond large structure analysis and goes further deep inside the formation of particular
social network of these technocracies (or they called themselves as Scientific Technocrats) and examine how
these technocrats based on their particular social network make public policy decision in Taiwan. The author
argues that based on this particular social network, the KMT’s technocrats manipulate the fetishism of rationality
and modern scientism in Taiwan not only to consolidate their power inside KMT government but also the KMT
authoritarian regime.
Keywords: social network , technocrats , scientism
459 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Koba Turmanidze
Authors: kobeaux@yahoo.com
Tbilisi State University Faculty of Social and Political Studies Tbilisi, 0128 Georgia
Title: What goes around comes around: Network determinants of regime change in Georgia
This paper is based on a case study of so called “Rose Revolution” in Georgia. The Revolution resulted in the
peaceful regime change after series of non-violent mass protests that started due to fraudulent parliamentary
elections of November 2003. The main objective of the paper is to study the interaction between political parties
and civil society groups before and during the mass protests. Specifically, my research focuses micromobilization
processes as a driving force of successful collective action. I argue that interactions between the political parties
and civil society groups were the major factors in mobilization of protestors during the Rose Revolution. The
absence of such overlapping networks between political parties and civil society groups in other post-socialist
states (such as Armenia and Belarus for instance) resulted in limited exchange of material and symbolic
resources that would have been crucial for successful mobilization.
Abstract:
The analysis is based on the in-depth interviews with the main actors of the revolution and their opponents from
the government and civil society groups. Having applied positional and reputational analysis I identified core
networks of influential actors on each side. The analysis relies on multitheoretical, multilevel approach (MTML)
and argues that endogenous network variables on different levels of measurement influence success of collective
actions. Specifically, on the macro level fragmentation of the ruling party, reflected in the presence of cohesive
subgroups, positively influences the mobilization. On the dyadic level greater degree of reciprocation between the
political and civic leaders facilitates mobilization of resources against the government. On the micro level greater
structural autonomy of social movement organization is associated with successful micromobilization process.
affiliation networks , collective action , exchange networks , political networks , reciprocity , social
Keywords:
movements , social capital
Accepted: Yes
460 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tammara Turner
tcombs@microsoft.com
Authors: Community Technologies Group Microsoft Research Redmond, WA USA
Karen Fisher
The Information School of the University of Washington Box 352840, Seattle, WA USA 98195-2840
Title: How Women Shop: Understanding the Power of a Woman’s Social Network
Women play numerable family roles, including teacher, nurse, housekeeper, cook, entertainer, and chauffer. In
their role as shopper, women in the United States spend 4-7 trillion dollars annually, making 80% of household
consumer decisions. This study explored the importance of women’s social networks in their role as shopper for
non-grocery items. Interviews were conducted with fifteen women ages 18 through 70 for two hours followed by
one hour of participant observation as they conducted holiday shopping. Preliminary findings show: (1) women
learned to shop from an early age by watching their mothers and other female relatives and recalled special
purchases due to the social connectedness that they represented. (2) Shopping is a social activity where women
prefer to shop with other women and sometimes turn the activity into an “event” by including lunch, a movie, etc,
and use the time to converse about varied topics, personal and trivial. (3) Women nourish their social networks
Abstract: by purchasing items for others—an activity that is more than mere shopping as each purchase means something
special to women as they seek to build and maintain relationships through gifting. (4) Women’s shopping habits
are greatly influenced by their social networks: they like instant feedback prior to making a purchasing decision or
shortly thereafter to reinforce their decision. Women, who were empty-nesters or no longer had children at home,
and especially if retired, tended not to shop as often or as much. Shopping at this stage of life produced ill
feelings toward shopping if the woman did not have others to shop for. However, those who had “shopping
buddies”, or others to shop with, enjoyed their experiences. (5) Disconnected social networks caused by
relocation or disruption of social ties were barriers to shopping and hence social interaction and the giving/receipt
of social support. Data were also analyzed in terms of the roles of strong ties and weak ties, and the potential
role of latent ties for information system design.
egocentric networks , family , gender , identity , information seeking behaviour , qualitative research , social
Keywords:
support
Accepted: Yes
461 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Flora Tzelepoglou
flora@aegean.gr
Authors: University of the Aegean
Sotiris Chtouris
Title: Interpreters’ Social Networks in the framework of the European Union and Globalized Language Communication
In the context of the EU administration system extended expert networks have developed in relation to language
services, transnational European projects, national and regional representation, as well as, professional and
business interests.
Since the early years of the European Community, Interpreters have constituted a highly qualified group of
linguistic experts, providing interpretation for all EC member states. Through successive enlargements,
particularly the last ones, interpretation has undergone significant changes, in an effort to provide linguistic
services for all 25 member states.
Abstract: Furthermore, in a globalized context, English has been used increasingly as a Lingua Franca, bringing about a
limitation of national languages. Multilingual communication and interpretation networks are under continuous
pressure, which has an impact on European cultural and linguistic diversity: experts and citizens alike find it
increasingly difficult to understand and participate in EU policies.
How is the European Union facing the “democratic challenge”? What lessons can we draw from its linguistic
policy? The example of the Interpreters, as a professional and social group, illustrates the transformation process
currently taking place in the EU, in a global and liberalized context.
.
Session: N/A
changes in networks , cultural convergence , governance , information diversity , organizational knowledge ,
Keywords:
social network , ethnic identity
462 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Teodora Erika Uberti

erika.uberti@unicatt.it
Department of International Economics, Institutions and Development (DISEIS) Catholic University of Milano
Authors: Largo Gemelli 1 20123 Milano
Giulia Rivellini
Istituto di Studi su popolazione e territorio Catholic University of Milano Largo Gemelli 1 20123 Milano
Title: Brain gain and economic performances in Italian provinces: a network analysis perspective
The presence of foreigners has always been considered an important input that enriches the host territory (i.e. a
city, a region or a nation). A wide stream of the economic literature described the importance of knowledge
accumulation for economic growth and highlighted the weight of education, either domestic and foreign based.
Policy-makers bear in mind these aspects and shape the normative systems and integration policies to
encourage the training and improvement of domestic and foreign human capital formation (i.e. the increasing
number of tertiary education programmes encouraging students exchanges confirms policy-makers’ interest).
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is twofold: firstly, according to network analysis techniques, we analyse the presence and
the evolution of foreigners in the Italian provinces, distinguishing between students and legal workers. Thanks to
this perspective it will be possible to distinguish two complementary phenomena: the ability of Italian institutions
to form foreign human capital and the grade of matching labour’s demand and supply.
Secondly, using appropriate network analysis indexes, we detect if and how heterogeneity (or homogeneity) of
“cultures” influences the economic performances of Italian provinces.
Keywords: 2-mode , immigrants , changes in networks , human capital
Accepted: Yes
463 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sebastian Ulbrich
sebastian.ulbrich@fhnw.ch
University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland School for Applied Psychology Riggenbachstr. 16, 4600
Authors: Olten, Switzerland
Christoph Clases
University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland School for Applied Psychology Riggenbachstr. 16, 4600
Olten, Switzerland
Things that go between. The creation and development of interdisciplinary collaboration: a network perspective
Title:
on change in socio-technical systems.
In order to understand the inception and development of interdisciplinary collaboration in scholarly work, we
applied social network analysis to map intra-organizational change. Our research site, a Swiss Institute of
Advanced Studies, was thoroughly redesigned shortly before our study started. We were given the unique
opportunity to investigate network processes at an initial stage of collaboration in which paths of joint activity are
probed, created, broken and consolidated between formerly unrelated scholars. How are collaborative settings
created and formalized and what effects do they have on network development? How does the common use of
Abstract: artefacts such as tools, signs or symbols influence the development of the local network? What triggers
interdisciplinary collaboration? First, we give a concise description of the organizational design that sets the
stage for scientific activity. We then identify the initial coordination of actors in the field and present network data
collected in four waves over 18 months. Longitudinal network data were matched with qualitative data stemming
from observation and interviews. This allows us to advance hypotheses about the impact of human and
non-human elements on the development of scholarly collaboration and to illustrate our argument with significant
examples from the field.
Session: Actor-Network Theory and Science Studies
changes in networks , structure of collaboration , intraorganizational networks , interdisciplinarity ,
Keywords:
intermediaries , activity theory
Accepted: Yes
464 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Diederik van Liere

dliere@rsm.nl
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Decision and Information Sciences, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50,
Authors: P.O. Box 1738 / Room T9-14, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
Otto Koppius
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Decision and Information Sciences, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50,
P.O. Box 1738 / Room T9-12, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
Title: Why Do Bridging Positions Weaken?
This study examines partner firm factors that weaken the bridging position of the focal firm. We argue that the
more valuable the bridging position is for the focal firm, the greater the incentive is for the bridged firms to
establish new ties that improve their network position, possibly at the expense of the bridging position of the focal
firm. In particular, we focus on resource dependence and resource similarity as two important factors that
Abstract:
contribute to the weakening of the bridging position of the focal firm. To test our hypotheses, we adopt a
multi-method research design. First, we employ network experiments and second we conduct a field study in the
insurance industry. Our results suggest that both resource dependence and resource similarity of the partner
firms are important factors that lead to the weakening of the bridging position of the focal firm.
Session: N/A
Keywords: structural holes , network dynamics , brokerage
Accepted: Yes
465 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Marta Varanda
marta@iseg.utl.pt
Authors: ISEG, Sociology, R. Miguel Lupi, 20, Lisbon, Lisbon 1249-078, Portugal
Filipa Carvalho
ISEG Mathematics R. do Quelhas nº6 1200-781 Lisbon, Portugal
Title: Using dominating sets to optimize policy maker’s efforts for the modernization of a city’s commerce
This presentation analyses two initiatives to modernize the city center commerce in a medium sized city in
Portugal: a government program encouraging shop remodeling through the attribution of financial incentives to
traders; and the local trade association’s effort to extend saturday opening hours to the afternoon. The success
of both these initiatives depended on the massive participation of traders, however, in the case studied, it did not
reach 30%. Our understanding is that this level of participation was due in part to the low quantity and quality of
information concerning the benefits of involvement: information coming from the top - government and trade
Abstract: association- was not easily understandable and sufficiently credible, and the information circulating among
traders faced the obstacle of suspiciousness. It should be noted that amongst traders “secrecy is the sole of a
business”.
Taking as our point of departure the whole network of traders and their relational behavior – discussion relations-
we look for an optimal method through which information can reach all traders with the least possible effort on the
part of the government and the trade association. After finding an optimal solution for a minimum dominating set
problem we discuss further ways of optimizing the diffusion of information across the network.
Keywords: dominating sets , collective action , economic networks , inter-organizational
Accepted: Yes
466 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Matthew Vernon
m.c.vernon@warwick.ac.uk
Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, UK
Authors: Cerian Webb
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
Fred Heath
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
Title: How Important Are Cattle Movements? A Field Study Of Contact Networks Between Farms
The British Cattle Movement Service (BCMS) database contains an
unprecedented quantity of data on the movement of cattle within the
United Kingdom (UK). Concerns have been raised by a National Audit
Office report about the quality of the data submitted by
farmers. Epidemiological models based only on BCMS data may be
inadequate as other transmission factors may have a considerable
influence on disease spread.
To address these concerns, a field study has been carried out. Cattle
farmers on one of the Western Isles of Scotland were recruited with
the assistance of the local veterinary surgeon, and asked to record a
range of potential risk behaviours (moving livestock, sharing pasture,
etc.) for a one-month period. In addition, they were asked a series of
Abstract: questions about husbandry practices on their farm.
The data collected from the farmers has been compared to data covering
the study period contained within BCMS. This showed both that
potential risk behaviours other than cattle movements do not make a
significant contribution to the contact network, and that movements
that are not required to be reported to BCMS represent a substantial
extra pattern of movements that may be locally important for disease
transmission.
There is increasing interest in using network analysis of animal

movement data as a tool for epidemiological modelling. The results of
this study raise important questions about the reliability of existing
data for this purpose in the United Kingdom.
Keywords: data collection , network surveys , epidemiology
Accepted: Yes
467 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Matteo Vignoli
Authors: m.vignoli@unibo.it
Bologna University, Department of Management, Bologna, Italy
Title: The academic network as a researcher asset
Ultimately the production of scientific knowledge is based on social networks of researchers.
The aim of this research is to explore the network a researcher has co-authoring papers and how this evolves in
the case of transfers to a new research group. The researchers will be represented as nodes and the papers they
wrote (single or co--authored) as the ties between them. Based on 10 years co-authorship data of an important
university this research will investigate three aspects of the researcher behaviour: integration, nostalgy and
sharing.
The integration will be measured by the number of new ties and the evolution of the network that the new
researcher will form with members of the new research group.
Abstract: The nostalgy will be investigated trough the co-authors network the researcher eventually maintain with members
of the old research group.
The sharing will be studied trough the network between members of the new research group and members of the
old research group.
This analysis will be conducted considering network evolution and dynamics. The dataset is cross-area and will
allow in-depth analysis of the network creating partitions based on scientific area, age, background, origin, and
comparing the results.
Ultimately this research will investigate how valuable is the academic network a researcher will bring as a dowry
to the new research group.
affiliation networks , co-auhorship network , community of practice , dynamics on networks , paper
Keywords:
co-atuhorship network
Accepted: Yes
468 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Santosh Vijaykumar
santoshvijaykumar@gmail.com
Saint Louis University School of Public Health, Suite 408-V, Health Communication Research Lab, 3545
Authors: Lafayette Ave, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
Leslie McIntosh
Saint Louis University School of Public Health, Room 379, Heartland Center for Program Evaluation and
Research, 3545 Lafayette Ave, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
Title: Tapping networks in the global youth HIV/AIDS movement: A network text analysis of e-consultations
Youth aged 15-24 comprise nearly half of all new five million HIV/AIDS infections occurring worldwide each year.
The global movement surrounding youth HIV/AIDS thus assumes critical significance in mobilizing youth action
and advocacy towards enhanced access to necessary education, treatment, and care. The potential of online
social networks in facilitating this effort has been harnessed by an international collaboration of youth HIV/AIDS
leaders called the Global Youth Coalition on HIV/AIDS (GYCA). Since its inception at the International AIDS
Conference (IAC), Bangkok 2004 to the 2006 IAC in Toronto, GYCA’s organizational strategy and conference
advocacy agenda have been informed by three online consultations (E-consultations) conducted with its
worldwide members during this period. We introduce an approach in examining social change around the youth
HIV/AIDS movement, by conducting network text analyses of the ideas, views, and opinions exchanged in these
Abstract:
e-consultations. Adapting theories of self-interest and collective action, we analyzed a total of 215 messages
from 106 different participants to determine how communication networks of youth HIV/AIDS leaders inform
organizational strategy and programmatic priority through contextual themes as reflected in participants’
messages. Preliminary results manifest the complexity of the dynamic issues shaping the youth HIV/AIDS
movement – issues like culture, gender, politics, and organizations - and patterns of interactions between
different constituents involved in this movement. The study informs our understanding of the role of online
communication networks in shaping organizational strategy and influencing social change movements
surrounding HIV/AIDS. The study offers recommendations for enhanced replication of similar model initiatives in
the future.
Keywords: network text analysis , e-consultations , hiv/aids , youth
Accepted: Yes
469 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Gerlinde Vogl
gerlinde.vogl@sozialforschung.org
Authors: Cosmobilities Network Munich Project Group for Social Research (MPS) Munich
Sven Kesselring
Cosmobilities Network Technische Universität München Sociology Department Munich
Title: Mobility pioneers: mobilizing the net
This paper presents empirical data and theoretical reflections from a research project on ‘mobility pioneers’ in the
German media branch. We conceive mobility as a social concept in a far-reaching societal process of
transformation. To be mobile is a modern imperative. But the formerly strong connection between spatial and
social mobility is getting weaker and unstable. This changes the perception of mobility and produces a number of
unintended consequences for social cohesion and embedding. ICTs play an important role in this restructuration
of mobility to a state of 'immobile mobility': nowadays it is possible to be a mobile citizen and professional without
leaving the flat and rushing around.
Abstract:
The mobility pioneers project approach combines the analysis of social networks and computer-based
communications to describe the everyday ‘virtual mobilities’ of self-employed in the media branch. The so called
‘socio-material network analysis’ investigates social, material and virtual networks. The presented case study
illuminates how self-employed people use virtual networks for their purposes. How do they build, maintain and
alter social and virtual networks? What means, tactics and strategies do they employ? Based on empirical data
the paper introduces three ideal types of mobility management, i.e. of strategies how people position themselves
in time and space.
Keywords: interdisciplinarity , network strategy , mobility , self-employment
Accepted: Yes
470 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Beate Volker
b.volker@fss.uu.nl
Authors: Dept. of Sociology/ICS Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 2, p.o. box 80140 3508TC Utrecht The Netherlands
Henk Flap
Dept. of Sociology/ICS Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 2, p.o. box 80140 3508TC Utrecht The Netherlands
Title: Foes at work. On the conditions for the creation of sour social capital.
For long social capital has been considered to be a good thing of which one cannot have enough. This
contribution investigates negative social relationships, i.e. forms of sour social capital, and the conditions which
lead to their creation. We focus on a particular setting, that of the work place and distinguish between i) the
organization, i.e. how work is organized and the particular type of job; ii) the individual worker, i.e. time pressure,
type of work contract as well as his or her intention to stay in the organization; and, lastly, iii) the relations
between workers, i.e. the degree of interdependency for getting the work done as well as the competition among
Abstract: co-workers. The Survey of the Social Networks of the Dutch (SSND1, collected in 2000, n=758 working
respondents) is used to test our expectations. Among others, we found that conditions of the organization, e.g.
particularistic styles of management, and the relationship between co-workers, e.g. similarity in status and
duration of relationship, provide important predictors for the emergence of sour social capital, while individual
characteristics have not such a strong impact. Interestingly, there are a number of dimensions in which sour
relationships resemble friendships, e.g. like friendship, enmity is more frequent between workers of the same sex
than between workers of a different sex.
Keywords: social capital , negative ties , inter-organizational networks
Accepted: Yes
471 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christian Waldstrøm
Authors: cwa@asb.dk
Aarhus School of Business, Department of Management, Haslegaardsvej 10, Aarhus C, Aarhus 8210, Denmark
Title: The money pit? Salary variations and structural properties
One of the classic problems in HRM is how to avoid rewarding individualistic behavior over good team behavior,
and this issue is likely to be even thornier in the case of behavior in social networks. If networks are such an
important part of organizational knowledge sharing and innovation, why is there so little focus on rewarding good
networking behavior? While research linking structural properties with individual, group and organizational level
performance has been abundant, very little focus has been placed on the correlation between network position
and salary.
Abstract:
This paper uses social network analysis to identify the network factors influencing individual salary and using
salary at three time points to hint at possible causal mechanisms. The organization studied is in the financial
sector and has approximately 300 employees with a widespread autonomous networking behavior driven by
business opportunities and a strong focus on individual performance metrics. A number of control variables such
as tenure, hierarchical level, and sex are used in the analysis, and both the work-related and personal networks
in the organization are analyzed.
Keywords: performance measurement , business networks
Accepted: Yes
472 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jing Wang
jwang40@uiuc.edu
Authors: Speech Communication department at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Noshir Contractor
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Title: Testing a Network Formulation of Transactive Memory Theory to Explain Knowledge Retrieval in Work Teams
Organizational knowledge has been widely recognized as a basis of organizations’ competitive advantage. Less
attention, however, has been paid to explain how individuals in organizations retrieve and allocate knowledge
from one another. Transactive memory theory has been used to explain these phenomena and has shown mixed
results which invite a more precise formulation and possible extension to the theory. This study provides a
network formulation of Transactive Memory theory to investigate the structural configurations most likely to be
associated with knowledge retrieval on multiple knowledge areas in a work team. The study seeks to test the
configurations explicitly specified in Transactive Memory theory as well as extend it by considering additional
configurations that might be implied, but are not articulated, in extant descriptions of the theory.
Abstract: The model was tested using data about the retrieval of knowledge in multiple areas among members in a work
team. The data were analyzed using Exponential Random Graph Modeling (ERGM) techniques. The Monte
Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) maximum likelihood estimates provided strong and consistent support for the
propositions derived from Transactive Memory theory. Individuals were more likely to retrieve from experts. And
they were more likely to retrieve information from those to whom they allocate information. In addition, the study
also revealed modest support for the effect of higher order configurations (such as cyclical alternating k-triangle)
as well as sender effects on knowledge retrieval. These are not inconsistent with (although not explicitly
articulated by) Transactive Memory theory. However, contrary to Transactive Memory’s prediction that only
non-experts are more likely to retrieve from experts, our study found a strong tendency for experts to retrieve
from one another.
Keywords: information retrieval , organizational knowledge , transactive memory theory , multiple knowledge areas
Accepted: Yes
473 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jyun-Cheng Wang
jcwang@mx.nthu.edu.tw
Authors: National Tsing-Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kung-Fu Rd., Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Taiwan
Chin-Hui Chang
National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
Title: Comparisons of Co-author Networks Development Among Top-Tier Journals of the MIS field
The objective of this study is to understand the underlying structures and the development of knowledge
communities from the most prestigious and respected MIS research journals with by analysis of the network of
co-authors. These journals include MIS Quarterly, Information Systems Research, Journal of Management
Information Systems, Information and Management, Decision Support Systems, and Journal of the Association
of Information System. Through SNA, this research attempted to uncover the phenomenon of the author
Abstract:
collaboration in MIS domain and to examine why different journals result in different network patterns. This study
involves two issues. First, the identification the collaboration network structure in the MIS community. Second,
the identification of the central personage in the MIS community. Furthermore, structural equivalence is used to
examine how collaboration network structure affects knowledge diffusion and information diffusion of the MIS
communities.
Session: N/A
Keywords: co-auhorship network , knowledge networks
Accepted: Yes
474 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Peng Wang
pwang@unimelb.edu.au
The University of Melbourne, Psychology, 33 KALLARA GR, Footscray, VIC 3011, Australia
Ken Sharpe
Authors: The University of Melbourne, Mathmatics & Statistics, Australia
Garry Robins
The University of Melbourne, Psychology, Australia
Pip Pattison
The University of Melbourne, Psychology, Australia
Title: Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models for Affiliation Networks
Recent advances in Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs),or p* models, include new specifications that
give a much better chance of model convergence for large networks compared with the traditional Markov
models. Also simulation based MCMC maximum likelihood estimation techniques have been developed to
replace the pseudo-likelihood method.
To date most work on ERGMs has focused on one-mode networks, and little has been done in the case of
Abstract:
affiliation networks with two or more types of nodes. This paper proposes ERGMs for affiliation networks drawing
on the recent advances for one-mode networks. These include new two-mode specifications. We investigated
features of the models by simulation, and compared the goodness of fit results obtained using the maximum
likelihood and pseudolikelihood approaches. The classic Southern Women data and Australian interlocking
director data are used as examples to show that the ERGM with the newly specified statistics is a powerful tool
for statistical analysis of affiliation networks.
Keywords: ergm (p*) , affiliation networks , realization dependence , interlocking directors , mcmc mle
Accepted: Yes
475 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Sarah Wappett
sarahwappett@hotmail.com
Authors:
Dublin City University, School of Law and Government, VA 202 B Campus Residences Ltd., Ballymun Road,
Dublin Dublin 9, Ireland
Confronting the Threats of Organized Crime and Terrorism Internally and Externally: A Qualitative and
Title:
Quantitative Social Network Analysis of Cosa Nostra and the PIRA
This paper will endeavor to answer whether there is a formula by which security threats posed by transnational
crime and terrorist organizations whose operations tend to emanate from a single state be effectively reduced in
a lasting and legitimate manner through the use and modification of that state’s own institutions. The question wil
be explored through comprehensive social network analysis of the Sicilian Mafia and the Irish Provisional Army
and their government oppositions. In the quantitative analyses, primary sources (indictments, appellate briefs,
and memoirs) will be used to construct matrices of ties between actors, and the UCINET software developed by
Abstract: Harvard University will be employed to run the calculations of centrality, closeness, and other network measures.
Quantitatively, specific historical events (Palermo maxi-trial, Italian –American Working Group, Good Friday
Agreement, and Decommissioning) will be evaluated through the lens of social networks and the relevant
literature. The purpose will be to examine the three main ways to confront an internal security threat (militarily,
diplomatically, criminally) and endeavor to explain what circumstances lend themselves to which solution. All
three methods were attempted to confront both the Mafia and the PIRA, but only one worked in each case, and
they were different ones at that.
Keywords: centrality , terrorist networks , organized crime networks , ucinet , personal networks
Accepted: Yes
476 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Robert Warren
rhwarren+insna@uwaterloo.ca
Authors: University of Waterloo, School of CS, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
Frederick Kroon
University of Waterloo, School of CS, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
Title: PGP trust network reaction and resilience to disruptions
Previous work on the destabilization and reliability of networks has concentrated on static measures of structure.
Network metrics, such as centrality, are used to identify elements that should be removed to destabilize the
overall network. In this work, we investigate the hypothesis that networks will react to attempts at disruption.
To this end, we present an analysis of PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) trust networks and the reactions of individuals
to breaks in the chains of trust within the networks. Our data-set is composed of 1.2 Million individuals which
Abstract:
participate in a trust network for the exchange of e-mail. Within this network, we analyse 35,196 time-expired
keys and 52,769 actively revoked keys. The reaction of nodes using the broken paths is noted along with the
overall network behavior.
We present the conclusions of our analysis of the key-rings, and propose models by which the reactions of
individuals to broken links can be taken into account when analysing networks.
Session: Computer Networks as Social Networks
Keywords: internet , security networks , resilience , network destabilization , trust in networks , friendship networks
Accepted: Yes
477 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Christopher Weare
weare@usc.edu
Authors:
University of Southern California, School of Policy Planning and Development, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0626,
USA
Title: Networks of Civic Engagement: Connecting Individuals and Institutions to Politics
We argue that understanding how civic associations shape individuals’ understanding and participation in local
governments requires a focus on the structural and affective networks engendered by associations. We analyze
the networks developed by two different forms of voluntary associations: neighborhood councils and faith-based
organizations. These associations were chosen to examine common assumptions about the bridging and
bonding characteristics of differing types and the contention that faith-based associations provide their members
with compensating network resources.
To be able to examine both the structural qualities of associational networks and the meanings that individuals
Abstract:
attach to these relationships, we collect micro-level data from multiple sources: social network surveys of
associational members, focus groups, and individual interviews. We find that their internal (bonding) networks
varied more within associational types than across types and that the affective content of relationships play an
important contextualizing effect. These findings call into question the usefulness of associational typologies that
differentiate bonding versus bridging associations. We also find that neighborhood councils have richer bridging
networks, which qualifies the degree to which faith-based associations compensate for inequitable distribution of
political resources. We conclude with a discussion of sampling methods that can expand on our knowledge on
the role of association-based networks in fostering civic engagement.
Keywords: civil society , collective action , mixed methods , political culture , qualitative research , social capital
Accepted: Yes
478 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Matthew Weber
matthesw@usc.edu
Authors: University of Southern California Communication Dept. 12036 Goshen Ave. #8, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
Peter Monge
University of Southern California, Communication Dept. Los Angeles, CA 90089
Title: Brokerage in Online News Networks
This study examined sources of content in a network of online news sites and the hyperlink patterns that exist
among those sites. It presents a new application of the theory of structural holes to the brokering of the
relationships between online news aggregators and content providers. Data were collected via an Internet web
crawl of 239 Web sites. As suggested in previous literature, this was treated as a structure of authorities –
prominent sources of content – and hubs¬ – central brokers of links to other Web sites. Thus, the news network
was modeled as a system of high-degree nodes – news aggregators - with a large number of ties to low-degree
nodes – content providers. Sites collected represent a wide cross-section of the Internet, including news
Abstract:
aggregators, online magazines, online television stations, blogs, online newspapers and news agencies.
BPNet, the bimodal version of PNet, was used to test multiple hypotheses of this process. Burt theorized that
power is derived when actors bridge structural holes by allowing control of access to alternative opinions, early
access to new opinions, and the ability to control the movement of ideas between groups. While Burt’s theory is
intended as an explanation of social network behavior, this paper tests the applicability of this theory in an online
network of self-propagated Internet links. Statistical support for this application of structural hole theory was
obtained for the L, Sp2, Sp3, K-Cp and K-Cp2 parameters in the BPNet model of the network.
Keywords: 2-mode , mass media , organizations , information technologies , ergm (p*)
Accepted: Yes
479 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Barry Wellman
wellman@chass.utoronto.ca
University of Toronto, NetLab, Centre for Urban & Community Studies, 455 Spadina Avenue, Toronto, Ontario
M5S 2G8, Canada
Authors:
Bernie Hogan
University of Toronto, Department of Sociology 725 Spadina Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2G8, Canada
Juan-Antonio Carrasco
University of Toronto, Department of Civil Engineering, 35 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S1A4, Canada
Title: Maintaining ties near and far: Agency and social accessibility in personal communities
This paper examines looks at the process of maintaining ties, or more specifically, those factors that enable
people to be in mutually reinforcing relationships in everyday life. That is to say, some relationships persist (or
remain active) because one party is actively initiating contact – making phone calls, sending email or inviting.
Other relationships seem more balanced with individuals equally likely to call, write or invite. We investigate four
ways in which tie maintenance varies – by frequency of contact, distance, relationship/demographics and social
network context. In general, we assert that the more accessible a tie is, the more likely the relationship is going to
Abstract: be mutually reinforcing. We examine this claim using 84 personal networks collected in 2004 in Toronto, Canada
We find that while most relationships are mutual, there are clear indicators that the aforementioned factors make
a difference. Proximity is strongly related to mutual ties, as is communication/interaction frequency. These
findings reinforce the idea that new communication media are embedded in everyday life, and that place is still a
significant factor, both in maintaining ties socially, and maintaining contact generally. We also illustrate the role
networks play in this process by highlighting how the homogeneity of ties as well as the amount of fragmentation
in the network both illustrate how active people are in keeping up their network.
agency , egocentric networks , information technologies , georgraphic information system , community
Keywords:
structure
Accepted: Yes
480 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Bastian Westbrock
Authors: b.westbrock@econ.uu.nl
Utrecht School of Economics, Utrecht University, Janskerkhof 12, 3512 BL Utrecht, The Netherlands
Title: Networks of Inter-firm Collaboration
Empirical studies find consistently that inter-firm collaboration networks have a skewed degree distribution. A
small number of firms are involved in a large number of links, while the vast majority of firms have only few links
or are isolated. This paper reflects on the architecture of the networks in a theoretical model, in which firms form
collaboration links strategically. The collaborators internalize the private costs and benefits involved in a link.
They exchange knowledge, share linking costs, and anticipate that they are, at the same time, competitors in the
market. On the other hand, the partners do not care about the effects of the collaboration on their common rivals
and the consumers, which give rise to externalities of link formation.
Abstract:
We investigate the architecture of strategically stable networks and the architecture of the socially efficient
network for various intensities of competition and numbers of firms in the market. We find that stable network
structures have the skewed degree distribution of real-world networks, if costs of linking are neither too high nor
too low. Moreover although the architecture of the efficient network depends on the intensity of competition,
stable networks typically consist of too few links from the perspective of the collective of firms and consumers as
a whole. This finding is robust with respect to the size of linking costs, the number of firms in the industry as well
as the intensity of rivalry.
collaboration , core-periphery , economic networks , game theory , inter-organizational networks , knowledge
Keywords:
transfer , network theory
Accepted: Yes
481 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

David Willer
dwiller@sc.edu
Authors: University of South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Columbia, SC 29207, USA
Pamela Emanuelson
University of South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Columbia, SC 29207, USA
Title: Iterated vs. One-shot Exchange Networks
From the Prisoner’s Dilemma and other games, it is well known that strategy selection in one-shot games can be
very different from that in iterated games. Previously, the structures investigated in exchange experiments were
studied only as iterated games. Nor have exchange theories previously considered whether events in those
structures would change if studied as one-shot games. This paper extends the investigation of exchange
networks to one-shot exchange structures where behavior can be quite different from that of iterated exchange
Abstract: structures. For example, certain relations that are strategically used as threats in repeated network games are
never used in one-shot networks. Since they are not used, power differences in one-shot networks regress from
that observed for repeated networks toward equipower. New experiments reported here support the analysis.
*We thank the National Science Foundation for the grants to the second author supporting research reported in
this paper. Direct all correspondence to, either Pamela Emanuelson or David Willer, Department of Sociology,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, pamelaemanuelson@juno.com or dwiller@sc.edu.
Session: Exchange Networks session chaired by Stokman and Willer
Keywords: access to knowledge , exchange networks
Accepted: Yes
482 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Caroline Wilson
cjwilson11@hotmail.com
Authors: Methodology Institute, London School of Economics, London, UK
Heather McGregor
CASS Business School Visiting Professor in Social Network Analysis LONDON, UK
The challenges of working with archival business data (in a study on the social capital and career success of the
Title:
Finance Director)
This study examines the social capital of Finance Directors (FDs) of companies in the FTSE 100. The FDs are of
interest and worthy subjects of study in their own right as evidence indicates that the future CEOs often come
from their ranks. The ultimate goal of this in-progress study is to establish the role of social capital (defined as
links that the FDs hold with other organisations) in the career success and progression of the Directors. In other
words, can the social networks of directors be used in order to predict their career advancement, for example
their likelihood of progression to CEO level? One objective is an assessment of the levels of social capital of the
recent FDs: are these levels sufficient to allow them to go on to become the future CEO’s? To address these
Abstract:
issues, we collected data on the human and social capital of both recent (2005) and past (1989) FDs from
company annual reports. Past FDs are included in the study as their career progression over time can be
tracked. The challenges encountered in the collection of data from a ‘real’ business archive and the
methodologies employed to overcome them are documented. The advantages of the use of this type of ‘archival
data’ (compared with more common socio-metric data) in the analysis of social networks in particular, and in the
social sciences more generally, are explored. Finally, results are presented from the application of social network
analysis techniques to the network data of the 100 2005 FDs.
Keywords: social capital , interlocking directors , methodology , social networks , ucinet , network data collection
Accepted: Yes
483 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Chyi-In Wu
sss1ciw@gate.sinica.edu.tw
Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica,Taiwan
Authors: Ming-Yi Chang
Department of Education,National Chengchi University,Taiwan
I-Chien Chen
Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica,Taiwan
Title: The Development of Friendship Networks within School Class in Later Adolescence: Dynamics and Processes
In order to delineate the evolution process of friendship network structure in later adolescence, we conducted a
special survey to collect adolescent’s friendship network transition data. Friendship network data constructed by
nomination processes were collected by a 1-year follow-up survey with a total of 8 observations. Among these
observations, once for every two weeks for the first four observations and once for two months for the last four
observations were conducted. Right after the targeted subjects attending their school, this study collected the
adolescent’s friendship network data of four classes with different gender-composition. These information were
used to answer the following research questions: first, how high school students make friends after attending
their high school? Are there any gender differences existing in their friendship networks? Second, how did high
Abstract:
school students’ friendship networks develop and change over time? Third, will these friendship network
structures differ among different gender-composition classes?
The results show, interestingly, that the natures of friendship networks constructed by different gender youth are
extremely different. For example, girls are more likely to be with more mutual nominated friends and own higher
network density. Further, the friendship networks are different among classes of different gender-composition.
The findings indicate that friendship network characteristics and interaction context structure do have impacts on
friendship dynamics among adolescents in Taiwan, one of the East Asia Countries with tremendous Confucian
traditions.
adolescence , friendship networks , dynamics on networks , changes in networks , gender ,
Keywords:
gender-composition
Accepted: Yes
484 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Wanling Xie
wlxie@yahoo.com
Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Jeylan Mortimer
Authors: Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Jennifer Lee
Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
Eric Tranby
Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Title: Job Search and the Transition to Adulthood: An Integration of Social Network and Life Course Perspectives
Research on the efficacy of “strong” vs. “weak” ties in getting a job has focused on adults, with little examination
of how youth use networks to get jobs. This study finds that over the course of their transition to adulthood (from
age 17-18 to 26-27), the changing role configurations held by youth affect the kinds of networks they use in their
job search. Data are drawn from the Youth Development Study, which began in 1988 with a cohort of 1,000 9th
graders (age 14-15) in St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). We find that early on, youth use family/neighbors and friends,
as well as direct application, to find jobs, but not their school-based contacts (teachers, professors, counselors).
As youth grow older, they come to depend more upon workplace contacts and formal channels (employment
Abstract:
agencies, headhunters, civil service tests, responding to an advertisement) for finding jobs. At the same time,
during their transition to adulthood, youth take on different combinations of roles (leaving the parental home,
leaving school, getting married, becoming a parent and entering the labor market). These distinct combinations
affect what contacts they use to get jobs. For example, during this transition period, youth who focus on acquiring
work and career roles tend to use workplace contacts and neighbor and friendship networks to get jobs. In
contrast, youth who focus on forming families tend to withdraw from neighbor and friendship networks and use
more formal channels (employment services) as a source of job information.
Keywords: adolescence , age/generation , family , forms of jobfinding assistance , longitudinal
Accepted: Yes
485 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Duo Xin
Authors: frank.xin@gmail.com
Nankai Univ., 504 XiaoChanBan, XingZhengLou, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
Title: A strategy for search in social network
A function is proposed as a strategy for search in social networks. The nodes in social networks have more
attributes than other simple complex networks, like racial, gender and age, which are important factors affecting
how people search others. We have newly performed searches in real social networks considering attributes of
Abstract:
nodes and similarity, in which the function describes level of similarity between the target and other nodes in the
network. That shows difference in dynamics with other search strategies. We obtain some quantitative results
about how weights of different attributes affect the search and efficiency.
Keywords: social networks , similarity , search strategy
Accepted: Yes
486 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Helen Yanacopulos
H.Yanacopulos@open.ac.uk
Authors:
Senior Lecturer - International Politics and Development, Department of Development Policy and Practice Open
University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
Title: Cutting the Diamond: Networking Economic Justice
Jubilee 2000 and Make Poverty History have been the most successful networks and campaigns over the last
decade. Both networks have shifted the focus from one of ‘charity’ to one of economic ‘justice’, and through this
have aimed at raising awareness around key issues internationally, as well as increasing political pressure on
key policy makers on debt cancellation, increasing development aid, and on trade justice. However, when
Abstract:
examining these two networks and campaigns we find a paradox in the shift and framing around justice. This
paper argues that the very reason behind the success of these networks is also the primary reason behind the
fractures and fissures, which have occurred. Whilst the frame of ‘justice’ has attracted members to the network,
the different interpretations of ‘justice’ have led to divisions in the action of how this justice would to occur.
Keywords: economic justice , development , international networks
Accepted: Yes
487 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mundo Yang
mundo@wz-berlin.de
Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin, ZCM, Reichpietschufer 50, Berlin, Berlin 10785, Germany
Authors: Massimiliano Andretta
Moses Boudourides
Botetzagias Iosif
As well as Olga Kioufegi
Title: Networking at the European Social Forum in Athens and questions of inner-organizational democracy
In current debates about transnational democratic legitimacy, models of deliberative democracy play a rising role
Rather than relying on representative organizational structures that mobilize mass support via electoral
mechanism, proponents of deliberative democracy point at the power of arguments – won in egalitarian settings
– in order to conceptualize legitimate transnational practices. In this regard some hope was expressed regarding
the participative practices and values especially within the New Social Movements.
The paper tries to check this mainly normative-theoretical hypothesis with survey data won at the European
Abstract:
Social Forum in Athens, where main parts of the Global Justice Movements in Europe meet and discuss
transnational politics. On the one hand, we explore the networks between movements, parties and associations
active in different thematic fields. Here we rely on information about multiple memberships of respondents in
different types of organizations and groups. On the other hand, we analyze respondents’ democratic practices
and values according to normative theoretical criteria. We then ask, where and to what degree practices and
values of deliberation find a substratum within the networked structures of the Global Justice Movements.
Keywords: collective action , political culture , social movements
Accepted: Yes
488 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Yuki Yasuda
yyasuda@ninus.ocn.ne.jp
Authors: University of Tokyo, Economics, 4-8-13-204 Mejiro Toshima-ku,, Tokyo, Japan
Masahiro Toriyama
Nomura Research Institute, Tokyo,Japan
Title: Performance and Structural Holes in “Please-and-Thanks” Network
Using E-mail database of a leading consulting company, we have analyzed daily communication networks of
employees, and tested the effect of structural holes on consultants’ performance. E-mail database of a firm is a
rich data source of organizational network, but it is often too rich. As it includes both critical work-related
messages and those of little importance (e.g., auto-reply messages, mail magazines, and private messages,) we
need to extract only meaningful messages. Our data set consists of 37717mailsof 431 employees for 15 weeks,
and is 7,378MB. Changing definition of ties and time span, we can construct thousands of networks out of the
data, but many of them fail to catch the crucial information flow within a firm.
We have tested if performance of consultants correlates with structural holes they hold within various
communication networks extracted from E-mail database. The results show that structuralholes in entireE-mail
Abstract:
network do not correlate with consultants’ performance, but those within “Please-and-Thanks” reciprocitynetwork
correlate with performance. By “Please-and-Thanks” reciprocity network, we mean a network whoseties are
defined by out-going message including “please” and in-coming message including “thank you.” A tie in this
network means a dyad of employees who have actually got work done together.
Our findings suggests; 1)E-mail logs do not necessarily reflect actual work-related communication, thus structura
parameters of direct E-mail networks should fail to predict employees’ performance; 2)one of the crucial networks
embeddedinE-mail database is that defined by exchange of mails including “Please” and “Thanks”; and 3)
structural holes in “Please-and-Thanks” reciprocity network in organization are strong predictor of employees’
performance.
Keywords: structural holes , organizations , e-mail database
Accepted: Yes
489 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Nicholas Young
nmyoung@stanford.edu
Authors: CCSRE, Stanford University, 4745 s. ingleside, chicago, IL 60615, united States
Binod Sundararjan
RPI
Title: Transferring Trust: Networks, Transferability, and Trust in the New York Underground Railroad
The word trust has an ambiguous history. Indeed, in many accounts, the word appears to be a primitive,
unanalyzed term (Hardin 2001: 8). In this paper, we define trust as a series of “transferred expectations” that
involves a process of evaluation, acceptance, and transformation, and ask if it is possible to translate this
meaning to others in a network of alters that share a similar objective. We attempt to do so by analyzing the
actions and decisions of actors involved in the New York State Underground Railroad (UGRR)—an insurgency
Abstract:
movement whose primary objective was to free enslaved actors from bondage and disrupt the plantation system.
Specifically, we develop a theoretical measure of trust to test the idea that actors in the UGRR relied on trusted,
embedded, and transferred network contacts to succeed in their objective. We propose a theoretical model for
network transferability that attempts to highlight the factors that determine an actor’s trustworthiness and network
transferability score in a protest movement.
Session: N/A
Keywords: trust in networks
Accepted: Yes
490 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Kikuo Yuta
yuta@crev.jp
NiCT / ATR, CIS Applied Network Science Lab, Hikari-dai 2-2-2, Seika-chou, Souraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288,
Japan
Naoaki Ono
Authors:
Department of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka
University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Yoshi Fujiwara
NiCT / ATR, CIS Applied Network Science Lab, Hikari-dai 2-2-2, Seika-chou, Souraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288,
Japan
How People Make Friends in a Social Networking Site (SNS)? A Gap in the Size-Distribution of the Cohesive
Title:
Subgroups.
On-line social networking services have recently used by millions of people all over the world. An SNS is a
society on the Internet, where people communicate and foster friendship with each other. We examine a
nation-wide SNS (more than six million users at present), mutually acknowledged friendship network with third
million people and nearly two million links. By employing a community-extracting method developed by Girvan,
Newman and others, we found that there exists a range of community-sizes in which only few communities are
detected. Here a “community” refers to a cohesive subgroup, not to an on-line community, as it does in studies
on complex networks. Rather, the whole set of SNS could be regarded as a giant on-line community. This novel
Abstract: feature cannot be explained by previous growth models of networks. We present a simple model with two
processes of acquaintance, connecting nearest neighbors and random linkage. We show that the model can
explain the gap in the community-size distribution as well as other statistical properties including long-tail degree
distribution, high transitivity, its correlation with degree, and degree-degree correlation. The model can estimate
how the two processes, which are ubiquitous in many social networks, are working with relative frequencies in the
SNS as well as other societies. We believe that the existence and characterization of the gap could measure the
level of accelerated encounter between people, which had been hardly possible without the devices of on-line
communities and browser search in the new communication infrastructure of SNS.
Keywords: community structure , web , friendship networks , network structure , social networking site
Accepted: Yes
491 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Jan Zajac
jan.zajac@psych.uw.edu.pl
Faculty of Psychology and Institute for Social Studies, Warsaw University, Poland;
Authors: Kamil Rakocy
Institute for Social Studies, Warsaw University, Poland
Andrzej Nowak
Institute for Social Studies, Warsaw University, Poland; Florida Atlantic University, USA
Title: Structure and popularity: Bloggers and their readers
We are analyzing how the structure of online social networks of weblogs authors and readers is related to
weblogs popularity. The findings are discussed with special attention to the processes of social impact and
diffusion information. We assume that blogosphere is a lively social space, where authors and readers interact.
Moreover, some bloggers actively influence their environment and take part in diffusion of information and
gossips. Their role can be explaining from the social networks approach.
Three differently defined social networks of weblogs authors and readers were analyzed and compared in this
study. The networks include hypertext networks of weblogs and their authors, as well as networks of people
reading the same weblogs in different periods of time (data extracted from log files and cookies). Networks’ size
Abstract: varied from 4 to 7 thousands vertices and from 30000 to 1400000 relations. The data was gathered in
collaboration with one of the biggest Polish weblog providers and was fully anonymous. The privacy of authors
and readers was secured. The network data was confronted and matched with longitudinal data from log files
and cookies regarding weblogs popularity. Some aspects of network dynamics were studied too.
Although the networks studied vary as to their size and density, all of them are large, sparse and open. Big
components, short paths and highly skewed degree distribution are observed. Clearly, community structures
emerge and similar blogs tend to cluster. Position in the network of hyperlinks is generally related to the number
of readers, but some differences are observed with regard to the most popular weblogs. There are meaningful
differences between the networks of incoming and outgoing links.
Keywords: internet/hyperlink networks , social influence , blogs
Accepted: Yes
492 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Lukas Zenk
lukas.zenk@donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems, Department for Knowledge and Communication Management, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße
30, A-3500 Krems, Austria/Europe
Hanna Risku
Authors:
Silvia Ettl-Huber
Title: Using social network analysis as a didactical concept for improving social skills
We present two empirical case studies of university courses in Austria, held in the academic year 2006/2007. For
both cases social network analysis was used as a didactical concept for the improvement of social skills. The first
investigation in the course "Cooperative Work" (about 100 students) was held at the Vienna University of
Technology. The objective was to impart knowledge about practical and theoretical aspects of teamwork. The
second investigation in the course "Social Skills" (about 40 students) offered at the Danube University Krems
was included in postgraduate education on knowledge and information management.
Social network analysis was used to help the students recognise social structures within groups and teams and
Abstract:
to train the awareness of one's own point of view in the frame of an egocentric network.
We developed a questionnaire to collect the empirical data, e.g. "With whom do I cooperate via e-mail?" or "From
whom do I know which knowledge and competencies he/she has?". As a result of the responses, the students
had to reflect upon their cooperative interactions and beliefs.
Because social systems change and organise themselves all the time, we handed out the questionnaire in
regular intervals of about one to three months, allowing us to visualise the dynamics of social structures for the
students and use the network analysis as a psychosocial intervention.
Session: networks in education
changes in networks , educational goals , intraorganizational networks , knowledge networks , social
Keywords:
networks , structure of collaboration , teams , social skills
Accepted: Yes
493 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Mengxiao Zhu
mzhu4@uiuc.edu
Department of Speech Communication National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois, at
Urbana-Champaign
Authors: Alex Yahja
National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign
Noshir Contractor
Department of Speech Communication National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois, at
Urbana-Champaign
Title: Theorizing and Implementing Social First Responder Networks assisted by Peer-to-Peer Information Distribution
Events that lead up to and follow emergencies demonstrate that communication and coordinating knowledge
among first responders is both a technical and social challenge. At the technological network level, the reliance
on client-server technologies has been shown to be far less robust than recently implemented peer-to-peer
network configurations where all nodes serve as both servers and client (“servents”). However, first responders
balk at adopting a P2P technology where they the veracity of the information is not curated by a “central
command.” Hence at the social network level, P2P fail to take into account first responders’ motivation and trust
for communicating, coordinating, and knowledge-sharing with one another.
This paper seeks to enhance our understanding of, and thereby help design, a robust socio-technical
infrastructure to enable first responders to interact effectively with each other and use effectively the information
technology. At the technical network layer, we extend Kelips, a well known peer-to-peer information distribution
protocol developed by computer scientists (Gupta, et al. 2003). At the social network layer, we utilize Monge &
Abstract:
Contractor’s (2003) Multi-Theoretical Multilevel (MTML) mechanisms to understand how first responders form,
maintain, and dissolve communication and knowledge networks. We address responders’ resistance to adopt
P2P technologies by offering them the ability of choosing their personal policies for trust, privacy. As well as
knowledge sharing and retrieval with specific other responders. We model the impact of the policies chosen by
first responders on the socio-technical effectiveness their communication, coordination, and knowledge sharing.
The socio-technical networks are investigated using multi-agent simulation models. The first responder activities
are based on emergency training exercises carried out by the Illinois Fire Services Institute. A large number of
simulations are run to test the influence of various MTML theories and policies and their combinations on the
performance of the human responder networks and of the underlying peer-to-peer information distribution
network. The agent simulation is run on Tungsten, a 2,500-node 15-teraflop supercomputer at the National
Center for Supercomputing Applications a the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
peer-to-peer , emergency response , multi-agent simulation model , communication network , knowledge
Keywords:
network , mtml mechanism , supercomputing application
Accepted: Yes
494 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Tao Zhu
taozhu@fudan.edu.cn
Authors:
Fudan University Marketing Department, School of Management 519C South Bldg 670 Guoshun Rd, Shanghai
200433 Tel: 21-65103463(O)
The Effects of Perceived Corruption and Social Embeddedness on Relationship Marketing Consequences in
Title:
Small International Businesses: A Social Network Perspective
Marketing strategy for firms in a cross-cultural context demands trust and commitment in creating and controlling
an effective business relationship with the local stakeholders. In this study social network approach is used, the
functions of perceived corruption and social embeddedness in the relational exchange process examined and a
conceptual model on their mediating effects discussed. It is argued that since corruption is defined as the
unhealthy mutation in the favor trading activities within the relational network, perceived corruption serves as the
shut-off device in the pipeline flow of the relational exchange; while social embeddedness acts as the
Abstract:
shut-on/boosting device in the relational exchange course, and reconciles the conflicts between different cultural
values by deeper and extensive social-economic involvement of business actors within a network, enforcing the
trust among the partners and thus even relieving the negative effect of a perceived corruption on the formerly
established relationship. The study may answer a frequently asked question in international marketing practice:
when to mix with people and get involved in the local business network and how to maintain and develop such
relational exchange into their business success?
Keywords: trust , social network
Accepted: Yes
495 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Ales Ziberna
ales.ziberna@gmail.com
Authors:
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Socail Sciences, Ljubljanska 80, SI-1230 Domzale, Slovenia, Domzale
SI-1230, Slovenia
Title: Evaluation of different approaches to blockmodeling on valued regular networks
In the talk, the results of a comparison of different approaches to blockmodeling on artificially generated valued
networks that should be approximately (max-)regularly equivalent will be presented. The networks were
generated based on known (max )regular blockmodels and partition using beta distributions with different
parameters to generate tie values.
Then, the several approaches to blockmodeling were used to obtain partitions. These partitions were then
compared to the original (known) partition using Adjusted Rand Index to measure the performance of these
algorithms. The compared approaches include generalized blockmodeling approaches for binary and valued
networks and indirect blockmodeling approaches based on structural and regular equivalence.
All simulations were carried out using statistical program R (www.r project.org). Blockmodeling analysis was done
Abstract:
using the package "blockmodeling" (http://www2.arnes.si/~aziber4/blockmodeling/).
The results of simulations show which approaches are (more) appropriate for certain types of networks. In
general, they show that indirect methods for structural equivalence perform relatively well, although not as well as
direct methods or methods for regular equivalence. REGE performs as expected, well on such networks for
which it was designed for. However, two generalized blockmodeling approaches developed for valued networks
perform better in most settings. Also, the results show that pre-specifying the blockmodel in generalized
blockmodeling can drastically improve the performance. Although some generalized blockmodeling approaches
did not perform well without pre-specified blockmodels, they were among the best approaches when used with
pre-specified blockmodels.
Keywords: network structure , simulation study , clustering , blockmodeling
Accepted: Yes
496 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Petra Ziherl
petra.ziherl@cati.si
CATI d.o.o., tržaška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Authors: Hajdeja Iglič
Faculty of social science, kardeljeva ploščad 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Anuška Ferligoj
Faculty of social science, kardeljeva ploščad 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Title: The Effects of Social Networks on the Performance of PhD Students; the Slovenian Case
The aim of the paper is to examine the contribution of individual and contextual level variables on the
performance of PhD students, who are during their study actively involved in research groups at the universities
or research institutes. We are in particular interested in what kind of research contexts promote the performance
of PhD students and how important are their effects compared to individual characteristics.
Among the individual level variables we look at the motivation of PhD students (intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
for obtaining PhD) and the academic performance of their supervisor. Among the contextual variables we look at
various network characteristics of research groups such as size and heterogeneity of the group, strength of ties
Abstract: between students and other researchers, density of research groups, and the existence of structural holes.
We use the data from the Slovenian study of academic research groups conducted in 2003/2004. The sample of
research groups is representative of the Slovenian research groups, which include Ph.D. students and their
supervisors under the “junior researchers” program financed by the Slovenian Ministry of Technology and Higher
Education.
The results of the analysis indicate that the size and heterogeneity of research groups and the number of
structural holes in the research network of PhD students have strong impact on the students’ performance.
Network variables are as important as individual level variables.
Session: Networks and Science
Keywords: social networks , access to knowledge
Accepted: Yes
497 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Curt Ziniel
ines_mergel@harvard.edu
University of California Department of Political Science 900 University Avenue Riverside, CA 92521 USA
Authors: David Lazer
Ines Mergel
Title: Members of Congress Websites: Communicating Innovation at the Tip of the Iceberg
How do Members of Congress manage with the opportunities that the Internet offers? We looked at Members of
Congress’ offices and staff members responsible for the content that is managed on the Web. With its
advantages in informing constituents about the positions and issues their Members had, but also the
disadvantages of displaying opinions on the Web, our research question is: How do innovative practices spread
across the Members of Congress’ offices and across party lines? How do staff members communicate with each
other and does this communication have an impact on their behavior when it comes to managing the web
Abstract: content. Here we present the initial results from interviews with 100 Congressional offices about their decisions
regarding how to use official Member websites. Strikingly, we find that there are relatively few efforts by offices to
evaluate what constituents want or like on their websites. Further, we find that diffusion occurs at the “tip of the
iceberg”: offices often look at each others’ websites (which is publicly visible), but rarely talk to each other about
their experiences or how they manage what is on the website (which is not publicly visible). We also find that
there are powerful extra-organizational influences on Member websites, most notably, vendors and the
Congressional Management Foundation.
Session: Innovation
Keywords: diffusion , informal networks
Accepted: Yes
498 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Müge Özman Gossart

dfindik@metu.edu.tr
Authors: Middle East Technical University, Science and Technology Policy Studies Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
Derya Fındık
Middle East Technical University, Science and Technology Policy Studies, Ankara, Turkey
Title: Analysis of Network Structure between women NGOs in Turkey
During the recent decades social scientists are becoming increasingly interested in viewing systems from a
network perspective. The major reasons underlying this rising interest have been the recognition that networks
among actors have a vital role in shaping economic and social outcomes in an increasingly globalised world.
Among the areas in which network approach is being undertaken are, assessing their role in spread of
technologies and knowledge, in spread of diseases, labour market, inter firm collaborations, world wide web, co
authorship networks, and so on.
The aim of this project is to construct and analyse the network of woman NGOs in Turkey. Today it is recognised
by many scholars and policy makers that civil society networks can be more powerful than individual and isolated
NGOs. This happens through their active role in expanding the individual capacities of NGOS and providing an
increased social capital. With few resources than required networks build synergy among many disconnected
civil society organizations. Indeed networking facilitates, a) exchanges and interrelations of information,
experiences and resources, b) reciprocal support for the achievement of certain aims, c)development of common
identity and a feeling of belonging which strengthens institutionalism, d) achievement of larger interventions with
more repercussions (Ranaboldo and Pinzas, 2003)
To our knowledge, there has been no empirical analysis of NGO networks in Turkey up to now, despite a very
high growth in the number of NGOs in the last ten years. Moreover, several umbrella organizations to promote
networks among NGOs have been founded recently, and both scholars and policy makers in Turkey have started
emphasizing the importance of NGO NETWORKS.
Although there is a general consensus that NGO networks have a vital role in the effectiveness of NGOs, no
formal study has been conducted to assess the degree to which NGOs network, what the structure of these
networks look like, and evaluate the effectiveness of networks among them. This project is a first step in this
field, by focusing on woman NGOs networks. In this sense, the project aims to investigate the existing interaction
Abstract: patterns among woman NGOs by representing a selected set of largest woman NGOs as a network in which
nodes are individual NGOs. The relationships among them will be represented by linkages of the network. We
aim to have a picture of the network of woman NGOs in Turkey, and unravel in a systematic way the structure of
these networks, with the aim of answering the following questions:
1. What types of organizations interact with each other, in which ways? Here, by types of organizations we refer
to their functions, like education, health, religion, political participation etc. Can we identify more intense linkages
between some functions more than others?
2. What is the geographical distribution of linkages? (Are there links among further areas, or are the networks
more local?)
3. To what extent are the interactions once and for all, and to what extent are they permanent?
4. Are there any central organizations and what is their effectiveness in maintaining linkages among them?
5. How is the connectedness of the network, are the organizations connected enough to prevent duplication of
functions, and is there any synergy?
These questions are critical in understanding the following points and the project will be useful in designing
policies to:
1. Increase awareness concerning the importance of networking among NGOS
2. Highlight the weak points of interaction patterns to design policies or actions in the future to maintain and
strengthen the weak points of the network to assure a more effective structure in the flow of information. In other
words, what actions will be more efficient to maintain more effective communication among NGOs and highlight
what gaps need to be filled for this purpose.
3. Understand the role of umbrella organizations, and how they can be promoted to be more effective in linking
NGOS (by umbrella organizations, we mean general purpose NGOs whose aim is to increase networking among
NGOs, like the STGM in Turkey)
4. Act as the first step towards a more generalized study in the future to investigate the NGO network in Turkey,
including all types of NGOs working in different fields.
collaboration , data collection , collective action , structure of collaboration , multi-level networks ,
Keywords:
interdisciplinarity , informal networks , gender
499 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

Miha Škerlavaj
miha.skerlavaj@ef.uni-lj.si
Authors: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Department for Management and Organization, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Vlado Dimovski
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Department for Management and Organization, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Title: Applying a multi-theoretical-multi-level model to intra-organizational learning networks
Organizational learning has a significant impact on organizational performance. The network perspective seems
to allow a better understanding of intra-organizational learning networks by bridging both the acquisition and
participation perspectives. We rely upon and to some extent also upgrade the work of Contractor, Wasserman, &
Faust (2006) by applying their multi-theoretical-multi-level framework for communication networks to
intra-organizational networks. By investigating a software development and business consulting company at two
discrete points in time, we test several descriptive claims which should lead towards a better understanding of
learning relationship patterns within business organizations. As the theoretical background we use cognitive
theories, theories of homophily and proximity, theories of social exchange and resource interdependence, the
Abstract: theory of generalized exchange, small-worlds theory, social process theory, evolutionary theories and the
spinning-top model of organizational learning. The levels of analysis applied are actor, dyadic, triadic, global,
multiplexity with other relations, as well as the dynamic development of learning networks. For the data analysis
we use both exploratory as well as confirmatory social network analysis tools and methods. We use Pajek for
visualization, the exploration of centralities, examination of transitivity in learning relationships, clustering, and
multiplexity with advice and friendship networks. We use p* modeling and SIENA to confirm descriptive claims
about the common traits of the most central people, to test the homophily claim, to check for (non)reciprocity, to
assess the validity of small-worlds theory in this context, and partially to model the dynamics in learning
networks.
organizational learning , ergm , mtml models , exploratory sna , confirmatory sna , learning networks ,
Keywords:
multiplexity , dynamics
Accepted: Yes
500 of 500 2/16/2007 5:53 PM

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Sara Nuzhat Amin

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Belinda Aparicio Diaz

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Javier Augusto Avila Molero

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With this year's session we are continuing this

This year we will analyze Wikipedia networks -

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A formalization of the three dimensional blockmodeling problem

These methods are applied to a variety of real three dimensional

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Hélène Bayard Çan

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