Won Taek Shin

Bio 115CF
12 September 2015
Genetics Practice Problem
1. The ratio of the offspring that have multiple rows of teeth and gold scales was 0.5.
2. The ratio of the offspring having both black scales and yellow eyes was 0.
3. A. Looking at the genotypes for parents typically lead to offsprings possible
genotypes. However, sometimes looking at possible genotypes of offspring can lead
to parents genotypes, as well. Sunny has possible genotypes as homozygous
recessive for brown pigment and heterozygous for follicle deposition, which only
makes sense because of the parents possible genotypes have to be homozygous for
brown pigment and homozygous recessive or heterozygous for the follicle deposition
for both parents. Gordon has black pigment because both parents have black
pigments. However, its genotype for follicle deposition is homozygous because
ultimately it has a yellow pigment. As it was mentioned above, Gordons parents had
black pigments, which refers that they have either homozygous dominant or
heterozygous for the pigments. Thus, in conclusion, Gordon would either have
homozygous or heterozygous for the black pigment and homozygous recessive for
the follicle deposition. Lastly, Grommet has black pigment, and his mom and dad
have brown and yellow pigment, respectively. Grommet is mostly likely to have
heterozygous genotype for both black pigment and follicle deposition. This could be
implied by looking at his parents possible genotypes. Mom carried homozygous
recessive genotype for the brown pigment and heterozygous for follicle deposition.
Dad carried either homozygous dominant or heterozygous for the pigment and had
homozygous recessive for follicle deposition in order to have yellow pigment.
B. Lucy would make the most profit by breeding Sunny with Grommet because since
the genotypes of his offspring would have 6/16 ratio of being black or brown. 1/4 of
the remaining offspring would be yellow, which has lower ratio than either black or
brown. Thus, it would be most profitable for Lucy to breed Sunny with Grommet.
4. According to Genetics Home Reference of U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that typically inherits to the subsequent
generation. The disorder itself is a dominant gene, which means that in general
people without Achondroplasia have recessive genotypes. Among four children, only
 one has dwarfism, while her husband did not have achondroplasia. Either Amy was
heterozygous or homozygous dominant, the ratio of the offspring that would carry
Achondroplasia disorder was not met because it would be 1/4 and 1/2, respectively.
5. A. Homozygous recessive with sickle cell disease
B. Either Homozygous dominant without sickle cell disease or heterozygous.
C. The children of first generation would carry heterozygous genotypes. In theory, if
the dad had homozygous dominant gene and mom had homozygous recessive gene,
the children would all have heterozygous genes.
D. It would be disadvantage to have such genotype because in New York, there is not
much of malaria that cause to eliminate such danger of getting exposed to malaria
parasite.
6. First one would be the time that he looked at the malaria parasite in each sample.
Then he tested for sickle cell character among the data. He discovered that the
children carrying sickle cell character had lower parasite count, as if they were
partially protected against malaria. Second one would be the data that had 5000
samples and had clear correlation, which led to the conclusion that regions that had
high incidents of sickle cell also had high incidents of malaria.
7. He used children as a sample because adult in malaria area could already have built
immunity against the parasite; this could be a compounding factor that can be
interrupting with the data analysis and ultimately jeopardize with the result. However,
children mostly yet to be exposed to malaria, which makes them to not have any
immunity against malaria.
8. For the individual that carries such genotype that is homozygous for typical
hemoglobin, AA, are easily susceptible to malaria. However, individuals that carries
such genotype that is heterozygous, AS, are not susceptible to malaria. Rather, it is
resistant because malaria parasite fails to reproduce in the system that carries
heterozygous genotype. Individual with homozygous recessive has the resistant to
malaria as well; however, it also carries sickle cell disease. Thus, genotype with
heterozygous, AS, is best or fittest genotype of malaria area.
9. In a high malaria exposed setting, majority of survivors of malaria carry heterozygous
gene, AS because they are mostly likely to be surviving and reproducing. Thus,
natural selection in such place is highlighted due to resistance to malaria from certain
genotype.
10. Similar can happen with Cystic fibrosis. Heterozygote of cystic fibrosis is resistant to
cholera toxin. While homozygous genotype to normal genes has no resistant and
susceptible to cholera toxin, heterozygotes have 50 percent of normal amount of
CFTR protein in the intestinal epithelium that would provide additional chloride ion
that can lead to resist cholera toxin.
Citation: Cystic fibrosis heterozygote resistance to cholera toxin in the cystic fibrosis
mouse model. S. E. Gabriel, K. N. Brigman, B. H. Koller, R. C. Boucher, M. J. Stutts
Science. 1994 October 7; 266(5182): 107109.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7524148