Reference SS NAathomnanes Important points and formulas Third Edition (May 2009)= = a Natural numbers 4 49 | Lociand construction 4 2 | Whole Numbers 4) Tso | vets | 3 | imegers 1 | Tsi | coumnvetors S| 4 [Rational Numbers 1] 52] ParalleVeciors S| 5 Irrational Numbers a 53 | Modulus of a Vector is | Terminating Decimals 1) sa) mares SS~S~—sS 7 | Recuring Decimals 1_| [55 | theiwerseofa Marx | 15 _| 5 ‘Significant figures 3 56 | Transformations 16-17 9 | Decimal Places: 2 5? | Transformation by Matrices {is 10 | Standard Form a S| STATISTKS Ed 2. Gneriontaos 2 | 59. Probability 20 oe 3 Leo L Semmetry 14 | Simple Interest 2 15 | compound intrest 2 16 | Speed, Distance and Time 3 37 | Quadratic Equations 3 18 | Spansion ofalgebraic expressions 3 | 19" | Factoraation of algebrake expressions 20 | Ordering 21. | _vatition [22 | PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 23 | Area and Perimeter 2a | Surface Area and Volume 25 | Angles ona straight ine 26 | Vertially opposite angles 27 | _ Different types of triangles 28 | Parallel Lines 29 | Types of angles 30 | Angle properties of triangle 31 | _Congnuent Triangles 32 | _ Similar Triangles 33 | _ Areas of Similar Triangles 34 | Polygons 35 | Similar Soids a6 | ORCLE 37 | Chord of acrcle 38 | _Tangents to aire 39 | Lawsof Indices Solving Inequalities ‘TRIGONOMETRY Bearing Cartesian co-ori Distance ~Time Graphs ‘Speed Time Graphs Velocity ‘Aeceleration ersNUMBER [Natural Numbers: Numbers which are used for Counting purpose are called natural nurnbers & 1,2,3,4, 103, Whole Numbers: Natural numaers including 0 are calles Whale Numbers Ex 0,1,2,3,4, Integers: Positive natural rumbers, negative natural ‘numbers along with O are callad integers. & 43,2,101,23,4, Rational Numbers: Numbers which aren the form, cof £(q# 0) where p and q are poskive or negative whole numbers ae called rational numbers, ei Irrational Numbers: Numbers like V2, cannot ‘be expressed as rational numbers. Such types of numbers are called 2 rational numbers. & V5 v7, Terminating Decimals ‘These are decimal rumbers which stop aftera certaln number of decimal places. For exarple,7/8 =0.875, isa terminating decimal because ftstons (terminates) after 3 decimal places. Recurring Decimals ‘These are decimal numbers which keep renesting 2 digit or group of digits; for examole 137/253/=0.528 957 528 957 528 957 .., isa recurring decimal. The sk digits 528957 repeat in this order. Recurting decimals are written with dots lover the first and last iit ofthe repeating digits, 260528957 ‘+The order of operations folows the BODMMAS rule: Brackets Powers OF Divide Matiply Ads Subtract ‘© Even numbers: numbers which are diisible by 2,06, 2, 4,6, & Odd numbers: numbers which are not visible by 2, eg; 1, 3, 5,7 Slhealis porta pvr dorms 2009 ‘aol Biaalicon ‘© Real numbers are made ug of ll gossible rational and rational numbers © Am integer is a whole nurnber. ‘© A prime number is divsiole only by itself and by one (1}.1 isnot prime number. ithas ‘only two factors. 1 and the number itself ‘©The exact value of rational number can be written down as the ratio of two whole numeers, ‘© The exact value of an irrational number cannot be written down, ‘© A square number isthe result of multiplying a number by itse ex 22,3", be14,9, ‘+ Acabe number isthe result of muitipiyinga number by self three tines, Fc 2,9, ie 4,8, 2, ‘© The factors of a number are the numbers wich divide exact into tw. 2. Factors of 36 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18 ‘© Multiples of a number are the numbers in its ‘mes table. eg. Multisles of 6 are 6,12, 18,24, 30, Significant figure: Example; £8054 = 6000 (correct to 1 significant figures) 8064 = 8100 (corract to 2 significant figures) £8064 = 2060 (correct to 3 significant figures) (0.00508 =0.005 (correct to J signtican figures) (0054 [correct t02 significant figures} (01 [correct to 3 significant figures) Decimal Places Example (0.0647 = 0.1 correct to 1 decimal places) (0.0847 = 0.08 (correct to 2 decimal places) (0.0647 = 0.065 [correct to 3 decimal places) 2.0647 = 2.085 [correct to 3 decimal places) Standard Form: ‘The numbera x10" isin standard form when 41s. 10and nis. positive or negative integer. 4x10ken means klometer m_ means meter fom means centimeter ram means milimeter Time: ‘Lhour = 60 minutes = 3500 seconds ‘Tminute = 60 seconds. 1 day= 24 hours A year= 12 months 2wesks = 365.25 days Percentages: ‘+ Percent means per hundred. mass: kg = 1000¢m gm = 1000 mgm tonne = 1000 kg ‘whore kg moans kiogram gm means gram mgm means miligram Vokime: litre am kilo ltr dozen week =7 days 4 leap year = 366 days “light year =9.46 + 10" km, To express one quantity as a percentage of another, fist write the first quantity 2s a fraction of ‘hesecond and then multiply by 100 * Profit =5.P.—CP. + Loss =CP.-SP, + Profit percentage = + Loss percentage = ==" x 100 where CP=Costprice and SP = Salling price ‘Simple interest: To find the interest: Par, 100 P= money invested or borrowed [R= rate of Interest ger annum T= Period of time (in years) where To find the amount: © A=P+! wheres mount Compound interest Anv(t where, A stands for the amount of money accruing after ni year. P stands for the principal R stands for the rate per cent per annum 1 stands for the number of years for which the money isinvested. Slhealis porta pvr dorms 2009 ‘aol Biaalicon+ Units ofspeed: km/sec Units oF distance: im, m + Units oftime: ty, see a D fo km/ hex sy =m/see 8 s|r + m/secx = km/hr eal diston Average speed = ALGEBRA Tota time Quadratic Equations: [An equation in which the highest power of the variable is? is called quadratic equation. Thus ax’ + be+ c= O where a,b, € are constants and a # 0 is ageneral equation. Solving quadratic equations: We can solve quadratic equation by method of, 2) Factorization bi) Using the quadratic formula ©) Completing the square (2) Solution by factors: Consider the equation ord (or both) is equal to zero, ie.c=Oord=O0re=d=0 ‘where cand d arenumbers. The product cx d can only be zeroitfeither ¢ (b)Solution by formula: ‘The solutions of the quatkatic equation ‘ax’ + bet c= O aregivenby the formula viVb™ Fae 7a (9 Competing thesquare ‘+ Make the coefficient of »*, ie. 3=1 {mete conan erm Le-c tothe righ se of equation. 1 vile coefikient of, by2 ara the square. (2) to bth sides ofthe equation ‘* Factorize and simplify answer Exjunaion of ageless Factorization of algebraic apres cD eee + Hab +58 = (aby SANE esate 2 aaah be = (aby eG ra Dab © @-B =(@+da-b dab? =(ob)?-20b fevENe=h) . @=b? =(a+b)ja-b) ordering: equalto 2 isgreater than or equalto isnot equal to «isles than >is greater than ‘1s ess than or equal to Tatas ata cfr 2009 ehdiyaynalcon RtVariation: Direct Variation: vis proportional tox yoo x yak MENSURATION PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM ver k laverse Variation Yyis inversely proportional to x L For all the right angled triangles ” the square on the hypotenuse Is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides" eae te © b a-Ve=e ‘Rees and Perimeter: Figure Diagram res Perimater Rectangle b> | arco=iee porimeter=2(! +b) r square z Paralelogram ‘ t/ Trea Saban = where, bare sides and 8 is the included angle rangle ‘rca =} xbase x height e o/Na ‘een =F ab sin A c | =se-9G-He=5 Tate agora pas wa jrnalas20 ehdhinyGmalions ftTrapezim ri peimeter=sumot sides D Grae wevssne Sererce = Sector ; Surface ea and lume: Figs Digiam Surace ea Volume Giinder Volume= 77° Fone Volume= 1 neh 3 ‘total surface area = mr(l +r) Sphere Pyramid 1 uewereay Base area + area of the shapes in ‘veut 3 bi testes perpendicular height cba Surface area Volume = 1b xk cube ‘Surface area = 61? Hemisphere aS cured uiface areas 2am Tata ga pans aos 20S Taoiba@ginacom rerGEOMETRY (6) Angles on a straight line Parallel Lines: ‘The angles on a svaight line add up to 180°, \When lines never meet, no matter how far they are xeyez 80 (b} Angle at a point \ 7 Na / d(X) > yen / ‘The angles at a point add up to 360°, orbtctd= 360° (6) Vertically opposite angles If two straight line intersect, then b= d(vertonp.cs) BSc Triangles. Different types oftriangles: :L An sosceles triangle has 2 sides and 2 angles the same. 2. An equilateral triangle has 3 sides and 3 angles the same. AB=BC= CA and ABC = BOA = CAB extended, they are said to be paral. b + Vertically opposite angles are equal, @ p=sanda + Corresponding angles are equal a=qb=me=randd=s + Alternate angles are equal, c= qandd=p. ‘© Sum ofthe angles of triangle is 180°. # Sum ofthe angles ofa quadtllateral 360", ‘Types of angles Given an angle, if -< 90°, then fis an acute angle Discus 90° < @ < 180° then @ isan abtuse angle \ \ \; Sapa 180" < @ < 360°, thend isan reflexangle B= Ac 3.Atriangle in which one angle isa right angle is called the right angled triangle anc = 90° itr agora lta fdas 20 ha iagalcom Pace aEAngle properties of triangle: ‘© Thesum of the angles ofa triangle is equal to 180", ‘+ Inevery triangle, tie greatest angle ls opposite tothe longest side. The smallest angle is ‘opposite to the shortest side, [Exterior angle is equal tothe sum of the opposite interior angles, x=0+b Congrvent Triangles: ‘Two triangles are sald to be congruent if they are equal in every aspect. ‘Similar Tangles: IF two triangles are similar then they have a pair of corresponding equal angles and the three ratios of corresponding sides are equal. A 8 c ¥ % Za= 2x; Zb= dyand Zc= Zt ag wee wy Ifyou can show that one of the following conditions i true for two triangles, then the two triangles are simi. )Theangles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles ofthe other triangle. z AARC is similar to AXY2 because Z a= 2x5 2 = Zyand Ze=Z2 1) The rato of corresponding sides is equal R r D ip FO. PR - OR then a paRis similar to A DEF 9 E DE DF” EF Fates psoas 2B Tonic wnatlil) Theratios ofthe corresponding sides are equal and the angles between them are equal. PR APORis similar to AXV2 GF, for eg: ZP= 2X and P2- Ry wom ‘Areas of Similar Tangles: ‘The ratio ofthe areas of similar trianglesis equal tothe ratio ofthe square on corresponding sides rane T Tceseiocagiaora paesian wise, i) ‘The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is (n— 2) x 180° where n is the number of sides ofthe igo. iii) A regular polygon has equal sides and equal angles. 1) the polygons agar and has ses, thn each evar angle 222 ». Sides = tiange Asides = quadrilateral 5 sides = pentagon 6 sides = hexagon 7 sides = hestagon B ides = octagon 9 sides = nonagon 20 sides = decagon Similar Solids: If two objects are similar and the ratio of corresponding sidesis k then ‘© the ratio oftheir areas is K°, ‘© the ratio oftheir volumes is Kt tenath_ Volume honim Ko he Lo i We as hn ‘tipo lat end fades 209 yynacom ———~—SCSCS~*~*«ScRaE ‘+ Theangle subtended by an arcat the centre is twice the angle subtersied at the circumference SHS ‘© Angles subtended by an arcin the same segment ofa circle are equal. ‘© Theangie ina semicircleisa night angle. [orifa triangle is inscribed ina semi-circle the angle ‘opposite the diameter s aright angle]. > fa Oren abt (ee aration 4 Wendextbnestenstsion snecesario geste toniotonvecsr ("| © +oxrepresents movernent to the right += represents movement to the left # +y represents movernent to the top = -y represents movernent tothe bottom. >> Translation by the calurnn vector 4) Enlargement: To describe an enlargement, state; |. Theseale factor, K ji, The centre of enlargement (the invariant point) lenguhof the image Scale factor= Tengthof te object 2 Ch IF K>0, both the object and the image le on the same side ofthe centre of enlargement. ‘IF K-<0, the object and the image lie on opposite side of the centre of enlargement. ‘Ifthe scale factor lies between 0 and 1, then the resuiting image is smaller than the objec. {although the image is smaller than the object, the transformation is stl known as an enlargement vere) ‘Area of image = «area of object atacand fo 200 ehdiyaynalcon reteRepeated Transformations: 1x1(P) means ‘perform transformation Ton P and then perform X on the Image.’ 24(P) may be written X"(), Inverse Transformations: ‘The inverse ofa tansformation isthe transformation which takes the image back to the object. ramon Thar vector") sen th trenton wh ste coos eects eo") Ths atone rotation Réenctes 0 clckse rotation but, 0) then denotes" antidote ton about (0, 0}. Base vectors: ( ‘The columns ofa matrix give us the images ofl and J after the transformation, Shear Diseonce a point moves dus to ehe shear a Shearfactor = Fr radicular distance of the point from the fide ~b [The shear factor wil be the same calculated from any point on the abject with the exception of those cn the invariant ina} Brea of mage = Area of object steta al To describe a stretch, state; = | thesteten factor, | c ci ii theinvariat line, i i, the direction ofthe stretch (otuays perpendicular othe invariant Ere} A Perpendicular distance of from AB Seale factor pr ecpendicular distance of Cfrom AB ‘Where, Ps the stretch factor Area of image = p X Atea of object Tatas ata cfr 2009 ehdiyaynalcon rat12) | eteconin thera =r 3) |hetecionnane vane O)|peteatoninite mey=x (2G) | Fetectioninthe iney=-= Rotation Wate Angle Direction centre 1 " es 20° anticlockwise (0) ot " ‘Hea Go ag ie (0.0) a0 i Go A) 180° Clockwise/ anticlockwise [0,0) Enlargement mo) (= scale factor and centre of enlargement = (& 9) where ke scale actor ard cone of enlargement = (0,0) stretch Metre ‘Sireteh Factor invariant ine Diedion © axis Parallel to x-axis Ga k ¥ fi xe axis Parallel to y-axis Ge k toy. Shear ware Shear factor Taran ine rection i the is x-axis 64 i aa Parallel to z axis. "aralle| toy- exis «4 k v Peraleltoy Tate pops wil farms 2D ‘eld @giataons Fox teaetSTATISTICS Bat Graph ‘A.ar chart makes numerical information easy to see by showing itn a pictorial form. ‘The width of the bar has no significance. The length of each bar represents the quantity. Pie Diagram: ‘The information is displayed using sectors ofa circle. Histograms: Abistogram displays the frequency of either continuous or grouped discrete data inthe form of bars ‘The barsare joined together. ‘The bars can be of varying width. ‘The frequency ofthe datas reoresented by the ares ofthe bar and rot the height [When clas intervals are diferent it isthe area of the bar which represents the frequency not the height), Instead of frequency being plotted on the vertical axis, frequency density s plotted, Frequency dersity = etsents Mean: ‘The mean of a series of numbers is obtained by adding the numbers and diving the result by the number of numbers Lee i Mean= 22% where ferneans‘the sum of the praducty Ly Bh ‘mm Le. (number x frequency) ane Sf means ‘the sum of the frequencies’ Median: ‘The median ofa series of numbers is obtsined by arranging the numbers in ascending order and then choosing the numéer in the ‘middle’, f there are two ‘middle’ numbers the median Is the average (mean) ofthese two numbers. Mode: ‘The mode of a series of numbers is simply the number which occurs most often. Frequency tables: A frequency table shows a number xsuch as 2 scare or a mark, against the frequency for number of ‘mes that x occurs. tamper od Pris 2B Toh gece arr‘Cumulative frequency: Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to 2 glven point. Cumulative frequency Curve: Bos z 2 af- ‘A cumulative fraquency curve shows the median at the 50" percentile ofthe cumulative frequency. ‘Thevalue at the 25" percentiles known as the lower quartile and that at the 75" percentile asthe upper quartile ‘A measure of the soread oF dispersion of the datas given by the inter-quartle range where inter-quartile range = upper quartile — lower quar ‘© Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an event happening umber of Favourable outcomes Total number of equally Utely outcom © ‘+ Ifthe probability =0 implies the event is impossible ‘+ Ifthe probability =1 it implies the event is certain to happen. ‘+ Allprobabiltes lie between 0 and 2. ‘+ Probabiltos are written using fractions oc decimals. ‘+ Probability of an event = Exclusive events: ‘Two events are exclusiveif they cannot occur a the same time, ‘The OR Rule: For exclusive events A and 8 Bor )= pla) pl6) Independent events: ‘Two events are independent if the occurrence of one even is unaffected by the occurrence of the other. The AND Fu ke are 8) = A) « 48) robabilty ofA occurring robabilty of B occurring ‘Troe diagrams: A tree dagram isa diagram used to represent probabilities when two cr mare events are combined, irs agora gals end fadas 2009 adi palcon Fox BoatSymmetry: ‘Aline ofsymmetry divides a two-dimensional shape into two congruent (identical) shapes. ‘Alone of symmetry vides a three dimensional shape into to congruent slid shapes. _Atwo-dimensional shape has cotational syrmetr if, when rotated about a central point i its its outine, The number of times it fits ts outline during complete revolutions called the erdar of rotational symmetry pa Number ofLines | Order of Rotational cof Symmetry | Symmetry 4 4 2 2 [Farallelogram oT 2 Rhombus 2 2 Trapeaium ° 1 ite 1 1 Tqullateral Triangle 3 3 Reguar Heragon 6 6 Compiled by: Mohamed Hilmy Mathematics Teacher H Dh. Atoll School Proofread by: Mohamed Hilmy Lija Gearge ‘Mathematics Department HDh. Atoll School For any inquiry feel fre to call to these numbers or mailto the following addresses Contact: 296030757 or +860 7328155, mai moby gmiican (© 11k. Aeol Schoo) 19506520056, mil hdhaellschoel@gmal.com © ph serve by Aeon 2009, ‘sce ts ht ete NOTRE aren