Professional Documents
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Any structure having an opening not less than 6.1 m (20 ft) that forms part of a highway or that is
located over or under a highway.
Culvert:
Culvert is a cross drainage work whose length (total length between the inner faces of dirtwalls) is
less than 6.1 m (20 ft).
Components of Bridges:
Railing and
Railing Post
Side Walk
Kerb
Wearing Deck Slab
Surface
Girder
Super-Structure
Bearing
Intemediate
Pier Cap
Sub-Structure
Pier
Pile Cap
Pile
Girder Bearing
Abutment
Pier Cap
Pier
Pile Cap
Pile
In the absence of more precise information, the densities, specified in Table 1, may be used for dead loads. Table
1 provides traditional densities. The density of granular materials depends upon the degree of compaction
and water content. The density of concrete is primarily affected by the density of the aggregate, which varies by
geological location and increases with concrete compressive strength. The density of reinforced concrete is
generally taken as 72 kg/m3 greater than the density of plain concrete. The values provided for wood include the
mass of mandatory preservatives. The mass of transit rails, etc., is to be used only for preliminary design.
Density
Material
(kg/m3)
Aluminum Alloys 2800
Bituminous Wearing Surfaces 2250
Cast Iron 7200
Cinder Filling 960
Compacted Sand, Silt, or Clay 1925
Low-density 1775
Sand-low-density 1925
Concrete
Normal Density with 35 MPa 2320
Normal Density with 35 < 105 MPa 2240 + 2.29
Loose Sand, Silt, or Gravel 1600
Soft Clay 1600
Rolled Gravel, Macadam, or Ballast 2250
Steel 7850
Stone Masonry 2725
Hard 960
Wood
Soft 800
Fresh 1000
Water
Salt 1025
Mass per Unit Length
Item
(kg/mm)
Transit Rails, Ties, and Fastening per Track 0.30
Design Tandem
The design tandem shall consist of a pair of 110 000-N
axles spaced 1200 mm apart. The transverse spacing of
wheels shall be taken as 1800 mm. A dynamic load
allowance shall be considered as specified in Article 3.6.2.