The world's most comprehensive encyclopedia of the military weapons of the 20th cenrur-.

ISSUE 2 FREE B
with IssuE I 8op

Ground-launched Cruise in Actioi^

i:*''*,
The Strategic Missile Balance

'% fumed Forces

of the world:
':j, Sweder.
 Volume I Issue 2

CONTENTS
Sruface to Surfase Missiles
The Land Based Strate$c Missile Balurce 22
Pluton Short Ruqe Battlefield Tactical Support Missile Sy$em 24
French IRBM Missile Systems 24
Chinese MRB}1/IRBII4/ICBM Missile Sy$ems 25
Lance Short Range Battlefreld Tactical Support Missile System 26
Honest john Short Range Tactical Battlefield Support Mssile Sy$em 26
Persh:ng Short Range Battlefield Support Missile System 2t
Tttar II Heavy ICBM Missile System 28
MGM-l 18 (l\,0() Peacekeeper Heavy ICBM Missile System 28
Minuteman Lightweight ICBM Missile Sy$em 29
Americur Ground.larrnched Cruise Missile System 30
Grormd-Lauched Cruise in Action 32 Published by Australia: Back numbers are obtainable
S$ I 'ScudTSS-X-23 Short Rurge Balli$ic Missile Sy$ems Orb s Pub rshrno .:c from WAR MACHINE Back Numbers, Gor-
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 rface to
Surface lvlisstle
Ever since the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan in 1945
the defence of the bigpowers hasbeenbased onthemutual
ar o f nucl e ar w arfare, and missile forc e s hav e he e n t h e
fe
main aqents of those in command. Deterrence seemed
absolute. but the emergence of smaller mobilebattlefield
nuclear weapons has destabilized the once-simple equation. Lance is the only battlefield guided
missile of NATO armies. anditis a
Do these weaponsmaintain our security or produce a relatively small weapon. At launch the
dangerous and potentially deadly insecurity? dense smoke from its on-board gas
generator is expelled through
tangential ports fo spin fie mrssr/e,
--:d-based mrssile systems are usually classed as strategtc, theatre, or adding stability. One of Lance's good
:,-:Lcai. Strategrc normally refers to those missrles which have lntercon features is that it can be fitted with a
'-:,:ntal ranges (more than 3 350 miles/5400 km), and as such are termed v ariety of different w arhe ad s,
-:.::r Contrnental Balhstrc Mrssrles (lCBMs) Only thr--e countrtes pos- including nuclear.
-.=ss this class of mrssrle, the USA the USSR and Chrna In the case of lhe
..:-.: two, each deploys over 1,000 ICBMs of vartous types lhat are marntalns a small 18 rrtuncl IRBM force a,s Lis l::t.. i . ,:-
j.'..rCed rnto either the heavy or hghtweiqht varlants dependrng on thetr contributron
:-:: thror,v-werght and performance capabrlrtres. ChLna has only de 'fhe tactrcal mrssrles .rre class,od :rs ihose ::,...,:..=.
:-,-red L4 ICBMs to date, and is rnvolved tn a acttve research and than 700 mLk:s (l'l25 km) These systenrs carr r:. ,r .. -
r=;elopment programme to rncrease thts force level tn order to provrde those whLch can be used rn the dLrect-sur-.L-, r ,:
. :redrble deterrent agarnst the USSR. fronl-hne troops (and as such ar-o known as i-r-::r=:,., .

Theatre area missrles are those mrsstles that have ranges restrrcted to and those whrch are capable ol strrkrnq iijro!-: .

-r,:crfic geo,3raphrcal areas, such as West and East Europe. They can be
,:lled erther Medrum-RangJe Ballistic Missrles (MRBMs) wtth ranges
::.:'l,/een 700 and I 725 mrles ( I 125 and 2775 km) or interm-odtate Range
:,--hstrc Missiles (lRBMs) wrth ranges between 1725 and 3,350 mtles
-175 and 5400 km) The USA did at one trme deploy IRBMs but wtth
l:ew them as her ICBM programmes matured. The greatest operator of
:--. two systems is the USSR, whrch created a peak lorce ol some 700
:---ssrles in the 1960s for use against possible tarqets rn Europe, the
l.llcldle East and Chrna The USSR has also pLoneered the use of the
.:-,,brle IRBM system. The second major operator rs Chrna wrth some 100
l. ?BMs and IRBMs currently deployed aoarnsl S.'"'re: iar.i-ots France
allowable range under the system classrfrcalir,r- .,- . .
termedShortRangeBa]lrstlcMtsst]es,orSRBiv1:
to the rnventories oi the USA USSR and Lrbya ."', r,-, ,
misstles can be found rn practrcally all the li,-- - .
armres and also rn lhe armres of the two SLLr:n '.:,
client stat-os
LookingdownintoaMinutemanICBMsilo.Thesilotsexre:-'.-e.-,,.:r:.:J; bu;,'l
towithstand nuclear attack, but Large enough Ior the giar.i !,:::.s :::::. :.:e
first-stage motor to escape past the missilewithout dama;:n;.:. .".':.::;:1.:a.i ls
over 20 years old and a very small missile compared w'rli ;.le .': ;:-r --: cjs
numerous Soviet ICBMs.
Ihe [cnC Based Strcffegic
lvlissile Bcilance
,:.: :;rerrt strategrc weapons of the two major superpowers are deployed on
A Minuteman ICBM rockets

ii*t:'*;;;r;
up from its silo in a practice
launch from Vandenberg
ForceBase, California.
llousrngrin srTos was
Air

':-::: :i'pes of delivery system that are collectively known as the Trrad. These supposed foprolect US
:'.'s::nr are the land-based ICBM, the long-range bomber carrying the gravrty mrssr7es from a Soviet first
::::b ancVor nuclear missile and the missrle-carryrnq submarine. In each case strike, but improvements in
r?ussian mrssrJe warhead yield
::-;re are two essential factors to be considered in assessrng the value to the Triad
and accuracy have eroded
:: :ne dehvery platform. They are penetratlon to the target, and survLvabrlrty. In the that security, creating anxiety
:-rst case the need is for the majority of the attackrng systems to avoid destructton in the minds of theAmerican
b-r' the enemy defences, and rn the second case the need is for a sLgtntficant defence es tablis hment. T his
lercentage olsystems to survive a pre-emptive strtke before therr own launch. It ts anxiety has now manifested
::.ris second factor whrch rs causing the most concern at present to US strateqfic itsel{ in the production of the
'.'.'arfare planners MX, but US poiiljcjans seem lo
The US Minuteman and Titan II ICBM force is housed rn spectally hardened be hopelessly confusedas to
its adoption and method of
-nderground missile silos burlt to suwive nuclear blast over-pressures of between deployment. The latest
33 and up to 70 kg/cm2 (500 and up to 10 000 lb/sq rn). The srlos are also proofed to scleme is lo house tfiem rn lie
crovide protectron against the radtation and other electro-magnetrc waves that supposedly vulnerable
:nq[nate from the explosions. The flxed-location stlo allows for better missile Minutemansilos!
;.udance accuracy as the missile will be fired from a pre-surveyed stte to a
orecisely known target location, thus ensulng that the onboard inerttal navtgation both the majority of Western nuclear forces (either on the qround or in flight) a::
system has exact sets of co-ordinates to Lrse In rts calculattons. However, when the the American capabihty to flght beyond its own shores.
:pposlng side increases its missrle performance to the level where a comblnatlon The American (and hence the Western natlons) rulnerabtlity to such a strategl- .
:f warhead yield and accuracy overcomes the advantage of the srlo anti-blast readrly apparent because of the letharEnc and erratic policy decisions that ha..':
:ardenrng features then the fixed-location basrng concept makes the ICBM tn- consistently plagmed AmerLcan strategtc weapon development prognammes ovel
ierently vulnerable The Amencans have now conceded that this is the case wlth the last decade or so The MX basLnq controversy the delayed Trrdent mrssrl:
:ierr ICBM forces as the present Soviet force of SS-18 Model 4 and SS-19 Model 3 submanne progrranme and the cancelled then reinstated B-] bomber are but :
iCBMs can destroy the majority of the US mrssrles and assocrated command, few.
:cntrol and communications centres tn a flrst-strlke attack. This, coupled wtth the
:ontingency planning the Soviets have for reloading launch silos that have already Theatre nucle.u missiles
been used to fue an inrtial round of SS-l7s and SS-18s, and the fact that they have Hitherto there seemed to be n\,'o drstrnct famLhes of mrssrle systems, the strateq.
buLlt some l, 175 ICBMs since l978 (compared with none by America) tndicates that and the tactrcal. The tacncal v,'eapons'lvere to an extent discounted in arms contrc-
the Sovlets are preparrnq for protracted nuclear war The level of ICBM production discussions, because theLr rang:es .,';ere so short and therr warheads so compara-
srnce 1972 (some 2 000 rounds) rs assessed as beinq far above the normal require- tively small - thougth thts dtsttnciLo: mrght have been lost on the hapless citizens c:
ment for the Soviets to maintarn a credrble deterrent force The net result of thts, tn the territory (probably West Gelmanv) over whrch a battle was fought. But latel';
conjunction wlth the previor-s data, is that both the numertcal and technological gffeat stndes have been made -: as.uracy range and warhead capability and wrtf.
balances have shifted signifrcantly towards the Soviets so that they are effecttvely at the rntroduction of new qreneralio:. :actLcal weapons such as Pershingr 11, Crurse
the point of being able to carry out therr hvofold strateqlc strategry, which is first to and SS-20, theatre weapons ha',': :,i-sei rnto the realms of the strateglc and thrs has
capitalize 1n peacetrme on the coercive leverage rnherent rn such a force so as to greatly enlarged the scope ol arn:s i-scr-sstcns Some argnre that thts is a destabihz-
exert political rnfluence on free-world socletLes, and second to employ the force in ing factor but it also seems i. r:ake the decLsrcn to Ltse the flrst albert smallest
wartlme rn a war-wrnning role by ensurLng the homeland's survrval by destroytng battlefield nuclear weapon :ia: i:jl: nore Lmpossrble

AMERICAN ICBM FORCES IN 1983

Throw. Cold
Range Warhead Number weight launch No, deployed
Missile Tvpe {kml type and yield , CEP {m) (kg) Propellant capability 1 983 Notes

Titan ll 1st 1 962 heavy SRV 1 xgNy't 13CC 3;-;a j3 berng ret red
Nlinuteman ll 2nd 1 966 I ght SRV 1 x 1.2N,41 370 73C 440
lvlinuteman lll 3rd 1 970 light MRV 3x165kt );n f; 14 2aa
-i
Minuteman lll 3rd r qfq light MIRV 3x 335kt 22C 5:1 300
Peacekeeper 4th late 1980s heavy MIRV I 0x 335k1 6C 9C 3600 none under development, at leasl
T 00 planned

SOVIET ICBM FORCE BUILD UP FROM 1971 TO DATE

Number Cold
ICBM Range and (cEP) launch
Missile Variant generation lOC date (km) yield (m) Propellant capability

x 3.5N/1 850 1824 llqu d 'r90 r90 80 0 0 0 0

SS.7 SADDTER 2nd I 962 heavy 1 0400 SRV 1 1

ss.8 sAstN 2nd 1 963 heavy T 100 SRV l x2Mt 1 850 1 590 lquid T9 19 I 0 0 0 0
ss-g scARP lvloci T 3rd 1 965 heavy TTOO SRV I x20Mt 744 5000 lqurd
lquid \27a )308 )298 )208 )68 )0 )0
ss.g scARP Mod 4 3rd 1971 heavy 12AA MRV 3x3.5M] 1 850 5680
ss-1r sEGo Mod 1 3rd 1 966 ght SRV '1
x950kt 400 1 000 lrqurd
ss.l1 SEGO Mod 3 3rd 1 973
I

light
BBOO

9600 MBV 3x200kr

1

1110 1 135 lrquid

)970 )970 )960 )8s0 ,:;,
SS.I3 SAVAGE 3rd 1 969 lrght 8000 SRV 1 x 600kt 1 850 680 solld 40 60 60 60 60
ss-r6 4th 1 978 I ght 8750 SRV 1 x 650kt 480 980 solid 0 0 0 0 160 !u I but not depoyed
I ght 4 x 750kt 480 liquid 0 -f gures for Mod 1 & Mod
ss-17 Mod 1 4rh 1 975 I 0000 T,1IRV 21 4A YCS 0 10 50 3
ss-17 Mod 2 4th 1977 light 1T000 SRV I x6Mt 425 t1 1i iiquid VCS 0 0 0 0 ;;
ss-17 Mod 3 4th 1 980 light I 0000 MIRV 4 x 750kt 350 27 4A iquid yes 0 0 0 0 '' ou.es for Mod 1 & Mod 3
x27Mt 425 7560 rquid yes 0 t0 60- -'_:u.es for Mod 1 & Mod
ss.18 Mod 1 4rh 1974 heavy r 2000 SRV T 0 3
ss-18 Mod 2 4th T 976 heavy l] 000 MIRV 8 x 900k1 425 7590 rquid yes 0 0 0 4C

350 7500 iquid yes 0 0 0 -'ou.es for Mod 1 & Mod 3

ss.18 Mod 3 4th 1911 heavy r 6000 SRV
ss-18 Nlod 4 4th I 979 heavy r 1000 MIRV 260 7590 rqu d VES 0 0 c
ss.19 Mod 1 4th 1 975 ight 9600 MIBV 390 3420 rqu d 0 0
ss.19 Mod 2 4th 191A ight 1 0000 SBV 264 3',r B0 ou d C c
ss.19 Mod 3 4th 1 980 ight 1 0000 MBV 2AA 34r 0 c! C c

Notes MRVr Multrp e Re-entrv Vehicle counts as s ng e warhead) '1'r.cA-i!eight r: .:':be payload of ICBM rn
lOCr a
Operallonal Capability
nrt MIRV: Multiple ndependent Re-e.lrv Veh cle lscparale warhea.s ::: :: : : t: :r_ah az muth, re-entry
SRV: Srng e Re-entry Vehic e. CEP: Crcuar Error Probab1lv LcTcuara'ea around larQel ! ih- :^ --::: -:: ii', a'a- a-: a- a
"'
TOTAL LAND.BASED US/NATO AND FRENCH THEATRE NUCLEAR WEAPONS

Range Warhead
Nuclear Users No. deployed I No, deployed
Number Payload other than
IVissile Type lOC date (km) Type Yield CEP (m) (ksl Propellant Launcher US Notes

SSBS-S3 IRBM 1980 3T 50 SRV 1xT.2Mr 830 soId sllo France '16
French RBM system
Pluton SRBM 1314 10-124 1x15ktor1x25kt 330 solid tracked France 42 French tactical SRBM system
Lance ] sngv 1912 5-121 1x1okt or 1x'l00kt 460 212 liqu d tracked alternative conventonal
Belgium, Netherlands warheads available
Honest John SFBM 1 953 8-37 1 xskt or I x25kt 830 680 solid whee ed Greece, Turkey 30 alternative conventional
warheads availab e
Pershing la SRBM 1 969 T 60-740 Ix 60kt or 1 x400kt 374 c.750 sol d wheeled WGermany 72 to be replaced in US serv ce
by Pershing
Pershing ll MRBM 1 984 I x20kt or 1 x200kt 12 36 c.750 solid whecled to replace l0B Pershing la
in Europe
'l
1 983 x 200kt t8 5 123 turbofan wheeled total of 454 to be deployed
in Europe

TOTAL LAND.BASED WARSAW PACT THEATRE NUCLEAR WEAPONS

Nuclear
I| l| warPac
users
No. deployed
by usets
Range Warhead Number Payload | | other than other
Missile Type lo0 date lkm) Type Yield CEP {m} {ks) Propellant llauncherl US than USSR
I.-.-l
ss.4 MBBM 1 959 220 SRV 1xT.2Mt 2300 not available qu d I
s,ro ruun.r,
I
c.200 expected to be phased out by
late 1 980s
ss.s MRBM I 961 41 00 SRV 1x1.2Mt 41 00 not avarlable lqu d I .,,o o, I few expected to be replaced by
tauncn oao end 1983

tt
I I

ss.20 IRBM 1977 5000 or SRV I x650kt or 425 not avallable so rd | *i notoa I 350 tota of 400 expected to be
7000km or 1 x50kt or deployed
{50kr MRV 3x 1 50kt
tt
FROG.7 SRBM T 965 SRV 1xloktor 700 550 sotd | *nee,eo I erq.'u. rc, c 670 a ternative conventional
1x100ktor
II II czecl Hunsan warheads avai able. FROG 3
x 200kt
1 Polaro Ronaria a so in use
ss.21 SRBM I 976 14-120 SRV 1 x'lokt or 1 x l00k1 280 not aval ab e sol.l I wrreetca I c40 eventual y to replace FROG

Scud-B SRBM 1 965 B0-1 B0 SRV 1x40ktor1xl00k1 930 1 000 rqu'd | *.""r"0 I a,rqu,ir. rc 130 r 5,10 some Scud-A w th WarPac.
C/ech. Hulsal
I I Poland Roranra
Scud-C rry th Sov ets on y
I I
ss.x.23 SRBM 1 980 B0-444 SRV 280 not avallab c so rd I wheeled I c30 s lr v reo ac ng Scud-B C
. Scv e: Se-, !e
Scaleboa.d I snev I 969 20 800 SRV 480 1250 so rd I *n*,.n I c 4a r: _: chasa! tr:
ss.22 snav rd c la 'a!: ! -aa n: -r S:a eboa'd
| -r,"","0
1911 20-BB0 SBV 320 notavai able 50
I |

Titan ll
Davrs-Monthan AFB f
Minutbman il ,O,
Francis E- Warren AFB
i' Minuteman ll /r, /j /Minuteman lll
,l Ellsworrh AFB ,ry' r / Minot AFB
Tifan ll
/' Mcconnell AFB ri
f,'''irinuteman tt ana ttt
Minuteman ll ,ij /' Malmstrom AFB
Whiteman AFB
Titan ll
Little Rock AFB
{

3""1,1"** l/ I

i-i '!
3:J;"","\l/
I

ffir*,"ll\|/ffi,j
'Y:-
iils\|/.,

i
vu,ddr'
lffilTil,"* 0",-"i, ij, fui
,-""j:1,"r."r.,,,
\l/fj.;fl"^""" ', (-._..._._.,r.1

'\.,.
,inJE@q;Derazhnva iri,t).. ,)
ssBs.s3 .
''._. ii 'l-.,r-'-.)'--. '--*(.,., '\
\ prareau dArbion ,"''''- -i'-' ;iI _ il B!-'"'-","n
...-,i-*..-.i,-,.--*rr"::'-1, F;;l'-"v"k ,/' "--t'r,

i I t')r._, ,,._.__._,) j I
*.-...,-.-.,,.-. '/'-' 'i..- (
..j
 tt Pluton Short Range Battlefield Tactical Support Missile System
r: :-:- ,-,:t- t---:-::. iunng 1972.
- :- t-,.. -:.:: .: ::: F:ench army
:: : := =.-:,'.- -:-= :l::Ce then the
. ... : :. .=:.,'eregiments
'. - -.-:..-:-: : :::'.'-ie 'iactrcal nu-
: -. -:_-. , L ., :::-: ield armies.
::
_:

a: l = 1,::-,:::S :,aS SUt laUnCher

: r :i ::.:ir ::- :he AMX-30 main
:- :.-.: ':L:. l:-::S-S Se'nelal COmmand
1 :.'-::.., :=t:-lns A tota.l of 42
..- L^^*
-. - - ^:^^
-.:--:-15 rruer- pfOdUCed
. ...-::--= r::','.'arhead are supplied
. - .:: :perattonal units, The
.: .-'=,'.' :
: ,.--:::;: dual-lhrust solrd-
.-..,:.- :.r:::- rs flrted \ rth a slm-
-- .:.=::--l r.udance package that
i ::-r ::- = SFENA semr-strapdown
,'-:. ,-.'.': -.','alheads have been de-
-. : - I : i ::: nrssrle: one is the AN-
' . -.= :J1-:si rear-area targets and
..':.:--:.1 ::: same 25-kiloton MR50
r:: ','.'=rlon as the French air
' -. .:.:::- -ac:rcal
.
nuclear gravlty
. ':.i- ::.: ::her rs a lS-kiloton war- Carried on a
- .: :=:.::-=d as an aLr-burst weapon modifiedAMX-30
. .i: -:. :.= maLn battle zone area. As MBTchassis,
..:: :=::. ::3 case wtth most French Plutonis amodern
::r '.'.':aocns
' -, ^, - +L^ l^^i--
the destgn, testlng
'^^ri-^ and effective
:, : - :-::.cn of the systems was car- weapon; itwent
, r ::::li; by the French them- intoservicewith
the French army
,..::'..i-i317 the French defence in 1974.
...-: -i :-.- Crsclosed that consideration
,, Super Pluton' tactical missile was turn towards the development of their rnterest in developing this class of kiloton nuclear, or tratningr
: :--r:--n hand for deployment rn the own mobile land-based cruise missile, weapon. Minimum range: 10 lcn (6.2 miles)
:'= .::is
This missile would have a Designated Hades by A6rospatrale, Maximum range: i20 km (75 miles)
- ... r:rably rmproved performance
. the mrssrle (7rn/23t1 long) will prob- Specification CEP:330m (360 yards)
:. '=::-s of accuracy and rangre as well ably have an integral booster/ramjet Pluton Launch vehicle: tracked AMX-30 MBT
:i
':,-.
.,:'.'-nq an improved warhead. By propulsron system, a Tercom (Terrain Lengrth: 7,64m (25 ft 0% in) chassis
l9B0s, however, an A6rospa- Contour Matching) gnldance system Diameter: 0.55 m (1ft 9% rn) Propellant type/gruidance: solid/
' ..==-rl.r
s: -rdy of the 'Super Pluton' and the and a range in the order of 350 km (2 17 weight: 2350 kq (5, lBl lb) inertial.
... :r:si generated in mllitary circles miles), Warhead options may include Warhead weight: 350-500 kg (772-
: . ':.= Amerrcan cruise missile progr- an enhanced-radiation (neutron) de- 1,102 lb)
:.:',::e had persuaded the French to vice as the French have shown some Warhead type: iS-kiloton nuclear, 25-

ll F RANCE

French IRBM Missile Systems

: : ,::. rhe deployment of the first tial 53 deployment began in l9B0 and
.;-=iron in 1971, the main land-based by l9B2 the missile had completely re-
r :.Donent of France's Force de Frap- placed the SZ in the two IRBM squad-
:= cecame lB SSBS 52 IRBMs. The rons. During the deployment the
SSBS 52 was a two-stage inertially- ground facilities of the silo complexes
:-.red solid-propellant missile wrth a were improved to allow modetnization
l:P
'.'.
value of 900m (985 yards) and of some systems and to rncrease mrs-
-s deployed in two squadrons each sile reliability whrle reducing mainte-
,: :lre mrssiles. lrocated on the Plateau nance costs, Reactron time of the 53 is
';-:lbron east of Avrgnon in Haute said to be around 200 seconds from the
:::-,'ence rn hardened underground order to fire.
..rs the squadrons were controlled
',' iwo heavily protected subterra- Specification
:in hre-control centres that had spe- ssBs s3
-.1 communicatrons links direct to the Lengrth: 13.8 m (45 ft 37: in)
r:rch strateqic air force headquar- Diameter: m (4 ft l1 in)
1.5
:s The 14.8 m (48 ft 7 rn) Ionq and weisht: kq (56,880 lb)
25800 ti:
-:. '4 ft I I ln) dramelcr missile had a Warhead: single 1.2-megaton thermo-
.-:.:n werght of 31900 kg (70,325 Ib) nuclear RV ',*1

j
.:, a maximum range of 2750 km Range: 3150 km (1.957 miles) .{
- -18 miles), and carried a 1SO-kiloton CEP: 830 m (908 yards)
.'-=.i nuclear warhead, Launch facility: hardened silo $
-: 1973 a new IRBM development Launch: hot type .i
::l ;lramme was initrated to produce a Propellant ty?e/gruidance: solid/
I
.=,-,-:nd-generation missile to replace rnertial
:---: S2 The new mrssile, the SSBS 53, tl
'.'.':s developed by A6rospatiale under '!l
ril
:--.': contracts spannrng the years 1974- traunclr of an SSBS, probably of the ir
!, and uses the same first stage as the newS-3 typewhichis now .;!

S. The second slage is, however, of replacing the S-2 in the same silos
:.,:her performance with a warhead on the Plateau d'Albion in southern J..!
:.-.a: rncludes a hardened thermonuc- France. S-3 ias a range of 3500 km i,i!
-=ar charge and advanced penetratlon (2,175 miles)with a single large j
.-is to counter anti-ballistic missrle de- Aerospatiale warhead with a yield
:=::es. The flrst test launch was in De- of I .2 megatons. The entire silo and .!ffi6
ffifl
:=:rber 1976, the test firing trials being missile are hardened aErarnsf 'Wi
,-:::rpleted in the summer of 1979. Ini- nuclear attack.
I 8irin"r" MRBVI/IRBVI/ICBM Missile Systems
I
l^
The Chinese have had a strateglc mls- css-2 css-x-4
sile development proqramme under Type: IRBM Type: ICBM
way srnce the early I96Os. The first Lengrth: 20.5 m (67 ft 3 rn) Lengrth: 32.5 m (106 ft 772 tn)
missile to become operational was a
modified and Iengthened version of
the Soviet SS-3 'Shyster' MRBM, This
Diameter: 2,44 m (B ft 0 in)
Weisht: 28000 ks (61,730 lb)
Range: 3200km (1,990 miles)
Diameter: 3 0 m (9
Weisht: I50000 kq
ft 10 in)
(330,690 Ib)
Range: 8000 km (4,970 miies) t
I
Warhead: 200 kilotons or I megaton Warhead: 5 megatons

Lt
single-stage liquid-fuel missile, coded
CSS-I by the Americans and called TI Launch facility: pad Launch facility: stlo or pad
Tong Feng (East Wind) by the Launch: hot type Launch: hot type
Chinese, is fired from an above- Propellant tlpe/gruidance: liqutd/ Propellant type/gn:idance: hqurd./ IE L
gnound launch pad. The missile was rnertral inertial
rnitially deployed from 1966 onwards
rn the north eastem and nofih western css-3 css-5
areas of China. With a ranqe of
1200 km (745 miles) and an estimated
Type: ICBM
Lengrth: 25.5 m (83 ft B in)
Type: ICBM
Length: not avatlable E.L
warhead yield of 20 kilotons, the mis- Diameter: 2.4 m (B ft O tn) Diameter: not available
srle has maintained a useful threat Weisht: 50000 kq (110,230 lb) Weight: not available
value against Soviet Far Eastern Range: 6960 km (4,325 miles) Range: 13800 km (8,575 miles)
targets whilst more capable systems Warhead: 2 megatons Warhead: 5 megatons
are deployed, A full scale test of the Launch facility: stlo Launch facility: srlo r
CSS-I was conducted in 1966 and in- Launch: hot type Launch: hot type L
cluded the use of a fully armed war- Propellant type/gnridance: liquid/ Propellant typeigmidance :

head, The number of CSS-ls operated rnertral liqurd/rnertral

by the Second Artillery offensive
strategic forces of the Chinese Peo-
ple's Liberation Army has remained at
a relatively constant 50 for some hme
now.
The second missile to be depioyed
was the CSS-2 (or T2) IRBM, Achtev-
rng initial operational capabrlLty tn
1971, this singrle-staqe storable ltqutd-
propellant missile is fired from fuxed

I
above-ground launch pads WLth a
maxrmum range of around 320C km
(1,990 miles) it can engage tarqrets tn
Soviet Central and Eastern AsLa The
Iaunch facilitres can rf requtred be
relocated in a shofi trme The number
of CSS-2s deployed rs belteveci to be Ln
the region of 50 and the tyoe ls eqilLp'
ped with either a 2OO-kLlclon or l-
meqaton warhead Both i,:e N'lRBIv{
and IRBM forces a:e bel.:'.'ec -c :.a'. e
a reload capabLlrti'
The first Chrnese ICBM :le CSS-3
(or T3), was not deployed ur:Ll t.:e nLi-
1970s. Based Ln harder.ec -r.:=:-
ground srlos, the rnerually gut i+: : .'. : -
stage storable liquLd-propellant CSS i
has an estimated range of 700i kn
(4.350 mrles). Only l0 CSS-ls .-.a-.'=
been deployed by eariy l9B3 The n:s-
sile rs thought to carry a 2-mega::i:
yield warhead.
The next ICBM model was the CSS-
X-4 (or T4), which was successfully
test-fued in I9B0 from the Shuangt-
chengzi missile test site in the GobL
desert. The CSS-X-4 also formed the
basrs of the marn Chrnese satelllte
Iaunch vehicle, the CSL-Z (or FBI). It is
believed that the further development
of this mrssile resulted the operational
CSS-S (or TS) ICBM. This is estimated
to have an operational range of
13800 km (8,575 miles) and to carry a
S-megaton warhead. By 1982 four CSS-
5 missiles had been deployed in silos
to threaten both the USSR and the USA.
The total lCBM force is not expected to
expand very much from tts present
numbers for the foreseeable future,

Specification
CSS-I
Type: MRBM
Lengrth: 22.8 m (74 ft 9 in)
Diameter: 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Weisht: 22A00kg (48,500 lb)
Range: 1200 km (745 mrles)
Warhead: 20 kilotons
Launch facility: pad
Launch: hot type
Propellant tlpe/guidance: Iiquid/
inertial CSS-2 css-3 t-<<_v-z.
 USA
ffi
*: Lance Short Range Battlefield Tactical Support Missile System
The MGM-52 Lance battlefield sup-
port mrssile was first concerved of in
i962 when the Voughl Corporalion
was chosen as the prtme contractor for
the proeramme In 1963 the research
and development contract was placed
and in March 1965 the first test firrng of
a trials mrssrle was conducted. After
prob)ems wirh lhe propulston sys'em
and rocket engine had been over-
come, the first production models
were dehvered to the US Army in 1971
for sewrce trrals. The missiie was type'
classrfied as'standard in 1972, wlth the
frrst trarning battalion belng actlvated
rn Aprrl of that year The mrsstle pro-
vides nuclear flre support at the corps
1evel. The US Army has elght batta-
Iions in service at present. The Lance
has also replaced most of the Honest
John short-range msstles In servlce
with various NATO armres. Current
operators of the Lance are: USA (65
M752 launchers) UK (18 M572 laun-
chers), West Germany (24 M572 laun-
chers), Netherlands (nine M572 laun-
chers), Italy (nine M572 launchers),
Belgrum (nine M572 launchers) and
Israel (18 M572 launchers)
The Lance has a two-Part Rocket-
dyne concentrLc pre-packed storable
hqurd-propellant motor, the outer sec-
ILon of which provldes the thrust during
the Lnrtral boost phase of the flrght
when the mrsstle ts under the control of
the onboard srmplLfled inertral qur
dance system, once this system de
tects that the crulse veloclty has been
ot-orFpd. the innet propellanl secllon ls
rqfnlted to take over the propulslon un-
iLl the gurdance unit commands it to
shut down so as to leave the mtsstle Ln
free flight lor the termlnal phase of tts
'ralectory. I he mrssrle ls sPln
stabllized rn flight by the expulsion of
propellant qases throuqh canted vents
Ln the mrsstle body. The Lance system
rs normally carrLed on two tracked de-
nvatrves of the 11113 APC famlly: the
M752 self-propelled erector-launcher
'rehicle carries one ready-to-fire mts
srle and the MOBB loader-transporter
vehrcle carrles two reload mrssiles
f mrnus therr flns) and a loadtnq hoLst. A
srnqle-ra;l :.::.": = ;:-: launcher has
also been ::'.'=.-:-= j lcr dehvery by
hehcopte: :r::.r:-r:.-ie rnto the battie Lance is a mobile
ba f tiefei d miss ile with a
area.
The warnea: :: -::s for the Lance range of up to I 20 km (75
rnclude the l'.-:.-, s:andard 212-kg miles), with a nuclear
(467-lDJ M2-- . - -. krloton option' warhead. This Lance of the
al yreld weap::, -:.: US ArmY n re- US Army is mounted on the
placrng son= : :.. -' wt-h a verslon lightweight launcher
based on the
',','- -- '''reapon that has which can be carried by
burlt-rn featul:: :,-: .'.'tng Lt to operate helicopter or dropped by
as a 7z-krlc:::, --','.' ,'ield enhanced- parachute. Lance js a,lso
radration (rie...:::. ievlce that minl- fired from a tacked
mizes blast d::.::e and restdual amphibious vehicle.
radiatron bu: r.a::-:-,zes the output of
::,: ::rne of detonation
fast radratLon a:
to rncrease pe:s::.:.:l casualhes ThLs
effect Ls of cc:.s-i::able use when
large concer:ra:-::.s of tanks and
APCs are el;:;:d bY nuclear
weapons. Ali t:: lr.:.TO nuclear war-
heads for Lance tt: :-:lc bY the Amer-
rcans undet a i:-.-kE-" arrangement
Israel does noI i:1.': ari' nucleat war-
heads for Lanc: c-t uses the M25i
cluster munLtLo:'.'.'at:ead lnstead The
M25i rs also usec'c'; :re US ArmY and
the Netherlands lhls atr burst war
headLs filled ! l€ C 43-kg (0.95-lb)
'n;il:.
sphere-shape: a:t,-personneYantl-
matenel fraome:.:a:ton bomblets that
can saturate a EZi-m (900 Yard) dra
meter ctrcle lethal fragments.
"'.'::i use to Israel as a
This is of partlci-lar
possible arr-ciefe:-ce suppresslon sys
tem that does nct rtsk any personnel
casualtres ln Lts LSe
Vought ls c.trrer-ltly developLng an
Improved Lance to meet the US ArmY s
Corps Support Si'stem programme re
qulrement. The ne',ri missrle wrll be
compatrble wLth the current lance sys-
tems and will be effecttve Into the
1990s. Improved Lance wlll have three
times the range. stx tlmes the accuracy
and a 30 per cent Increase Ln payload
when compared to the present misstle
Specification
MGM-S2C Lance
Lengrth: 6. l7 m (20 ft 3 rn)
Diameter: 0.56 m (1 ft 10 in)
Weight: 1530 kg (3 373 lb) with nuclear

ry iLn"r, John Short Range Tactical Battlefield Support Missile System

lhe MGR-I Honest John mtsstle first
:ntered service in rts MGR-IA form tn
1353 In 1960 the Lmproved MGR-IB
-..;as
rntroduced, and thls has now been
rhased out of servtce with most NATO
:ountrres except Greece and TurkeY
-:l favour ofthe Lance sYstem Greece
:urrently employs three battaltons
-.'.'Lth 12
:lur
launchers whtlst Turkey has
battallons wlth a total of 18 iaun
:hers The only other country that stLll
d 'd
+:

:. ,s Honest John tn acttve serulce LS
S.uth Korea, whrch has two battaltons
'.'.'1th a total of l2 launchers. Honest John
aiso served wtth the armies ol Belgtum,
lenmark, France, ItalY, JaPan the
l.ietherlands, the UK, the USA and
Getmany. France repiaced her
Hcnest Johns wtth Pluton, whilst Den-
"Vest
:. rrk and Japan dtd nor bo'her -o Inrro-
:;ce any replacement system.
The Honesr iohn rs rndrvrdualJy laun-
:hed from a raLl on lts own truck laun-
:1er-transporter. The Mach 1.5 mis-
:-le rs powered by a soltd'propellant
:'otor and rs unqrurded beinq balhstr-
:aLly aimed at tts target The warhead
:an erther be a 680-kg (1,500-lb) HE ot
S/25-krloton nuclear
= 580 kq i,500-lb)
(
type. An alternattve cluster munlt-c:.
warhead has also been develoPed an:
rs known to have been sold to SoJ.::-
Korea as recently as 1977 Both Greec:
and Thrkey have access to NATO nu;-
Iear warheads for Honest Jon:-
ahhough these are tn American 'i:-
tody under a dual-key arrangemenl I:
rs probable that both countrles '/"-ll
phase out the mEslle durlng the mlai-
lg8Os as a result ol the sYstems l:l-
creasrng obsolescence.
ft
J,
Now obsolete, HonestJohn is still
tound in some NATO armies, this
example being used bYWest
Germany. A clumsy artillery rocket, it
is carried singly on a truckwhich has
to be aimed at the target, range
being determined by the elevation of
thelaunchrcil.
CEP: 830 m (910 Yards)
Launch velucle: wheeled truck laun-
72 kn (1 n.lesl cher-transporter
;7 kn (23 mtlesl Propellant type/gnridance: solld/none
 Fershing Short Range Battlefield Support Missile System
-
- :--= :.',-: -stagf e solid-propellant MGM-
3i Pershing I missile was flrst de-
Large and cumbersome, theUS
Army Pershing nevertheless brought
:.:-,':i in 1962, and the entire system
',','-
anewlevelof rangeof upto740 km
:arned on four XM474 tracked (460 miles)when it entered sewice in
-.-=:.::les The flrst deployment to 1962. Pershingla, seen at launch, is
:-::pe occurred in 1964 when the soon to be replaced by Pershing II
:,ss-le served in the Quick Reaction which has super-accurate radar
-:-:l role for the Central European
-:.:arre of operations and as a gteneral
gruidance and thus doesnofneed
such a hig h-yield w ar head.
:.*:lear delivery system for f,eld
:::::Les. The Pershing was grouped
-::: battairons comprisrng a headquar-
.::s battery, a service battery and four
-::g batterres. The West German arr krloton earth-penetrator warhead of
::::e also adopted the Pershing i, re- the Pershing IL Thus targets which
:::'ilng a total of72 launchers. Because might have to be attacked by two or
:: :he poor mobility characteristics of three of the older missiles need only
::: tracked vehicles, ln 1966 a de- one Pershrng II, the earth penetrator
'.':icpment contract was placed with warhead being of particular import-
l.lartrn-Marietta to improve the system ance as before detonation it can pene-
::.C the mrssile's capabilities, trate the overlying 30 m (1000 ft) or so
In November 1967 production ofsoil and concrete that conceal Soviet
s:arted of the improved Pershing Ia to rear zone command, control and com-
::place the Pershing I in both the US munications facilities. The older Per-
irny and West German air force, The shing Ia will stay in the West German
ilst operational Pershing Ia was de- air force's inventory for some time to
ployed in 1969. The most obvious im- come, the nuclear warheads for these
provement was the replacement of the being held under a dual-key aqree-
XM474 tracked vehicles by wheeled ment,
'.'ehrcles derived from the M656 S{on
:ruck chassis. This grreatly enhanced Specification
:he system's mobility over paved roads MGM-3IA Pershing Ia
and across country. It also allowed the Lengrth: 10,6 m (34 ft 972 in)
'.varhead to be carrred with the mrssile Diameter: L0 m (3 ft 37r tn)
rather than on its own vehrcle as had Weight:4600 ks (10, 141 ]b)
been the case with the Pershing L The Warhead weight: about 748 kq (1,650
system's firing unit now consisted of an lb)
aniculated truck and trailer combina- Warhead types: 60-kiloton nucleat,
tion that served as the erector- 400-kiloton nuclear and training
Iauncher, a transpofier for the pro- Minimum range: 161 km (100 miles)
:ffamme tester and generator units, a Maximum range: 740 km (460 miles)
firing battery control centre vehicle CEP: 365 m (400 yards)
and a radio terminal set vehicle with an taunch vehicle: wheeled M656 truck
A series of subse-
Lnflatable aerial, and trailer combination
quent system improvements has Propellant type/gnridance: solid/
allowed the reaction time to be re- inertial
duced still further, and the rntroduction
of an automatic reference system and
sequential launch adapter in 1976-7
allows the Pershing unit commander to
fire up to three missiles from a single
control statlon at previously unsur-
veyed launch sites, The current US
Army inventory of Pershrng systems is
164 launchers, of which l0B are in
Westem Europe, The West Germans
replaced their Pershing I systems on a
one-for-one basrs by the Pershinq Ia.
t\
In 1978 the advanced development
proe[amme of the Pershing II system
was successfully completed, Thrs mis-
srle, which has a range of more than
1490 kn (925 miles), is a modular mod-
ft
ernization of the Pershing Ia with a con-
srderably enhanced accuracy and
range. The Pershing II is expected to
achieve an initial operational capabil-
rty date of l9B4 to replace the Pershing
la in Europe and then presumably in
the continental United States, The
European deployment is to improve
NATO's intermediate-range theatre
ruclear weapons stockpile and is a
dlrect response to the Russran deploy- The replacement of
ment of the SS-20 IRBM system. Pershing I withPershing II
The Pershing IIs terminal gn-ridance has greatmilitary and
system utilizes an all-weather radar pol itic al s ignifi c ance. With
:orrelation unit in its ceramic nose its maximum range of
Jone that compares the radar returns 2500 km (1,550 miles), the
rvrth a pre-recorded onboard radar highly - ac cur ate e ar th -
proflle of the target, This RADAG sys- penetrator warhead as a
:em allows CEP values of beftveen 12 payload, the mr'ssiJe can
and 36 m (40 and 120 ft) to be achieved. destroy anything it is fired
In turn this allows the higher yield 60- at, inclu ding s pecially -
and 4OO-krloton au-burst versions of hardened targefs. Eased jn
:ne W50 warhead of the Pershing Ia to Germany, the tange of
be replaced by the WBS 20O-kiloton targrets rncludes M os cow.
arr-burst warhead and the WB6 20-

27

t
G fi,"n II Heavy ICBM Missile System
!:rlt by Martin Manetta, the LGM-2SC thermonuclear warhead, elaborate
Titan II rs an rmproved verston oi the penetratron aLds and an onboard com-
::rlier HGM-254 Titan I ICBM De puter wrth a three-target selectLon
clcved orLgrnally rn i962 the mrssrle rs capabLhty The two-stage mrssrle has a
ine last survrvor of the Amencan first- maxrmum burn out speed ol more than
jeneratlon hqurd propellant missiles 24000kn/h (14900 mph) and a max-
A toial of 54 of the mrssrles was de- lmum range tn excess of 15000km j
ployed in sLx nLne-missrle squadrons (9 325 mrles). The maxrmum cerhng
However. rn l97B and 1980 two mrssrles attarned dunng Lts flrght rs around
were destroyed rn Broken Arrow l50O km (930 miles) The propulsron
classrflcation nuclear accLdents that system comprlses two Aero;et LRBT-
occurred in therr srlos. These have not Aj 5 gtmballed rocket motors each
been replaced. ln l9B1 lt was tenta- rated at 97975 kq (216,000-lb) thrust on
trvely announced that the remarnrng 52 the first stage and an Aerolet LR91-
missLles were to be progressLvely
wrthdrawn between l9B3 and 1987 due
to thelr age anci dechnrng mrLrtary
AHS rocket motor rated at 45360 kq
(100 000-1b)
stage
thrust for the second /u
eflectrveness and rn order to make s
way for the new MX mrssrle However i-
the MX basrng problems have resulted Specification A
tn thLs rdea berng grven a lower prror- LGM-2SC Titan II I
rty for the present By mLd 1983 only 43 314m (l03ft 0rn)
Lengrth:
Trtan IIs wrll be tn service. ln early Diameter: 35 m (10 lt 0 rn) .R
l9B0 Lt was learnt that the Trtan il force
was havrng rts AC/IBM inertrai gur
Weight: 149690 kq (330 000 lb)
Warhead: srngle 9 megaton thermo rF
l

dance systems updated to remaLn

effectLve throughout the mrssrles re-
maLnrng hfetrme. The work was com-
pleted 1n 198l As the heavrest Amer-
Lcan ICBM deployed, the Trtan rs fitted
with a General Electrrc Mk 6 re-entry
vehrcle carryrng a 9-meqaton W53
nuclear RV
Range: 15000 km (9 325 mrles)
CEP: 1300 m (1,420 yards)
Launch facility: hardened srlo
Launch: hot type
Propellant type/grLridance: lLqutd/
ineriial
Titanwas developed by Martin as the
ro
fir st tand e m two- s tage I C B M, the R
photograph showing a test launch c
from Cape Canaveral of a Titan I.
From this was developed the larger E
Titan II, shown in the profile.

E iWCnn-I 18 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy ICBM Missile System _- ffi ffi aa

SerLous development of the Martin-
Marietta MX mLssrle began Ln 1974
under Ptesrdont Foro s aorilntsttdl.on
and has progressed well despLte all
the problems assocrated wrth rts bas
tng The first of 20 test rounds are due
lor hrrnqi Ln 1983 and the first produc
tron rounds wrll be operatronally de-
,ru
ployed rn the late I 9BOs. The four-staqe
sohd propellant mrssrle has been de- o!
:*"
slgned to have consrderably rmproved a
accuracy range and payload features
when compared wrth current ICBMs. iA
i_
The mrssrle rs encased at the tlme of lts t
assembly rn a protective launch canrs-
ter compatrble wlth a vanety of basLng IR
optlons. When the mrssrle rs fired a
soLrd-propellant Lrnlt rn the base of the F
canlster rs lgnrted to elect the mLssLle Ln
a cold launch clear ol the protectrve r0
casLng The flrst-stage propulsron
motor system ls then fired automatrcai .R
*-G
ly once the mrssrle rs some 24-30 m
(80-100ft) clear A protectrve shroud
over the nose assembly and a 6 mm iE
(% rn) thick rubber-hke skrn over the
missrle's surface protects lt fuom dust
and debrrs.
The flrst stage ts powered by
Throkol rockets and burns out at an
altrtude about 24385 m (BO,O00 ft) The
second stage Aerolet propulsron unit
-J\-
then takes
about 85345
over Thts stage burns
n
out at
(280,000 ft), whereupon
the final sohd propellant Hercules
Aerospace motor Lgnltes The nose
e.F
shroud rs then lettlsoned at around 97-
km (60-mrle) altrtude to uncover the
MIRV payload. Frnal thrrd stage burn
out occurs around I 16 km (72 mrle)
altrtude when the luel load has been
totally exhausted Dunnq all three po-
wered flrght stages the gurdance sys

The first completely assembled

Peace keeper I C BM photogr ap hed
on slafic fesf jn 1 98 2. Former ly
known only as MX (missile X), the
Peacekeeper ICBM has been
planned for over I 2 years. I t weighs
-4---i
95 siort tons al lift- of{, compared MX Peacekeeper Titan II
with 38 for Minuteman III.
MGM-118 Peacekeeper Heavy ICBM Missile System (continued)
Surface-to-Surface Mis s -e s
::m has constantly modrfied the flrght systems, and the Avco re-entry pack- repeated unttl all l0 MIRVs ha'.': :==:. Specficat:or.
riath so lhat ali the solLd fuel aboard rs age of 10 MIRVs wtth penetratlon ards launched The ,ndrv,crual Ll.li.. := MCM- I ic;. Fea::.::=:=:
::nsumed, thrs meanrnq that no prop- The rocket motor rs used to target the entry vehlcle most favoured as :lr: ).1-.- T.an m h
!!119rrr. _
rlsron cut-olf system ts requtred on the MIRVs. Once the course of the drs payload ts rhe Ctrrtrtd. Flr t-:. l.:,. Diamete: :: .. . -:
:hrrd sraqe. pensrnq bus ts set a warhead rs re- 12 A (1 Bi3 m/6 ft I I ,,.: Ln lonc -:.i ::--..,:
Weight: ,: -
The fourth-staqe Rockwell Interna leased and the RS-34 backs away The 0.542 n/I ft 9 . rn base otameler t.: Walheac ' ...
:ronai RS-34 assembly rs then released newly released MiRV ls then spln ryrnq a W78 3J5-krloron vtelo .'. ,:. D^--^
r\ilruE -: .

Thrs carries a post-boost lrqurd- stabrlized by the two smali rockets lt nead Another possrorlrV ts rne r.a,', CEP:-- :
cropellant propulsron motor wrth mul- carnes As soon as the warhead ts well RV berng developed as part of the Lar.mch iac :-' :t :: : .
:.ple burn capabllrty, the Northrop clear of the RS-34 the moror re rgnrtes Advanced Balhsttc Re-entrv Vehrcle Launch: ,-.: j.-
rdvanced rnertrai reference sphere and the assembly changes course to (ABRV) programme. The MX rs nov.. Propellar.: r.,-r€ :--:r- ::
-rurdance system attltude-reference anqaqe lhe naxt target. The process rs desrgnated MGM llBA Peacekeeper -tl:I:-n-

=::. : , :. r. :
rxe]a:::. 'a

E iitinuteman Lightweight ICBM Missile System three -::' -:

MIR\'S
Range: -:l.l:
: ::

: -:
.

The Minuteman famrly of ICBMs com- have the Mk 12 re-entry vehrcle con Specification mrles) ,l:.:':. j -
crrsed four variants, of whrch oniy the tarnrng three W62 165-kLloton yreld LGM-30F Minuteman II and LGM-3OG mries)
Minuteman II and Minuteman III re- warheads wrth chaff and decoy Minuteman III :, ::
CEP: LCI'.1-:,:
marn in service. The ongrnai LGM-30A penetration atds. Length: lB 20 m (59 lt B/: in) LGM-3CCi:-:.:: -::
_.-,,-
Minuteman I equrpped one Strategrc On the remarnrng 300 mrssrles and Diameter: LGM-3OF I 83 m (6 fr 0 rn); ^fca^^ :
Arr Command mnsrle wrng rn 1963. An presumably on the further 50 mrssrles LGM-30G I BS m (6 ft 0% rn) Launch facility: :.:tt: --
lmproved LGM-308 Minuteman I wlth that wrll replace 50 Mrnuteman IIs by weight: LGM-3OF 31750 kq (70,000 lb) Launch: hc: :-.':=
rncreased range and of longer length the mid-l98Os, the Mk l2A re-entry LGM 30G 34500 kq (76,0s8 lb) Propellant type qfuaa:. :.
'rias then brouqtht rnto servlce wrth the vehtcle rs fitted. Thls rs about 16 kg Warhead type: LGM-3OF sinqle 1 2- rnertral
next four wrngs formed, whtlst the sxth (35 lb) heavier than the Mk l2 but as a
was equrpped Ln i966 with the LGM- result of the minlaturizatron of certarn
30F Minuteman II. Both the Minuteman componenls remalns tdenttcal In stze.
ll and the LGM-3OG Minuteman III, rn- It is able to carry three W7B 335-kLloton
troduced rn 1970 then replaced the yteld warheads wtth shghtly better
two Mlnuteman I variants. The sLx de- CEP capabrlrty The assocrated
ployed strategrc mrssrle wrngs are cur- penetratlon aids also remarn Con
rently the 34lst at Malmstrom, Monta srderable effort Ls betng cievotecl to
na wrth 150 MMII and 50 MMIII; the sustain lhe Minuteman forees oper-
44th at Ellsworth, South Dakota wlth ational capabrlrtres and survrvabLLrty
150 MMII the 9lst at Minot, North prospects durrng any nuclear-
Dakota, wrth I50 MMIII the 35lst at exchange scenano
Whrteman, Mrssourr, wrth 150 MMIIT
the 9Oth at F.E Warren, Wyomrnq, Minutemanlllwas
wLth 200 MMIII; and the 32lst at Grand theultimate
Forks North Dakota, wrth 150 MMIII. developmentof the
The wrngs are drspersed over wrde neatMinuteman
qeographrcal areas and are organrzed developedin 1958-60
tn squadrons offive flrghts each wLth 10 as the first solid-
hardened mrssLle srlos and an under- propellant(CBM.
ground launch control centre If the Among its new
control centre rs rncapacitated for any features were
reason iaunch controi rs passed erther multiple
to one of two control centres wrthtn the independently
squadron that can also serve as a targeted warheads
squadron control centre or, in the case (up to three 335-
of some 200 or so mrssiies, to a specral- kiloton units) and a
1y configured Strateglc Arr Command Command Buffer U
aLrborne command post arrcraft that System for rapid
.arrres an airborne launch control and retargeting. A total of --r
,s
retargeting system. 550 of this version 1A
The three-stage solid propellant was put into silos. ;r
LGM-3OF Mtnuteman II rs essentrally "i^
an upgraded Minuteman I wrth rn-
I

:reased range and a more sophLstr

rated gurdance system The latter has ln
lc
rn eight target selectlon capabrlrty Ir
;Lvrng increased accuracy and a srng l-
1

le Mk 11G thermonuclear RV with Tra- I

:cr Mk lA chaff-dispenser penetratron t--

l-...
ards. Severai of the Mrnuteman IIs are
spectally configured to carry com
:nunrcahons equlpment rnstead of a
-.','arhead to act as Emerqency Rocket
3ommunicatrons Systems for the back-
lp role of crrsts communlcatlon to sur-
..ving nuclear slnke torces ln a post-
ruclear exchanqe envlronment.
The Lmprovements of the LGM-3OG
i+ I
N,fLnuteman lll over rts predecessor !
I
rre confined marnly to the third stage i
:nd the warhead re-entry system. The j

narn feature ts the rntroductron of .;

:hree MIRVs as the payload. The post- *l
I
boost bus has been frtted wrth a small I
BeLl Aerosystem hquid-propellant I
I
:ocket motor, four smaller roll rockets I
-nd sLx sirghtly iarger pitch stabrlizer I
,
'ets All of these are under the com- t
nand of the onboard Rockwell Inter-
:atLonal rnertral gn-udance system. Cur-
rently 250 of the Minuteman III force
Fr. -E-:
: American Ground-Launched Cruise Missile System
a - lv .Iulse mts-
_
: . . ..-. :::..1: :.:.=.'gen RUSStan, bUt
::-:-:= :::::::rnbrned efforts of
' ::':r- ;::.:s,ars and the Western
- - I r ::.: :::r- 3r,jise today means a
--
-: ::.:.. ..:.: -.1:'.'.-mtsslle whtch the
West are greater than in the Warsaw
Pact powers, where the population as
a whole are not mobile and the area
available for concealing mobile longr-
range missiles far grreater,
The other big question mark hangr-
ing over such slow-flying missiles is
their ability to penetrate hostile air-
space. In I944 southern Engrland rapid-
ly got the upper hand over very similar
missiles which were fired in much lar-
ger numbers (several thousands) us-
ing piston-engrne flghters and ordin-
ary anti-aircraft gnrns, Modern radars,
computers, jet rnterceptors and preci-
sion missile combine to form a defence
network that a 805 kmih (500-mph)
missile would certainly find very dif-
ficult to prerce.
The land-based ground-launched
cruise missile (GLCM) wrll be oper-
ated by the United States Arr Force
(USAF) and be deployed in five West
European countries: Belgium (48
rounds), Italy (1 12 rounds), the Nether-
lands (48 rounds), the UK (160 rounds)
and West Germany (86 rounds) Total
USAF procurement rs intended to be
560 BGM-I09G missrles, 137 four-round
wheeled transporter-erector-
launcher (TEL) vehrcles and 79
wheeled launch control centre (LCC)
vehicles. The BGM-109G is a member
of the General Dynamics BMG-I09
Tomahawk cruise-missile family and Ls
intended to be the major compolent of
the NATO theatre nuclear force mod-
ernization programme to counter the
Russian deployment of the SS-20 IRBM
system, The other component ls the
Pershing 1l surface{o-surface mrsstle
Due for deployment in December
1983, the GLCM can be used for both
selective or general nuclear release system, The major advantage of the
options against either flxed targets GLCM is its abrlrty to fly most of the
(such as lines of communication, Iogis- mission at low altitude to avord radar
tical stores dumps, arrfields and com- detection and air defence systems, Its
mand and control facihtres) or station- major disadvantaqe is its slow speed
ary tactrcal targets such as troop stag- (Mach 0,7), which makes for long mrs-
ing and assembly areas. sion times to extreme-range targets.
The GLCM is deployed in flring un- Thus if the Russians field enough high-
its of 16 missiles carried on four TELs performance low-level detection and
with two mobile LCCs in attendance, air defence-missile systems, and air-
The unit is in peace located in a har- craft with look-down radars, then the
dened concrete shelter at rts home credibllity of the cruse missile in rts
base, but will deploy to pre-suweyed present form becomes questionable
flrrng positions offering gTood natural The Americans are actively looking at
concealment at distances of about the incorporation of 'stealth' anti-radar
160 km (1OO miles) from the base rf hos- detection technology into its next
tilities seem imminent. Escorts from cruise-missile generation to mitigate
the host natron's armed forces will thrs farling.
accompany the unit to provide security
during the dispersal operation and to
provide gnound defence at the launch
site. Both the TEL and the LCC have
good cross-country capabilitres. To
fire a mssrle the launcher-container is
flrst elevated and then a solid-
propellant booster on the missile is
ignited to boost it to its cruise speed.
Once this has been attained the boos-
ter is jettisoned, the missile wings and
flns unfold, the engrne inlet is de-
ployed and the turbofan engine
ignited in order to sustain flight. Gui-
dance throughout the mission is by an
inertral navigation gnridance system
updated by a terrain contour matchrng
(Tercom) unrt at periodic intervals,
The GLCM carries a 123-kq (2701b)
WB4 nuclear warhead with a yield of
200 kilotons to a maxrmum range of
2800 km (1,740 miles). The CEP value
over that range is estimated to be a
phenomenal 18.3 m (60 ft), and is
solely
due to the inertiaVTercom guidance
,l
The basicGLCM combat unit
comprises 1 6 missiles loaded on tour
TELs ( tr ansporter/ etectorl launcher s )
and twoLCCs (launch control
centres) for command and control.
A,
w
 Surface-to-Surface M: s s.. : s

,*;"1
- ,*-r
I
!1;:t*{

A dramatic launch picture of a GLCM

during a test firing (probably at
White Sands Missile Range, New
M e xico). The mrssr/e rs p opped from
its tube by a short-burn rocket,
giving it enough energy to keep
coasting upwards as it unfolds its
wings, tail and engine inlet, and fires
up the small turbojet onwhich it
crutses.

Specification
BGM-109G Tomahawk
Lengrth: 6.4 m (21 ft 0 rn)
Diameter: 0.53 m(l ft Belro rn)
Weight: 1200 ks
(2 645 lb)
Warhead weight: 123 kq (270 lb)
Warhead type: 200 krloton nuclear, t
and trarnrng
Minimum range: not avarlable t
Maximum range: 27BO km (l 725 mrles)
CEP: 18 3 m (60 ft)
Launch vehicle: wheeleci transporter-
t
arector launcher
Propellant type/gnridance: sold boos-
:er plus turbofan marn engrne/Lnertral
lr ',vLth Tercom updatLng

Here the TEL is shown parked in the

firingmodewith the quad missile
box elevated. The LCC seen below
contains all systems needed {or a
two-man crew to target and fire.
-...f$' :
;-;:r' r i!

;*ry*fS,
ffir'p*:;'*f trH# :.+.
*:::'
:'
t
Ground-lcrunched Crube in Action
2 After launch Cruise flies
high in f riendly airspace to
save fuel.
3 The r:nboard comp!':'
calculates the distarce '.'
and direction, keeprno
preclse track of the m s. :
prog ress.

4 As it approaches e-=^
tetritory it drops to ,o\.. :.
and compares the arc
prolile below wrth thar ,' .
'routes'it has stored . -:
memory, making nece::.
correction to fly onto:--.
prescribed route

#i
-1'.a+)i;. I -7
o\\+'* -

participatlng in what so far have been mere itri,l

Onthemove
!-:'CC ;s here seen on the march as itwould be
:: =:',- :;:ne of crisis. {ollowing a known route as
:-:: - ,cossrb.le screenedfrom aerial or satellite
:::-e.;a!on predetermined firing location.
to a
)i:'-::::gltould be left at the only known location,
:.: e -*a ce dn're base. ?ft us a pre' e m p t ive nucleat
sire'n-culC have little effect.
manoeuvres. Soon the BGM-109G cruise mis-
siles will also be seen trundling along roads in
Western Europe, but as far as possibie they will
keep out of sight by moving at mght, because it
is vital to keep secret the locatlons selected as
their actual fi.ring positions.
Every missile with self-contained guidance
has to know its exact position at the start of its
flight In the case of BGM-109G each launch
location is pre-suweyed, so that the exact co-
ordinates can be prepared rn advance and
inserted into the missile gmidance system, The
latter is of an unusual type which reiies crucial-
ly upon the undulations in the ground over
which the missile flies, and thus the missile has
to know not only its launch position in the usual
geographrcal sense but also its exact height
above sea level.
l0-metre accuracy
As the missile climbs away it contains a com-
puter in whose memory are stored all the
necessary details of its launch position in three
dimensions, the flight trajectory to be followed
to the target, and the precise location of the
target. As far as possible only pre-suweyed
launch sites would be used, but it is essential to
have the capability of switching to a different
launch site (for example, if it is beiieved the
original location has become lcrown to the
enemy), and from 1987 the Rockwell Collins
Navstar global satellite-based positioning sys-
tem will enable launch data to be entered into
the misslie memory within seconds of arriving
at a fresh site. Navstar data are accurate to
within about I0 m (33 ft), which rs adeguate for
this missile; the numbers entered diQritaily into
the memory include latitude, longitude, altt-
tude, velocity within 0,01 m (4 in) per second
(zero before launch, relative to the Earth's sur-
face) and time within a few nanoseconds
(thousandths of a milllonth of a second).
After launch the computer automatically
ticks away the metres and seconds on climb-
away, whilst the vehicle changes itself from a
tightly packed cylinder into a smali aeroplane.
The Atlantic Research or CSD rocket boost
motor imparts quite gentle thr-ust and accelera-
tion, and throughout the flight the environment
is no more severe than in a modern fighter.
Like any air-breathing aircraft, it pays to fly
high in order to reduce fuel consumption, and
for maximum range the high-level portion of
the mission is extended as far as possibie. The
smalj Williams FI07 turbofan, of 272-kg (600-lb)
sea-level thrust, burns kerosene at about one-
tenth the rate that an equivalent rocket would
eat up its fuel, so despite the modest size of the
tankage the missile can fly up to 92872 lar]
(1,785 miles) This range is reduced if most of
the trip has to be made at low level.
One has oniy to draw a line less than 24i5 km
(1500 mlles) long from the likely iaunch re-
gions to see that usually the first several hun-
dred miles can be flown with maximum fuel
economy at high altitude through friendly or
neutral airspace. Over this section the whole
method of gmidance is the self-contatned iner-
tiai system, a Litton Industries P-1000 package
containrng super-sensitive gryros and accelero-
meters which sense the exact motion of the
mrssile and continuously compute the output in
terms of changed latitude and longrtr:de from
the point of launch. No radio srgnal is emitted,
so the misslle gives no warning of its approach,
and though at an altitude of some I2190m
(40,000 ft) the missile can be seen by radars
over 402 km (250 miies) away, it is very small
and specrally designed so that its appearance
as seen on hostile radars (technicaily known as
its 'radar cross-section') is minimal. it is vital
that the cruise missile should as far as possible
remain undetected by hostile radars, and its
small size and careful shaping combine to
make it very elusive.
The accuracy ofan inertial system grradually
falls away as time passes. A fast ballistic misstle
 Surface-to-Surface Miss I es

6 (l .itti'rt.trti r,I il '

I lllj'ri i rir'-( -r!f,, l, r r'.: rr1
rlril i :;i i i( .rt, ililtr'
-tiri rtr Vtlt,l rt ,,1 ;1[r 1,.. I J
t|lJrl, li, ,i'hill I :,,'it.t r/
7

t;l|'r tl I rrtt,tr ':1,,'y' 1, 1,1,

z{.
;+;::r;
---:t_

l
--l .t
7-*
:ft=-=- -$..--
---\
swooped down almost to ground level, Normal- The missrle now proceeds :: :::.i---. . -
ly it holds a height of about 15 m (50 ft), but target, knowrng exactly \\'h-r= ..
radar, opttcal and IR sen-:--r-r '-:.:. .:.:. . -
.

can cover rntercontinental ranges rn 30
minutes, but the slow cruise mrssrle needs
several times as long to fly its much shorter
distance, and after an hour or two the cumula-
tive effect of the various errors in the rnerttal
measurements begins to be signrficant. i ylpr-
crossrng hrlls it will rise to about twrce this
heighi above the ground, and the'terrain ciear-
ance crossrng mountains may have to be in-
creased ro IOO m (330 ft) Thus, the Tercom
system s measurements of the height above the
ground have to be subtracted from the known
turns the picture actudlly s+a:. .: - : .. . .: :
bers and compares them .'.-:: .-.. .- . .- .
the TCU. The computer fina,.-,'s :=: j ' : . :
sile to merge the lwo se-s :- :. .-.: - -
Thus, as the mrssrle piLnges r ''.

cally, a modern inertial system might be 50C m herght ot the mrssrle Lfrom arr pressure or lner- lalget. ItS aCCuIaCy tS CC -: -.-- : ..:.
n..r.
(l 640 ft) oif course after an hour, or after two tial measurements) to get the true undulations 'looking' at the Larger, and 'es-: r.: . : : . . - .

hours in the case of a very good system. There rn the Earth's surface. the final CfP (crrcllar eiror ir- i:.'.-
are ways of checking on the missrle's posrtron very unlrke.ly to be worse '.:.::. .. : ...
as it flies across the land, and thus of updatrng
Finaltargeting Thrs rs an unprecedenteci a::-:'.:'. r -:-
.

the inertral navrgation system to maintarn its When the missile gets near rts target rt flrght of some 2800km (L ?=,:-,,=. .i. . :
accuracy. The BGM-109G rs equrpped wrth an switches on yet a thrrd guidance mode, the lhree hours lt has so v.orr::c '--.: .- -, , ',

amazing new back-up system developed by most accurate of all. The TCU (Termrnal Corre- the'antr-crurse' campalgn rS'.-,i.1 rt:: - : ...
McDonnell Douglas and called Tercom (Ter- lator Unit) contarns further sets of mrlhons of
raln comparrson, or more accurately, TERrain numbers whrch rn fact are a digital (numerical)
COntour Matchrng). Technically known as representation of a detarled picture of the
DPW 23 this small package stores rn irs mem target. The picture shows the target as it would
cry millions of figures which represent the suc- be seen by the approaching missile, using va-
cessive heights of the ground over which the rrous vrsible and IR (rnfra-red) wavelengths.
missile will fly, These measurements combine
to form an exact profile of the Earth's surface,
each of whrch is unique to a particuiar flrght
cver a particular route, DPW-23 stores perhaps
25 such profrles. No matter how the inertia]
guidance has behaved, rt will make landfall on
to one of the 25 routes,
Terrain clearance
As soon as DPW-23 is switched on, a super-
accurate radar altimeter begins measuring the
@ww,+,.
distance vertically down to the ground, and the
successive readings qulckly estabhsh which
route the missile is on. The on-board computer
:hen adjusts the flrght path shghtly unttl the
missile is exactly on course, and updates the
inertial system. The Tercom system keeps
neasuring the herght oi the terrain below at
rarefully spaced time intervals and thus keeps
lpdating the guidance and holdtng the exact
lesired route, What makes the process more
:omplicated is that, to try io avoid detection by
enemy radars, the missile has already
I SS- l 'Scud'/SS-X-23 Short Range Ballistic Missile Systems
rocket
. One of the earliest Soviet
SS- - Sc:d' ;-^.1ei mLsstles are
publicity photograPhs was this
:::- :: -:::::-::al taCtrCal-level
- i:..: -:'':'::.: :-.'::e SsVlets The Ori- lcene showing four'Scud-A' m jssi/es
-.

- -. --,,-,; : -,,-:cl 'Scud-A'was

in about 1 9 62. C arried on a very
.-:- :-,:---.'-1 .:. -lll Carrred on a heaw IS-3 tank chassis, 'Scud-A'was
' one of the largestbattlefield mobile
': .:-;.:,. .,--=
-- -S---- :.3a',ry tank chassis
: ..'.- -_r::ed to a L3O-km weapons with a length of I I '25 m/
37 fl and launch weight of 4400 kg
:.-:-...= :-:-;=',','-::, a 4o-kLloton nuc- (9700 Ib). Range is uP to I 30 km (8 I
.-.. =::=.j=:.:spaf ioad In 1965the
-' :.- - .:t ::-,-<1 .11 043-lb)'Scud-B' miles).
- ---..:: :-:=i :il an etght-wheeled
I ..:.-':;: =:::::r-launch vehlcle for
::=--=: ::-::,,-:-; By 1970 the'Scud-B'
- ..'.:- =j :::ee-quarters of the 300
-: :--:::'.=..-:-::.:rs deployed. Around
.:.= .::-ier ranqe 'Scud-C'was
..-. -=:'.-'.'- : 'rLs belng an improve-
-:-- '.':: ::: Scud-B in terms of
: =..::.. :::.:tency but at the ex-
.= :- .','.':rse CEP at Iong ranges. Below : MAZ- 5 43 type vehicles have
: : . - .i: 520 or so 'Scud' iaun-
been used forseveral types of large
-:. :=:-:';ed ln the Sovlet army Soviet tactical missile, and here this
:--- -:::.'-:.; :re Scud-B' or 'Scud-C'
vehicie rs seen a s the TEL
(tr ansporter/ erectorl launcher) in the
firing position.

,-M
SS-j'Scud-8'

The replacement for 'Scuc Ls desLqt'
nated SS-X-23 by NATO Thrs mLsstle
has much improved reactton t:mes
over the 'Scud' and rs much mole accu-
rate, with a CEP of 280 m (305 -vards) at
range of 440 km (273 mLles) compared
with 930 m (1,015 yards) for the Scud-
B' at a range of 180 km ( I l2 mLles) and
1100 m (1,205 yards) for the Scud-C at
450 km (280 mrles) The warhead yreld
is 200 krlotons compared wLth the 40/
lOO-kiloton yields of the Scud-B and
Scud-C. Limited servlce lntroductton
was in l9B0 and by 1982 only 10 SS-X-
23s had been deployed. The number
of 'Scud-B' and Scud-C' misstles in ser-
vrce then was 550.
Specification
SS-I'Scud-B'
Lengrth: 11.4 m (37 ft 4% in)
Diameter: 0 84 m (2 ft 9 in)
weisht: 6370 kq (14,043 lb)
Warhead weight: 1000 kq (2,205 lb)
Warhead type: 40-l l0O-kiloton nuclear
HE, chemtcal and training
Minimum range: BO km (50 miles)
Maximum range: lB0 km (l12 mtles)
with nuciear warhead, and 280 km ( I 74
mrles) with HE or chemtcal warhead
CEP:930 m (1 015 yards) at 180 km (1 12
miles), reducing with further range
Launch vehicle: wheeied MAZ-537
Propellant type/guidance: liqurd/iner-
tral

I $'i-f Z 'scaleboard'/SS-22 Short Range Ballistic Missile Systems

me by the SS-22 started rn 1977, 60 of
these newer systems berng deployed
by 1982. The solid-propellant SS-22 has i'
improved ranqe, reactLon tlme and
accuracy compared wlth the
'scaleboard' A range of BB0 km (547
miles) with a CEP of 320 m (350 yards)
whilst carrying a 550 krloton warhead
has been indtcated The nuclear war-
heads for any Sovlet battlefleld or rear-
area delivery system are stored at a
separate sites heavilY guarded bY
KGB rather than by army units. The
warheads are moved before use in
securely gnrarded vehicle convoys or
by a transport helicopter with a close
eicort of gunshrp helicoPters and
fighter atrcraft as top cover. Usually
only one warhead is asstgned to each
of the targets on the war Plan. SS- I 2 is a powerful battlefield mobile
weapon with a range of 800 I<m (500
miles). It is gradually being replaced
Specification by the SS-22, which has imProved
SS- 12 'Scaleboard' range and accuracy.
Lensrth: 1l 25 m (36 ft 11 in)
Diameter: 1.05 m (3 ft 5 /r ln)
Weisht: BB00 kq (19,400 1b)
Warhead weight: 1250 kg (2,756 lb)
Warhead type: 800-krloton nuclear
Minimum iansel.220 km (138 mrles)
Maximum range: 800 km (497 miles)
CEP:.480 m (525 Yards)
Launch vehicle: wheeled MAZ-537
Propellant tYPe/guidance: solid/
rnertral
I FnOC senes SS-21 Tactical Surface-to-Surface Missile Systems
-:.=FROG
;-^--.- -: ------ l: ,,:
-. :::=:.::''=-,-.=:
,. '::'---=i r,-.]s:-.t -:'.'-:':::.: ::.I :::
:^..,^,.,--.
J-._:t ::1.., _-::.__: -, .--:
'. j.:--n Luna Fttstdeplc-,'r,:-:.
-::. -:.+
: : I I ras undergone an exiensrve de-
'=- :r:.ent programme that has re-
. --:: i in seven versrons of the mrssile,
: : . ,'.':. by the NATO desLgnatrons
:: :3-1 to FROG-7 Of these the track-
'.':rLcie-mounted FROG-l to FROG-
=:
i -:: considered obsolescent,
---:.:ugh the FROG-3 is still used in
'::.::ng units and held in the Soviets
:-::.v'e war stocks The FROG-6 rs a
:.-:-:perational trainingr round, and
-:.= FROG-? is the current system. In-
-::jiced lnto servlce rn 1965, the
: :.aG-7 is carrred on a ZIL-135
'''.--:e1ed erectorlauncher vehicle and
-. -:.rnd at drvisional level in both the
!:-.'-et and Warsaw Pact armies. Each
-.-,=,k
drvrsron and motorized rifle divr
-.,:: has a FROG battalion with a head-
l-rners battery and two firinef batter-
.=.- (each equrpped wrth two FROGs
- :. :rerr launchers and two reload vehr-
:.:s .wrth a further sx missiles). TWo
. ..:rants of the FROG-7 have been
.r:ntlfled: the nuclear-armed FROG-
:a 'rLth a 550-kq (1,213-lb) warhead,
.:.1 the FROG-7b wrth a 390-kq (860-
::l chemrcal warhead, The latter rs
::lLeved to contain the thrckened per-
:-.::ant nerve gas agent VR-55, and
- rer types ofagents may also be car-
:-:C The FROG serres has been ex-
'=isrvely exported and has also been
-sed rn combat The Eqyptrans used
::th FROG-3 and FROG-7 mrssrles
.'.'rih HE warheads in the 1973 war wrth
-s:ael. Fired initially agrainst fixed
..rgets ln the Sinai and then against the
-sraeli bridqehead over the Suez Can-
.. the mrssiles caused relatively little
ramage At least one FROG-7 was
:.armed as shot down by the Israeh
:attlefleld arr defence system The Sy'
:,ans used FROG-2 and FROG-3 mls-
---les during their Golan Herghts
::::--- : -' :::::: :: :---:-I -:-:::-lr-
' __- - '
l-','---::.::=a: -:a l]-as: I:a::-: i:
---
==a- ---:^^-
Ir;:. -:. ::.e Suli ,4'=r .:;: :.=-. : ==:.
using the FROG-7 as a lcrq-rai-;e
bombardment sys-em
aqarnst Iranran citres immedrately be-
hrnd the battle zone. A hst of current
FROG operators rs as follows: USSR
(680 FROG-3/7), Bulsaria (36 FROG-7)
East Germany (24 FROG-7), Czechos-
Iovakia (40 FROG-3/7), Hungary (24
FROG-7), Poland (52 FROG-3/7),
Romania (30 FROC-3/7), Yugoslavra
(16 FROG-7), Esypt (i2 FROG-7), Iraq
(24 FROG-7), Kuwait (12 FROG-7),
Libya (48 FROG-7), Syria (24 FROG-7),
South Yemen (12 FROG-7), North
Korea (54 FROG-5/7) and Cuba (50
FROG-4),
FROG-7 is a srngle-stage sprn-
stabilzed solid-propellant ungmided
rocket that uses speed brakes as rts
main inflrght control system. The rock-
et, werghing 2300 ks (5 071 lb), takes
about 30 mrnutes to prepare for flnng
and is armed by adjusting the elevatron
of the launcher arm. Meteorologrcal
radars are requrred for maxrmum
effect. In the nuclear role the Sovrets
will frre srngle FROG rounds wrth air-
burst nuclear warheads (50-200 krlo-
tons) aqtarnst battlefleld nuclear deirv-
ery systems lorward and reserve
troop concentratrons forv,,ard head-
quarters and communrcatlon facrhtres
the largre-yLeld vrarheads used makrng
up for the FROGs lack :i accuracy
::
rlrl+'::
'/.he:i+: -:i.-: i=:<: '.:.-..:_= :.::'
deploTed r. .: .l '.:.+ j-: - :.i.. l: .'. :
S
'o only 30 sysren c t .:12 T.-.: :S . .-.
-= -
a gurded srngle-sta7e scl.c.r:-':=-.=:.:
misstle with rmproved reac:ton ltr-€
and rncreased range (120 km 75 mtles
compared wrth the FROGs 70km43
mrles). Warhead types beheved to be Maximum ranqe: ,, :-:,-. -:
associated with the mrssLle rnclude CEP: r:i -, - :: -: - -:-:
nuclear, chemical fuel-aLr explosrve pendr:; :l:a:,1=
and high explosive payloads Max- Launch vehrcle: '.' :.=-.= :
Propellant tpe gnroa-r.:.
-
imum warhead yield has dropped to :
100 kilotons because ol the rmprove-
ment rn the CEP to 280 m (3OS yards)
from the FROG s maxrmum-range
700 m (765 yards). The alternate nuc-
lear warhead is of 10-krloton yreld. The
minrmum range is said to be 14 km,
and it is believed that the SS-2 I batta-
lion has sx rather than four launcher
unrts.
 aiq
I Soviet Cruise Missile
-:.: i.-.ss:a: army has at present no
=:-.','alent to the American land-
:-:j :rurse mrssrle, although it has
::=:. rehably reported that the Rus-
:-::i are currently rn the early stages
:: :=s:.ne' such a missile with a range
::-,: ::Cer of 2000-3000 km (1,240-1,865
:.--:s) The missile will apparently be
:=p:bie of berng launched from shrps,
:-ir:arrnes, aircraft or mobile land-
::s:d launchers along the hnes of the
-:-:::errcan BGM-109 Tomahawk family.
lreratronal deployment is not thought
.-<ely untrl the late l9BOs or early 1990s.
At present the nearest that a Soviet
:::ssrle comes to the cruise mtssile
:aiegory is the turbojet-powered SS-
C-lB 'Sepal' assigned to the Soviet
3castal Artillery and Rocket Troops
::r defence of major ports and naval
L $t-+ MRBM Missile system
The Soviet SS-4 (NATO reportrng
name 'Sandal') is a development of the
SS-3 'Shyster' mrssile. Deployed initial-
Iy rn 1959, the SS-4 rapidly became the
standard operatlonaystrategic-level
MRBM of the Sovret Strategic Rocket
Forces (Raketnyye Voyska
Strategicheskovo Natnachentya, or
RVSN). In fact all Soviet land-based
missrles with ranges exceeding 620
mrles (1000 }cn) are assigned to the
Strategdc Rocket Forces whilst those
missiles with ranges of under 620 miles
(1000km) are assigned to the Rocket
Troops and Artillery branch of the
Soviet army. Both the MRBM and IRBM
forces are designed to deliver nuclear
strikes agiainst Westem Europe, the
L Ht-s IRBM Missile System
The Soviet SS-5 (NATO reporting
name 'Skean') is the operational/
strategiclevel IRBM singrle-stage suc-
cessor to the SS-3 and SS-4 MRBM mis-
siles, Frst deployed tn 196i, the missile
is similar in conflEnlation to its prede-
cessors but is identifiable by a lack of
fins and a blunter nose cone. Normal
transport is by a trailer towed by a
wheeled tractor vehicle. The missile is
deploybd in hardened underground
silos and at soft launch pad srtes, The
L Ht-g Heavy ICBM Missile System
The SS-9 heavy ICBM (NATO report-
ing name'Scarp') entered service in its
initial.form with the Strategic Rocket
Forces in 1965 as the largest ICBM in
the world, The missile was a three-
stage rnertially-guided liquid-
propellant type, The Soviets then de-
veloped another three variants of
which only one, the Model 4, actually
entered service rn some numbers from
l97l onwards. The SS-9 Model I car-
ried a 2S-megaton warhead; the brief-
Iy-deployed SS-9 Model 2 had a 20-
megaton warhead; and the SS-9 Model
4 had three MRVs of 3.5-megaton yield
each, The Model 3 or F-l-m satellite
Iaunch-vehicle version was employed
as the test vehicle for a depressed
:rajectory role and Fractional Orbital
Bombardment System (FOBS). The
:rst flight of a FOBS mrssile was in 1966,
:re uppermost stage being a new
::urth stage acting as the suborbital
:a
bases, The 'Sepal', a land based vartant
of the SS-N-3 'Shaddock' naval anti-
ship missile, is carried on the rdar of a
large lengthened lorry chassis in its
own cylindrical container-launcher
rn brn, which is elevated for frring, The
'Sepal' has a secondary surface-to-
surface role agrainst land targets and
can be fitted wtth a nuclear or a che-
mical warhead. in the flrst case the
warhead can be either of 8OO-kiloton
yield when the gnridance is solely by
autoprlot with a mid-course gnridance
capability, or of 350-kiloton yield when
the gruidance also includes an active-
radar terminal homing unit as well as
the autopilot and mid-course gmidance
capability. The chemical warhead
comes in two variants, one carryrng the
non-perststant blood aqent hydrogen
Middle East, Japan and China. The SS-
4 and SS-20 systems targets include
those in the immediate enemy army
group rear areas lyrng some 3 I0 to 375
miles (500 to 600 km) behind the battle
zone, whrlst the remaining targets for
the SS-4, SS-5 and SS-20 missiles lie at
distances in excess of 620 miles
(1000 km) and rnclude strategic
theatre headquarters and communlca -
tions facilities, airfields ports logisttc-
al centres and selected polLtico-
economic targets such as oil reflneries.
The SS-4 gatned a certain notortely
in 1962 as the main Soviet missrle de-
ployed to Cuba during the Cuban Mts-
sile Crisrs. It was during this deploy-
ment that it was noticed that the qntl-
SS-5 soft sites are known to have a
refire capability. The SS-5 force level
peaked at its maximum in the 1960s,
wrth a small decline to 90 for the period
1975-8. In numbers began to
1979 the
drop sharply as the SS-20 reached
operational units, until only 16 were tn
service in March I9B3 with the rocket
armies facing NATO, By late 1983 or
early 1984 the SS-5 is expected to be
phased out of service entirely
The SS-5 has also been the subject of
warhead-carrrer that attained a tem-
porary orbit close to the Earth's surface
before a retro-rocket untt was acti-
vated to bring the carrier back into the
atmosphere over the target zone. Such
a missile can be fired in any directron
to hit its target without alerting the de-
fending early warning systems until
just before impact. However, the
penalty incurred is a reduction in
accuracy that is offset somewhat by the
high-yield multi-megaton warhead
carried. A three-stage FOBS variant is
also beheved to have been de-
veloped, possibly using the uppermost
stage of the SS-10 'Scrag' ICBM for the
suborbital warhead carrier. The FOBS
test flrghts lasted until 1971.
All the SS-9 ICBM variants can
loosely be described as bottle-shaped
in appearance with the flrst stage hav-
ing sx frxed thrust nozzles and four
vernier nozzles. The SS-9 Model 3 has
cyanide and the other filled wrth VR-
55, which is a thrckened form of the
nerve gas Soman. The maximum flight
altitude of the 'Sepal' is 4600 m
(13, 125ft) with a maximum attained
speed of Mach i.4. This makes the mis-
sile very vulnerable to European
battlefleld air-defence systems
although it is still a viable system in
secondary battle zones, Current de-
ployment is approximately 100 laun-
cher-containers in battahons of l5 to tB
vehrcles.
Specification
SS-C-18 'Sepal'
Length: 10,9 m (35 ft 9 rn)
Diameter: 0.86 m (2 ft 93/+ in)
Weisht: 10500 kg (23, 150 lb)
dance had been changed from com-
mand to an inertial system. The com-
plete SS-4 flring unrt consists of around
one dozen tractor vehrcles and associ-
ated trailers. The missile can be flred
either from a fixed hardened srte or
from a soft launch pad. At the latter site
a reload capacrty rs known to exist The
SS-4 force peaked at rts maximum dur-
ing the 1960s but fell to 500 in the
period 1971-7. From the latter year the
numbers started to decline as the SS-
20 was rntroduceci untLl rn March l9B3
only some 232't;ere rn servtce, based
prrmarrly rn :he \A'esrern SovLer states
and targeted to',';ards NATO and the
Mrddle East Replacement by the SS-
20 ccntLnues
The SS i ';as aLs: developed into
the Bl small J.iil:i',' satellite launch-
vehrcle b_v it:irg a second staEre. Ftrst
developmerr as a satellte launch-
vehicle The flexrble intermediate
Iaunch vehrcle coded CI by the
Amerrcans rs an SS-5 fltted with a re-
startable second stage. The CI is
thought tc be 3. 6 m (103 ft B in) long,
with a draneler of 2 4 m (7 ft i07z in),
and has bee: used to launch Kosmos,
Interkosrncs Creol and Aryabhata
serLes satelhtes irom the Kapustin Yar,
Plesetsk anci Tvuratam space flight
centres SLnce rts first flLght in 1964 the
Ci has been developed to carry multi-
ple spacecrait payloads, initially three,
then frte and lnall'.' elght at a trme
also appeared in the F-I-r satelhte
launcher form. This is the main Soviet
anti-satelllte hunter,&iller missile and
carries a manoeuvring flnal stage with
multiple-burn capacity to attack US
near-Earth orbit reconnaissance and
communications satellites by detonat-
rng an onboard high explosive frag-
Warhead weisht: 1000-kg (2 205-lb)
nuclear, 1000-kq (2,205-lb) conven-
tional, 1000-kq (2,205-lb) chemical and
2000-kq (4,409-lb) nuclear
Warhead types: 35O-krloton nuclear,
hrgh explosive, AC or VR-55 chemical
agent, and BO0-kiloton nuclear
Minimum range: 40 lcn (25 miles)
Maximum range: 460 km (286 miles)
CEP: 500-IOOO m (545-1,190 yards) de-
pending on qnridance packagTe used
and ranqe
Launch vehicle: lengthened wheeled
lorry chassis
Propellant tlpe/guidance: liquid/auto-
pilot plus mid-course correction and
optronal active-radar terminal homing
(depending on warhead choice)
use ofthe Bl was tn 1962, and the type
has been used to Iaunch Kosmos and
Interkosmos series satellites from the
Kapustin Yar space centre.
Specification
SS-4'Sandal'
Lengrth: 21.0 m (68 ft 10% in)
Diameter: 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Weisht: 27000ks (59,525 lb)
Warhead type: single 1.2-megaton
thermonuclear RV, or high explosive
Range: 2200 km (1,367 miles)
CEP: 2300 m (2,515 yards)
Launch facility: hardened silo or ftxed
soft launch pad
Launch: hot type (reload capability at
soft site)
Propellant t1rye/gnridance: liquid/
inertial
Specification
SS-5'Skean'
Length: 23.0 m (75 ft 572 in)
Diameter: 2.4 m (7 ft 10/z in)
Weight: not available
Warhead type: single I 2-megaton
thermonuclear RV
Range: 4100 km (2,548 miies)
CEP: I 110 m (1,215 yards)
Launch facility: hardened silo or ftxed
soft launch pad
Launch: hot type (reload capability at
soft site)
Propellant type/$ddance: liquid./iner-
tial
First of the really globalmissiles to
be dep loyed in subslan ltal n umbert
SS-9 rs 345 m (J I 3 ft) Iong and has a
Iaunch weight of 200 tonnes. This
versjon, seen o n parade through Red
.Squarer'n I 967, has a single 25-
megaton warhead, by far the largest
ever produced for any missile.
 !S-3 Heavy ICBM Missile System (continued)
Surface-to-Surface Mis sile s
-: r:ron chargte near them. F- i -m missrles remain avatlable for use megaton thermonuclear Mociel 2 s-:.:- Ftrcr ai'ie --. '.
:-: numbers of SS-9s deployed in a strategic nuclear exchange. le 2O-megaton rhermonuclear 1tl: ::. yru!o;
^l^L-i-.--..^---
-..,:i-.:: .,
-..::d at 308 rn the penod 1972-4, but three 3.S-megraton MRVs
=
be dep.c','ec::.
--:--led from then as the first of the
. =: largrer SS-18 iCBMs became
Specification Range: Models i and 2 I 1000 km i: ::: subs:a-: ::a- .: ';--:: -
SS-9 'Scarp' mrles) Model 4 .l2O0O km rl -J: r.-...:.- bers.:rei-i-!:::-
,=rrtLonal, By l9BO-1 the SS-9 had Lengrth: Model I34.5 m (113 ft 27q rn); CEP: Models t and 2 740 m (B 10 vards' riF.l . .re-. ::
. -::, totally replaced in therr silos on a Model 2 34.5 m (113 fi Zt/q tn), Model 4 Model 4 IB5O m i2.025 yards; mega:c.:'.,,
.=-:cr-one basis, although it rs known 35.0 m ( 1 14 ft 10 rn) Launch facility: hardened srlc lht-e . - =::.eaa
^/
-= -8 launch pads remarn operational Diameter: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in) Launch: hot type megratc.:_',Li, s .':
,' :e Tyuratam space centre to launch weisht: 200000 ks (440 920 lb) Propellant tlpe/gmidance: ILqurd. has noz'Lee:.:=-
= F-l-r It is also likely that several Warhead type: Model I srngle 25- inertial piaced b.;- :-: s SJ-
18.

E Ht-rI Lishtweisht ICBM System

.:-e SS-ll (NATO reportlng name
Sego') was rnrroduced rnto servrce in
:i6. By 1970 some 970 had been de-
: .-yed, making this the most numer-
;s of all ICBMs deployed. The two-
. age storable hquid-propellant mrs-
,.-+ was developed rn Jour versrons.
':-e basic Model I with a single RV, the
Model 2 flrst seen in the late i96Os but
,,:n-operational although fitted wrth a
,-:gle RV and advanced penerration
=-ds, the Model 3 deployed rn 1973
',','rth three MRVs and the Model 4
::en in the late I970s wrth three or srx
:mall MiRVs but not deployed oper-
:tronaily. We in theWest still have only a rough
By 1975 the number of the deployed idea of what SS- I I looks like, but this
SS-ll Model 1 and Model 3 variants ts themrssiTe ttralhas smce J 966m-
lropped slightly to 960 as the first of creasingly been targeted on every
:he SS-17 and SS-19 replacement sys- city, airfield and port inWestem
:emswere fielded By 1977 the number Europe. By 1 972 there were 970
rad dropped to 850 and then by 1979 to known SS- I I silos, with 66 more then
i50. By mid-1982 the number had sta- being built. Over 1,000 are still avail-
bilized at around 570 with only a small able, each with three 30A-kiloton
rumber believed to be of the Model 3 ieads.
type. In March 1983 the number had
Cropped to 550 as the first 20 of an Specification
additional 50 MIRVed SS-19 Modei 3s SS-Il'Sego'
,rere deployed to suitable SS-11 silos. Lengrh: 20 0 m (65 ft 7rl:) .1:
By the mid-l9BOs the Soviets will have Diameter: 2 5 m (B fl ZVz rn)
completed their present ICBM mod- weight: kq (99,205 tb)
45000
ernization programme and wtll have a Warhead type: Model I single 950-
total of 520 SS-1 1, 60 SS-13, 150 SS-17, kiioton RV Model 3 three 25O-kiloton
308 SS-IB and 360 SS-19 third- and MRVs
iourth-generation ICBMs rn service Range: Model I BB00 km (5,470 miles)
The SS-11 has been rdentrfied at the Model 3 9600 km (5,965 miles)
followrng mrssile fleld locattons: De- CEP: Model 1 l4O0m (1,530 yards);
razhnya, Kozelek Teykovo, Kostroma, Model 3 1ll0 m (1,215 yards)
Perm, Gladkaya, Drovyanava, Olor,ry- Launch facility: hardened srlo
annaya and Svobodnyy. Launch: hot type (limited reload capa-
The SS-11 has been periodicaily btlity)
shown in the Moscow mrlitary parades Propellant type/guidance: liquid,/rner-
but only enclosed in a tubular contain, tial
er carrred on the rear of a wheeied
tractor-trailer combination. The only Pictured from left to right:
physical features of the missile to be SS-4 was operational in 1 959 but ftas
seen are four thrust nozzles on the first been superseded by SS-20.
stage and the tip ofthe nose cone. The nextgenera tion missile,
,SS-5,
container is believed to be raised to deployed from )96 L Rapidly being
the vertical over a srlo for loading. The replaced bySS-20.
Americans credrt the SS- I I force with first deployed in I 966, at one
SS- 1 I ,
a hmited reload capability as the hot- time the most numerous ICBM with
launched missrle rs accommodated almost 1000 in place.
within a launch container inside the SS-9, once flre /a rgest ICBM, now
silo. This and the srlo desrgn are com- replaced by the even larger SS-1 L
mon to the SS-11 SS-17, SS-18 and SS-
19 systems, and ltmit damage during
main-engine ignrtion and launch Re-
furbishment and reloadrng probably
take several days. Provision for the de-
livery of reserve missiles warheads
and propellants to a number of SS-11
and SS-19 hot-launch ICBM com-
plexes, together with all the cold,
Iaunch SS-17 and SS-18 missrles rs
known to exist None ol lhe extra mrs-
stles or warheads rs reckoned under
the SALT agreements, only the laun-
chers being counted.

t
 L SS-13 and 55-16
-.-.= SS-13 a:C SS-16 are the flrst solid-
: :-:=-ra:: ICBMs ic have been de-
.::r i'. rh= Scvrets probably by
'-= '.'li Nadradze mrssile desrgn
. -r.=i- :nai specralzes rn such sohd-
- -=- :--ssiles The SS- l3 (NATO report-
,.-.: :.1:e'Savage') was first deployed
. , -::: aLthouqrh tt was actually first
-.==:, -:'r publtc Ln 1965.
By 1970 the
,-.-:--.:r deployed operationally had
:,:=:- :: 20. wLth 40 operational in l97l
..--: :he maxLmum 60 the following
..=:r The SS-13 is deployed in the
-:--::kar
Ola missile fleld The 60 mis-
:-,=s are certain to serve into the late
-::-s before replacement is under-
':.::n The three-staQte inertially-
,..-^-:ed mrssile rs stated to be compa-
:-rle r,vrth the Minuteman mrssile in
'=:i:.s of performance and capabilities.
-:.: upper two stages of the SS-i3
'.'.:le used rn the development ol the
SS-14 'Scapegoat' mobile IRBM sys-
:r-
ir
1978 the second-generatlon
-lBM due to be the SS-13s replace-
:.:nt rs stated to have attarned oper-
::-rna1 status after evaluatron between
.:r2 and 1975 This missile, the 55-16
S:';ret desrgnation RS-14), was not
::bsequently deployed, although
::ne 60 were burlt. The three-stage
SS-16 has an advanced Enridance sys-
:m beheved tc be of the stellar-
.:.ertial type, and a post-boost bus
'.':nicle usually associated with MIRVs,
L Hil-rz Lishtweisht ICBM Missile System
-:e SS-I7 Sovret desrgnatron RS-16)
'.'.'ls flrst deployed rn i975 as the
s::ond two-staqe storable hquid-
:lcpellant successor to part of the SS-
- - Sego force, theotherpartbeingthe
-iS-19 The SS-17 is slightly longer than
:---e SS- I I and has an rncreased
'.:lume. The most important features,
:.:',r,'ever are rts cold-launch technr-
::e and, rn its Model I and Model 3
::rns the four-MIRV warhead tt car-
:-:s The Model 2 rntroduced rn i977
:.as a singtle medrum-yreld thermonu-
:rear warhead, whilst the Model 3 was
.:-:roduced rn the early 1980s because
:: rts rncreased accuracy over the
].l:del I version, The number of the
:-::erent versrons fielded was 20 Mod-
:- 2 plus 130 Model I and Model 3
- ltsMs rn mrd- 1983, No further upgrad-
.:.; :f the SS-17 force is envrsagred for
I Ht-re Heavy ICBM Missile System
-:,: SS-I8 heavy ICBM (Sovret de-
: j:.j-ron RS-20)
entered service in its
,:.-:--l iorm Ln 1974. Since then three
::,:: ','ersrons have been deployed,
:.- Model 2 rn 1976, the Model3 in 1977
..*,: ::e Model 4 in 1979. By 1980-1 the
: -:'.'elsLons had replaced the 308 SS-
: :--:s:les In mid-1982 the number
::=:.,i- r.n for the four versions was
l.l- r:ls I and 3 total 26, Model 2 total
- : - ::.i Model 4 total 120. In l9B3 it was
.==::.: :lat the Model 4 was continuing
' :=:.,:e rhe Model 2 rn a progressive
-:;::i:ng of the ss-18 force. The
I.l-:=l - carries a single 27-megaton
.'.
=::-:aC ',vh1lst the lonqer-ranqe and
.-.:,::-.':ci-accuracy Model 3 carries a
..:.;.: 2- -megaton warhead. The Mod-
-. - :...: a spln-stabllized computer-
: . ',varhead
:::..:C bus carryrng B to
. :,,-<-lc:cn yield MIRVs The later
Lightweight ICBM Missile Systems
However, the mssrle carries only a
single RV. The SS-16 rs considered to
be launchable from erther a silo or a
mobile tractor-erector-launcher vehL-
cle, most American defence sources
tending to support the latter. No reload
capabilrty for the system is believed to
exist, The upper two stages of the SS-
16 have been used to form the SS-20
mobile IRBM mssiie
Specification
ss-t3
Lengnh: 20.0 m (65 ft 77: rn)
Diameter: I7m(5ft7rn)
Weisht: 34000 kg (74,955 lb)
Warhead type: single 600-kiloton RV
Range: 8000 km (4 970 miles)
CEP: 1850 m (2,025 yards)
Launch facility: silo
Launch: hot type
Propellant type/guidance: sohd/
inertial
Specification
ss-16
Length: 20 5 m (67 ft 3 Ln)
Diameter: 1.7 m (5 ft 7 rn)
weight: 36000 kq (79,365 lb)
Warhead tyge: sinqrle 650-krloton RV
Range: 8750 km (5,435 mrles)
CEP: 14BO m (525 yards)
Launch facility: srlo or mobrle launcher
Launch: hot type
Propellant type/gnudance: sohd/
stellar-rnertiaI
the foreseeable future Two missile
flelds contaLn the SS-]7: Yedrovo and
Kostroma.
The accuracy of the iorce makes
feasrble attacks on some hardened
Amerrcan tarqrets The use of the
MIRVed warhead allows a srngle
Model I or Model 3 mrssrle to attack
tndividual tarqets throughout an area
covenng several tens of thousands of
square mrles whereas the oider Soviet
SS-1ls equipped wrth MRVs can only
attack a srngle tarqret wLthrn a few
thousand square krlometres by creat-
ing a nuclear explosion footprrnt'
atound rt wlth tls warheads to maxi-
mrze the blast and radratron damaqe.
The SS-17 has yet to appear at a Mos-
cow parade.
Model 4 is also MIRVed but cardes up
to l4 warheads (usually l0 SOO-krloton
MIRVs and four dummies plus other
advanced penetratron ards). The SS- lB
Models 3 and 4, together wrth the most
accurate verslon of the SS- i9, can des-
troy hard targets. Thrs effectively
means the Amerrcan Mrnuteman
ICBM force rn rts silos. Hence the
Soviets have a credible flrst-strike
capabrlity if they requrre it. The very
high yield SS-18 Models I and 3 also
maintain the Russian preference for
such warheads, the accuracy of both
berng sufficrent to allow the missiles to
engage the deeply buned and nuclear
hardened American Strategic Air
Command command, control and
commumcation facilrties that wlll be
used in the event of a nuclear conflict
The SS-18 is a cold'launched two-
Only a few (about 60) were put into Right: SS-l,7, an
serrice of tlre SS- I 3, the tirst of the accuratelCBM
S ov ie t U nion's s olid - pr opellant whichreplaces
slralegicmissrTes. Sma//er flan SS- some olderS,S-l.l
I I, it is very like a Minuteman III, and mr'ssr'/es.
has a launchweightof34 tonnes and
range of over 8000 km (5,000 miles),
usually carrying a warhead of 600-kt
yield.
Specification
ss-17
Lengrth: 24.0 m (78 ft 9 rn)
Diameter: 2.5 m (8 fI 21/z tn)
weisht: 65000 kq (143 300 lb)
Warhead type: Model I four 750-
kiloton MIRVs; Model 2 single 6-
megaton thermonuclear RV; Model 3
four 750-krloton MIRVs
Range: Model I 10000 km (6,215 miles),
Model 2 11000 km (6 835 miles); Model
3 10000 km (6,215 miies)
CEP: Model I 440 m (4BO yards); Modei
2 425m (465 yards)t Model 3 350m
(385 yards)
Launch facility: hardened srio
Launch: cold type (confirmed reload
capabrlrty)
Propellant tlpe/gn:idance: liqurd./rner-
tral.
stage llqurd-propellant mrssrle. The
launch technique is so called because
the missile rs ejected from its srlo by a
qas generator system before the marn
engines are fired. Thrs allows the silo
to be reused wrthrn a day or so after the
mtssile has been fired. The Russians
have been monitored doing this during
Strategic Rocket Force exercises, The
reload capabrlrty is of significant im-
portance to the Russrans in therr pro-
tracted nuclear-exchanqe warflghtrng
scenario The SS-iB missile flelds are
known to be located in the followrng
areas: Kartaly, Dombarovskiy, Imeni
Gastello, Aleysk, Zhangrz Tobe and
Uzhur.
Specification
ss-18
Lensth: 35.0 m ( I 14 ft 10 in)
ss-.r3 ss-/7
SS- 18 Heavy ICBM Missile System (continued)
)rameter: 3.0 m (9 ft 10 rn) 11000 km (6.835 mLles)
,'/eisht: 225000 kq (496,030 lb) CEP: Model I 425 m (465 yards). Model
,'/arhead type: Model stngle 27- Z 425m (465 yards); Model 3 35Om
':qaton RV; Model 2 B 1O 9OO-ktloton (385yards) Model 4 260 m (285 yards)
I.liRVs Model 3 stngle 20-megaton Launch facility: hardened stlo
: .' Model 4 l0 500 kiloton MIRVs Launch: cold type (conflrmed reload
Range: Model 1 12000 km (7,455 mrles); capabrlity) lillctrIn.it
Propellant type/gnridance: liquid/
l.l:del 2 11000 km (6,835 mrles); Model
i i'lt
16000km (9,940 miles); Model 4 rnertlal ill

t Hil-rg Lishtweisht ICBM Missile System

-re SS-19 (Sovret desrqtnatton RS-18) The Sovtets in thetr weapon Im- EeJow: SS-.19 was 'i:.
..ti
:ntered servrce in 1975 as the ftrst of provement programmes follow an tn- deployedfirstin af;
:re SS-li 'Sego' replacements, the cremental policyt they Lmprove those l,975, along with SS-
ii:
,ther berng the SS 17. The SS-19 rs a components of the system thal Iequlre 17. Both arc :
:-,vo-stage hqurd-propellant mlsstle improvrng whrlst retainrnq those por- infendedas ft:
'..;rth an onboard computer, a MIRV trons that have demonstrated thelr re- replacements for
ts.-
cayload and a combrned 'fly the-wire' liabLlity to a satisfactory level. For the are
SS-l 1, and t7
-nertial quldance systenr srmilar to that current ICBM force thrs poltcY has among themost
itted on the SS l7 and SS-18 missrles. meant a consrderable improvement Ln accurate of Soviet
'fi
The computer determines the devta- both rts rehabilrty and capabrlrtres The ICBMs.
i"l
trons from the preprogrammed course fourth-generatron SS-17, SS lB and SS-
and erther corrects it or computes a l9 deploymenl was primartly Lnro con- pf
new course rf the circumstances re- verted thrrd-generatron srlos. During i-i
sr.
qurre it. The SS-19 Ls shghtly larger the process of converston the sllo tr
hardness was greatly enhanced to im- s;
:han the SS 17 and has been flelded in
:hree versrons: the basrc Model I wLth prove he survivabrltty factor extstinq s-
sx MIRVs, the Model 2 (deployed in communlcatlons syslems were up- lq
F
1978) with a srnqle hLgh-yteld thermo graded and where necessary new L: -.-,--
nuclear warhead, and the rmproved ones added and sLlo based launch- *,"
accuracy Model 3 (rntroduced rn 198O) controL factltttes built.
wrth the same MIRV payload as the F,r

orLginal versron. In 198I the numbers of Specification

each version deployed were lB0 Mod- ss- 19 ki
el 1, 40 Model 2 and BO Model3 ICBMs Lengrth: 22 5 m (73 ft 9",1 rn) {,.
By 1982 the Model 3 total had rnen to Diameter: 2.75 m (9 ft 0'/r Ln) M:.
90 and rn March l9B3 the totals were Weight: 78000 kg (171 960 ]b) ffi,
iii;
180 Model l. Model 2 and 110 Model
80 Warhead type: Mcdel L sr-r 55O-kLLoton tr:
t i-
3 mrssrles. A further 30 Model 3s wrll be MIRVs: Model 2 s-rgle l0 meqaton Ei.,,l;

deployed to replace SS-11 Sego sys- thermonuclear Rv- Moce] 3 sL: 55i
Fi.
r*-,
tems by I9B5 to grve a final SS- 19 force krloton MIRVs
level of 360 The SS-19 mrssLle flelds Range: Mcdel , 963t-l km (i 96: n:les) lat,
are located in the Derazhnyna Model 2 1lirCi krn (6 215 r::les) MoCel E::
i'gr.'
Kozeisk, Perrromayek and TatLschche- 3 10000 km (6 215 mLles) i:':''
vo areas CEP: lv{oiel I 39C m (125 yarcis) Model illi

Because of its accuracy the Model 3 2 26C (285 vards) Mode] 28C m
m ;,"
together with the most accurate ver- (305 yards) il
sions of the SS I B are consrdered to be Launch facility: hardened stlo I,,,
counterforce weapons capabLe of des- Launch: hot type (limrted reload capa- l::
troyrng practlcally all the Amerrcan bLlrty) i' e.

hardened mrssrle sjlos by usrng a -wo Propellant type/gruidance: ItquLd' nl,

t-
warhead-to-one srlo ratio inerhal *., I
:'
i:
[-

n H3-zo Mobile IRBM system +--

Desrgn of the operatlonaystrateglc- 07:rn) long, 1.4m (4ft 7tn) dLameter
levelmobileSS-20IRBMsystembegan SS-15 utilized the same transporter-
rnabout 1967asthelong-termreplace erector-launcher vehicle as the SS-14
ment for the SS-4 and SS 5 mtssiles but was contained tn a 19 m (62 ft 4 tn)
TheSS-2Oprogrammewasallocatedto lonq tubular contalner-launcher that :
the VN Nadradze design bureau, had to be elevated to the vertical for t
which specralizes rn buildrnqt sohd firrng. The SS-15 had a 5630-km (3 500- tr
propellant misstles. The design mile)ranqe, carrledaOOO-kllotonwar-
bureau had already some experience head and had a CEP value about the
Ln developrng mobrle IRBM systems as same as that of the SS- 14. Both systems
SS-14'scapegoat' were deployed rn hmrted numbers in
the brrefly deployed F:
and SS-I5'Scrooge' IRBM systems SovretCentralAsiaadlacenttothebor- k
showed The SS-14 carrted in a con- der wtth China
tarner nicknamed the lron Matden The SS-20, basrcally the flrst two
was deployed on a consrderably mod- stages of the solid-propellant SS- 16
Lfied lS-lll heavy tank chassrs thatICBM had rts flrst fltgtht test in 1974 By
served as the transporter-erector- 1977 rt had entered service with the
launcher vehrcle. The whole system Strateglc Rocket Forces and was soon
was known by the NATO reportinq deployed wrth each of the sx Rocket
name 'scarnp'. The 10.7 m (35 ft 1% rn) Armres that compose these forces. The
long, I 5 m (4 ft 7 rn) diameter mtssrle SS-20s are rn su major base groupings
was rnertially gnlded, had a maximum located in three geographLcal areas of
range of 3540 km (2 200 mrles) and car- the USSR namely the western USSR
rLed a 6OO-klloton yield warhead. The lust east of the Ural Mountalns and the
CEP value was around IB00 m (1,970 Soviet Far East The mobtle launchers
','ards). The 'Scapegoat was basrcally are grouped toelether Ln brLqtades of
:': trst two skqes af thg-sp r3 991!9 v9!-:9.)?:<
,!j!?
!aylc!,er.t9ns2ar::r
-S!
,iia.;:

7- 7- a:-
--'
{:,'::
1..,.
!'-:
:;;'
:.:,-- !
-
ICBM Nuclear Warhead Development
.-
-: :a\.' s ng e re-enlry vehicle
,::: :-J:-\'e d relat vely inaccurate
r r:: :^:l 1o ce used against large
:: :;-:::s sJCh as c t es or industrial
: ::::: :v lc devastate such targets
:: :5ast e'fect. which rs
. -::S-'eC rn pounds per Square
-:- -,'-.
:.:'3.essure 1r.e. pressure qrea-
atmospheric). Such war-
'.: - . r TOSt Certainly be detonated
:::.e ihe target to give what is
..- :: :- : -burst explosion. Wth the
:-: ,' ::::e. gu dance systems terminal
'.'eased and thls allowed
: .,;rheads to be
: -'s: wea pons agai n st point targets
:s :-€ e.emy s mLlitary and political
:: , :ommand. control and com-
:^s C'l facil ties located n deeply
:r '-J hardened underqround bunker
: ='=. )estructron of some or all of
-:: ':: : es would cause consrderable
'-: :- :^d delay to the opposing side in
. -.a.' exchange until new lines ol
- - :.^r :.d control could be activated.
S :ng le R e- entry Vehicles (SRVs).
iarly generation single warheads
2:rburst over their targets to achieve
.e',,astation by blast. Later more
.ccurate warheads were designed to
;: o u n d bur s t ag ains t h ar dene d
:arErefs. such as sr7os or command
c::rkers.
:-: lSA and USSR currently have
r'::3d w th thermonuclearwarheads
' : e-t accuracy to achieve these
:::acKS against soft city, industrial
:r1 targets were then, in the case
S:, et CBM force, assiqned to the
:= : :f u poed wrth a multiple re-entry
: = \,'lV) package as the payload. This
,: .: ', provides for landing severalwar-
:= -sJai y two or three, which have
:'j::i n the final stage of the flighl in
::-: 3'ea as the target to maximize the
SS-20 continued
r.. r :.:.::a:ance base As rn the
- '.-= -:-r:ttcan ground-iaunched
,: -,:= :.-ssrle the launchers would in
':.=: ,: -rn-rent conflict move by
:, : : :- -.'.',i:l',' dtspersed presurveyed
.- .:.1:. .r.;.: :- ensure the minrmum
::r:r -:- ::-: :rertral quidance launch
-
=:--- :S-2, is carrLed on the rear of a
' .-. - : .'= -. :le Ln a tubular contarner
:, a: elevated to the vertrcal
l.-.::: cther wheeled vehr-
-!-::: the SS-20 system, one
- ::Lcad round whilst the
::::-,'ihe launch control, test,
:s a:i communrcatron sys-
---'.' :3 I ihe number of SS-20
- Launch facility: wheeled transporter-
:=c-:','eC ',Yas about 250 (175
'.'.'::: :arJeted agalnst NATO
-:. ::-i-Nlarch l9B3 the num-
:-:=: r. more than 330, of
:.= ::, targeted
"';ere
blast damage caused; the resulting pattern
of nuclear explosions is known as the nuc-
lear footprint. The USA deployed this type
of warhead only on its Polaris submarine-
launched ballistic missile force and did not
N
use it on any ICBM.
the
retargeted as
'ffi
Multiple Re-entry Vehicles (MRV s ).
Each missile could deliver a number
of warheads (usually three) whose
combined airburst footprint could
obliterate a city.
The USA decided to freid the mult ple
independently-targeted re-entry vehicle
iMIRV)warhead system lnstead. The MIRV
is highly accurate and independently
targeted, whch means that each MIRV-
equipped missi e can engage a number of
widely separated targets equivalent to the
number of M RV warheads it carrles. The
accuracy of the N,4lBV s usually sufficient
for the carry ng missile to be targeted
against the enemy's hardened m ssile silos.
Usual y two warheads are assigned from
different missrles n a cross-targeting tech-
re-
Multiple Independently-targeted Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs). The
independent accurate targetingof a number of warheads enables MIRVs to
be groundburst against hardened targets.
NATO. ']'he Russrans are also known to
be developing an SS-20 follow-on for
serurce ln the late l980s or early 1990s.
case This has been tentatively identrfied as
the SS-X-28 IRBM system.
Specification
ss-20
Length: 16,0 m (52 ft 6 in)
Diameter: 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)
Weisht: 25000 kq (55, I l5 lb)
Warhead type: Model I single 650-
kiloton nuclear RV, Model 2 three 150-
kiloton nuclear MIRVs; Model 3 single
50-krloton nuclear RV
Range: Model I 5000 km (3, 105 miles)
Model 2 5000 km (3, 105 miles); Model3
7000 km (4,350 miles)
CEP: 425 m (465 yards)
erector-launcher
Launch: cold type (reload capability
confirmed)
Propellant type/gnridance: solid,z
aQtainst rnertial
There was a time when threatened nuclear force seemed fo consrst ofa srnErle
blunt instrument of undeniable devastation. But defence strategrsts and
scjent ifs have now developed a range of warheads, and methods of delivery
which have greatly complicated ffte djscussjons of nuclear comparability and
security.
nrque in order to ensure that the kill prob-
ability approaches the certainty value. Both
the Soviets and the Americans use MIRV
equipped lCBMs. The current Soviet SS-18
Model4 and SS-19 Model3 MlRVed ICBMs
are considered to be the world's most lethal
missiies in terms of accuracy, and given the
numbers deployed the Russians can des-
troy most of the American Mlnuteman
ICBM {orce in therr sitos by erpendrng or y
a tractron o, lhe warheddb they carry for a
trrsLstrike situation
The Americans, however, have de
veloped a follow-on to the MIRV. This is
knowr as the nanoeuv'rng .e ertry vel rcle
(MARV), ano ,s caoaole oorh of rnf I gnt rar
oeuvrinq to avoid anti'miss le def ences and
ol terrrrra. in.atmosprere gu darce ro grve
very low CEP (circular error probable, a me-
asure of statistica accuracy) values in the M anoeuvr ab IeR e - en try V e h icle s
order of tens of mentres. The (MARVs). Eachwarhead has an
ability to manoeuvre itself through
defences and onfo its assjgred
target.
for the MARV is available for eventual de-
ployment on all American strategic balltstic
missile systems if required.
The Americans also have available the
technology of
the Pershing earth il
penetrator theatre nuclear missile war-
heads. lf the Americans were to combine
the low-yield earth-penetrator design with
MARV technology then the possibility is
opened up of the eventual deployment of
an ICBM carrying a large number (20 or
more) of super accurate warheads capable
of attacking any type of target. Such a de-
velopment would have a considerab e
effect on the strategic forces of both sides
as a radical rethlnking of f ixed-base misslles
and command {aclltres would have to be
u nderta ken.
SS-20 is being deployed in increasing numbers in Europe and the Far East.
The USDepartment of Defensevisualizes highly mobileunits operatingfrom
easily prepared concealed positions, as shown here.
 Armed Forces of the World
Proportionally, Sweden is one of the most
highly-taxed nations on Earth, and a great
proportion of the revenue is spent on defence.
Sweden is not a member of NATO but has a
border with the USSR, and the terrain forms a
useful method of entry to both Norway and
the Baltic to the south. The country has rich
mineral resources but the terrain is hostile to
both attackers and defenders alike, and for
much of the year the climate is cold to an
extreme and wet for much of the rest. To
maintain their neutrality the Swedes use a
combination of conscription followed by recall
to the forces at intervals, coupled with a well-
trained and well established system of Home
Guards and local defence units. Sweden has a
strong armaments industry which supplies
almost all its armed forces' equipment.
The army
The army maintains only a small cadre of about
9,000 regulars, who are used to train the
36,900 or so conscripts who pass through
their hands at any one time To train this f low
of recruits the army maintains about bO train-
ing establishments for all arms of the force,
and large and well-protected depots full of
equipment ready for use. ln an emergency the
army could suddenly be expanded to no less
than 700,000 men, with a furrher 'i 00,000
men turning out for Home Guard duties. To
these would be added about 100 independent
infantry battalions, between 400 and 500 inde-
pendent companies and a large number of
more Home Guard units all operating under
the general control of 26 Local Defence Dis-
tricts.
To maintain sL,ppl,es in an emergency the
Swedes ma<e much use of their orin indust-
rial resources for arms production, and many
of therr wcapons bear comparison with any-
thing produced elsewhere Although the buik
of the five armoured brigades thai would be
formed on mobilization are made up from
Centurion M BTs, the army also has about 330
Strv-l05MBTs and about 200 lkv-91 infantry
support tanks. To these can be added large
numbers of Pbv-302 APCs and a wide arraybf
towed and self-propelled artillery. Some of the
towed artillery is still effective but of some
vinttge, and a programme of replacement by
the Bofors '1 55 mm FIJ-77 A is now well adv-
anced. Anti-tank missiles are widely used,
with large numbers of TOW anti{ank missiles
with large quantities of the
in use and on order
new Bofors BILL missile in prospect for the
infantry. Mortars of all calibres are well suited
to the Swedish terrain.
f
iii^
"'i"-;,^;*,
:'
1J':
, t'/
The amphibious, tracked Bv 202 weighs 3.2 tons
and can tow up to I 5 soldjers on skls or bicycles. In
a northern country like Sweden, such vehicles are
essential in providing cross-country mobility in
winter. The Bv 202 is now being replaced by the Bv
206,which has a much larger load capacity.
Among the 9 tnfantry brigades that would
'1
be formed in an emergency are the four
/and brigades that wculd be used to defend
the northern areas of Sweden. These brigades
are specially equipped with over-snow vehi-
cles such as the 8v.206 and its weapon carrier
variants with TOW and recoilless rifles. Some
carry the Bofors RBS-70 anti,aircraft guided
missile.
The only regular army unit kept in being all
the time is a single army aviation battalion with
about 35 helicopters including BellAB 204 and
AB 206 helicopters. Also kept in being are a
further 1 '1 army artillery aviation platoons, 66
strong in all, that are used for army liaison,
artillery spotting, observatron and casualty
evacuation. Types in service include BAe Bull-
dogs, Piper Super Cubs and Dornier Do 27s.
_ The conscript's time with the army may vary
from 71/z to 15 months, depending on the
trade involved. After this period the conscript
becomes an active reservist and can expect to
spend some time each year with the army. On
mobilization, full strengths for nearly all units
can be expected within 72 hours, and to this
force can be added the large numbers of
Home Guard and local defence units. Takino
into account the formidable Swedish terrain, fr
can be seen that invadlng Sweden would be
no easy matter.
Sweden's neutrality in all matters has led to
Swedish army troops being virtual full-time
members of any United Nations force. At pre-
sent the Swedes are operating under the Un-
ited Nations flag in Cyprus and the Lebanon.
The air force
Saab-Scania at Linkoping has been the main
supplier of combat aircraft to the Swedish air
force (Flygvapen) for more than 40 years, and
today has production lines building the JA 37
interceptor version of the canard-winged Vig-
gen. This powerful combat aircraft is replacing
Swedish subm arines are specifically designed for
operation in the Baltic Sea. ?Ffte Niicken, namesftip
of the latest class of three boats, has a crew of only
20 due to extensive use of automation.
i
n\.r
vj
Nor-
lnhe .l se lf- propelled gun m a.r :j.-: :: - : ::
55-mm
Sweden attracted worldwide rn leresl ;',..::.:
-
introduced in 1966. This heavy vehicle .c...e: : _
tons) has afully automatic gun which is ie=:::::
14-round clip, and which can fire a 48-kz . - :..-
HE projectile up to 25 km ( I 5 milesl.
the older Saab Draken in tne J c-:
of which remain tn use. anr '--:
being delivered.
ln wartime, the Flyg,,,aoe^
- of which about 45 na .: -
airf ields
and stretches of strenqthe.e. ,:'
dispersed operations. n sJc- :: . :- .
instance, aViggen would and c- :': :_
ly taxi on a smaller road to : ::
shelter. be refuelled and rearn^.1
10 minutes, and tnen tar, brc. -' '- -'
take-off on another mrssion
Attack and reconna ssarce -^ ::
further 180 AJ SH37 Viggers :- -
to-surlace missiles for botr a-: = '
armour use, while specially der, = ::
as and inf ra-red equipment a d :-: -=:
with the SF37 variant of th s r:-sr: :
Light attack duties are'ron^ r. :.,-:
and a trainer version equ ps i-= _.-
Flying Training Scnooi i1o :-= - - ::
lege at Uppsala. Fifty-e grt 3r: s--::
dogs conduct basic ra ^ Fo - :^-.
unrt rs equrpped wrth e qhI f ^- =' ' - -
and some ageing C-4ls rre' '^ .. :_=
ployed on United Nations !...-. _.:
supply duties wrthrr Svreoe^
The navy
The Swedish navy is nre-oe c '_' -
defence only, and has no 3.1: t::
units. lt is unusual in tr.at ii .r : ::
borne element the navy a sc --.: . .'-- .- _
 Armed Forces of the World
': :' :, siem of coastal defences involving
.' :-^s, guided misstles and prepared
JS ?"d t is the nature of these that
.: =':
: -- .:i sc attractive to marauding Soviet
-:--:- -:S n reCent timeS.
-: :l:stai art llery could perhaps be dealt
:- ' -s: as t involves no less than five full
I ^-:-is wth 45 static batteries and 12
, a : 3atter es. The static batteries are cur-
-: . - tne process of being re-equipped with
-^-- and 20 mm turreted guns of adv-
'1
-:r Cesrgn with equally advanced fire-
--:'l svstems, whrle the mobile batteries
-: 3€ rQ re-equipped wirh 120-mm Kartn
-^- V,ssiles include the RB-08 and the RB-
- _-::tr effective against even large naval
'.'^es form an important part of Swedish
-:s:al defences, so the navy includes a large
--
- gun, Arko was commissioned in 1958, the first of a
-^-cer of mtnelayers for both inshore and
i:aaer wateT use. Front the larger sizes down-
...'ls ilre navy has two f ull-size minelayers
:- J ivlo trarning vessels for the role. To these
---^ be added nine coastal and 36 inshore
'- -e ayers For clearing there are 11 coastal
-.^: 2O in-shore mine-sweepers.
-^e main navy bases are at Stockholm, Karl-
:.-1.a, Goteborg and Hdrnosand. These
: ::.s support the main defensive element of
.-: -avy, which has as its largest vessels two
r=s:royers with RB-08 surface to-surface mis-
. .s lonly one of these is kept in service at any
: ^: t me). A force of 12 submarines is used to
:':r'de an offensive patrol capability and a
'-1reT four submarines are on order. A sur-
'-.:: capabilrty is provided by a force of 17
--c n fast attack patrol craft armed with RB
SaabViggens of the Flyryapen fly low over the
::rdra /andscape. TheViggen is the mainstay of
-::,,eden's arr defence force, and serves in the
:::ack (AJ37), intercepbr AA37), overland
:sconnajssance (S P 37 ), maritime reconnarlsance
Si37) and trainer(5K37) roles.
t- r. i t:.&.t ';:..
"t ii-;.1 r ,lr.'
" 'lt! rt "1 ! ',
,.i -.::.
$r. ''
ii*
E-J.d i 34 coastal patrol craft (seven of them large,
'ia
Sweden t
--]
The Swedish navy devotes a relatively high
proportion of
Norrk6ping r's a 'Spica'-c/ass fa st patrol boat,
ifs resources lo mine warfare. The armedwith a radar-directed 57-mm Bofors gun
300-ton minesweeperArkors fypical of its kind. Of and six 2 I -inch torpedo tubes. The anti-ship
wooden construction and armed with a40-mm capability of the 'Spicas' will be much enhanced by
the installation of long range (70 km/44 miles) RBS
12-ship class. /5anfi-ship mrssiles, currently under
development.
1 2 Pen gu i n surf ace,to-surface missi les, and to used as landing tanks and similar vehicles, but
these can be added a further 1B toroedo- the bulk (81) are utility craft that can be used
armed fast attack craft. A force of 33 cbastal for a number of purposes. 53 are assault land-
patrol craft back up this force and to these will ing craft. All three types can be used to land
be added a further four now on order. troops in remote regions, possibly behinC an
The navy maintains two helicopter squad- attacker's front lines.
rons One is at Berga, near Stockholm, and is
equrpped with fourAlouette 11 trainers and 1O
AB 206s that can be used in the anti,
submarine warfare, commando transpoft or
Order of Battle
gunship roles The other squadron is at Save
near Gothenburg and has 0 Boeing Vertol/'1
Kawasaki KV-l07-1 1 that are used in a wide Army (on mobilization)
variety of roles including anti-submarine war- Frve armoured brigades
fare, search and rescue and long-range sur- One army aviatron battalion
veillance. They are also to be used to operate 19 infantry brigades, including four Norrland
with the new RBS-'1 5 anti-shipping rnissile brigades
that has been ordered for all Swedish navy 50 independent infantry, artt lery and antl-
ve55c 5. aircraft artillery battalions
The navy has one further claim to being 26 Local Defence Districts encompassing 100
unusual: it maintains a large force of no less independent battalions, up to 500 indepen-
than 143 landinq craft. Nrne of these can be dent companies and Home Guard units
The air force
Six attack squadrons (AJ37 Viggen and Saab
1 05)
'1
2 f ighter squadrons (.J437 Viggen and J35D/F
Draken)
Six reconnaissance squadrons (SH37/SF37
Viggen)
Two operations conversion units (SK37 Vig-
gen and SK35C Draken)
Two transport squadrons (C-130 Hercules, C-
47 Dakota and Caravelle)
Five communications squadrons (Saab 105)
One search and rescue squadron (KV-107)
One utility helicoptersquadron (Alouette ll and
Bell AB.204)
Navy
Two destroyers with RB,08 (one in reserve)
12 submarines (four under construction)
17 fast attack craft with RB-12 missiles (two
under construction)
18 fast attack craft with torpedoes
with four more on order)
Two minelayers
Two minelayer/training ships
Nine coastal minelayers
36 in-shore minelayers
'1
1 coastal minesweepers
20 in-shore minesweepers
45 coastal batteries, static
12 coastal batteries, mobile
two helicopter squadrons