Genova - Chuck Close American painter and printmaker. He studied (196065) at the University of Washington, Seattle, at Yale University and at the Akademie der Bildenden Knste in Vienna. During this period he painted biomorphic abstract works, influenced by the avant-garde American art of the previous two decades. After a brief experiment with figurative constructions, he began copying black-and- white photographs of a female nude in colour on to canvas. After abandoning this approach he used a black-and-white palette, which resulted in the 6.7 m long Big Nude (19678; artists col., see Lyons and Storr, p. 14). Finding this subject too interesting, he turned to neutral, black-and- white head-and-shoulder photographs as models, which he again reproduced in large scale on canvas, as in Self-portrait (1968; Minneapolis, MN, Walker A. Cent.). He incorporated every detail of the photograph and allowed himself no interpretative freedom. Working from photographs enabled him to realize the variations in focus due to changing depth of field, something impossible when working from life. He continued in the black-and-white style until 1970, when he began to use colour again. With a similarly limited range of model photographs, he experimented with various types of colour marking. The pencil and ink Robert/104,072 (19734; New York, MOMA), for example, is made from 104,072 separate colour squares. Other techniques included the use of fingerprint marks and pulp paper fragments. This concern with modes of representation links him to conceptual art as well as, more obviously, to Photorealism. For the colour paintings such as Linda (19756; Akron, OH, A. Mus.) he used acrylic, ink and watercolour among other media, and built the works up using only cyan, magenta and yellow, thus imitating mechanical reproduction techniques. Close also made occasional prints, such as the mezzotint Keith/Mezzotint (1972; see Lyons and Storr, p. 162). In the 1980s he worked with handmade papers and also produced images pieced together from huge polaroid photographs, such as Bertrand II (1984; artists col., see Lyons and Storr, pp. 1567). - Big Nude, 1967 acrylic on gessoedcanvas 297.2x643.9cm - Big Self-Portrait, 19671968 acrylic on gessoedcanvas 273.1x 212.1cm -Phil, 1969 acrylic on gessoed canvas 274.3x 213.4cm -Kent, 1970-1971 acrylic on gessoed canvas 254x 228.6cm -Susan, 1971 acrylic on gessoed canvas 255.3x 228.6cm -John, 1971-1972 acrylic on gessoed canvas 254x 228.6cm -Robert/104,072, 1973-1974 acrylic, ink, andpencil on gessoed canvas 274.3x 213.4cm - Linda, 1975-1976 acrylic on gessoed canvas 274.3x 213.4cm - Linda/Pastel, 1977 pastel on watercolor-washed paper sheet: 76.2x 57.2cm - Mark, 1978-1979 acrylic on gessoed canvas 274.3x 213.4cm -Leslie/Pastel, 1977 pastel and watercolor on paper sheet: 76.1x 55.9cm -Drawing for Phil/Rubberstamp, 1976 ink on paper 19.4x 16.5cm - Phil Fingerprint/Random, 1979 stamp-pad ink on paper 101.6x 66cm - Phil, 1980 ink and pencil on paper 74.9x 57.2cm - Self-Portrait/Conte Crayon, 1979 conte crayon and pencil on paper 74.9x 55.9cm - Self-Portrait, 1980 Photograph Polaroid print made with large-format camera Sheet: 221.5 x 112.4 cm Chuck Close Self-Portrait, 1980 Sheet: 221.5 x 112.4 cm Framed: 230.2 x 121.3 x 6.4 cm Photograph, Polaroid print made with large-format camera -Stanley (Large Version), 198081 oil on canvas 256.5x 213.4cm - Georgia/Collage, 1982 paper pulp collage on canvas 121.9x 96.5cm -Leslie/Watercolor II, 1986 watercolor on paper sheet: 77.5x 56.5cm - Laura I, 1984 Polaroid Polacolor II photographs 215.9x 528.3cm -Self-Portrait, 1987 oil on canvas 182.9x 152.4cm - Janet, 1989 oil on canvas 91.4x 76.2cm - Georgia, 1996 oil on canvas 76.2x 61cm - Self-Portrait, 1997 oil on canvas 259.1x 213.4cm - Lucas/Woodcut, 1993 woodcut with pochoir 118.1x 91.4cm, edition of 50 - Lyle, 2000 8-color softground etching 46.4x 38.7cm - James, 2001 daguerrotype 21.6x 16.5cm