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NUMERICAL METHODS
WHY STUDY
NUMERICAL METHODS?
3. Many problems cannot be approached using canned
programs. If you are conversant with numerical methods
and are adept at computer programming, you can design
your own programs to solve problems without having to
buy or commission expensive software.
1. Numerical methods are extremely powerful problem-
solving tools. They are capable of handling large systems of
equations, nonlinearities, and complicated geometries that
are not uncommon in engineering practice and that are often
impossible to solve analytically. As such, they greatly
enhance your problem-solving skills.
2. During your careers, you may often have occasion to use
commercially available prepackaged, or canned,
computer programs that involve numerical methods. The
intelligent use of these programs is often predicated o
knowledge of the basic theory underlying the methods.
4. Numerical methods are an efficient vehicle for learning to use
computers. It is well known that an effective way to learn
programming is to actually write computer programs. Because
numerical methods are for the most part designed for implementation
on computers, they are ideal for this purpose. Further, they are
especially well-suited to illustrate the power and the limitations of
computers. When you successfully implement numerical methods on a
computer and then apply them to solve otherwise intractable
problems, you will be provided with a dramatic demonstration of how
computers can serve your professional development. At the same
time, you will also learn to acknowledge and control the errors of
approximation that are part and parcel of largescale numerical
calculations.
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5. Numerical methods provide a vehicle for you to reinforce

your understanding of mathematics. Because one function of
numerical methods is to reduce higher mathematics to basic
arithmetic operations, they get at the nuts and bolts of
some otherwise obscure topics. Enhanced understanding and
insight can result from this alternative perspective.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING
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ANSWER

NOW LET US USE

NUMERICAL METHODS!
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PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE

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APPROXIMATIONS AND
ROUND-OFF ERRORS

ACCURACY AND PRECISION ERROR DEFINITIONS

Accuracy refers to how
closely a computed or Numerical errors arise from the use of approximations to represent
measured value agrees with exact mathematical operations and quantities. These include
the true value. Precision truncation errors, which result when approximations are used to
refers to how closely represent exact mathematical procedures, and round-off errors,
which result when numbers having limited significant figures are
individual computed or used to represent exact numbers.
measured values agree with
each other.

ERROR DEFINITIONS ERROR DEFINITIONS

The relative error can also be multiplied by 100 percent
to express it as
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ERROR DEFINITIONS

THE TAYLOR SERIES

THE TAYLOR SERIES

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ZERO ORDER APPROXIMATION SECOND ORDER APPROXIMATION

ROOTS OF EQUATIONS
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BRACKETING METHODS

BISECTION METHOD
note that the true value of the root is 14.7802).

which is greater than zero, and hence no sign change occurs between the lower
bound and the midpoint. Consequently, the root must be located between 14 and 16.
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The method can be repeated until the result is accurate enough to satisfy your needs.

LINEAR INTERPOLATION METHOD

FALSE-POSITION METHOD
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USE FALSE POSITION ON OUR PREVIOUS

EXAMPLE
xl = 12 and xu = 16

SEAT WORK
Use Bisection and False position method to locate the root
of

Continue iteration until a < 2%