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Mix designs of self-compacting concrete using

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 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

A case study from Libya

Mix designs of self-compacting

concrete using local materials
In the last several years, self- compacting concrete (SCC) has gained considerable attention in the concrete industry in order to overcome
the problems associated with conventional vibrated concrete (CVC). The concept of SCC was originally advocated by Japanese researchers
in the early 1980s and shortly thereafter developed and introduced as a construction material [1-3]. The term self-compacting concrete
refers to a new special type of concrete mix characterized by high resistance to segregation that can spread into place, fill the formwork,
and encapsulate reinforcement without any mechanical consolidation [4-5]. Such concrete should have a relatively low yield value to ensure
a high degree of flowability and a moderate viscosity to resist segregation and bleeding. Furthermore, it must maintain its homogeneity dur-
ing transportation, placing and curing to guarantee adequate structural performance and long-term durability. The successful development
of SCC should be characterized by a good balance between deformability and stability. Researchers have established guidelines for the mix
proportioning of SCC, which include a reduction in the volume ratio of aggregate to cementitious material [6], increasing the paste volume
and water-cement ratio (w/c), carefully controlling the maximum coarse aggregate particle size and its total volume, and the use of various
viscosity modified admixtures (VMA) [4-8]. For SCC, it is generally necessary to use superplasticizers in order to obtain a high flowability rate.
Adding a large volume of powdered material or viscosity modifying admixture can eliminate segregation. The powdered materials that can
be added are fly ash, silica fume, lime stone powder, glass filler and quartzite filler, and others [7]. One of the limitations of SCC is that there
is no established mix design procedure yet. Literature available to date reveals that the general procedure for SCC design mixes is based on
keeping the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate contents fixed at a certain ratio and that self -compactibility is to be achieved by adjust-
ing the water/powder ratio and superplasticizer dosage [3 and 7]. A certain number of trial mixes is essentially required to determine the
optimum water/powder ratio and other ingredients of SCC.

Hakim S. Abdelgader, Adel M. Elwefati,
Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya.
Sana A. ElbajegniBonyan Consulting Engineers,
Tripoli, Libya
This paper summarizes the know-how thus
far gathered from ongoing research with
the aim of obtaining self-compacting con-
cretes using local materials in Libya. For this
purpose, silica fume as powder material
was introduced to the mixes as a replace-
ment for Portland cement and its effects on
the fresh and hardened properties of SCC
were studied. The test results regarding
acceptance criteria of fresh and hardened
SCC such as slump flow, J-ring, V-funnel, L-
Box, absorption and compressive strength
are presented hereinafter.
Experimental programme
Materials used
Cement
Ordinary Portland cement supplied by the
Zliten factory (about 200 km east of Tripoli
City) was used in all mixes throughout this
research. The cement properties were test-
ed according to Libyan standards [9 and
10]. Its physical-mechanical properties and
chemical composition are presented in Tab.
1 and 2, respectively.
Silica fume
Silica fume or micro-silica (very fine amor-
phous particles) imported from the Sika
company was introduced to the mixes as a
partial replacement for Portland cement.
Only 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total
cement weight was replaced by silica fume.

Tab. 1: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Paste Tab. 2. Bulk Oxide and Chemical Cement Compound Composition

Test Bulk % by Chemical

Property Value % by Mass
Procedure oxide Mass Compound
L.S.S.341-
Standard consistency 23%
2/2002
CaO 64.12
Initial setting time 187 Minutes L.S.S.341- SiO2 21.99 C3S 48.65
Final setting time 4:52 Hours 3/2003 AL2O3 4.95
Soundness 1 mm
L.S.S.341- MgO 1.75
4/2004 SO3 2.59 C2S 26.45
L.S.S.341-
Fineness 2;512 cm2/gm
5/2005
Compressive strength Fe2O3 3.14
28.9 N/mm2 C3A 7.82
(3 days) L.S.S.341- K2O 0.78
Compressive strength 6/2006 Na2O 0.11
61 N/mm2
(28 days)
C4AF 9.54
(Cl)- 0.00116

70 CPI Concrete Plant International 1 | 2014 www.cpi-worldwide.com

 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Hakim S. Abdelgader is Professor of Civil Engineering Department at Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya. He
received his MSc and Ph.D. degrees in 1990 and 1996 respectively from Gdask University of Technology,
Gdask, Poland. The main focus of his professional activities is on concrete technology and concrete elements.
His research interests include two-stage concrete technology (Preplaced aggregate concrete), concrete mix design,
self-compacting concrete, concrete with recycled materials, and concrete casing in fabric forms. He is a voting
member of American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committees 221, 304, 444 and 555 and a reviewer and contributor
to ACI, Elsevier and ASCE publications. hakimsa@poczta.onet.pl

Sana A. Elbajegni is a holder of M.Sc. Degree from the Department of Civil Engineering, the University of
Tripoli, Libya, 2010. Working since 2008 with Bonyan Consulting Engineers, Tripoli. She has been engaged in a
lot of the firms projects, especially in the area of repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. Member within
Libyan National Committee for Building Material Specification, Libya, since 2010. sana.elbajegni@gmail.com

Adel M. Elwefati is Professor of Civil Engineering, Tripoli University. Chairman of the board Bonyan Consulting
Engineers. Chairman, Libyan National Committee for Building Material Specification. PhD, Civil Engg. Dept, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 1980; MS, Civil Engg Dept Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA,
1972. adelelwefati@bonyan-ce.com

Tab. 3: Coarse Aggregate Properties

Property Value Test Procedure

Specific gravity 2.65 g/dm

L.S.S.256
Absorption 0.02 %
Impact value 0.24 L.S.S.255
Crushing value 23.67 L.S.S.253
Silt and clay 0.02 L.S.S.252

Tab. 4: Fine Aggregate Properties

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Specific Intensive mixers with one or
2.7 kg/dm
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gravity L.S.S.256 two mechanical agitators
Absorption 0.14% 0.72% Twin-shaft mixers
Countercurrent mixers
Fineness 1.4 3.34 L.S.S. 252
Mixer for floating screed
Stationary and mobile mixing plants
Weighing systems for cement,
Coarse aggregate the coarse aggregates suitability accord-
water, aggregates and additives
The coarse aggregate used in the experi- ing to Libyan standard specifications [11-
Elevators (bucket hoist or bottom discharge)
ments was of angular shape with a maxi- 15]. Its physical and mechanical properties
Silos for cement and aggregates
mum size of 14 mm, obtained from a quar- are presented in Tab. 3, its grading curve is
ry near Tarhuna (about 60 km south of illustrated in Fig. 1. Conveyors and loading plants
Tripoli city). Tests were carried out to check Accessories

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 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

tions conducted by the authors and others

[17-19] to design suitable SCC mixes using
local materials, 16 SCC mixes with the fol-
lowing features were designed and imple-
mented:
1: w/b ratio of: 0.375, 0.40, 0.425, and
0.45.
2: Cement content constant for all mixes
at 450 kg/m3.
3: Silica fume used as a replacement for
Portland cement for percentages of 0,
5, 10, and 15 of cement weight.
4: Fineness modulus of fine aggregate
kept constant and the ratio of fine
aggregate vs. coarse aggregate kept
at 50%.
5: NBS (first type) blended with CRS
(second type) with a percentage ratio
Fig. 2: Sieve analysis of combined fine aggregate (NBS+CRS) of 1.5:1.
6: Superplasticizers adjusted according to
SF percentage and w/b ratio in order
to achieve a slump flow in the range of
Fine aggregate mixing to complete the entirety of mix con- 650-800 mm. Tab. 5 presents the con-
A blend of two types of fine aggregate was stituents. [17 and 18]. tents of all SCC mixes investigated.
used in the mixes in order to improve aggre-
gate fineness and SCC flowability. The first Concrete mix design Mixing procedure
type was natural beach sand (NBS) Since there are no generally accepted pro- All concrete batches were prepared in a
obtained from the Zliten quarry (about 150 cedures or standards that have yet been rotating drum mixer with a capacity of 0.05
km East of Tripoli city) with a size not developed for the design of SCC mixes, the m3. First, the aggregates and cementitious
exceeding 2 mm, a fineness modulus of American Concrete Institute (ACI) method materials were introduced and dry-mixed
1.4, an absorption rate of 0.14%, and a was used during this research to obtain the for not less than 2 minutes to ensure the
specific gravity of 2.7 kg/dm. The second control mix proportions, followed by adjust- homogeneity of the blend. Both cement and
type was crushed rock sand (CRS) ments to the mix constituents using the trial silica fume were blended carefully in a sep-
obtained from the Tripoli city area with a and error method to characterize the mixes arate container before feeding them into
particle-size ranging from 0 to 5 mm, a fine- as regards fillability, passability and resist- the mixer. Superplasticizer was added to
ness modulus of 3.34, an absorption rate of ance to segregation [3-7]. Based on previ- the mixing water in a clean container and
0.72%, and a specific gravity of 2.65 ous preliminary trial and error investiga- was then gradually introduced into the
kg/dm. The first type was blended with the
second type at a blending ratio of 1:1.5.
The fineness modulus of the obtained mix Tab. 5: Concrete Mix Proportions Used during Research
amounted to 2.17. The grading and com-
bined curves of both aggregates are pre- Aggre-
sented in Fig. 2. Tab. 4 presents some phys- Silica
Cement Water gate SP
Mix W/B Fume
ical and mechanical properties. Quality (kg/m3)
control tests of both aggregates were also
% kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 Fine Coarse %
conducted to check properties according to
1 0.375 168.8 918 918 1.8
Libyan standards [11-15].
2 0.400 180 903 903 1.5
0 0 450
Water 3 0.425 191 888 888 0.8
Fresh, dirt-free water was used, with a total 4 0.450 202.5 873 873 0.8
percentage of dissolved salts not exceeding 1 0.375 168.8 925 925 1.8
2,000 particles per million as per Libyan 2 0.400 180 911 911 1.5
standards 294/88 [16]. 5 22.5 427.5
3 0.425 191 897 897 0.8
Chemical admixtures
4 0.450 202.5 882 882 0.8
A viscocrete based superplasticizer import- 1 0.375 168.8 933 933 2.0
ed from Sika was the only kind of chemical 2 0.400 180 920 920 1.7
10 45 405
admixture used in this research [17]. It is a 3 0.425 191 906 906 1.0
liquid material with a chemical composition 4 0.450 202.5 893 893 1.0
consisting mainly of polycarbooxylate par- 1 0.375 168.8 939 939 2.0
ticles. A dosage of 0.8 to 2% of cement 2 0.400 180 927 927 1.7
weight was used to obtain the required 15 67.5 382.5
3 0.425 191 914 914 1.0
degree of workability. The superplasticizer
was mixed with water and added after dry
4 0.450 202.5 901 901 1.0

72 CPI Concrete Plant International 1 | 2014 www.cpi-worldwide.com

 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

mixer. Mixing was carried on for three min- Tab. 6: Test Results of Fresh Concrete
utes and then stopped for one minute for
absorption. Finally, mixing was resumed Slump V-
and continued for another 2 minutes. SF T50 J-ring L-box Bleeding VSI
Mix W/B Flow Funnel
%
(mm) (Sec) (mm) (H2/H1) (Sec.)
Test specimens and curing 1 0.375 730 3.7 10 0.89 10 Medium 2
Standard SCC cubes of size 150x150x150 730 3.4 10 0.89 6 Medium 2
2 0.400
mm were used to investigate compressive 0
3 0.425 760 1.2 10 0.94 6.9 Non 1
strength and absorption. A total of 144
770 1 20 0.81 5 Non 1
specimens were cast with an average of 9 4 0.450
specimens per each mix. The cubes mould 1 0.375 700 5.3 20 0.71 6.2 Non 0
was cleaned and oiled to facilitate easy 690 4 10 0.64 6 Small 0
2 0.400
demoulding. After conducting the experi- 5
750 1.2 20 0.88 4 Non 0
3 0.425
ments on workability characteristics, the con-
4 0.450 750 1.5 10 0.94 5.5 Non 1
crete mix was poured in the mould for
assessment of strength. The concrete did not 1 0.375 700 3.2 30 0.76 7.3 Non 0
require compaction or any finishing opera- 2 0.400 720 3 10 0.79 7 Small 1
tion. After 24 hours of casting, the speci- 10
720 2 10 0.9 5 Non 0
3 0.425
mens were demoulded and transferred to
4 0.450 720 2 10 0.92 4 Non 1
the curing water tanks. After the curing peri-
od of 7, 28 and 90 days, the specimens 1 0.375 660 5 30 0.61 7.4 Non 0
were removed from the curing tank and all 2 0.400 720 2 10 0.75 5 Non 1
specimen faces were screeded off and sub- 15
720 3 10 0.89 5.1 Non 1
3 0.425
jected to testing.
4 0.450 720 2.2 10 0.9 5 Non 1
 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

1: Flow table 2: L-box

3: V- funnel 4: J-Ring

Fig. 3: Rheological test apparatus

Fresh concrete investigations Tab. 7: Test Results of Hardened Concrete

Once the mix was determined to display
sufficient visual attributes of SCC, rheologi- Average Compressive
SF Absorption
cal tests were performed in quick succes-
Mix W/B Strength (N/mm2)
sion. Typically, the order of testing %
employed was as follows: 7 days 28 days 90 days %
1 0.375 30.5 43 54.5 6
1: Slump flow test (T50; Visual Stability 2 0.400 24 39 52 5.76
0
Index (VSI)). 3 0.425 37 40.5 54 5.9
2: J-ring test 4 0.450 32.5 41 49.5 6.46
3: V-funnel test 1 0.375 28.5 45 56.5 4.7
4: L-box test 2 0.400 33 44.5 55 4.52
5
3 0.425 33.5 46 57.5 5.7
Tab. 6 presents the results of the workabili- 4 0.450 29.5 44 52 5.8
ty tests conducted to arrive at SCC, Fig. 3 1 0.375 21.5 42 59 2.2
showing the apparatus used to conduct 2 0.400 28 49.5 56 2.64
these tests. 30.5 50.5 57.5 3.7
3 0.425 10

Hardened concrete investigations 26 46.5 54.5 4.58

4 0.450
Only compressive strength and absorption
1 0.375 22 47 64 2.01
were investigated for hardened concrete in
this research. Compressive specimen 2 0.400 29 55.5 62.5 2.1
15
strength was determined using the cubes at 3 0.425 33 55 65 3.2
the end of each curing regime (7, 28, and 4 0.450 27.5 54.5 60 4.05
90 days). Absorption rates were deter-
mined using the same cubes and testing Discussion of results SCC flowability, viscosity, fillability, and
was performed according to ASTM stan- compactibility. Tests were performed
dards [20].Test results were calculated by In short, the experimental results of worka- according to the steps and guidelines rec-
determining the mean value of three speci- bility, compressive strength and absorption ommended by ACI 238.1R-08 and
mens per each mix. Tab. 7 presents the of SCC mixes are as follows: EFNARC [4 and 6].
results obtained.
Workability of fresh concrete Slump flow (T50, VSI)
Tab. 6 presents the results of workability By means of this apparatus, the time
tests conducted in this research to evaluate required for SCC to spread to 50 cm in

74 CPI Concrete Plant International 1 | 2014 www.cpi-worldwide.com


Fig. 4: Slump flow results
diameter (T50) and the final slump flow
diameters in the two orthogonal directions
can be measured. In general, all mixes
showed slump values within the acceptance
ranges recommended as shown in Fig. 4.
VSI was also used to visually evaluate the
fresh characteristics of SCC and to observe
SCC behaviour in terms of bleeding, con-
sistency, and uniformity in aggregate parti-
cle spread. For this purpose, a scale from 0
to 3 was used, a value of 0 indicating no
bleeding and good concrete quality where-
as 3 indicating poor concrete and the
occurrence of substantial bleeding. Since
considerable efforts were made in the
course of this research to achieve the opti-
mum constituents for the mixes, most mixes
containing SF showed a VSI of 1 where-
as the others achieved a value of 2.
Fig. 5: L-box results
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CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
J-ring test
This test is used to evaluate SCC passability
through rebar and usually complements a
slump flow test to determine any difference in
concrete heights before and behind the bars.
Better workability of the mix in the case of
this test was mirrored in lower test results, as
shown in Tab. 6. It was noticed that, as SF
percentage increased to 15%, the passabili-
ty of SCC is reduced, although the highest
percentage of superplasticizers (2%) as rec-
ommended by the manufacturer was used,
this mainly caused due to the SF vs. viscosity
relationship as elaborated earlier.
V-funnel test
The V-funnel flow test is to evaluate the flu-
idity of SCC to change its flow path and to
its time needed to pass through a defined
CPI Concrete Plant International 1 | 2014

Fig. 6: Compressive strength after 7 days of curing
Fig. 7: Compressive strength after 28 days of curing
Fig. 8: Compressive strength after 90 days of curing
76 CPI Concrete Plant International 1 | 2014
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
area. The total time in seconds for SCC to
flow through a V-funnel was therefore meas-
ured for all mixes researched with corre-
sponding results shown in Tab. 6. Obtained
results were acceptable for all mixes and in
the range recommended by the EFNARC
[6], i. e. from 6 to 12 seconds.
L-box test
The L-box test is used to evaluate the fluidi-
ty of SCC and its ability to pass through
rebar. The results of the L-Box test presented
in Fig. 5 indicated that all mixes show val-
ues above 0.8 as recommended by
EFNARC, however, except for mixes with
lower w/b ratio (0.375) and high SF con-
tent (15%). This is clearly due to the effect
of SF on concrete viscosity which, in turn,
affects the fillability of concrete as shown in
Tab. 6.
Compressive strength
For each curing period using different per-
centages of SF and various water/binder
ratios, the compressive strength was deter-
mined. Results are given in Tab. 7. Com-
pressive strength development up to 90
days is presented in Figs. 6-8, respectively.
The following observations were made:
It is clear from the results that SF has
no significant effect on the compressive
strength of SCC at the age of 7 days.
It has been further shown that all SCC
mixes exhibit lower 7-day strength as
compared to the control mix, however,
after 7 days, some mixes exhibit com-
paratively high rates of strength
increase. The reason for this phenome-
non could be related to the pozzolanic
activities of SF, which apparently
cause a lower gain in strength during
the first 7 days of curing.
In general, strength increased as SF
percentage increased. Therefore,
mixes with 15% SF showed a higher
gain in strength after 28 days, with
values ranging from 39 to 55.5 MPa
at 90 days. This increase in strength
can be attributed to a densification in
the paste structure due to the poz-
zolanic action of SF.
At the age of 90 days, strength devel-
opment took on a gradual rate and
obtained results were comparable.
Absorption
The process of absorption mainly depends
upon the w/c ratio and both the quantity
and the kind of binder additives used in the
mixes. In the course of this research, as pre-
sented in Tab. 7, it was found that mixes
without SF incorporation showed higher
rates of absorption (5.76%-6.46%), where-
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as mixes with SF incorporation showed a
decrease in absorption as the percentage
of SF increased (2.01%-4.05%). This could
be attributed, as explained earlier, to a
densification in the paste structure due to
the pozzolanic action of SF.
Conclusions
On the basis of the experimental investiga-
tions carried out, the following conclusions
can be drawn:
1) It is possible to produce SCC using
superplasticizers if a suitable selection
of basic materials is ensured and if the
maximum size of coarse aggregate
does not exceed 14 mm to avoid a
segregation problem.
2) Blending of fine aggregate is one of
the effective solutions to control the
fineness modulus of the fine aggregate
used and also plays an important role
in improving SCC flowability.
3) Using SF as a replacement for Portland
cement is a good solution to prevent
bleeding, to improve the consistency,
and to prevent SCC segregation. On
the other hand, SF increases the com-
pressive strength of concrete and
reduces its absorption dramatically.
4) The pozzolanic activities of SF result in
lower strength rates for a curing period
up to seven days, but this behaviour is
reversed at later curing ages.
5) SCC mixes with 15% SF as a replace-
ment for cement content display higher
values in a concretes compressive
strength compared to concretes with-
out or with lower percentages of SF.
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method for sieve analysis of aggregate, Libyan
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2006.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
13. LSS 256,Aggregate From Natural Sources: Standard
Test Method for Measuring Unit-Weight and
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Test method for Impact Value, Libyan Standard
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Standard Specifications, Libyan National Centre for
Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM), Tripoli, Libya,
1988.
17. Elbajegni, S. A. Implement Self-Compacting Concrete
Using Local Materials, M.Sc. Theses Submitted to Civil
Engineering Department, Tripoli University, Libya, 2010.
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for Developing Self Compacting Concrete: Proceedings
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Kuwait, May 2012.
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Wasserabsorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA, 2006.
FURTHER INFORMATION
Department of Civil Engineering,
Tripoli University, Tripolis, Libya
www.uot.edu.ly
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