LIST OF PIPING CODES, STANDARDS

& SPECIFICATIONS
ASME B31.1 Power Piping The code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials,
fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for

Electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district

heating plants. The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and
high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is
generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water
is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures
exceeding 250 degrees F.

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

The Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries;
chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic
plants; and related processing plants and terminals. The Code prescribes
requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly,
erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. The Code applies to
piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals;
(2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids;
(5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which
interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and other Liquids

The Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction,

assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude
oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum
gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid
petroleum products between producers lease facilities, tank farms, natural
gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals
(marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points. Piping
consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and
the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes
hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent
overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support
structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations
or any equipment such as defined in para. 400.1.2(B). Requirements for
offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of
this Code are: (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and
liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and
truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering
stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop; (B) Storage and
working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings,
and piping interconnecting these facilities; (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid
anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for
such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing,
ammonia, and bulk plants; (D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance
of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general
public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping
systems.

ASME B31.5- Refrigeration Piping Piping for refrigerants and secondary

coolants.

ASME B31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems

Piping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources
and terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas
gathering pipelines.

ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping Piping typically found in

industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings and in multi-unit
residences which does not require the range of sizes, pressures and
temperatures covered in B31.11
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems Piping
transporting aqueous slurries between plants and terminals within terminals,
pumping and regulating stations.

The ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME/ANSI

B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought
copper and steel.

This Standard for Classes

Cast Iron Pipe
25, 125, 250 Cast Iron Pipe
ASME/ANSI B16.1 Flanges and Flanged
Flanges and Flanged Fittings
Fittings
covers:

Malleable Iron
This Standard for threaded
Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.3 malleable iron fittings
Classes 150, and 300 .

Cast Iron Threaded

This Standard for gray iron
Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.4 threaded fittings, Classes
125 and 250

The standard includes

Pipe Flanges and flanges with rating class
Flanged Fittings designations 150, 300, 400,
ASME/ANSI B16.5
600, 900, 1500, and 2500 in
sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS
24,

This Standard covers overall

dimensions, tolerances,
Factory-Made
ratings, testing, and
Wrought Steel Butt-
markings for wrought
ASME/ANSI B16.9 welding Fittings
factory-made butt-welding
fittings in sizes NPS 1/2
through 48 (DN 15 through
1200).

This Standard covers face-

Face-to-Face and End-
ASME/ANSI to-face and end-to-end
to-End Dimensions of
B16.10 dimensions of straightway
Valves
valves, and center-to face
 and center-to-end
dimensions of angle valves.
Its purpose is to assure
installation
interchangeability for valves
of a given material, type
size, rating class, and end
connection

This Standard covers

Forged Steel Fittings,
ratings, dimensions,
Socket-Welding and
ASME/ANSI tolerances, marking and
Threaded
B16.11 material requirements for
forged fittings, both socket-
.
welding and threaded

ASME/ANSI Cast Iron Threaded This Standard for cast iron

B16.12 Drainage Fittings threaded drainage fittings

Ferrous Pipe Plugs,

This Standard for Ferrous
ASME/ANSI Bushings and Lock-
Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and
B16.14 nuts with Pipe
Lock-nuts with Pipe Threads
Threads

This Standard pertains

primarily to cast Class
125and Class 250 bronze
Cast Bronze Threaded threaded pipe fittings.
ASME/ANSI Fittings Certain requirements also
B16.15 pertain to wrought or cast
plugs, bushings, couplings,
and caps.

This Standard for cast

Cast Copper Alloy copper alloy solder joint
Solder Joint Pressure pressure fittings designed
ASME/ANSI
Fittings for use with copper water
B16.18
tube
 This standard covers
materials, dimensions,
tolerances, and markings for
metal ring-joint gaskets,
spiral-wound metal gaskets,
and metal jacketed gaskets
and filler material. These
Metallic Gaskets for
gaskets are dimensionally
Pipe Flanges-Ring-
suitable for used with
ASME/ANSI Joint, Spiral-Would,
flanges described in the
B16.20 and Jacketed
reference flange standards
ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME
B16.47, and API-6A. This
standard covers spiral-
wound metal gaskets and
metal jacketed gaskets for
use with raised face and flat
face flanges. Replaces API-
601 or API-601

Nonmetallic Flat
This Standard for
Gaskets for Pipe
ASME/ANSI nonmetallic flat gaskets for
Flanges
B16.21 bolted flanged joints in
piping.

The Standard establishes

specifications for wrought
copper and wrought copper
alloy, solder-joint, seamless
fittings, designed for use
with seamless copper tube
conforming to ASTM B 88
ASME/ANSI Wrought Copper and
(water and general plumbing
B16.22 Copper Alloy Solder
systems), B 280 (air
Joint Pressure
conditioning and
Fittings
refrigeration service), and B
819 (medical gas systems),
as well as fittings intended
to be assembled with
soldering materials
conforming to ASTM B 32,
brazing materials
 conforming to AWS A5.8, or
with tapered pipe thread
conforming to ASME
B1.20.1. This Standard is
allied with ASME B16.18,
which covers cast copper
alloy pressure fittings. It
provides requirements for
fitting ends suitable for
soldering.

Standard establishes
specifications for cast copper
alloy solder joint drainage
fittings, designed for use in
drain, waste, and vent
(DWV) systems. These
fittings are designed for use
with seamless copper tube
conforming to ASTM B 306,
Copper Drainage Tube
Cast Copper Alloy
(DWV), as well as fittings
Solder Joint Drainage
ASME/ANSI intended to be assembled
Fittings (DWV)
B16.23 The with soldering materials
conforming to ASTM B 32, or
tapered pipe thread
conforming to ASME
B1.20.1. This standard is
allied with ASME B16.29,
Wrought Copper and
Wrought Copper Alloy Solder
Joint Drainage Fittings
DWV. It provides
requirements for fitting ends
suitable for soldering.

Cast Copper Alloy

This Standard for Classes
Pipe Flanges and
ASME/ANSI 25, 125, 250, and 800 Cast
Flanged Fittings
B16.24 Iron Pipe Flanges and
Flanged Fittings

ASME/ANSI -Butt-welding Ends The Standard covers the

B16.25 preparation of butt welding
ends of piping components
to be joined into a piping
system by welding. It
includes requirements for
welding bevels, for external
and internal shaping of
heavy-wall components, and
for preparation of internal
ends (including dimensions
and tolerances). Coverage
includes preparation for
joints with the following.
(a) no backing rings;
(b) split or non
continuous backing
rings;
(c) solid or continuous
backing rings;
(d) consumable insert
rings;
(e) gas tungsten are
welding (GTAW) of the
root pass. Details of
preparation for any
backing ring must be
specified in ordering
the component.

Cast Copper Alloy This standard for Cast

Fittings for Flared Copper Alloy Fitting for
ASME/ANSI
Copper Tubes Flared Copper Tubes covers:
B16.26

Wrought Steel Butt- This Standard covers

welding Short Radius ratings, overall dimensions,
ASME/ANSI Elbows and Returns testing, tolerances, and
B16.28 markings for wrought carbon
. and alloy steel butt-welding
short radius elbows and
 returns. The term wrought
denotes fittings made of
pipe, tubing, plate, or
forgings

Wrought Copper and

The standard for wrought
Wrought Copper Alloy
copper and wrought copper
ASME/ANSI Solder Joint Drainage
alloy solder joint drainage
B16.29 Fittings (DWV)
fittings, designed for use
with copper drainage tube,

General This Standard

covers requirements for
manually operated metallic
valves sizes NPS 1.2 through
NPS 2, for outdoor
installation as gas shut-off
valves at the end of the gas
service line and before the
gas regulator and meter
where the designated gauge
pressure of the gas piping
Manually Operated
system does not exceed 125
Metallic Gas Valves
psi (8.6 bar). The Standard
for Use in Gas Piping
ASME/ANSI applies to valves operated in
Systems Up to 125
B16.33 a temperature environment
psig
between .20 degrees F and
150 degrees F (.29 degrees
C and 66 degrees C). Design
This Standard sets forth the
minimum capabilities,
characteristics, and
properties, which a valve at
the time of manufacture
must possess, in order to be
considered suitable for use
in gas piping systems.

ASME/ANSI Valves Flanged, This standard applies to new

B16.34 Threaded, and valve construction and
 Welding End covers pressure-
temperature ratings,
dimensions, tolerances,
materials, nondestructive
examination requirements,
testing, and marking for
cast, forged, and fabricated
flanged, threaded, and
welding end, and wafer or
flange-less valves of steel,
nickel-base alloys, and other
alloys shown in Table 1.
Wafer or flange-less valves,
bolted or through-bolt types,
that are installed between
flanges or against a flange
shall be treated as flanged
end valves.

This Standard covers flanges

(similar to those covered in
ASME B16.5) that have
orifice pressure differential
connections. Coverage is
Orifice Flanges limited to the following:
(a) welding neck
ASME/ANSI
flanges Classes 300,
B16.36
400, 600, 900, 1500,
and 2500
(b) slip-on and
threaded Class 300
Orifice, Nozzle and
Venturi Flow Rate
Meters

The standard covers only

Large Metallic Valves manually operated metallic
ASME/ANSI for Gas Distribution valves in nominal pipe sizes
B16.38 2 1/2 through 12 having the
inlet and outlet on a
common center line, which
 are suitable for controlling
the flow of gas from open to
fully closed, for use in
distribution and service lines
where the maximum gage
pressure at which such
distribution piping systems
may be operated in
accordance with the code of
federal regulations (cfr), title
49, part 192, transportation
of natural and other gas by
pipeline; minimum safety
standard, does not exceed
125 psi (8.6 bar). Valve
seats, seals and stem
packing may be nonmetallic.

-Malleable Iron
This Standard for threaded
ASME/ANSI Threaded Pipe Unions
malleable iron unions,
B16.39
classes 150, 250, and 300

The Standard covers

manually operated
thermoplastic valves in
nominal sizes 1.2 through 6
(as shown in Table 5). These
valves are suitable for use
below ground in
Manually Operated thermoplastic distribution
ASME/ANSI Thermoplastic Gas mains and service lines. The
B16.40 maximum pressure at which
such distribution piping
systems may be operated is
in accordance with the Code
of Federal Regulation (CFR)
Title 49, Part 192,
Transportation of Natural
and Other Gas by Pipeline;
Minimum Safety Standards,
 for temperature ranges of
.20 deg. F to 100 deg. F
(.29 deg. C to 38 deg. C).
This Standard sets
qualification requirements
for each nominal valve size
for each valve design as a
necessary condition for
demonstrating conformance
to this Standard. This
Standard sets requirements
for newly manufactured
valves for use in below
ground piping systems for
natural gas [includes
synthetic natural gas
(SNG)], and liquefied
petroleum (LP) gases
(distributed as a vapor, with
or without the admixture of
air) or mixtures thereof.

The Standard covers

Ductile Iron Pipe
minimum requirements for
ASME/ANSI Flanges and Flanged
Class 150 and 300 cast
B16.42 Fittings, Classes 150
ductile iron pipe flanges and
and 300
flanged fittings.

This Standard applies to new

valve construction and
covers quarter turn
Manually Operated manually operated metallic
Metallic Gas Valves valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2
for Use in House which are intended for
ASME/ANSIB16.44
Piping Systems indoor installation as gas
shutoff valves when installed
in indoor gas piping between
a gas meter outlet & the
inlet connection to a gas
appliance.
 The Standard for cast iron
Cast Iron Fittings for
ASME/ANSI drainage fittings used on
Solvent Drainage
B16.45 self-aerating, one-pipe
Systems
Solvent drainage systems

This Standard covers

pressure-temperature
ratings, materials,
dimensions, tolerances,
marking, and testing for
pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26
through NPS 60 and in
Large Diameter Steel
ratings Classes 75,
Flanges: NPS 26
ASME/ANSI 150,0300, 400, 600, and
through NPS 60
B16.47 900. Flanges may be cast,
forged, or plate (for blind
flanges only) materials.
Requirements and
recommendations regarding
bolting and gaskets are also
included.

The Standard covers

pressure-temperature
ratings, materials,
dimensions, tolerances,
marking, and testing for
Steel Line Blanks operating line blanks in sizes
ASME/ANSI
NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for
B16.48
installation between ASME
B16. 5 flanges in the 150,
300, 600, 900, 1500, and
2500 pressure classes.

ASME/ANSI Factory-Made This Standard covers design,

B16.49 Wrought Steel Butt- material, manufacturing,
 welding Induction testing, marking, and
Bends for inspection requirements for
Transportation and factory-made pipeline bends
Distribution Systems of carbon steel materials
having controlled chemistry
and mechanical properties,
produced by the induction
bending process, with or
without tangents. This
Standard covers induction
bends for transportation and
distribution piping
applications (e.g., ASME
B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11)
Process and power piping
have differing requirements
and materials that may not
be appropriate for the
restrictions and
examinations described
herein, and therefore are
not included in this
Standard.

ISO STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL PIPE, TUBE & FITTINGS :

ISO 7-1:1994-05
Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads
Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation
ISO 7-2:2000
Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads
Part 2: Verification by means of limit gauges
ISO 49:1994
Malleable cast iron fittings threaded to ISO 7-1
ISO 228-1:2000
Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads
Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation
 ISO 228-2:1987
Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads;
Part 2 : Verification by means of limit gauges
ISO 264:1976
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with plain sockets for
pipes under pressure; Laying lengths; Metric series
ISO 265-1:1988
Pipes and fittings of plastics materials; fittings for domestic and
industrial waste pipes; basic dimensions: metric series; part 1:
unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
ISO 392:1986
Asbestos-cement pipe fittings for building and sanitary purposes
ISO 580:1990
Injection-molded unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) fittings;
oven test; test method and basic specifications
ISO 727-1:2002
Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U),
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or
acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes
under pressure Part 1: Metric series
ISO 727-2:2002
Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U),
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or
acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes
under pressure Part 2: Inch-based series
ISO 881:1980
Asbestos-cement pipes, joints, fittings/sewage/drain
ISO 1179:1981
Pipe connections, threaded to ISO 228/1, for plain end steel and other
metal tubes in industrial applications
ISO 1635-2:1987
Seamless wrought copper and copper alloy tube
ISO 1651:1974
Tube drawing mandrels
ISO 1684:1975
Wire, bar and tube drawing dies; Specifications
ISO 2016:1981
Capillary solder fittings for copper tubes; Assembly dimensions and
tests
ISO 2035:1974
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) moulded fittings for elastic
sealing ring type joints for use under pressure; Pressure-resistance
test
 ISO 2044:1974
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) injection-moulded solvent-
welded socket fittings for use with pressure pipe; Hydraulic internal
pressure test
ISO 2048:1990
Double-socket fittings for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints; minimum depths of
engagement
ISO 2284:1987
Hand taps for parallel and taper pipe threads; General dimensions and
marking
ISO 2507-1:1995
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings Vicat softening temperature Part
1: General test method
ISO 2507-2:1995
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings Vicat softening temperature Part
2: Test conditions for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) or
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) pipes and fittings and for high
impact resistance poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-HI) pipes
ISO 2507-3:1995
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings Vicat softening temperature Part
3: Test conditions for acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) and
acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylic ester (ASA) pipes and fittings
ISO 2531:1998
Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for water or gas
applications
ISO 2804:1996
Wire, bar or tube drawing dies As-sintered pellets of hardmetal
(carbide) Dimensions
ISO 2851:1993
Stainless steel bends and tees for the food industry
ISO 2852:1993
Stainless steel clamp pipe couplings for the food industry
ISO 3183-1:1996
Petroleum and natural gas industries Steel pipe for pipelines
Technical delivery conditions Part 1: Pipes of requirement class A
ISO 3183-2:1996
Petroleum and natural gas industries Steel pipe for pipelines
Technical delivery conditions Part 2: Pipes of requirements class B
ISO 3253:1998
Gas welding equipment Hose connections for equipment for welding,
cutting and allied processes
 ISO/TR 3313:1998
Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits Guidelines on the
effects of flow pulsations on flow-measurement instruments
ISO 3419:1981
Non-alloy and alloy steel butt-welding fittings
ISO 3458:1976
Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene (PE) pressure
pipes ; Test of leakproofness under internal pressure
ISO 3459:1976
Polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes; Joints assembled with mechanical
fittings; Internal under-pressure test method and requirement
ISO 3477:1981
Polypropylene (PP) pipes and fittings density
ISO 3501:1976
Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene (PE) pressure
pipes; Test of resistance to pull out
ISO 3503:1976
Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene (PE) pressure
pipes; Test of leakproofness under internal pressure when subjected to
bending
ISO 3514:1976
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes and fittings; Specification
and determination of density
ISO 3545-1:1989
Steel tubes and fittings; symbols for use in specifications; part 1:
tubes and tubular accessories with circular cross-section
ISO 3545-2:1989
Steel tubes and fittings; symbols for use in specifications; part 2:
square and rectangular hollow sections
ISO 3545-3:1989
Steel tubes and fittings; symbols for use in specifications; part 3:
tubular fittings with circular cross-section
ISO 3586:1976
Glass plant, pipeline and fittings; general rules for testing, handling
and use
ISO 3587:1976
Glass plant, pipeline and fittings; Pipeline and fittings of nominal bore
15 to 150 mm; Compatibility and interchangeability
ISO 3603:1977
Fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipes with
elastic sealing ring type joints; Pressure test for leakproofness
ISO 3604:1976
Fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipes with
 elastic sealing ring type joints; Pressure test for leakproofness under
conditions of external hydraulic pressure
ISO 3633:2002
Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high
temperature) inside buildings Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
(PVC-U)
ISO 4056:1978
Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings- designation
ISO 4059:1978
Polyethylene (PE) pipes; Pressure drop in mechanical pipe-jointing
systems; Method of test and requirements
ISO 4132:1979
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and metal adaptor fittings for
pipes under pressure; Laying lengths and size of threads; Metric series
ISO 4144:2003
Pipework Stainless steel fittings threaded in accordance with ISO 7-1
ISO 4145:1986
Non-alloy steel fittings threaded to ISO 7/1
ISO 4230:1987
Hand- and machine-operated circular screwing dies for taper pipe
threads; R series
ISO 4231:1987
Hand- and machine-operated circular screwing dies for parallel pipe
threads G series
ISO 4397:1993
Fluid power systems and components; connectors and associated
components; nominal outside diameters of tubes and nominal inside
diameters of hoses
ISO 4439:1979
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and fittings; Determination
and specification of density
ISO 4422-1:1996
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
for water supply Specifications Part 1: General
ISO 4422-2:1996
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
for water supply Specifications Part 2: Pipes (with or without
integral sockets)
ISO 4422-3:1996
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
for water supply Specifications Part 3: Fittings and joints
ISO 4422-5:1997
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
 for water supply Specifications Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the
system
ISO 4435:2003
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and
sewerage Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
ISO 4440-1:1994
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings Determination of melt mass-flow
rate Part 1: Test method
ISO 4440-2:1994
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings Determination of melt mass-flow
rate Part 2: Test conditions
ISO 4451:1980
Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings determinati
ISO 4483:1979
Asbestos-cement pipelines; Field pressure testing
ISO 4486:1985
Asbestos-cement ventilation ducts and fittings; Dimensions and
characteristics
ISO 4488:1979
Asbestos-cement pipes and joints for thrust-boring and pipe jacking
ISO 4704:1977
Glass plant, pipeline and fittings; Glass plant components
ISO/TR 5168:1998
Measurement of fluid flow Evaluation of uncertainties
ISO 5251:1981
Stainless steel butt-welding fittings
ISO 5256:1985
Steel pipes and fittings for buried or submerged pipe lines; External
and internal coating by bitumen or coal tar derived materials
ISO 5361:1999
Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment Tracheal tubes and
connectors
ISO 5730:1992
Stationary shell boilers of welded construction (other than water-tube
boilers)
ISO 5969:1979
Ground thread taps for pipe threads G series and Rp series; Tolerances
on the threaded portion
ISO 6207:1992
Seamless nickel and nickel alloy tube
ISO 6447:1983
Rubber seals; Joint rings used for gas supply pipes and fittings;
Specification for material
 ISO 6448:1985
Rubber seals; Joint rings used for petroleum product supply pipes and
fittings; Specification for material
ISO 6455:1983
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with elastic sealing ring
type joints for pipes under pressure; Dimensions of laying lengths;
Metric series
ISO 6594:1983
Cast iron drainage pipes and fittings; Spigot series
ISO 6605:2002
Hydraulic fluid power Hoses and hose assemblies Test methods
ISO 6761:1981
Steel tubes; Preparation of ends of tubes and fittings for welding
ISO 6964:1986
Polyolefin pipes and fittings; Determination of carbon black content by
calcination and pyrolysis; Test method and basic specification
ISO/TR 7074:1986
Performance requirements for plastics pipes and fittings for use in
underground drainage and sewage
ISO 7228:1993
Tracheal tube connectors
ISO 7245:1984
Pipes and fittings of acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene (ABS); General
specification for moulding and extrusion materials
ISO 7246:1984
Pipes and fittings of acrylonitrile/styrene/ acrylester (ASA); General
specification for moulding and extrusion materials
ISO 7268:1983
Pipe components; Definition of nominal pressure
ISO 7278-2:1988
Liquid hydrocarbons; dynamic measurement; proving systems for
volumetric meters;
part 2: pipe provers
ISO 7279:1984
Polypropylene (PP) fittings for pipes under pressure; Sockets for fusion
using heated tools; Metric series; Dimensions of sockets
ISO 7370:1982
Glass fibre reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings;
Nominal diameters, specified diameters and standard lengths
ISO 7387-1:1983
Adhesives with solvents for assembly of u PVC pipe elements;
Characterization; Part 1 : Basic test methods
 ISO 7608:1985
Shipbuilding; Inland navigation; Couplings for disposal of oily mixture
and sewage water
ISO 7671:2003
Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high
temperature) inside buildings Polypropylene (PP)
ISO 7675:2003
Plastic piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high
temperature) inside buildings Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-
C)
ISO 7682:2003
Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high
temperature) inside buildings Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
ISO 7686:1992
Plastics pipes and fittings; opacity; test method
ISO 8142:1990
Thermal insulation; bonded preformed man-made mineral fiber pipe
sections; specification
ISO 8283-1:1991
Plastics pipes and fittings; dimensions of sockets and spigots for
discharge systems inside buildings; part 1: unplasticized poly(vinyl
chloride) (PVC-U) and chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C)
ISO 8283-2:1992
Plastics pipes and fittings; dimensions of sockets and spigots for
discharge systems inside buildings; part 2: polyethylene (PE)
ISO 8283-3:1992
Plastics pipes and fittings; dimensions of sockets and spigots for
discharge systems inside buildings; part 3: polypropylene (PP)
ISO 8283-4:1992
Plastics pipes and fittings; dimensions of sockets and spigots for
discharge systems inside buildings; part 4:
acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS)
ISO 8361-1:1991
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings; water absorption;
part 1: general test method
ISO 8361-2:1991
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings; water absorption;
part 2: test conditions for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
pipes and fittings
ISO 8361-3:1991
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings; water absorption;
part 3: test conditions for acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) pipes
and fittings
 ISO 8434-1, :1994
Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use
Part 1: 24 compression fittings
ISO 8434-2:1994
Metallic tube fittings for fluid power and general use
Part 2: 37 flared fittings
ISO 8434-3:1995
Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use
Part 3: O-ring face seal fittings
ISO 8434-4:1995
Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use
Part 4: 24 cone connectors with O-ring weld-on nipples
ISO 8434-5:1995
Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use
Part 5: Test methods for threaded hydraulic fluid power connections
ISO 8491:1998
Metallic materials Tube (in full section) Bend test
ISO 8492:1998
Metallic materials Tube Flattening test
ISO 8493:1998
Metallic materials Tube Drift-expanding test
ISO 8494:1998
Metallic materials Tube Flanging test
ISO 8495:1998
Metallic materials Tube Ring-expanding test
ISO 8496:1998
Metallic materials Tube Ring tensile test
ISO 8497:1994
Thermal insulation; determination of steady-state thermal
transmission properties of thermal insulation for circular pipes
ISO 8572:1991
Pipes and fittings made of glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics
(GRP); definitions of terms relating to pressure, including relationships
between them, and terms for installation and jointing
ISO 8770:2003
Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high
temperature) inside buildings Polyethylene (PE)
ISO 8772:1991
High density polyethylene (PE-HD) pipes and fittings for buried
drainage and sewerage systems; specifications
ISO 8773:1991
Polypropylene (PP) pipes and fittings for buried drainage and sewerage
systems; specifications
 ISO 8796:2004
Polyethylene PE 32 and PE 40 pipes for irrigation laterals
Susceptibility to environmental stress cracking induced by insert-type
fittings Test method and requirements
ISO 9080:2003
Plastics piping and ducting systems Determination of the long-term
hydrostatic strength of thermoplastics materials in pipe form by
extrapolation
ISO 9095:1990
Steel tubes; continuous character marking and colour coding for
material identification
ISO 9261:2004
Agricultural irrigation equipment Emitters and emitting pipe
Specification and test methods
ISO 9356:1989
Polyolefin pipe assemblies with or without jointed fittings; resistance to
internal pressure; test method
ISO 9623:1997
PE/metal and PP/metal adaptor fittings for pipes for fluids under
pressure Design lengths and size of threads Metric series
ISO 9625:1993
Mechanical joint fittings for use with polyethylene pressure pipes for
irrigation purposes
ISO 9691:1992
Rubber; recommendations for the workmanship of pipe joint rings;
description and classification of imperfections
ISO 9803:1993
Vacuum technology; pipeline fittings; mounting dimensions
ISO/TR 9824-1:1990
Measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits;
part 1: methods
ISO 9808:1990
Solar water heaters; elastomeric materials for absorbers, connecting
pipes and fittings; method of assessment
ISO/TR 9824-2:1990
Measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits;
part 2: equipment
ISO 9853:1991
Injection-moulded unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) fittings
for pressure pipe systems; crushing test
ISO 10147:1994
Pipes and fittings made of crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X)
Estimation of the degree of crosslinking by determination of the gel
content
 ISO/TR 10358:1993
Plastics pipes and fittings; combined chemical-resistance classification
table
ISO 10400:1993
Petroleum and natural gas industries; formulae and calculation for
casing, tubing, drill pipe and line pipe properties
ISO 10420:1994
Petroleum and natural gas industries; flexible pipe systems for subsea
and marine riser applications
ISO 10422:2001
Petroleum and natural gas industries Threading, gauging and thread
inspection of casing, tubing and line pipe
ISO 10508:1995
Thermoplastics pipes and fittings for hot and cold water systems
ISO 10806:2003
Pipework Fittings for corrugated metal hoses
ISO/TR 10837:1991
Determination of the thermal stability of polyethylene (PE) for use in
gas pipes and fittings
ISO 10928:1997
Plastics piping systems Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP)
pipes and fittings Methods for regression analysis and their use
ISO 10931-1:1997
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications Poly(vinylidene
fluoride) (PVDF) Part 1: General
ISO 10931-2:1997
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications Poly(vinylidene
fluoride) (PVDF) Part 2: Pipes
ISO 10931-3:1996
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications Poly(vinylidene
fluoride) (PVDF) Part 3: Fittings
ISO 10931-4:1997
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications Poly(vinylidene
fluoride) (PVDF) Part 4: Valves
ISO 10931-5:1998
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications Poly(vinylidene
fluoride) (PVDF) Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the system
ISO/TR 11295:1992
Techniques for rehabilitation of pipeline systems by the use of plastics
pipes and fittings
ISO 11413:1996
Plastics pipes and fittings Preparation of test piece assemblies
between a polyethylene (PE) pipe and an electrofusion fitting
 ISO 11414:1996
Plastics pipes and fittings Preparation of polyethylene (PE) pipe/pipe
or pipe/fitting test piece assemblies by butt fusion
ISO 11420:1996
Method for the assessment of the degree of carbon dispersion
polyolefin pipe, fittings and compounds
ISO 11496:1993
Seamless and welded steel tubes for pressure purposes; ultrasonic
testing of tube ends for the detection of laminar imperfections
ISO/TR 11647:1996
Fusion compatibility of polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings
ISO 11961:1996
Petroleum and natural gas industries Steel pipes for use as drill pipe
Specification
ISO 12162:1995
Thermoplastics materials for pipes and fittings for pressure
applications Classification and designation Overall service (design)
coefficient
ISO 13664:1997
Seamless and welded steel tubes for pressure purposes Magnetic
particle inspection of the tube ends for the detection of laminar
imperfections
ISO 13665:1997
Seamless and welded steel tubes for pressure purposes Magnetic
particle inspection of the tube body for the detection of surface
imperfections
ISO 13761:1996
Plastics pipes and fittings Pressure reduction factors for polyethylene
pipeline systems for use at temperatures above 20
ISO 13783:1997
Plastics piping systems Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
end-load-bearing double-socket joints Test method for leaktightness
and strength while subjected to bending and internal pressure

Some Useful Codes and Standards Organizations

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ANSI provides a forum for development of American national standards

API - American Petroleum Institute

The American Petroleum Institute - API
ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers

ASHRAE Standards

ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes and
standards

ASTM - Sections and Volumes

ASTM standards in sections and volumes

ASTM- International
ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - is a scientific
and technical organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on
the characteristics of material, products, systems and services

BSi - British Standards institute

British Standards institute - BSi

CEN - The European Committee for Standardization

The European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

DIN - Deutsches Institut fr Normung

DIN - the German Institute for Standardization

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

ISO the International Organization for Standardization

International Standards Organizations

Some international standards organizations

JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards

The Japanese Standards Association - JSA

NACE International
The corrosion engineering and science community

NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NFPA - National Fire Protection Association

The U.S. authority on fire, electrical and building safety

NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology - NIST

National Standards Organizations

SMACNA - Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National

Association

Transnational and Continental Standards Organizations

LIST OF STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

General

AGS American Gas Society

ANSI American National Standards Institute
BSI British Standards Institute
CGSB Canadian General Standards Board
CSA Canadian Standards Association
ISO International Organization for Standardization
NBS National Bureau of Standards
ISA Instrument Society of America

Safety

ANSI American National Standard Institute

Dept. of Labour

EPA Environment Protection Agency

FM Factory Mutual
NBFU National Board of Fire Underwriters
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
UL Underwriters' Laboratories

Vessels - Tanks
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AWWA American Water Works Association
NBBI National Bureau of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors
ULC Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada
Heat Transfer Equipment

API American Petroleum Institute

CTI Cooling Tower Institute
TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

Rotating Equipment

ANSI American National Standard Institute

API American Petroleum Institute
AWWA American Water Works Association
DEMA Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association

Hydraulics Institute

MPTA Mechanical Power Transmission Association

Process Equipment

AWWA American Water Works Association

GPSA Gas Processor Suppliers Association
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ANSI American National Standards Institute
NBBI National Bureau of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
CMAA Crane Equipment Manufacturers Association of America

Material Handling

CEMA Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association

CMAA Crane Equipment Manufacturers Association of America
CSA Canadian Standards Association
FEM Fdration Europenne de la Manutention (Rules for the Design
of Hoisting Appliances)
MHI Material Handling Institute
RMA Rubber Manufacturers Association

General Services

SAMA Scientific Apparatus Makers Association

Plant Services

ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

AGA American Gas Association
AWWA American Water Works Association
CAGI Compressed Air and Gas Institute
CGA Canadian Gas Association
CGA INC. Compressed Gas Association

Building Services

AMCA Air Moving and Conditioning Association

ARI Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers

Plumbing

ASPE American Society of Plumbing Engineers

ASSE American Society of Sanitary Engineers

- Canadian Plumbing Code

PDI Plumbing and Drainage Institute

- Provincial Plumbing Code

Piping

API American Petroleum Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings
Industry
PFI Pipe Fabricators Institute
PPI Plastic Pipe Institute

Miscellaneous Material, Welding, etc.

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
TIMA Thermal Insulation Manufacturers Association
LIST OF MAJOR CODES AND STANDARDS RELATED TO PROCESS
ENGINEERING

ASME

ASME A1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas System

ASME A13.1 Scheme for Identification of Piping Systems
ASME B.16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 25,
125, 250, and 800
ASME B.16.5 Pipe Flanges and Fittings
ASME B16.9 Steel Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B31 Corrosion Control for B31.1
ASME B31.1 Power Piping
ASME B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping
ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
ASME B31.4 Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems (1982)
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Pipe
ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe
ASME B73.1M Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal Pumps
ASME B73.2M Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pumps
ASME B133.2 Basic Gas Turbine
ASME B133.4 Gas Turbine Control and Protection Systems
LOS4C1 Flushing and Cleaning Gas Turbine Gen. Lube Systems
58 Standard for the Storage and Hauling of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MC96.1 Temperature Measurement Thermocouples

API

API Publ. 941 Steel for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperature and
Pressures in
Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants
API Publ. 2009 Safe Welding and Cutting Practices in Refineries
API Publ. 2015 Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks
API Publ. 2021 Fighting Fires In and Around Flammable and Combustible
Liquid Atmosphere

Storage Tanks

API Publ. 2030 Guidelines for Applications of Water Spray Systems for Fire
Protection in the
Petroleum Industry
API Publ. 2517 Evaporation Loss from External Floating-Roof Tanks
API Publ. 2557 Vapour Collection and Control Options for Storage and Transfer
Operations in the
Petroleum Industry
API RP 14C Analysis, Design, Installation and Testing of Basic Surface
Safety Systems on
Offshore Platforms
API RP 14F Design and Installation of Offshore Platforms
API RP 14G Fire Prevention and Control on Open Type Offshore Production
Platforms
API RP 30 Calculation for Heater Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries
API RP 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for
Electrical Installations at
Petroleum Facilities
API RP 520 Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure Delivery Devices
in Refineries.
Parts 1 and 2
API RP 521 Guide for Pressure Delivery and Depressuring Systems
API RP 526 Flanged Steel Safety Relief Valves
API RP 551 Process Measurement Instrumentation
API RP 560 Fired Heater for General Refinery Services
API RP 651 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks
API RP 652 Lining of Aboveground Storage Tank Bottoms
API RP 682 Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps
API RP 1110 Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
API RP 2001 Fire Protection in Refineries
API RP 2003 Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lighting and

Stray Currents
API 5L Line Pipe
API 6D Pipeline Valves
API 6FA Fire Test for Valves
API 12D Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
API 12F Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
API 12J Oil and Gas Separators
API 12K Indirect Type Oil Field Heaters
API 12L Specification for Vertical and Horizontal Emulsion Treaters
API 12P Specification for Fibreglass Reinforced Plastic Tanks
API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code
API 526 Flanged Steel Safety - Relief Valves
API 527 Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves
API 594 Wafer and Wafer-Lug Check Valves
API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
API 599 Metal Plug Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
API 600 Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
API 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged Threaded, Welding, and

Extended-Body Ends
API 603 Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant, Flanged-End Gate valves
API 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
API 608 Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
API 609 Lug - and Wafer - Type Butterfly Valves
API 610 Centrifugal Pumps For Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and

Gas Industry Services

API 611 General Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
API 612 Special Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
API 613 Special Purpose Gear Units for Refinery Services
API 614 Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing and Control Oil Systems for Special

Purpose Application
API 615 Sound Control of Mechanical Equipment for Refinery Services
API 616 Gas Turbines for Refinery Services
API 617 Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Services
API 618 Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery Services
API 619 Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for General

Refinery Services
API 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure

Storage Tanks
API 630 Tube and Header Dimensions for Fired Heaters for Refinery
Service
API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API 660 Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
API 661 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
API 670 Vibrations, Axial Position, and Bearing-Temperature

Monitoring System
API 671 Special Purpose Coupling for Refinery Service
API 674 Positive Displacement Pumps - Reciprocating
API 675 Positive Displacement Pumps - Controlled Volume
API 676 Positive Displacement Pumps - Rotary
API 677 General Purpose Gear Units for Refineries Services
API 678 Accelerometer-Base Vibration Monitoring System
API 1104 Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities
API 200 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage

Tanks - Non-Refrigerated and Refrigerated

API 2530 Measurement Standard Chapter 14, Natural Gas

ASME

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

Section I Power Boilers
Section II Materials Specifications
Part A Ferrous Materials
Part B Non-Ferrous Materials
Part C Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metal
Part D Properties
 Section IV Heating Boilers
Section V Non-Destructive Examination
Section VIII Pressure Vessels - Division 1 Division 2
Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
Section X Fibreglass-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels

Standards

Std. 120 Gas Turbine Generator Lube Oil Systems

Performance Test Codes

PTC 1 General Instructions

PTC 2 Definitions and Values
PTC 4.1 Steam Generating Units
PTC 8.2 Centrifugal Pumps
PTC 9 Displacement Compressors, Vacuum Pumps and Blowers
PTC 10 Compressors and Exhausters
PTC 22 Gas Turbine Power Plants

ASHRAE

ASHRAE Handbooks

AWWA

AWWA C110 Gray-Iron and Ductile Iron Fittings, 3 in. through 48 in. for
Water and Other Liquids
AWWA C151 Ductile Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast in Metal Molds or Sand-
Lined Molds for Water and Other Liquids
AWWA E101-88 Vertical Turbine Pumps - Live Shaft and Submersible Types
AWWA C502 Dry Barrel Hydrants Fire Hydrants

CEMA

Belt Conveyors for Bulk Materials Handbook

CGSB

41-GP-22 Standard for Process Equipment Reinforced Polyester, Chemical

Resistance, Custom-Contact Molded
CSA

CSA B-51 Boilers and Pressure Vessels

CSA B-53 Identification of Piping Systems
CSA B-52-M Mechanical Refrigeration Code
CSA B-63 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
CSA B-137.3 Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe
CSA B-137.4-M Polyethylene Piping Systems for Gas Service
CSA W-48.1 Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes
CSA W-48.3 Low-Alloy Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes
CSA Z-183 Oil Pipeline Transportation Systems
CSA Z-184-M Gas Pipeline Systems
CSA Z-245.1 Pipeline Systems and Materials
CSA Z-245.10 Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings and Flanges
CSA Z-276-M LNG - Production, Storage and Handling

CTI

STD-103 Standard Specifications for the Design of Cooling Tower

Structures withRedwood
Lumber
STD-111 Gear Speed Reducers
STD-114 Standard Specifications for the Design of Cooling Tower
Structures with Douglas
Fir Lumber
NCL-109 Nomenclature for Industrial Water - Cooling Towers
WMS-112 Pressure Preservative Treatment of Lumber for Industrial Water -
Cooling Towers
ATC-105 Acceptable Test Code for Water-Cooling Towers

Hydraulics Institute

Standards for Centrifugal, Vertical, Rotary and Reciprocating Pumps

MSS Standard Practices

MSS SP-6 Standard Finishes for Contact Faces Pipe Flanges and Connecting
End Flanges of
Valves and Fittings
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Union
MSS SP-44 Steel Pipeline Flanges
MSS SP-53 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves,
Flanges and Fittings
and Other Piping Components - Mag. Particle
MSS SP-54 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and
Fittings and
Other Piping Components - Radiographic
MSS SP-55 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and
Fittings and
Other Piping Components - Visual
MSS SP-58 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Material, Design and Manufacture
MSS SP-61 Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
MSS SP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Selection and Application
MSS SP-75 High Test Wrought Butt Welding Fittings
MSS SP-82 Valve Pressure Testing Methods
MSS SP-89 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Fabrication and Installation Practices

NACE

NACE MR-01-90 Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for Oil
Field Equipment
NACE RP-01-78 Design, Fabrication and Surface Finish of Metal Tanks and
Vessels to be
Lined for Chemical Immersion Service
NACE RP-0188-88 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Protective Coatings

NEMA

SM23-1979 Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service

NFPA

NFPA 11 Low Expansion Foam Systems

NFPA 11A Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems
NFPA 12 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 12A Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 12B Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14 Stand Pipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 15 Water Spray Fixed Systems
NFPA 16 Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Spray Systems
NFPA 17 Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 20 Centrifugal Fire Pumps
NFPA 22 Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
NFPA 24 Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their
Appurtenances
NFPA 25 Water Based Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 37 Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines
NFPA 51 Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
NFPA CUA 58 LP Gas Storage, Use
NFPA 59 LP Gases at Utility Gas Plants
NFPA 59A Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas
NFPA 82 Incinerators, Waste and Linen Handling Systems and
Equipment
NFPA 214 Water Cooling Towers
NFPA 291 Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants
NFPA 655 Prevention of Sulphur Fires and Explosions

PFI

PFI ES 4 Hydrostatic Testing of Fabricated Piping

PFI ES 5 Cleaning of Fabricated Piping
PFI ES 7 Minimum Length and Spacing for Welded Nozzles
PFI ES 18 Ultrasonic Examination of Tubular Products
PFI ES 22 Recommended Practice for Color Coding of Piping Materials

RMA

Conveyor and Elevator Belt Handbook

SSPC

SSPC PA1 Shop, Field and Maintenance Painting

SSPC SP1 Solvent Cleaning
SSPC SP5 White Metal Blast Cleaning
SSPC SP6 Commercial Blast Cleaning
SSPC SP7 Brush-Off Blast Cleaning
SSPC SP8 Pickling
SSPC SP10 Near-White Blast Cleaning
Guide to Vis1 Guide to Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting Steel

TEMA

TEMA Standard
ULC

TEMA S603M Standard for Shop Fabricated Steel Underground Tanks for
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
TEMA S630M Standard for Shop Fabricated Steel Aboveground Tanks for
Flammable and Combustible Liquids

ISA

85.1 Instrument Symbols and Identification

ISO

5167 Sizing of Metering Orifice

Offshore Pipeline

DNV Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems

Units of Measurement

ISO 1000 SI Units

ASTM NDT standards are as follows. Additional standards can be

found in the ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Volume 03.03.

ASTM E709: Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing

ASTM E1444: Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing

ASTM E165: Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
Industry

ASTM E1417: Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing

ASTM E1208: Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing using the
Lipophilic Post-Emulsifiable Process
ASTM E1209: Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing using the Water-
Washable Process

ASTM E1210: Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing using the
Hydrophilic Post-Emulsifiable Process

ASTM E1219: Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing using the
Solvent-Removable Process

ASTM E114: Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Examination by

the Contact Method

ASTM E164: Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments

ASTM E213: Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and
Tubing

ASTM E2375: Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products

ASTM E94: Guide for Radiographic Examination

ASTM E1742: Practice for Radiographic Examination

ASTM E1000: Guide for Radioscopy

ASTM E1255: Practice for Radioscopy

ASTM E1030: Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings

ASTM E1032: Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments

ASTM E999: Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film
Processing

ASTM E142: Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing

ASTM E2007: Standard Guide for Computed Radiography

ASTM E2738: Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication

Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Computed
Radiography (CR) Test methods

ASTM E268: Electromagnetic testing

ASTM E426: Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of

Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Austenitic Stainless
Steel and Similar Alloys
ASTM E1962: Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Surface Testing using
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques

Welding Frequently Asked Questions:

1. The E7018 welding rods I've been buying are now marked E7018 H4R.
What does the H4R mean? Are these rods different than the E7018 rods I've
used before?

o H4R is an optional supplementary designator, as defined in AWS A5.1-

91 (Specification for shielded metal arc welding electrodes). Basically,
the number after the "H" tells you the hydrogen level and the "R"
means it's moisture resistant. "H4" identifies electrodes meeting the
requirements of 4ml average diffusible hydrogen content in 100g of
deposited weld metal when tested in the "as-received" condition. "R"
identifies electrodes passing the absorbed moisture test after exposure
to an environment of 80F(26.7C) and 80% relative humidity for a
period of not less than 9 hours. The H4R suffix is basically just
additional information printed on the rod, and does not necessarily
mean a change in an electrode previously marked E7018.

2. Why is hydrogen a concern in welding?

o Hydrogen contributes to delayed weld and/or heat affected zone

cracking. Hydrogen combined with high residual stresses and crack-
sensitive steel may result in cracking hours or days after the welding
has been completed. High strength steels, thick sections, and heavily
restrained parts are more susceptible to hydrogen cracking. On these
materials, we recommend using a low hydrogen process and
consumable, and following proper preheat, interpass, and postheat
procedures. Also, it is important to keep the weld joint free of oil, rust,
paint, and moisture as they are sources of hydrogen.

3. What is the maximum plate thickness which can be welded with

Innershield NR-211MP (E71T-11) wire?

o NR-211MP is restricted to welding these maximum plate thicknesses:

Wire diameter Maximum plate thickness .035"(0.9mm) 5/16"(8mm)
.045"(1.1mm) 5/16"(8mm) .068"(1.7mm) 1/2"(13mm) 5/64"(2.0mm)
1/2"(13mm) 3/32"(2.4mm) 1/2"(13mm) For thicker steels,
consumables without thickness limitations are recommended. NR-212
has similar welding characteristics to NR-211MP without a thickness
limitation.
 4. What electrode can I use to join mild steel to stainless steel?

o Electrode selection is determined from the base metal chemistries and

the percent weld admixture. The electrode should produce a weld
deposit with a small amount of ferrite (3-5 FN) needed to prevent
cracking. When the chemistries are not known, our Blue Max 2100
electrode, which produces a high ferrite number, is commonly used.

5. What consumable should be used to weld cast iron?

o Cast irons are alloys which typically have over 2% carbon plus 1-3%
silicon and are difficult to weld. Electrodes with a high percentage of
nickel are commonly used to repair cast iron. Nickel is very ductile,
making it a good choice to weld on cast iron, which is very brittle. Soft
weld 99Ni and Soft weld 55Ni are the Lincoln Electric electrodes
designed for welding cast iron.

6. What consumable can be used to weld on SAE 4130 steel tubing?

o On light chrome-molly tubing, mild steel electrodes are commonly

used. There is enough pickup of alloy from the base material to give
the required tensile strength in the as-welded condition. On multiple
pass welds, Cro-Mo alloy electrodes are usually specified.

7. What consumable should be used for weathering steel?

o Core Ten (A242 & A588) steels are weathering steels commonly used
for outdoor structures. These steels have a higher resistance to
atmospheric corrosion than typical mild steels. Often, welds on these
steels are specified for similar corrosion resistance and color match.
On single pass welds, mild steel electrodes are commonly used. There
is usually enough pickup from the base metal to obtain a good color
match. On multiple pass welds, low-alloy electrodes are commonly
used to obtain a good color match and similar corrosion resistance.
The electrodes commonly specified include those with the suffixes -B1,
-B2, -C1, -C2, and -C3.

8. What are you recommendations for welding AR400 plate?

o AR400 is a quench and tempered steel and may be difficult to weld

due its high strength and hardenability. The base steel around the
weld rapidly heats and cools during welding, resulting in a heat
affected zone (HAZ) with high hardness. Any hydrogen in the weld
metal may diffuse into HAZ and may cause hydrogen embrittlement,
resulting in delayed underbead or toe cracks outside of the weld. To
 minimize heat affected zone cracking: 1. Use a low hydrogen
consumable with an -H4 or -H2 designation. 2. Preheat to slow the
cooling rate. Note that excessive preheat may anneal the base
material. 3. Slow cool. More time at elevated temperatures allows the
dissolved hydrogen to escape. 4. Peen the weld beads to minimize
residual weld stresses. 5. Use the lowest strength filler metal meeting
design requirements. If making fillet welds, the weld can be oversized
to give the specified strength 6. Minimize weld restraint.

9. What consumables are better for welding over rusty, dirty steel?

o Steel should be cleaned of any oil, grease, paint, and rust before using
any arc welding process. However, if complete cleaning cannot be
performed, consumables that form a slag, have deeper penetration,
are slower freezing, or have higher Silicon and Manganese are
recommended for dirty steels. These consumables include: SMAW:
Fleetweld 5P+ GMAW: L-56, MC-710 FCAW-GS: Outershield 75 FCAW-
SS: Innershield NR-311 SAW: 761, 780 fluxes

10. What flux-cored wires are better for welding on high sulfur steel?

o AWS D5.20-95 FCAW Specification states that E70T-4 and E70T-7

fluxcored wires are designed with a slag system to produce welds very
low in sulfur and resistant to hot cracking. Corresponding Lincoln
products are Innershield NS-3M and NR-311 self-shielded flux-cored
wires. Also our E70T-5, Outershield 75-H gas-shielded flux-cored wire
is also a better choice for welding on high sulfur steels.

11. What precautions should I take when welding T-1 steels?

o T-1 is a quenched and tempered steel. Welding quenched & tempered

steels may be difficult due its high strength and hardenability. The
base steel around the weld is rapidly being heated and cooled during
welding, resulting in a heat affected zone (HAZ) with high hardness.
Hydrogen in the weld metal may diffuse into HAZ and cause hydrogen
embrittlement, resulting in delayed underbead or toe cracking outside
of the weld. To minimize heat affected zone cracking: 1. Use a low
hydrogen consumable, like a -H4 or -H2. 2. Preheat. This slows the
cooling rate. Note that excessive preheat may anneal the base
material. 3. Slow cool. More time at elevated temperatures allows the
dissolved hydrogen to escape. 4. Peen the weld beads to minimize
residual weld stresses. 5. Use the lowest strength filler metal meeting
design requirements. If making fillet welds, the weld can be oversized
to give the specified strength 6. Minimize weld restraint.
 12. Why are the Charpy impact values from my test welds lower than that
printed on your Certificate of Conformance?

o The test results on our Certificate of Conformance were obtained from

welding an AWS filler metal test plate. Any change in welding
procedure will affect Charpy impact values. Below are common
practices for welding test plates when Charpy impact specimens are
required: 1. Controlled heat input 2. Controlled preheat and interpass
temperature 3. Even number of passes per layer 4. Build-up cap pass
to maximum allowed in specification

13. I'm using Outershield 71M (E71T-1) flux-cored wire with 75Ar/25CO2.
Why am I getting gas marks on the weld surface?

o The fast freezing rutile slag on an E71T-1 Outershield wire gives it

excellent out-of-position characteristics, but can also trap gases under
the slag as the weld solidifies, resulting in gas marks. Gas marks are
more commonly observed welding at high procedures under a high
Argon blend shielding gas. Gas marking and/or can be minimized by:
1. Switching to 100% CO2 shielding gas 2. Lowering the welding
procedure 3. Cleaning the weld joint of paint, rust, and moisture 4.
Minimize any wind disturbance 5. Cleaning spatter from inside gas
nozzle 6. Increasing the shielding gas flow rate

14. I'm welding with an Innershield FCAW-SS wire and occasionally get
porosity. How can I eliminate this?

o First, make sure the steel is clean. Vaporization of contaminants on the

base metal such as moisture, rust, oil, and paint may cause porosity.
Second, this can be commonly caused by excessive voltage or too
short a stickout (the length of wire from the end of the contact tip to
the workpiece). Make sure these are within our recommended
parameters. Also, reducing the travel speed also helps minimize
porosity.

15. Can I use flux-cored wires (FCAW-GS or FCAW-SS) on a constant current

(CC) stick welding power source?

o Our flux-cored wires are designed to operate on constant voltage (CV)

DC machines. If used on a constant current (CC) machine, any small
changes in electrical stickout(length of the wire from the end of the
contact tip to workpiece) will produce large voltage fluctuations,
resulting in stubbing and porosity. Therefore, using flux-cored wires on
CC is not recommended.
 16. Why is preheat sometimes required before welding?

o Preheating the steel to be welded slows the cooling rate in the weld
area. This may be necessary to avoid cracking of the weld metal or
heat affected zone. The need for preheat increases with steel
thickness, weld restraint, the carbon/alloy content of the steel, and the
diffusible hydrogen of the weld metal. Preheat is commonly applied
with fuel gas torches or electrical resistance heaters.

17. How should preheat be measured?

o AWS D1.1 Structural Steel Welding Code, Section 5.6 states: Preheat
and all subsequent minimum interpass temperatures shall be
maintained during the welding operation for a distance at least equal
to the thickness of the thickest welded part, but not less than 3 in.
[75mm] in all directions from the point of welding. In general, when
preheat is specified, the entire part should be thoroughly heated so the
minimum temperature found anywhere on that part will meet or
exceed the specified preheat temperature.

18. What is interpass temperature?

o Interpass temperature refers to the temperature of the steel just prior

to the depositing of an additional weld pass. It is identical to preheat,
except that preheating is performed prior to any welding. When a
minimum interpass temperature is specified, welding should not be
performed when the base plate is below this temperature. The steel
must be heated back up before welding continues. A maximum
interpass temperature may be specified to prevent deterioration of the
weld metal and heat affected zone properties. In this case, the steel
must be below this temperature before welding continues.

19. Do I need an oven to store low hydrogen electrodes?

o All low-hydrogen consumables must be dry to perform properly.

Unopened Lincoln hermetically sealed containers provide excellent
protection in good storage conditions. Once cans are opened, they
should be stored in a cabinet at 250300-F (121149-C). When the
electrodes are exposed to the air, they will pickup moisture and should
be redried. Electrodes exposed to the air for less than 1 week with no
direct contact with water should be redried as follows: E7018: 1 hour
at 650750-F E8018, E9018, E10018, E11018: 1 hour at 700800-F If
the electrodes come in direct contact with water or have been exposed
to high humidity, they should be predried for 1-2 hours at 180220-F
first before following the above redrying procedure. Standard EXX18
electrodes should be supplied to welders twice per shift. Low hydrogen
electrodes with the suffix "MR" have a moisture resistant coating and
may be left out up to 9 hours or as specified by code requirements.