Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instrumentation
BITS Pilani Pratik N Sheth
Department of Chemical Engineering
Pilani Campus
Lecture Contents
Input Output
50 C 4 mA
150 C 20 mA
mA o
C
( )
= 0.16 o T C 4 mA
13
Transmitter
The gain of the measurement element Km is 0.16 mA/C. For any
linear instrument:
range of instrument output
Km = (9-1)
range of instrument input
17
We choose the way the valve should operate (full flow or no
flow) in case of a transmitter failure.
Hence, A-C and A-O valves often are referred to as fail-open
and fail-closed, respectively.
Example 9.1
Pneumatic control valves are to be specified for the applications
listed below. State whether an A-O or A-C valve should be used
for the following manipulated variables and give reason(s).
Pv
q = Cv f ( l ) (9-2)
gs
21
Here q is the flow rate, f ( l ) is the flow characteristic, Pv is the
pressure drop across the valve, and gs is the specific gravity of
the fluid.
This relation is valid for nonflashing fluids.
Specification of the valve size is dependent on the so-called
valve characteristic f.
Three control valve characteristics are mainly used.
For a fixed pressure drop across the valve, the flow
characteristic f ( 0 f 1) is related to the lift l ( 0 l 1) , that
is, the extent of valve opening, by one of the following relations:
Linear: f =l
Quick opening: f = l (9-3)
Equal percentage: f = R l1
22
Figure 9.8 Control valve characteristics.
23
where R is a valve design parameter that is usually in the range
of 20 to 50.
Rangeability
The rangeability of a control valve is defined as the ratio of
maximum to minimum input signal level. For control valves,
rangeability translates to the need to operate the valve within the
range 0.05 f 0.95 or a rangeability of 0.95/0.05 = 19.
24
Figure 9.10 Calculation of the valve pressure drop ( Pv )
from the pump characteristic curve and the system pressure
drop without the valve ( Ps ) .
25
Dr Pratik N Sheth, Dept of Chemical Engg, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus